Non-governmental organisations, regional organisations, governmental bodies, and the private sector (commercial divers, veterinarians, journalists) met to determine the wording of a message to Pacific Island decision-makers and managers. Sharks, pillars of aquatic ecosystem processes Specialists at the meeting first agreed on two key points for their discussions: 1) the disquieting disappearance of sharks and rays in the Pacific, even if this region of the world may appear to have been spared more than others, and 2) the need to look at the decrease in stocks from the perspective of the major role these animals play in marine ecosystems, both coastal and offshore. Not only do sharks contribute to the good health of ecosystems — by promoting biodiversity — but also to ecosystem productivity, a crucial point that could be translated by the statement, " The greater the number of sharks, the more fish there will be to catch! ". The main factor in the decline of shark and ray populations is overfishing. Immediate action must be taken to reduce fishing mortality for sharks by all possible means.
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... Unfortunately, however, reef sharks in the Pacific are under increasing pressure and there are many stories about shark declines that are supported by scientific studies (Nadon et al. 2012; Heupel et al. 2009; Robbins et al. 2006 ). The impacts of coastal and artisanal fishing are increasingly being recognised (Clua and Planes 2015 ) and threaten the social, ecological and economic values and services that sharks and rays provide. The main pressure facing reef sharks in the Pacific is fishing. ...
Reef sharks live on coral reefs. This is where they are seen and photographed, and reefs are usually where fishermen catch them. The normal reef shark we see in the Pacific is a sleek grey animal against a background of clear blue water and corals. However, in some places, large numbers of reef sharks can be found in muddy coastal waters, mangroves and seagrass beds (Fig. 1), but it is only recently that research has documented what they are using these habitats for.
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October 1996
The overall audit objective was to determine the reasons many vendors are not using electronic commerce to conduct small purchase transactions with DoD. The specific objective was to identify the major technical and business barriers preventing vendors from using the Federal Acquisition Computer Network. To accomplish this objective, we surveyed 100 small- and medium-size vendors. Additionally,
... [Show full abstract] we announced an objective to evaluate the adequacy of the management control program applicable to the primary objective; however, we did not pursue that objective because our audit work was done primarily with vendors in the private sector. Read more September 2016 · Astropolitics The International Journal of Space Politics and Policy
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... [Show full abstract] national space legislation. However, with private actor participation, it cannot be ignored, because even though the activities are private, liability is always public. On the basis of international space law, states bear international responsibility for all their space activities, including activities of non-governmental entities, which explicitly require authorization and supervision from states. There is already a political will in India and it is expected that national space legislation will be another accomplishment for the Indian space program, opening up participation by private players. Read more
Export of commodities, encouraged by both the private sector and the Federal Government, helps to improve our position in the global economy and is in the national interest of the US. However, exports of commodities or technologies, without regard to whether they may significantly contribute to the military potential of individual countries or combination of countries or enhance the proliferation
... [Show full abstract] of weapons of mass destruction, may adversely affect the national security of the US. The Federal Government, therefore, implements several laws, Executive Orders, and regulations to control the export of certain commodities and technologies. These commodities and technologies require a license for export. Some of the controlled items are designated as ''dual-use,'' that is, commodities and technologies that have both civilian and military application. Some dual-use commodities are designated as ''nuclear dual-use''--items controlled for nuclear nonproliferation purposes. Another group of controlled commodities is designated as munitions, which are goods and technologies that have solely military uses. The Department of Energy (Energy) conducts reviews of export license applications for nuclear dual-use items and certain munitions. On August 26, 1998, the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs requested that the Inspectors General from the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy, State, and Treasury, and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), update and expand on a 1993 interagency review conducted by the Inspectors General of the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy, and State of the export licensing processes for dual-use and munitions commodities. Read more Thesis
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July 2007
ERP systems are the most sophisticated and complex integrated systems available in
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lifetime, ERP system applications in construction industry have been investigated.
Current major construction ERP products are reviewed, science based knowledge of
researchers from ERP developers and field based experience of the private sector
have been utilized, available conceptual models are provided, and in the light of
these, construction industry specific problems have been determined, and possible
solutions and sugestions are presented. This study also discusses the suitability of
ERP systems in construction business, provides general fits into the construction
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vendors, and finally subcontractors and general contractors accordingly. View full-text November 2005 · Space Policy
Visions about the establishment of a lunar base and development of the Moon for scientific, technical and commercial ends have been on the political agenda since the beginning of the Space Age. In the past few years a number of spacefaring nations, including the USA, European states through ESA, Japan, India, China and Russia have proposed missions directed at the robotic and human exploration
... [Show full abstract] and development of the Moon. This paper argues that an important factor in advancing these missions lies in a partnership between the pubic, governmental sector and the private sector. The paper analyzes the dynamics of this partnership as applied to the case of the US Vision for Space Exploration. The results of the analysis suggest that public–private partnerships directed at lunar development and commerce depend on how government reduces risks for the private sector. The risks identified and discussed herein include political and legal risks, technological risks, and financial and market risks. Read more April 2013 · Medical History
Seirogan, a popular anti-diarrhoeal pill, is arguably one of the most successful pharmaceutical products of modern Japan. What is less known is that the Japanese army initially developed Seirogan during the Russo-Japanese War as the ‘Conquer-Russia-Pill’, which was later marketed to the public by private manufacturers. Previous scholars have emphasised the top–down governmental method of
... [Show full abstract] mobilising private sectors to manipulate public opinion for the cause of external imperialist expansion and domestic stability during wartime Japan. But the matrix that the Conquer-Russia-Pill allows us to glimpse is an inverted power relation among the state, commercial sectors, and imperial citizens. While the Japanese government remained indifferent if not hostile to jingoistic pharmaceutical manufacturers who could easily disrupt international relations, pharmaceutical companies quickly recognised and exploited the opportunities that the Conquer-Russia-Pill and its symbolism provided under the banner of the empire. In turn, Japanese consumers reacted to commercial sermons carefully anchored in patriotic and militaristic discourses and images by opening their wallets. In other words, the popularity of the Conquer-Russia-Pill was a culmination of the convergence of a governmental initiative to enhance military capabilities, the commercial ingenuity of pharmaceutical manufacturers, and a consumer response to patriotic exhortations. Read more Conference Paper
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October 2013
Marine ecosystems are declining worldwide due to a series of factors that includes overfishing and climate change. Marine protected areas (MPA´s) have shown to be effective to enhance resilience of some benthic populations to climate impacts and fisheries through spillover. But this per se are not enough to cope with the ocean crisis. In this work we show results of four strategies applied to
... [Show full abstract] confront main threats identified as the root of fisheries and social crisis in México: a) government inefficiency b) race for fishing c) ecosystem degradation and d) social vulnerability. To cope with this coupled socioeconomic problem we proposed a theory of change that includes a) promote transparency and efficiency of governmental agencies b) strengthening of fishing rights to confront race for fish c) market diversification and d) the creation of fully protected marine reserves. We have worked for 8 years with six coastal communities of Baja California Sur Peninsula with differential territorial rights (TURFs). We have succeeded to establish with them 2400 ha of MPA's. The key factor to scale-up the projects was that all communities have a sense of security in their rights to fish, they got empowered through participatory science and they enter into a network of fishermen that could reach congress people to express their needs. Coastal communities will hardly invest in conservation projects, like MPA's, if they don't have security trough TURFS or catch shares. Using a combined strategy of strengthening formal institutions and fishing rights will allow establishing and managing MPA's smoothly with acceptance of people rather than reluctance. In developing countries, working in strengthening democracy and governmental efficiency is fundamental. This theory of change would also facilitate adaptation of coastal communities to climate change, rooting their economies both on diverse fisheries and restore ecosystems as an economic alternative. View full-text April 2005
The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), a part of the Department of Commerce, is the executive branch's principal advisory office on domestic and international telecommunications and information issues and policies. Congressional policymakers generally have supported the NTIA's mandate through the appropriations process. Because of its role in setting
... [Show full abstract] telecommunications policy for the federal government in the information age, the NTIA has a significant impact on both the public and private sector. Still, this role is changing. In FY2005, Congress agreed with President Bush's request to terminate funding for NTIA's Technology Opportunity Program; for FY2006, Congress is considering whether to also agree with the Administration to terminate NTIA's Public Telecommunications Facilities, Planning and Construction Program. In addition, the Administration is seeking to seek a larger role for NTIA NTIA's spectrum management and domain name registration. Some congressional policymakers see this proposed change as streamlining policymaking; others are concerned that the important functions and mission of NTIA will be subsumed and lost in the merger. The total funding for NTIA in FY2005 is $38.7 million. For FY2006, the Bush Administration has requested $23.5 million. This report will be updated as events warrant. Read more February 1997 · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
Read more January 1995 · Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
This article first reviews initiatives by the international community to address the "linkage" between trade and international labor rights and fair labor standards through domestic trade statutes, regional trade agreements and other governmental approaches. It then examines several private sector efforts embracing "codes of conduct" for labor and employment practices in international commerce.
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The external trade deficit of seafood is a subject of general concern, for the administration as it is for the profession and for research. From IFREMER's inception, its president, Mr SILLARD, made this problem one of the major guiding factors of the Institute by asking, as early as 1984, research teams to provide him with a complete and detailed view of the evaluation of seafood in France. The
... [Show full abstract] objective assigned to this task was twofold: assess France's room for manoeuvre and establish a research policy that must contribute to the improvement of this room for manoeuvre. The external trade deficit of sea products is a significant, long-term, structural problem to which it is conceivable to apply partial solutions. It is a national and therefore governmental problem: but it does not make it possible to judge the economic health of the fishing and marine farming sector. Its very importance tends to mask that of the challenges that management of the fishing and marine farming sector represents, a bit like a large tree hiding a forest, which we would like to try to show in this short article that does not, far from it, pretend to exhaust the subject. (OCR non controlé) Le déficit du commerce extérieur des produits de la mer est un sujet de préoccupation général, pour l'administration comme pour la profession et la recherche. Dès la création d'IFREMER, son Président, M. SILLARD faisait de ce problème l'un des paramètres majeurs d'orientation de l'Institut, en demandant dès 1984 aux équipes de chercheurs de lui fournir une vue complète et détaillée de la valorisation des produits de la mer en France. L'objectif assigné à ce travail était double : évaluer la marge de manoeuvre de la France et asseoir une politique de recherche devant contribuer à améliorer cette marge de manceuvre. Le déficit du commerce extérieur des produits de la mer est un problème important, durable, structurel, auquel il est envisageable d'apporter des solutions partielles. Il est un problème national, donc gouvernemental : mais il ne permet pas de juger de la santé économique du secteur des pêches et cultures marines. Son importance même tend à masquer celle des enjeux que représente la gestion du secteur des pêches et cultures marines, un peu comme un grand arbre cachant une forêt, ce que nous voudrions tenter de montrer dans ce bref article qui ne prétend pas, loin de là, épuiser le sujet. Read more January 2010
The science and engineering community, advocacy groups, and the Federal Government assert that domestic investment in research and development (R&D) is a critical component to U.S. national and international policy. Investment in R&D is key to maintaining U.S. scientific and technical ability, developing the U.S. scientific and engineering workforce, enhancing domestic economic growth, continuing
... [Show full abstract] U.S. global industrial competitiveness, and advancing national priorities. Congress will likely be forced to make difficult choices regarding the federal R&D investment. Often, R&D is a federal/private partnership, with roles and responsibilities for funding and performing R&D shared among many stakeholders. The Federal Government leverages its investment by encouraging the private sector to commercialize federally funded R&D discoveries by supporting technology transfer, maintaining intellectual property rights, and spurring industrial innovation. Some experts have expressed concerns regarding the widening gap that often exists between a laboratory discovery and the private sector's willingness to transform the discovery into a final commercial product. This phenomenon results in a failure to exploit the economic potential of R&D results. Advocates have called for greater efforts to stimulate private sector investment in R&D; increased federal funding for the translation of research ideas into products, as well as for the construction of R&D infrastructure and facilities; greater support for students pursuing degrees in science and engineering; and alignment of authorized and appropriated federal R&D funding levels. Read more Last Updated: 04 Jul 2022
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