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An Architecture of Participation
... In the case of Barcelona, the discussion on post-pandemic terraces is also related to the concept of tactical urbanism, which has gained a relevant role as a testing strategy in uncertain circumstances that require rapid low-cost and temporary nature responses [13][14][15]. The best-known tactical strategy carried out by the Barcelona City Council is the Superilles [superblocks] program, started a decade ago and launched through two pilot actions in the Poblenou (2016) and Sant Antoni (2018) neighbourhoods. ...
... Figure 1 compiles a series of photographs that show this variety of positions, the ones in the two last rows being those related to this new location on the roadway. (5), as they were being arranged before the pandemic; on chamfers protected by Jersey bumps (7,(10)(11)(12)(13); in parklets protected by bollards (8)(9)14); on the new approved platforms (15)(16). Source: Author's elaboration Another distinctive fact compared to Milan is that regardless of the type of street in which they are located, the regulations require terraces to detach themselves from the facades, so the number of tables they can have is maximised; if they were attached to the facades, there would be less because they would have to be interrupted at each access door and each shop window. ...
... The facade of the building would protect the terrace and awnings and sides would easily make it an extension of the interior. (5), as they were being arranged before the pandemic; on chamfers protected by Jersey bumps (7,(10)(11)(12)(13); in parklets protected by bollards (8,9,14); on the new approved platforms (15,16). Source: Author's elaboration. ...
This work approaches the phenomenon of the outdoor terraces of bars and restaurants, analysing the role of these privately owned collective elements whose layout has shaped the urban landscape at the pavement level for more than a century, and whose presence has become essential in the streets of many cities after a pandemic. The research highlights the interest of terraces as dynamic elements of urbanity: private domains in the public space where people eat collectively; they are apparently simple units that synthesise complex conflicts between individual behaviours and property boundary conditions. The investigation shows the increasing expansion that outdoor terraces have experienced since 2020, using the cities of Barcelona and Milan as case studies. A series of GIS maps show the image of both cities before and after the pandemic, allowing us to evaluate the amount of public space allocated to terraces, measure their increase in number and surface, establish the proportions of occupation of the street and find the patterns of concentration in the public space. Finally, the article offers some policy and planning recommendations based on the research findings.
... According to him, in fact, at the time the "problem" of the user was avoided everywhere, as if it were in bad taste. (De Carlo, 1980). He even went as far as speculating that the phase of elaboration of a solution shouldn't produce a finished product or artifact, but rather generate a series of hypotheses which would have been improved over time through the criticism and contributions of the final users, as "[…] the designer's job is no longer to produce finished an unalterable solutions but to extract solutions from a continuous confrontation with those who will use his work." ...
... He even went as far as speculating that the phase of elaboration of a solution shouldn't produce a finished product or artifact, but rather generate a series of hypotheses which would have been improved over time through the criticism and contributions of the final users, as "[…] the designer's job is no longer to produce finished an unalterable solutions but to extract solutions from a continuous confrontation with those who will use his work." (De Carlo, 1980). His research and work clearly aimed to change the range of objects and subjects which participate in the architectural process and build an horizontal, synergic framework for each contributor involved as the only, real way to obtain effective and impactful results. ...
... She too argues that the collaborative process is able to recover democratic ideas and practices, as it builds citizenship through a series of conversations and activities in which the participants all share visions, objectives, practices and strategies. This way, all citizens involved in Collaborative Design processes are indeed playing an active role in -and for -society (Selloni, 2014;Ehn, 2012;De Carlo, 1980). In other words, Collaborative and Participatory Design practices both share similar patterns, but the first major difference lies in the role of the individual who, in the first case, is not only seen as a provider of insights, desires, feedbacks and visions to the designer, but as a true collaborator, who actively engages in design activities by creating and producing strategies and artifacts synergistically instead. ...
Riesi is a small town located in the hinterland of Sicily (Italy) and is classified as a Rural Municipality: one urban environment tracked across the country’s Rural Areas – “marginalized” lands that are located far from the Essential Services’ providers and which are dramatically suffering from demographic contraction. Riesi, in particular, is characterized by an increasing depopulation trend, caused by both the collapse of its cultural framework over the recent years and the lack of working opportunities for the young, who therefore choose to emigrate towards other shores in search of new opportunities and stimuli. How can we provide a new horizon to its inhabitants in order to enhance local resilience and build a better future for the city?
With contributions by Margherita Manfra + Giuseppe Grant (Orizzontale), Rita Elvira Adamo + Matteo Blandford (La Rivoluzione Delle Seppie), Gianluca Fiusco, Andrea Paoletti, Nicola Giuliani (Terraforma Festival), Arianna Desideri, Filippo Barbera, Chiara Erhardt and Luca Steinert.
... There is hardly a magazine or newspaper column that illustrates architecture taking the user into account; that furnishes news about how architecture really functions in its daily existence; that publishes images, photographs or articles in which the people who use, transform, and recompose the three-dimensional physical organism which they have been given are actually present. (De Carlo, 1969 The first analyses the vicissitudes of architecture through the behavior of its heroes, and, if lacking heroes, tends to invent them, causing misunderstandings that are troublesome to demythologize. The second creates models of simulation borrowed from figurative arts, the humanities or literature, sometimes even from the jungle of intellectual paradoxes. ...
... The second creates models of simulation borrowed from figurative arts, the humanities or literature, sometimes even from the jungle of intellectual paradoxes. (De Carlo, 1969in: Jones et al., 2005 The second model typically creates even more serious misunderstandings, which not only obscure the cultural content and social responsibility of architecture, but also cause "monstrous mutations in the habits of the architect." A symptom of such "mutations" is, according to De Carlo, "the transformation of language of architecture, now often incomprehensible and lacking in syntax, and playing on the terroristic effect of its incommunicability to hide the underlying confusion of ideas and purposes" (De Carlo, 1969in: Jones et al. (ed.), 2005. ...
... (De Carlo, 1969in: Jones et al., 2005 The second model typically creates even more serious misunderstandings, which not only obscure the cultural content and social responsibility of architecture, but also cause "monstrous mutations in the habits of the architect." A symptom of such "mutations" is, according to De Carlo, "the transformation of language of architecture, now often incomprehensible and lacking in syntax, and playing on the terroristic effect of its incommunicability to hide the underlying confusion of ideas and purposes" (De Carlo, 1969in: Jones et al. (ed.), 2005. ...
This thesis discusses how different paradigms within contemporary
architectural discourse ground different approaches to users. It reveals certain limitations of the dominating conceptual positions (postpositivism, critical theory, constructivism), and argues in turn for a need of adopting a paradigm that could support a more user- and context-sensitive approach. The study suggests that phenomenology, beginning and extending from the perspective of lifeworld and lived experience, provides comprehensive foundations for a socially and culturally responsible architectural practice.
... These precepts mean nothing without the production of an appropriate space [. . .] new social relationships call for a new space, and vice versa ( [1]: page 59) Architectural design is frequently drawn upon as part of attempts to challenge existing forms of social order and to deliver spaces that will symbolise, or even catalyse, more equitable social worlds [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Meanwhile, much critique has addressed the entanglements between architecture and existing social order, including relative to what could be termed the ''architecturally disabling'' [9] nature of large parts of the built environment (e.g. ...
... Section 1 considers the aforementioned calls for an unpacking of the foundational assumptions of UD [35][36][37][38][39], analysing why the discourse has to date proved so successful at setting the tone for a wide variety of political and design interventions and questioning the extent to which the search for a coherent definition of the movement has distracted attention from the wider politics of this approach architectural design. Second, the article situates UD relative to those ''participatory architecture'' interventions that have sought to problematise unequal architect-user relations in mainstream professional architectural practice [3][4][5][6][7]. As UD principles and working methods continue to percolate into architects' practices, the centrally-important but hitherto underdeveloped role of the user is suggested as a crucial political consideration for discussion. ...
... The problematic assumptions that frequently underpin the architect-user relation is a starting point for participatory architectural approaches. Although itself a contested domain reflective of many of the definitional issues that bedevil UD, for present purposes participatory architecture can be understood as an umbrella term given to an ''extended family'' of practices that challenge problematically unequal power relations between architects and their publics [3][4][5][6][7]. Participatory architecture rests on the general notion that, even assuming the best technical knowledge and professional expertise, in democratic societies it is not possible to justify making decisions and interventions that will impact directly on the lives of people without ensuring their meaningful involvement [3: page 6]. ...
Purpose:
To respond to growing calls for a theoretical unpacking of Universal Design (UD), a disparate movement cohering around attempts to design spaces and technologies that seek to allow use by all people (to the fullest extent possible). The on-going embedding of UD into architectural practice and pedagogy represents an opportune juncture at which to draw learning from other distinct-but-related transformatory architectural movements.
Methods:
Sociological-theoretical commentary.
Results:
UD has to date, and necessarily, been dominated by the practice contexts from which it emerged. Appealing as a short-hand for description of "designing-for-all", in most cases UD has come to stand in as a term to signal a general intent in this direction and as an umbrella term for the range of technical design resources that have been developed under these auspices. There remains a fundamental ambivalence vis-à-vis the question of users' power/capacity to influence decision-making in the design process in UD; technically-oriented typologies of bodies predominate in influential UD architectural accounts.
Conclusions:
UD represents rich technical and pedagogical resources for those architects committed to transforming the existing built environment so as to be less hostile to a wide range of users. However, within UD, unpacking the social role of the professional architect vis-à-vis a variety of publics is an important, but hitherto underdeveloped, challenge; issues concerning professional-citizen power relations continue to animate parallel architectural politics, and UD can both contribute and draw much from these on-going explorations. Implications for Rehabilitation Universal Design (UD) architecture shares a close affinity with rehabilitation practice, with the creation of built environments that allow use by individuals with a wide range of capacities a priority for both. While an effective communicative "bridge" between professions, UD's deployment typically leaves unspoken the capacity of users to meaningfully affect decision-making in the design process. UD architecture has much to draw from, and contribute to, parallel movements in "participatory architectural design"; debates therein have illuminated much about the social practices underpinning designing for difference. UD could engage more fully with questions relating to the social and political role of the architect.
... For instance, in his article titled "An Architecture of Participation", he underlines that the mutation of the design process due to the adoption of participatory design models would have the following main consequences: "each phase of the operation becomes a phase of the design; the 'use' becomes a phase of the operation and, therefore, of the design; the different phases merge and the operation ceases to be linear, one-way, and self-sufficient." [16] (p. 77). ...
... Giancarlo De Carlo believed that the main problem of the manner the modernist architects conceived the relationship between form and function was the fact that they reduced function "to a bare representation of conventional behaviors". He maintained that the notion of function should be transformed in a manner that would make it possible to "include the entire range of social behaviors, with all their contradictions and conflicts" [16]. De Carlo's design strategies were characterised by the intention to search for a genetic code. ...
The article examines the principles of Giancarlo De Carlo’s design approach. It pays special attention to his critique of the modernist functionalist logic, which was based on a simplified understanding of users. De Carlo′s participatory design approach was related to his intention to replace of the linear design process characterising the modernist approaches with a non-hierarchical model. Such a non-hierarchical model was applied to the design of the Nuovo Villaggio Matteotti in Terni among other projects. A characteristic of the design approach applied in the case of the Nuovo Villaggio Matteotti is the attention paid to the role of inhabitants during the different phases of the design process. The article explores how De Carlo’s “participatory design” criticised the functionalist approaches of pre-war modernist architects. It analyses De Carlo’s theory and describes how it was made manifest in his architectural practice—particularly in the design for the Nuovo Villaggio Matteotti and the master plan for Urbino—in his teaching and exhibition activities, and in the manner his buildings were photographs and represented through drawings and sketches. The work of Giancarlo De Carlo and, especially, his design methods in the case of the Nuovo Villaggio Matteotti can help us reveal the myths of participatory design approaches within the framework of their endeavour to replace the representation of designers by a representation of users. The article relates the potentials and limits of De Carlo’s participatory design approach to more contemporary concepts such as “negotiated planning”, “co-production”, and “crossbenching”. The article also intends to explore whether there is consistency between De Carlo’s theory of participation and its application.
... (Samuel 2012, 9) Later, architects tested ideas of polyvalence, chance, and participation by avoiding design narratives that limited agency. (Hertzberger 1998;Plummer 2016;De Carlo 1980) Contemporary architecture's relationship with circulation has also evolved. Some relied heavily on technology to generate forms, while others wrestle now with a post-digital agenda to regain control of design at the scale of human experience. ...
... Studying why people choose certain paths in existing spaces can better inform future places, as "short-sightedness of the objectives and the lack of interest in the question of using the product makes it impossible to establish any criterion that allows a judicious comparison between proposed and actual accomplishment." (De Carlo 1980) ...
Spatial costs that may affect pathfinding within an interior environment include variables and stimuli such as destination, ease, distance, light, sound, or even a natural tendency to move to the right. (Boettger 2014) These elements, and others, along with formal cues, can contribute to the navigation of an indoor environment. Several tools currently exist to simulate the path of travel for egress—using plans or occupancy loads in a building. These tools often generate the shortest path of travel. Methods for altering or influencing the shortest path are less prevalent, yet their potential is important to consider.
This paper presents an approach for associating architectural value within a building model and using it to influence pathfinding. The method presented uses A* pathfinding as a baseline grid and recalculates travel paths per the local or global influence of architectural value. (Hart, Nilsson, and Raphael 1968) This project's results are explored in a case study, and speculation of its application within the design process and everyday use of space is considered.
... Architectural professionals often skip the stages related to participation because of the complex nature of integration into the design process, and the researcher avoids it as it does not fit into their institutional framework (Jones et al., 2013). This is due to the beliefs of the bourgeoisie society who prefer to take care of everything and leave little room for manifestations of independence, and architects generally become part of that group (De Carlo, 2005). As professionals, they become representatives of that class in power. ...
... The revival of social reformation encourages the inclusion of participatory design approach in the architectural design process (De Carlo, 2005;Jones et al., 2013;Petrescu, 2005). To continue a design process without creating repetition, and to avoid homogeneity and recurrence of the same, one needs to reinvent the design continuity through the spontaneous participation of people. ...
The distance between urban design processes and outcomes and their communication to stakeholders and citizens are often significant. Urban designers use a variety of tools to bridge this gap. Each tool often places high demands on the audience, and each through inherent characteristics and affordances, introduces possible failures to understand the design ideas, thus imposing a divergence between the ideas, their communication and the understandings.
Urban design is a hugely complex activity influenced by numerous factors. The design exploration process may follow established design traditions. In all instances, the medium in which the exploration takes place affects the understanding by laypeople. Design tools are chosen, in part, to facilitate the design process.
Most urban design community engagement does not use Virtual Environments (VE) as a means of communication and participation in the early stage of the design generation. There has been little research on how the use of VE for urban design can engage laypeople as contributors to the design process. It has been suggested that VE instruments can allow laypeople to express, explore and convey their imagination more easily. The very different nature of perceptual understanding of VE and its capability to produce instant 3D artefacts with design actions may allow laypeople to generate meaningful design ideas. An experiment setup has developed to leverage laypeople in authentic design collaboration.
This thesis examines in the context of New Zealand’s National Science Challenge ‘Building Better Homes, Towns and Cities’ the drivers of change that contribute to the shaping of places, development and design of future neighbourhoods. A series of experiments have been conducted in the site of a neighbourhood to investigate the relative effectiveness of immersive VE to facilitate people in collaborative urban design. The findings support the hypothesis that VE with the generation of 3D artefacts enhances design communication for laypeople to design an urban form for their neighbourhood. The thesis concludes by discussing how New Zealand’s future neighbourhoods can be shaped and developed with VE assisted participatory urban design.
... Giancarlo De Carlo, a member of the TEAM X compared the contribution offered by the architects in the Congress to a prescription: "the remedy prescribed was the construction, possibly in series, of cheapest possible housing. It was reduced to the absolute minimum tolerable in terms of floor area; a minimum referred to as 'existential" 8 . The existential concept proposed by the architects at CIAM had a great potential in fostering solutions that would challenge the issues of social housing deficit and rise above them. ...
Social housing refers to low-income housing projects provided or subsidized by the state. This paper explores an approach for the design and conception of social housing incorporating open building, self-help, and participatory design aimed toward providing user autonomy. Moreover, it addresses the current role of the architect in the field. The study developed a theoretical analysis using two research methods: logical argumentation and case studies. Two representative projects from architects that have globally impacted the housing discourse serve as case studies for investigation: Maison Dom-Ino (1914) by Le Corbusier and Quinta Monroy (2003) by Alejandro Aravena. The selection of the architects and their projects observed their influence on critical changes in social housing discourse. These changes occurred approximately every thirty years under a timeframe from 1914 to the present time. These architects appear in literature as essential figures whose ideas, theories, and projects historically influenced social housing production worldwide. The case studies’ examination followed two structured phases. Phase one focused on constructing each project’s “macro” picture, creating a matrix of categories and distributing the evidence amongst them, investigating the following aspects: historical context, site context, and architectural theory. Phase two concentrated on composing the “micro” picture: developing a project analysis and evaluating architectural drawings and other artifacts through a soft & hard scale system, generating data displays that measured each case study’s performance under a participation spectrum. Findings show the frame as a persistent element amongst the case studies that can serve as a vessel encompassing open building, self-help, and participatory design. Furthermore, the results suggest that architects must act as enablers, users as collaborators, and the frame as their mediator, composing three forces acting within the social housing design.
... Can we involve users in research and allow them to participate in the validation process? Giancarlo de Carlo proposed many years ago an architecture of participation that would include as many stakeholders as possible, including users, in the three phases he defined for any architectural operation: "the definition of the problem, the elaboration of the solution and the evaluation of the results" [7]. He was referring to the process of generating architecture. ...
... La discusión reciente acerca de la transformación del espacio público en Barcelona está relacionada con el concepto de urbanismo táctico, que ha adquirido un papel relevante como estrategia de ensayo en circunstancias inciertas que requieren respuestas rápidas de naturaleza temporal y bajo coste (Carlo 1980;Courage 2013). La estrategia táctica más conocida llevada a cabo por el Ayuntamiento de Barcelona es el programa Superilles [Supermanzanas], iniciado hace una década y puesto en marcha a través de dos actuaciones piloto en los barrios de Poblenou (2016) y Sant Antoni (2018) (Frago, Graziano, 2021). ...
La presente investigación analiza la influencia de la planificación urbanística en la regulación de las tendencias globales de consumo en los espacios urbanos a partir de la relación entre la pérdida de actividad comercial y el aumento de la presencia de la restauración. Se toman como caso de estudio las calles Consell de Cent y Diputació en el Eixample de Barcelona, la primera de ellas transformada recientemente en "Eix verd" [Eje verde]; la segunda de ellas discurriendo paralela 133 metros al noroeste de la anterior. Se analizan las transformaciones de actividad en los locales en planta baja entre 2016 y 2022 en un tramo de 5 manzanas (650 metros lineales). Este artículo presenta los resultados preliminares de la investigación, con el objetivo de evaluar la eficacia de las políticas de regulación y reforma urbanísticas que tienen por objetivo responder a las dinámicas globales que afectan a las actividades económicas en planta baja. La investigación busca comprender la relación entre planificación urbanística y consumo, evaluar la eficacia de las políticas urbanísticas en la regulación del consumo, e identificar posibles efectos derivados en zonas no planificadas.
... Zapojování obyvatel v architektuře také vycházelo spíše od radikálnějších proponentů -jednotlivců, kteří se stavěli do opozice vůči architektonickému mainstreamu hodnot i praxí (např. Walter Segal (Gierszon 2014), nebo Giancarlo De Carlo (De Carlo 2005[1970, Kužvartová 2015). Zároveň jsou zde více zdokumentované případy zapojení bezprostředních uživatelů budov, kteří jsou snáze vymezitelní (například fary nebo školy) nebo kteří jsou přímými klienty (např. ...
Zdá se, že organizované přizývání obyvatel k revitalizaci veřejných prostranství a jiných, zejména veřejných projektů je již standardní součástí představ o dobré správě a rozvoji českých měst. V této disertační práci chci přispět k porozumění současných podob této top-down participace na navrhování a plánování prostřednictvím výzkumu dvou doposud neprobádaných, vzájemně propojených oblastí. Nejprve skrze přístup policy mobility retrospektivně sleduji, jak se participace na pozvání ustavovala v českých městech. Tím, že je zejména ranější prostředky šíření chápaly primárně jako nástroje demokratizace v post-socialistických městech a vliv tohoto pojetí stále přetrvává, tak svůj výzkum také vztahuji k debatám urbánních studií střední a východní Evropy a reaguji na jejich implicitní hierarchie, srovnávání a absence. Za druhé zkoumám současný charakter organizované participace skrze sledování stávajících uspořádání a toho, jak v nich organizovaná participace ovlivňuje práci architektů a architektek – tedy roli, která byla navzdory svému vlivu doposud spíše opomíjená. Sleduji také nově vzniklou konzultantskou roli odbornic na participaci a to, jak společně s historickou orientací na demokratizaci, modelem deficitní veřejnosti a monopolem architektů na kontribuční expertizu přispívá k udržování hranic, rolí a kompetencí účastníků participativních projektů.
... For instance, in his article entitled "An Architecture of Participation", he underlines that the mutation of the design process due to the adoption of participatory design models would have the following main consequences: "each phase of the operation becomes a phase of the design; the 'use' becomes a phase of the operation and, therefore, of the design; the different phases merge and the operation ceases to be linear, one-way, and selfsufficient." 14 As John McKean has underscored, for De Carlo "[a]rchitecture requires that individuals and groups take responsibilities in the initiation processes, in the production processes, and in the inhabitation processes". McKean claims that "[w]here a programme contains inherent conflicts, it can be that De Carlo's design decisions -far from camouflaging or even reconciling these -expose and even dangerously engage them, offering foci for social behaviours to change". ...
How were the concepts of the observer and user in architecture and urban planning transformed throughout the 20th and 21st centuries? Marianna Charitonidou explores how the mutations of the means of representation in architecture and urban planning relate to the significance of city's inhabitants. She investigates Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's fascination with perspective, Team Ten's interest in the humanisation of architecture and urbanism, Constantinos Doxiadis and Adriano Olivetti's role in reshaping the relationship between politics and urban planning during the postwar years, Giancarlo De Carlo's architecture of participation, Aldo Rossi's design methods, Denise Scott Brown's active socioplactics and Bernard Tschumi's conception praxis.
... They include Bruno Latour's modernist "envelopes" (Latour 2008, pp.8f), De Cauter's "capsularisation" (De Cauter 2001), Sophie Wolfrum's and Frhr. von Brandi's "performative urbanism" (Wolfrum and Brandis 2015), Giancarlo De Carlo's "architecture's public" (De Carlo 1971), and Philipp Oswalt's 'urban collisions' (Oswalt 2000, pp.73ff). ...
... A mediados del siglo XX, en el contexto de la arquitectura y el urbanismo, un grupo de profesionales empezó a defender la participación de la ciudadanía en la co-creación de sus ciudades, dando lugar a términos como 'arquitectura participativa', 'planificación colaborativa' o 'diseño participativo' (Zamenopoulos y Alexiou, 2018, Pasty, 1993, Friedmann, 1993, De Carlo, 1980. Sin embargo, más recientemente se ha explorado con mayor profundidad el concepto de co-creación en las áreas más diversas, partiendo de la creencia de facilitar procesos de cambio más efectivos en contextos urbanos cada vez más complejos (Puerari, et al, 2018). ...
La ciudad ha sido escenario de debates en las últimas décadas, fruto de la creciente urbanización y la consecuente complejidad de los problemas urbanos, que imponen profundos cambios en la forma de concebir, producir y gestionar el espacio urbano. Los laboratorios urbanos emergen como entornos experimentales e de aprendizaje colaborativo, explorando nuevos caminos para la producción compartida de conocimiento y soluciones a los problemas urbanos actuales, promoviendo la inteligencia colectiva basada en experimentos locales probados dentro de una cultura específica y un contexto situado. Partiendo de la idea de un laboratorio urbano experimental, esta investigación tiene como objetivo presentar la primera edición de LABTUR, desarrollada en el programa TUR: Co-creating Public Spaces, un proyecto de investigación-acción llevado a cabo en un contexto académico, en colaboración con el Ayuntamiento de Cascais, en Portugal. El artículo presenta los resultados de LABTUR y discute el aprendizaje basado en las dinámicas de co-creación, contribuyendo a la definición de una metodología colaborativa que promueva el diseño de un espacio público más sostenible e inclusivo.
La ciutat ha estat escenari de debats en les últimes dècades, fruit de la creixent urbanització i la conseqüent complexitat dels problemes urbans, que imposen profunds canvis en la forma de concebre, produir i gestionar l'espai urbà. Els laboratoris urbans emergeixen com a entorns experimentals i d'aprenentatge col·laboratiu, explorant nous camins per a la producció compartida de coneixement i solucions als problemes urbans actuals, promovent la intel·ligència col·lectiva basada en experiments locals provats dins d'una cultura específica i un context situat. Partint de la idea d'un laboratori urbà experimental, aquesta investigació té com a objectiu presentar la primera edició de LABTUR, desenvolupada al programa TUR: Co-creating Public Spaces, un projecte d'investigació-acció dut a terme en un context acadèmic, en col·laboració amb l'Ajuntament de Cascais, a Portugal. L'article presenta els resultats de LABTUR i discuteix l'aprenentatge basat en les dinàmiques de co-creació, contribuint a la definició d'una metodologia col·laborativa que promogui el disseny d'un espai públic més sostenible i inclusiu.
The city has been the scene of debates in recent decades, the result of growing urbanization and the consequent complexity of urban problems, which impose profound changes in the way of conceiving, producing and managing urban space. Urban laboratories emerge as collaborative learning and experimental environments, exploring new paths for the shared production of knowledge and solutions to current urban problems, promoting collective intelligence based on local experiments tested within a specific culture and situated context. Starting from the idea of an experimental urban laboratory, this research aims to present the first edition of LABTUR, developed in the program TUR: Co-creating Public Spaces, an action-research project carried out in an academic context, in collaboration with the City Council of Cascais, in Portugal. The article presents the results of LABTUR and discusses learning based on co-creation dynamics, contributing to the definition of a collaborative methodology that promotes the design of a more sustainable and inclusive public space.
... In recent years, the design of urban elements in public spaces has deeply evolved, and citizens have become active and empowered agents in transforming urban environments [1][2][3]. Tactical Urbanism (TU) has gained a relevant role as a testing strategy and has also been frequently deployed by public administrations, communities, and civil society in uncertain and controversial circumstances that require rapid responses [4]. Many of the challenges cities face are unpredictable due to their evolving and complex nature, and events such as pandemics, natural disasters, and conflicts make urban systems even more unstable. ...
This paper presents a framework to support the assessment of urban design projects through Urban Living Labs (ULLs). The framework is based on the Tactical Urbanism (TU) practices and involves the use of Mobile Urban Elements (MUE) in uncertain and potentially confusing conditions (e.g., the COVID-19 context). The methodology includes the application of the Four-Phase Model (problem and ideation; development; implementation, testing and assessment; final proposal) and a quantitative and qualitative assessment. The proposed assessment criteria were developed through an evaluation according to three aspects: (1) feasibility impact; (2) social impact; and (3) spatial impact. The methodology was applied to Furnish, an urban design project based on a ULL and prototyping, which was recently developed in five European cities. The empirical results, obtained using the impact analysis, indicate that the prototypes developed in the project are transferable to other cities and generate social interaction in public spaces. The applied research showed that the Four-Phase Model may be used as a new and improved iterative design process: the LOOP Scheme. The application of this assessment methodology to ULLs may provide valuable information for the future planning of urban interventions in public spaces.
... A basic idea of participation is that representatives of all social groups feel integrated. For the Architect De Carlos [3], participation is not planning for the user, but with him. In this context, urban planning is understood as a collective learning process in which the possible methods and models for the realization of the wishes and needs formulated by users are shared and discussed. ...
Many urban projects have shown that there is a lack of exchanges between the different communal actors. Inhabitants are poorly informed about urban development and are not included in it. In managing current challenges in urban development, a balance must be struck between common sense approaches and local needs. Therefore, the active participation of target groups is an important prerequisite for the success and sustainability of projects and programs. To address this gap in urban development in the city of Piura, Peru, an urban vision was developed along with many Piurans. A discursive space was created that invites to formulate ideas about urban development with which it is possible to collect, value and promote local knowledge of the citizen about places, challenges and opportunities of urban planning as well as their creativity to achieve the empowerment of the population and boost new bottom-up activities. Based on 600 ideas, a first version of the urban vision was developed. The vision is meant to serve as a participatory counterpart to the official plans of the city: a constructive contribution to the discussion, which reveals the weaknesses of public programs and shows the power in the ideas of citizens.
... Despite a growing interest in academia (Maudlin & Vellinga, 2014), scholarship on how design decisions are encoded and decoded remains scarce. In other words, there are still few theoretical contributions that address the systems of communication between designers (qua authors) and what Giancarlo de Carlo (2005) called "architecture's public" (qua addressees). In the field of residential architecture, this topic is particularly important, as the stakes for the addressee are particularly high. ...
In the 1970s, the participation of citizens in processes of urban renewal was championed by several North-European municipalities as an attempt to re-connect housing policies with their social significance. The main goal was to bring together the city and its citizens, collective interests and individual aspirations. Citizens’ participation was used as an instrument to bridge the gap between the planner/designer and the citizen/user. This article examines a case that illustrates the threats and opportunities brought about by this new paradigm in design decision-making. The article discusses the design process of the Punt en Komma housing complex, a project designed by Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza, developed between 1984 and 1988 as part of the urban renewal of the Schilderswijk district, a neighbourhood in the Dutch city of The Hague. The article is divided into two parts. The first part examines Siza’s plan for Schilderswijk’s sub-area 5 (deelgebied 5) and establishes the background against which citizens’ participation played a role in the urban renewal of the district. In the second part, the article examines Álvaro Siza’s project for the Punt en Komma housing blocks in detail, focusing particularly on the participatory design of the layout for the dwelling units. Using Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model of communication, this article concludes by highlighting the importance of using a negotiated code to enable meaningful communication in citizens’ participation.
... If architecture involves enclosing, guiding and so contributing to defining education and shaping educational work, the approaches I draw on nevertheless avoid determinism and instead leave space for and even incite users to engage in their own 'space-making' (Hertzberger 2008, 21). Indeed, both architects' writings and designs focus on users' making and adapting space (De Carlo 1969;1980;De Carlo and Bunčuga 2014;Hertzberger 1969;. Finally, the hyphenated verb 'school-building' refers to the ongoing organization of space through financing, planning, design, construction and adaptation. ...
School architecture is often taken for granted both in use (where it is naturalized) and in writing on education policy (tending to feature simply as policy setting.) Built policy instead points up the active and ongoing role of the material environment in shaping education. From financing and procurement to the design of individual classrooms, the paper works across architecture, sociology and policy studies to clarify the relationship between different dimensions of physical and social space and so provide a useful theoretical ground for future work. What is special about school-building and architecture that enables them to do policy? How are they used to do it? By whom? From city planners to students, a range of actors use different space-organizing resources to attempt the instantiation of (and challenges to) policy in built form. These processes are explored first theoretically, then empirically through a new Academy school in England. The paper deepens understanding of what policy is, emphasizing its intimate if taken for granted spatial characteristics, its ongoing-ness in built form and its travel by means of circulating images of buildings and spaces.
... are against participation because it destroys the arcane privileges of specialisation, unveils the professional secret, strips bare incompetence, multiples responsibilities and converts them from private to social [4]. Academics communities are against it because participation unfilled all the schemes on which teaching and research are based. ...
AIM: The aim of this research is to examine the importance of community participation in education and social infrastructure in Peri - Urban of Tirana city.MATERIAL AND METHODS: This research states that “involvement of community” is a direct response to giving the community a voice in shaping their future environment to promote urban regeneration in combination with the respecting of the principle of sustainability.RESULTS: This rich picture of community participation and urban planning brings an improver's eye to the real issue on the ground, focused mainly on the guidelines set by the European Union. The goal of the project participation which generates public space, beyond the values that carry on improving the quality of life for the citizens – can illustrate how urban regeneration projects may have a huge impact on the entire city life. The result is to create an area which improves profits and a good lifestyle; re-conceptualization of investment as an investment in urban infrastructure, an investment that can have a large impact even with a relatively low cost.CONCLUSIONS: This article emphasises the need for a real metamorphose to all barriers between builders and users which must be abolished so that building and usage become two different parts, of the same planning process.
... Viene realizzata un'architettura pensata per una socializzazione spontanea, ricca di spazi soglia intesi a creare occasioni di incontro e partecipazione, situazioni impreviste ed imprevedibili. In questa conformazione spaziale traspare l'idea dell'architettura come progetto partecipativo, in cui il prodotto finale è sempre meno la rappresentazione di chi lo progetta e sempre più la rappresentazione di chi lo utilizza (De Carlo, 1972). Un'opera aperta a nuovi e successivi adattamenti, che porta l'individuo al centro di uno spazio da plasmare intorno agli usi e alle necessità che emergono nel corso del tempo. ...
... De Carlo argues that the politics of participation become too settled and unquestioned, which suggests that "when we plan 'for' people . . . we tend, once consensus is reached, to freeze it into permanent fact" [42] (p. 13). ...
This paper provides a critical examination of the taken for granted nature of the codes/guidelines used towards the creation of designed spaces, their social relations with designers, and their agency in designing for people with disabilities. We conducted case studies at three national museums in Canada where we began by questioning societal representations of disability within and through material culture through the potential of actor-network theory where non-human actors have considerable agency. Specifically, our exploration looks into how representations of disability for designing, are interpreted through mediums such as codes, standards and guidelines. We accomplish this through: deep analyses of the museums’ built environments (outdoors and indoors); interviewed curators, architects and designers involved in the creation of the spaces/displays; completed dialoguing while in motion interviews with people who have disabilities within the spaces; and analyzed available documents relating to the creation of the museums. Through analyses of our rich data set involving the mapping of codes/guidelines in their “representation” of disability and their contributions in “fixing” disability, this paper takes an alternative approach to designing for/with disability by aiming to question societal representations of disability within and through material culture.
... representation of its designer and more and more the representation of its users." (De Carlo, 1980) The paper opens up a discussion on self-organising organisms structurally based on circular observation, and feedback and learning in architecture as theoretical framework for research on e.g., urbanity systems. Departing from object driven architecture also means departing from an object / material focused culture and ecology. ...
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2763.5365
Chapter Abstract: Architectural Ecologies: Code, Culture and Technology at the Convergence operates on the architectural interface between system theory, computation and biology, focusing on processes that are described as an alloy of technology, ecology and culture.
The articles open a discussion on urbanity-systems, defined as coded, self-organising organisms structurally based on circular observation, feedback and learning, to a field of experts that can empower the discipline through a dynamic exchange within system theory. Since in C21 virtual and material reality merge and take on the form of code, architecture challenges the development of its own expertise at the understanding and description of structures as systems (living and non-living, virtual and material) in a spatial-temporal evolution. A critical understanding of this construct is required to enable the design of design strategies for apparent complexity. Therefore the debate targets the deep impact of system theory as culture, and simultaneously describes a frame for post-digital, namely biological, tools to become an element that allows for the understanding of urban and natural systems as a whole.
Paper Abstract:
Architectural Ecologies: Code, Culture and Technology at the Convergence investigates architectural interfaces between system theory, computation and biology. It focuses on processes that are described as an alloy, opening up possibilities for conceiving a para-digital architecture where computational matter becomes the catalyst of an extended understanding of architectural formations in material and virtual space, embedded in a field of parallel interactions with and between natural, cultural and technological systemic ecologies. “It is also not about having the computer create a large number of proposals from which to choose. It is not about using computers to create unusual forms. When used like that, a computer becomes nothing more than an extension of the pens in the hand. It is about using computers to think, as an extension of the brain.” (Watanabe, 2002)
Starting with a brief insight into Code as Computational Ecology, the paper discusses the role of code during the shift from a desire to object towards an emerging data and information fetish. Code as Material of Distinction reviews known forms of architecture as codes of communication (Shannon, 1949) and distinction (Brown, 1969) alike and looks forward to the impact of obvious intricate protocols for program. Relational Systems, part three of the paper, discusses the making of architecture through code, conversation and as learning and living system.
Architectural Ecologies operates on the level of adopting sound material, fabrication and coding knowledge and pairing it with emerging theory and philosophy to arrive at an architectural culture that “embraces a multi-ordered cybernetic model of and for the new world owing a multitude of facets, classes of information (data) and ways of learning.” (Werner, 2014 (not published yet).
http://emcsr.net/book-of-abstracts/
Rapid urban expansion is transforming rural areas globally, prompting scholars to challenge the traditional urban-rural dichotomy and focus on transitional zones such as the rural-urban fringe and peri-urban areas. This article documents the evolution of architectural morphology in traditional Hakka settlements in peri-urban areas of southern China and coins the hybrid architectural landscape combined with urban and rural characteristics in these ambiguous territories as the "Middle Ground. " Fieldwork was conducted in four Hakka villages in Heyuan, northeast Guangdong, China, between 2021 and 2023. An explorative case study was employed to analyze the architectural morphology of the Middle Ground by mapping village fabric, dwellings, and street markets through aerial photography. A participatory perspective was also incorporated, involving observation, interviews, and documentation of the daily life of local villagers. This research examines how authority and mobility have shaped the Middle Ground, potentially leading to a state of "placelessness, " and explores the role of rural heritage in this context. This research contributes to the broader discourse on peri-urban areas by offering an architectural heritage atlas as an addition to existing research.
Openness is an important quality of architecture that facilitates its adaptation to the changing spatial, social, cultural and environmental parameters of the world in the 21st century. The recent pandemic of COVID-19 has brought about the return of open space to the architectural agenda, given the need for openness and social distance. Aside from the pandemic, the current economic crises, ecological concerns and technological advances also lead us to consider open architecture as a means by which we can understand the new dynamics and realities of this century. Thus, we announced Open Architecture as the theme of the years of 2021–2022 in the design studio of Atelier 1 at Gazi University Faculty of Architecture Department of Architecture in Ankara. We discuss openness as a site-specific quality that allows architecture to establish new relationships with the site and society. Hence, the students of the studio design their open architectural projects to be responsive to the physical and social potentials and problems of the city of Ankara recently.
La planificació urbanística-arquitectònica d’un campus, en clau de qualitat, es nodreix tant d’un procés previ de recerca en la cultura local com d’un altre que explori les tipologies espacials més transcendents generades a l’evolució secular de les universitats, així com l'estudi de les circumstàncies locals. Aquestes dinàmiques han estat presents a la gènesi d’un cas recent situat a l’Àfrica, que s'exposa en aquest text: la planificació del nou campus de la Universitat Agostinho Neto. Seguint una metodologia predeterminada intencionada, la primera estratègia de recerca científica es va centrar en l'estudi d'arquitectures vernacles i formes d'assentaments humans primitius a Angola, perquè la ideació morfològica estigués arrelada a la cultura local; un dels formats que van inspirar patrons espacials va ser el "kimbo". La segona línia de recerca científica definida en l’aproximació metodològica preliminar va explorar les tipologies universitàries que s’han distingit històricament per la seva excel·lència. De la dilatada herència de pautes compositives que han estat emprades als complexos dedicats a l’Educació Superior en destaca el quadrangle. La tercera línia de recerca científica explora els condicionants acadèmics i geogràfics del projecte a Luanda. La feina explica com la planificació del Campus UAN es va inspirar en els resultats dels tres processos d'indagació. Finalment, s’enuncien certes conclusions, entre les quals cal destacar la validesa de la metodologia emprada, així com la potencial extrapolació del procés de disseny dut a terme a altres possibles projectes d’Educació Superior.
The urban & architectural planning of a campus that aspires to a high standard of quality must draw inspiration from research of the local culture and an exploration of the key spatial typologies that the long history of universities has brought forth, as well as the study of the local circumstances. These factors were present in the genesis of a recent project located in Africa that forms the subject matter of this paper: the planning of the new campus for the Agostinho Neto University. Following a predefined intentional methodology, the first scientific research strategy focused on the study of vernacular architectures and forms of primitive human settlements in Angola, so that morphological ideation was rooted in the local culture; one of the formats that inspired spatial patterns was the "kimbo". The second line of scientific research already defined in the preliminary methodological approach explored those university typologies that have historically attained to excellence. From the long legacy of compositional patterns used in complexes dedicated to Higher Education, one of the most distinguished is the quadrangle. The third scientific research line explores the academic and geographical conditionings of the project in Luanda. The paper explains the methodology used to generate the planning of the UAN Campus, as inspired by the outcomes of the processes of inquiry. Finally, some conclusions are stated. Among them are the valid methodology used, as well as the potential extrapolation of the design process followed to other possible projects of Higher Education
La planificación urbanístico-arquitectónica de un campus, en clave de calidad, se nutre tanto de un proceso previo de investigación en la cultura local como de otro que explore las tipologías espaciales más trascendentes generadas en la evolución secular de las universidades, así como el estudio de las circunstancias locales. Estas dinámicas han estado presentes en la génesis de un caso reciente situado en África, que se expone en el presente texto: la planificación del nuevo campus de la Universidad Agostinho Neto. Siguiendo una intencionada metodología predeterminada, la primera estrategia de investigación científica se centró en el estudio de arquitecturas vernáculas y formas de asentamientos humanos primitivos en Angola, para que la ideación morfológica estuviera arraigada en la cultura local; uno de los formatos que inspiraron patrones espaciales fue el "kimbo". La segunda línea de investigación científica definida en la aproximación metodológica preliminar, exploró aquellas tipologías universitarias que se han distinguido históricamente por su excelencia. De la dilatada herencia de pautas compositivas que han sido empleadas en los complejos dedicados a la Educación Superior destaca el quadrangle. La tercera línea de investigación científica explora los condicionantes académicos y geográficos del proyecto en Luanda. El trabajo explica cómo la planificación del Campus UAN se inspiró en los resultados de los tres procesos de indagación. Finalmente, se enuncian ciertas conclusiones, destacando entre ellas la validez de la metodología empleada, así como la potencial extrapolación del proceso de diseño llevado a cabo a otros posibles proyectos de Educación Superior.
In the absence of an established city planning strategy, the initial post-war urban development of the SFRY was founded on the principles of CIAM?s ?Functional City?, which soon proved inadequate in responding to individual user needs and in reflecting the collective interests of the young socialist state. This paper positions the search for a new spatial expression of the young socialist state within the global architectural discourse of the second half of the twentieth century, which shifted towards more variable, open and indeterminate architectural models employing various forms of user participation. The characteristics of a new approach in Yugoslav architectural and urban planning practice are examined through the case study of an unrealised project for the Miseluk zone in Novi Sad developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The aim of this paper is to analyse the socialist response to a dominant theme of architectural discourse that is once again gaining traction in the theory and practice of contemporary architects, in order to establish a basis for the further development of these ideas in the contemporary post-socialist context. The research reveals a direction for urban planning practice based on user participation, which enables a higher level of versatility or multivariance of the design concept as a response to the individual and changing needs of users, but also as a way of achieving the resilience, i.e., adaptability of architecture in the face of unpredictable social trends.
La thèse porte sur les théories et pratiques de conception architecturale de transformation du logement avec les habitants des quartiers populaires. La démarche de recherche est née d’une pratique du métier d’architecte au sein l'agence Christophe Hutin Architecture. Le projet expérimental de transformation de la cité de Beutre a été l’occasion de développer une recherche-action, dont la thèse (CIFRE) propose un retour réflexif. Beutre est une ancienne cité de transit auto-transformée par ses habitants depuis un demi-siècle. La transformation informelle de l’architecture est le produit d’expériences de résistances quotidiennes des habitants de la cité. Une observation attentive de ces faits peut conduire les architectes à envisager le métier, non plus comme la production d’objets finis ou sculpturaux, mais comme une possible contribution aux processus performatifs des milieux. Contribuer à la transformation des habitats, sans démolir ni expulser, pourrait être pour les architectes une piste d’action réaliste et écologique, engagée au plus proche des situations. Face aux aspirations contemporaines de nos sociétés, les objectifs du projet architectural de transformation des logements peuvent dépasser ceux des réhabilitations techniques, et viser des exigences de contemporanéisation des espaces de vie. Comment les architectes peuvent-ils participer de cette manière au processus de transformations des habitats ? Pour étudier cette confrontation des architectes au réel, la thèse propose une théorie de la conception ouverte en architecture. La méthode de conception se structure par les techniques de l’enquête de projet : démarche in situ (permanence architecturale et paysagère), outils de documentation projectuelle (inventaires, relevés habités, diagrammes, image-documents, photographies, films) ; dispositifs d’interaction avec les habitants de l’échelle des personnes à l’échelle du commun ; réseau de réflexion scientifique transdisciplinaire sur les expérimentations au fil du projet. Précises et indéterminées, ces structures de méthode apparaissent comme performantes pour gérer le déroulé processuel et interactif d’un projet architectural avec les milieux habités. Elles peuvent alors générer chez les concepteurs une maitrise de l’improvisation dans le projet d’architecture. La transformation comme conception ouverte devient opérante pour travailler l’architecture en conversation avec les processus. Elle traite à la fois la singularité des détails et le tout, l’action immédiate et le temps long, les divers liens de réciprocité entre les individus et commun. Cette réflexion sur le renouvellement des pratiques des architectes donne à voir une interprétation possible du pragmatisme en architecture, à la croisée d’enjeux démocratiques et écologiques.
Urban growth and population increase have been major driving forces for cities, combined with an expanding heterogeneous sociocultural structure. The growing trends in urbanization pose massive challenges of inequalities and exclusions, primarily observed in housing. While housing was initially a sociocultural product involving users, it has transformed into a more standardized and financialized entity in the twentieth century, resulting in the abstraction of users from the production process. Against these exclusionary housing trends, it is the role of designers to redefine the place of users in housing for more inclusive results. So, this paper aims to investigate the potential of participatory approaches in housing to achieve more inclusive outcomes. Accordingly, accumulated knowledge on participation in housing starting in the 1960s is chronologically and interrelatedly discussed and mapped through prominent publications. Then, the benefits of specific participatory approaches in the inclusivity of housing are evaluated regarding three design phases to form a framework for future practices: i) design/predesign, ii) implementation, and iii) (post) occupancy. The study showed that participatory approaches at various phases and levels contribute to creating inclusive housing by increasing users’ representation in decision-making, demystifying professional tools, and allowing alternative and dynamic appropriation of living.
How were the concepts of the observer and user in architecture and urban planning transformed throughout the 20th and 21st centuries? Marianna Charitonidou explores how the mutations of the means of representation in architecture and urban planning relate to the significance of city's inhabitants. She investigates Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's fascination with perspective, Team Ten's interest in the humanisation of architecture and urbanism, Constantinos Doxiadis and Adriano Olivetti's role in reshaping the relationship between politics and urban planning during the postwar years, Giancarlo De Carlo's architecture of participation, Aldo Rossi's design methods, Denise Scott Brown's active socioplactics and Bernard Tschumi's conception praxis.
Although most of the protests called and carried out in the Plaza de la Encarnación (Seville) in 2010 are driven to the heat of the 15-M Movement, they seem strongly linked to the claim from its own genesis and the debate arising from the elevated and increased cost of the project of a new square, newly inaugurated; the enormous wooden parasol that emerges on the market casts shadow and controversy, registering on the same day of its opening a protest against the mayor's management. Since March 2011, as a reflection of the discontent over social cuts and the austere policies of the government, Plaza de la Encarnación begins to consolidate itself as a benchmark in the calls for demonstrations and protests, reaching between April and May, up to seven demonstrations. In that last month a camping is summoned in the elevated square on the market by the movement "Toma la plaza", reflection of the effervescence associative-assembled of Madrid, obtaining an affluence of 8000 people (500 encamped) during four days, being braked by the Provincial Electoral Board the day before the day of reflection of the Municipal Elections. During 2012 and 2013 it is again the scene of demands, mostly against the reform of the educational law promoted by the new government, being an entirely civilian speaker away from partisanship. The present communication will try to deepen in the relation between the symbology of a space and genetically controversial project and the use like social speaker in which it becomes: has the starting situation an impact in the final use? What urban parameters favor their occupation?
This paper examines how the use of architectural competitions may change democratic and participatory aspects in urban planning. This is operationalised by focusing on how architectural competitions impact procedural justice. The architectural competition is a process where only certain experts and professionals are included. We briefly outline how architectural competitions and planning ideals have developed over time to provide context crucial to understanding how they are brought together in contemporary planning practices. Based on interviews and document studies we analyse a set of cases from the Fjord City waterfront redevelopment in Oslo, Norway. The cases vary in form and organization, from the open and international competition format to a more limited competition called parallel assignments. We first consider how architectural competitions may create barriers for public participation. Then we consider if there is a way to integrate them in urban planning that may contribute towards procedural justice and a more inclusive planning process.
Participation processes first emerged in the twentieth century and are becoming more common in democratic urban planning processes. In resilient, inclusive urban regeneration, the inhabitants are involved in transforming cities. Today, these processes are evolving and new creative tools are emerging. The aim of this research is to understand facets of what is known as urban co-creation by analysing experiments and classifying into a taxonomy their tools, the type of urban space involved, the duration, and the purposes. The use of the taxonomy in case studies shows how participation can be synthesized using a relatively simple code of pattern combinations.
Please find more here:
https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/AKKMCJEEKR3DPAIZWJTQ/full?target=10.1080/13574809.2022.2053283
With empirical touchstones from Europe, North America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific, the authors argue that heritage and property represent different approaches to subject formation, produce distinct bodies of expertise, and belong to different rationalities of government in a global patrimonial field: that cultural property is a technology of sovereignty, part of the order of the modern liberal state, but cultural heritage a technology of reformation that cultivates responsible subjects and entangles them in networks of expertise and management. While particular case trajectories may shift back and forth from rights-based claims and resolutions under the sign of cultural property to ethical claims and solutions under the sign of cultural heritage, the authors contend that there is significant analytical purchase to be gained from their distinction. Using a critical, comparative approach, they make the case for a historically grounded and theoretically informed understanding of the difference between the two terms.
This paper explores Giancarlo De Carlo’s concept of architecture as discussed in his writing and argues that it offers a particularly inclusive way of thinking about educational space. Drawing also on the work of Mieke Bal for whom concepts can act as common languages across disciplines, the paper shows how De Carlo’s “architecture” achieves openness through expanding the categories of “designer” and “project” and so might be especially helpful as a common language among architects and educationalists. Illustrating some of the contemporary challenges facing education as well as De Carlo’s personal interests in schools and universities, the paper applies the architect’s concepts to open up discussion about the future of schooling.
Este artículo explora los retos que las prácticas artísticas dialógicas plantean al urbanismo de la ciudad global europea. El principal objetivo consiste en identificar formas alternativas de concebir la ciudad que, procedentes del arte comprometido con la transformación urbana, contribuyen de forma clara a revisar, influenciar y abrir una mirada crítica al urbanismo gentrificador para proponer un nuevo término prestado del campo artístico: el urbanismo dialógico. La investigación se estructura en cuatro fases: primera, enmarcar el aborde de los procesos de renovación urbana desde el campo artístico. Segunda, un estudio de tres casos europeos que, situados en el campo artístico, han interpelado al urbanismo cómplice de la gentrificación. Tercera, descubrir las líneas discursivas compartidas entre la historia del urbanismo humanista y esos casos. Y cuarta, una revisión crítica del rescate de estas prácticas artísticas por parte del urbanismo. La conclusión final aborda una serie de retos que presentan el arte activista y comunitario como lente útil para identificar dificultades que servirán para interrogar y promover un urbanismo más polisémico, crítico y genuinamente participado.
Con el fin de crear un modelo de transformación urbana más inclusivo y sostenible, nuevos procesos de participación resurgen en los procesos urbanos de todo el mundo. Nuestra investigación estudia estrategias tanto tradicionales como nuevas para el proyecto urbano. Se plantean tanto herramientas enfocadas a las nuevas tecnologías de la información, como otras herramientas creativas tales como el urbanismo táctico. El principal objetivo de este artículo es evaluar el uso de talleres de co-creación y de urbanismo táctico, dentro de los procesos de diseño urbano. El uso de estos métodos no solo pretende ser una forma de escuchar la voz de la población, sino también de involucrarse como actores, induciendo un cambio en los hábitos y la mentalidad. El proyecto “Pabellón de deseos” es el resultado de una tercera experiencia del Taller Espacios Abiertos (TEA), con un grupo de estudiantes dentro del marco del Park(ing) Day, evento que transforma de forma temporal estacionamientos en la calle en otras formas de espacio público de convivencia. Este artículo aporta dos niveles de resultados: El primero consiste en los resultados y conclusiones de los datos recuperados mediante la instalación artística, imaginada por el cuerpo estudiantil, y el segundo, la evaluación del taller como herramienta participativa y pedagógica por parte del alumnado. Para obtener los resultados, se ha usado una evaluación tanto cuantitativa como cualitativa. Los resultados nos enseñan que la implementación de este tipo de talleres en un ámbito académico mejora la motivación, implicación y satisfacción en los procesos de proyectos urbanos.
Per tal de crear un model de transformació urbana més inclusiu i sostenible, nous processos de participació ressorgeixen en els processos urbans de tot el món. La nostra investigació estudia estratègies tant tradicionals com noves per al projecte urbà. Es plantegen tant eines enfocades a les noves tecnologies de la informació, com altres eines creatives com ara l'urbanisme tàctic. El principal objectiu d'aquest article és avaluar l'ús de tallers de co-creació i d'urbanisme tàctic, dins dels processos de disseny urbà. L'ús d'aquests mètodes no només pretén ser una forma d'escoltar la veu de la població, sinó també d'involucrar com actors, induint un canvi en els hàbits i la mentalitat. El projecte "Pavelló de desitjos" és el resultat d'una tercera experiència del Taller Espais Oberts (TEA), amb un grup d'estudiants dins de el marc del Park(ing) Day, esdeveniment que transforma de manera temporal estacionaments al carrer en altres formes d'espai públic de convivència. Aquest article aporta dos nivells de resultats: El primer consisteix en els resultats i conclusions de les dades recuperats mitjançant la instal·lació artística, imaginada pel cos estudiantil, i el segon, l'avaluació del taller com a eina participativa i pedagògica per part de l'alumnat. Per obtenir els resultats, s'ha fet servir una avaluació tant quantitativa com qualitativa. Els resultats ens ensenyen que la implementació d'aquest tipus de tallers en un àmbit acadèmic millora la motivació, implicació i satisfacció en els processos de projectes urbans.
In order to rebalance the city and create a more sustainable urban transformation model, new participation processes re-emerge in the urban and architectural processes in cities around the world. Our research studies both traditional and new strategies for the urban project. Both tools focused on new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), as well as other creative tools such as tactical urbanism, are proposed. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the use of co-creation and tactical urban planning workshops within urban design processes. The use of these methods is not only intended as a way to listen to the voice of the population, but also to get involved as actors, inducing a change in habits and mentality. “Pavilion of desires” project is the result of a third experience of the Open Space Workshop (TEA), with a group of students within the framework of Park(ing) Day, an event that temporarily transforms parkings on streets in other ways of public living space. This article provides two levels of results: The first consists of the results and conclusions of the data recovered through the artistic installation, imagined by the student body, and the second, the evaluation of the workshop as a participatory and pedagogical tool by the students. To obtain the results, a quantitative evaluation using surveys and data collection was employed, as well as a qualitative evaluation through the use of general impressions, conversations, reports and level of participation in the workshop. The results teach us that the implementation of this type of workshop in an academic field improves motivation, involvement and satisfaction in urban project.
The historical urban landscape is a new approach towards the historical city as the product of human interaction with micro ecosystem over the passage of time that has recently gained a special position in urban conservation. This paper begins with raising the question that how this approach can be used to solve the challenges of conservation and development of historical cities. Exploring the conservation documents indicate that viewpoint to historical city has shifted from 'the atomistic perspective to holistic', 'static to dynamic', 'product-oriented to process-oriented', 'conflict with micro-ecosystem to interact with micro-ecosystem', and 'the contrast of conservation and development' to the integration of them. The purpose of this paper is to review the northern Safavi Chahar-Bagh street of shiraz in the city master plan to find out how the street conservation and development is based on historical urban landscape. The data for this research were collected through observations and documents review and were analyzed qualitatively. The survey results show that the new doctrines of urban conservation seek to integrate conservation and development based on historical urban landscape; however, the definition of the Historical city boundary in the master plan of shiraz is still based on static and atomistic doctrines that consider historical cities limited to the historical wall. This is while the northern Chahar-Bagh street of shiraz which was the main historical axis of the city during the Safavi period was located outside the historical wall of the city. Not paying attention to this street has caused the gradual destruction of this historical urban landscape, despite the individual protection of some of its elements. Reviewing the case study based on the historical urban landscape approach reveals the need for a reconsideration and revision of the developments urban plans.
Schools of architecture have recently converted the former Final Degree Project into a one-year ‘enabling’ master’s degree. This is a collateral effect of adapting Spanish university studies to the European legislative framework. Faced with this challenge, the Escola Tècnica Superior d’Arquitectura del Vallès (ETSAV) proposed the implementation of a teaching model that would allow students to learn based on the experience of interaction with ‘the people’ and construction experimentation. On a methodological level, the article reviews the theoretical basis related to this model based on the condition of an open process, physical experimentation and social return. It also makes a critical approach of the three first years of the master’s degree to identify and review the teaching tools implemented, the subjects being researched and the contradictions that emerge. It concludes by evaluating the results obtained and identifying the need to balance learning between psychosocial competences and construction and technological competences, representing the main challenge and potential complexity of the service-learning projects conducted by the ETSAV’s ‘enabling’ master’s degree.
The practice of participation has gained prominence in several disciplines recently. The present study discusses how participation meets system dynamics, a particular modelling method, which looks at complex systems from an endogenous viewpoint. System dynamics has always oriented itself towards practical problems and engaged with clients actively. This tradition is represented in contemporary participatory methods. We can underpin the involvement of stakeholders in a number of ways: with normative arguments (participation is a democratic right), substantive (involvement produces better knowledge), instrumental (participation improves the chance of success), and transformative ones (improvement of social capital). We discuss three schools of participatory system dynamics. First, group model building, a professional and practical method. Next, participatory system dynamics modelling, which is rooted in public policy decisions and aims to involve stakeholders actively. Finally, community‐based system dynamics aims for the empowerment of communities, with long‐term deep commitment on the part of the researcher.
With the understanding of nature in terms of ecosystem services and the recognition of the vital role these play for human well-being (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005), the value of the natural realm is scientifically and socially defined while at the same time institutionalized. Within this frame of interpretation, nature is a supplier of provisioning, regulating and cultural services, thus becoming not only a life-enabling factor for humanity but also a conceptual construct comparable to cornerstones of democracy, such as equality, freedom, and citizenship. The idea of green infrastructure is another recently coined term envisioning nature in cities in the form of a network and enabling a broad life-furthering vision of society. Standards for green open spaces embedded in some planning frameworks further state the right for all to a common good. Yet, evidence shows that this common right is not always met. Within the current context of advanced and neoliberal capitalism, green areas are sometimes used as an added financial value for real estate, thus increasing restrictions to their free access and full utilization. In developing countries with young democracies, such as Brazil, this process implies another significant factor of social inequality insofar the restricted access to nature by the poorest people means also diminished food safety and the jeopardizing of certain cultural practices. In developed countries, loss of land for food production and movements reclaiming the right to the city by squatting unoccupied open spaces to initiate community gardens demonstrates that the access to green spaces is also problematic, although in different ways if compared to developing countries. This chapter contributes to this topic by discussing the inequality in the provision of green spaces in informal settlements and social housing development in Brazil, as well as in the globalized north. The chapter concludes with recommendations to enhance democracy through a just provision of nature in cities.
Processes of homogenization of the urban landscape are becoming more frequent in cities with an important historical heritage. A dynamic that leads to the transformation of certain historical environments in spaces where there is hardly any room for uniqueness, unregulated activities or public participation. This study aims to analyse a number of initiatives developed in the last decade in four Spanish city centres, particularly in Seville, Barcelona, Madrid and Zaragoza. Projects that are using urban agriculture and gardening to escape form current banality, creating spaces for culture, social relations and imagination. Despite the difficulties in its management and its minor impact, these interventions exemplify a way to reshape urban landscape, through schemes of activation, active perception and participation in abandoned places in the city, where agricultural activities and gardening are now playing an important role.KEYWORDS: urban landscape, urban acupuncture, urban agriculture, citizen participation, right to the city.
The 2011 Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) is the most recent incorporation to the global process of heritage production that was triggered by the 1972 World Heritage Convention. Five years since the publication of the Recommendation, it is clear that, despite UNESCO’s efforts, opportunities for the implementation of the HUL on a global level have been scarce. An increasing awareness regarding public participation has provided an additional opportunity for the HUL, due to an enhanced understanding of an ideal urban heritage management that, avant la lettre, disregards traditional up-down decision-making processes. Our paper provides a critical evaluation of the positive and negative aspects which have arisen from the implementation of HUL Recommendation with regards to charters and theory. We have also taken into consideration the risks that are concomitant to its ambitious holistic approach, as well as the ambiguities with regards to the definition of landscape on which the HUL is based. This paper also identifies the opportunities that a renewed focus on heritage values and authenticity management, as reflected in the cases of Cuenca (Ecuador) and Ballarat (Australia), may offer for the successful implementation of the HUL approach. © 2017 Julia Rey Pérez and Plácido González Martínez. Published with licence by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
The use of serious games in participatory design activities in architecture and planning has received growing attention in recent years. Their alternative ways of representing and communicating information have the potential to make the learning process more interesting and playful and hence more effective. This book chapter presents an alternative way to establish a dialogue between designers and citizens and raise citizens’ awareness of the urban environment and its architectural representation through the creation of an ‘Architectural Portal of People’s Narratives’ using a game engine. The research presents a theoretical, methodological and technical approach. The literature review includes definitions of participatory design and related issues, the use of 3D city models as participatory tools, 3d representations of city in videogames, and serious games as participatory tools. The final part of the chapter deals with the main points of the development process of the virtual Grainger Street (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK).
Reconsidering the planning practice and exploring new opportunities for making it
attuned to the ever changing urban reality is increasingly becoming one of the key
issues in many South-East European countries. In some, it is the social and economic
reality that is restructuring the framework for planning activities, in others a call for
its reconsideration stems from the understanding that planning should respond to
the emerging issues like climate change, reconsideration of urban resources and urban
growth or urban-rural migratory process and the changing relationship between
cities and their hinterlands. In some South-East Europe countries these processes
have been coupled and enhanced by the increasing pressure for urban democracy
and making planning receptive to technological innovations.
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