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Dermatoglyphics: in health and disease - a review

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Abstract

Dermatoglyphics is the study of finger print patterns and the term was coined by Harold Cummins in 1926. Finger prints are imprints of epidermal ridges, which are formed in early embryonic life, during 10 th to 16 th week of intrauterine life and remain permanent during whole life. Dermatoglyphic patterns have polygenic inheritance and are affected by environmental factors in the uterus. Finger print patterns are mainly of three types: arches whorls and loops; though there are more than 100 ridge characteristics, called Galton’s details, in a single rolled finger print. Dermatoglyphics is not only used in the identification of an individual but also serves as a mirror of one’s potential and talent. In this review, we will be discussing Dermatoglyphics and its important role in the diagnosis of chromosomal disorders and other diseases which have some genetic bases.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences | January-March 2014 | Vol 2 | Issue 1 Page 31
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Bhat GM et al. Int J Res Med Sci. 2014 Feb;2(1):31-37
www.msjonline.org
pISSN 2320-6071 | eISSN 2320-6012
Review Article
Dermatoglyphics: in health and disease - a review
Gh. Mohd. Bhat*, M. Arif Mukhdoomi, Bahir Ahmed Shah, Mohd Saleem Ittoo
INTRODUCTION
Dermatoglyphics (from Greek: derma= skin, glyph=
carving) is the scientific study of the skin ridge patterns
on the fingers, toes, palms of hands and soles of feet. The
purpose of these ridges is to impart firmer grip and to
avoid slippage. Dermatoglyphics can be traced back to
1892, when one of the most original biologists of his time
Sir Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, published
his work on fingerprints. The study was latter on termed
as Dermatoglyphics by Dr. Harold Cummins, even
though the process of finger print identification had
already in use for several hundred years.1
The most famous of ancient finger print designs are
carvings on the wall of Neothalic burial passage, situated
on the island of Brittany L’iie de Gavr’inis, its inner
walls are covered with incised designs of circular
patterns, spirals, arches, sinuous and straight lines
occurring on various combinations.2 In ancient time,
finger prints were used on pottery to indicate the maker
and brand of pottery. In ancient Assyria, finger prints
served as a seal to give authenticity to documents of
importance. They appeared in clay tablets, now treasured
in British Museum.3 An aboriginal Indian carving was
found at the edge of Kejimkoojir lake in Novascotia,
where within the outlines of human hand carved in stone
showed lines which represented dermatoglyphics and
flexions creases.1 Sir William Herschel, a collector in
Bengal (1858) was the first person to take finger and
hand prints of a contractor which is still preserved in
museum of London. He used the system for identification
of criminals.3
The Ridges are differentiated in their definitive form
during third to fourth month of fetal life and once formed
remain permanent and never change throughout the life
except in dimensions in proportion to the growth of an
individual. The original ridge characteristics are not
disturbed unless skin is damaged to the depth of 1mm.3
Development of dermatoglyphic pattern is under genetic
control. This is evident from the clear resemblance of
ABSTRACT
Dermatoglyphics is the study of finger print patterns and the term was coined by Harold Cummins in 1926. Finger
prints are imprints of epidermal ridges, which are formed in early embryonic life, during 10th to 16th week of
intrauterine life and remain permanent during whole life. Dermatoglyphic patterns have polygenic inheritance and are
affected by environmental factors in the uterus. Finger print patterns are mainly of three types: arches whorls and
loops; though there are more than 100 ridge characteristics, called Galton’s details, in a single rolled finger print.
Dermatoglyphics is not only used in the identification of an individual but also serves as a mirror of one’s potential
and talent. In this review, we will be discussing Dermatoglyphics and its important role in the diagnosis of
chromosomal disorders and other diseases which have some genetic bases.
Keywords: Dermatoglyphics, Finger prints, Arch, Whorl, Loop
Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar - 190001, J & K, India
Received: 12 November 2013
Accepted: 2 December 2013
*Correspondence:
Dr. Gh. Mohd. Bhat,
E-mail: gmbhat144@gmail.com
© 2014 Bhat GM et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
DOI: 10.5455/2320-6012.ijrms20140207
Bhat GM et al. Int J Res Med Sci. 2014 Feb;2(1):31-37
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences | January-March 2014 | Vol 2 | Issue 1 Page 32
dermatoglypics among related persons. There are many
diseases known to be caused by abnormal genes.
Whenever there is any abnormality in the genetic makeup
of parents, it is inherited to the children and is reflected in
dermatoglyphic pattern.4
Dermatoglyphics as a diagnostic aid is now well
established in number of diseases which have strong
hereditary basis and is employed as a method for
screening for abnormal anomalies.5 Apart from its use in
predicting the diagnosis of genetic disease;
dermatoglyphics is also used in forensic medicine in
individual identification, physical anthropology, human
genetics and medicine. Sir Galton Francis (1892)
published a book “finger prints”, which included the first
classification of finger prints. He used ridge
characteristics called ‘minutea’, still called Galton’s
details.6
DEVELOPMENT OF EPIDERMAL RIDGES
The ridge pattern depends upon the cornified layer of
epithelium and dermal pattern. There is proliferation of
cells in the lower zone of epidermis which projects in the
dermis as regular spaced thickenings and the dermis
subsequently projects upwards in the epidermal hollows,
called dermal papillae. This is followed by appearance of
elevations formed by them on the skin surface which are
known as epidermal ridges.1
Differentiation of epidermal ridges takes place early in
fetal development. The ridge pattern is genetically
determined and is affected by environmental factors.
There exists relationship between epidermal ridge and
fetal volar pads, because in course of development the
ridge pattern is formed at the site of these pads.7
Environmental factors such as external pressure on fetal
pads and embryonic fetal finger movements could
influence ridge formation.8 Dermatoglyphics traits such
as such as finger ridge count develop between 10th to 17th
week post conception.9 Dermatoglyphic features are
inherited through a polygenic system with individual
genes contributing an additive genetic component.8,
10Ridge formation is influenced by individual differences
in developmental stability and first and second trimester
insults on the embryo result in dermatoglyphic
changes.8,11
FINGER PRINT TYPES
There are three types of finger prints:
1. Visible prints are also called as patent prints because
these are visible to the naked eye without
development and are left in some medium like blood,
dirt, ink or grease on the finger.
2. Latent prints are not apparent to the naked eye and
are formed from water, salt, amino acids and oils
contained in the sweat. These can be made visible by
dusting, fuming or chemical reagents.
3 Impressed prints or plastic prints. These prints are
indentations left on soft pliable surfaces such as clay,
wax, paint or another surface that will take the
impression. These are visible to the naked eye.
PATTERNS OF FINGER PRINTS
There are three basic finger print patterns a) Arches b)
Loops c) Whorls12
a) Arches: These are found in five percent of finger
print patterns. The ridges run from one side to
another of patterns, making no backward turns.
Ordinarily there is no delta in an arch pattern. There
are four types of arch patterns 1) Plain arches 2)
Radial arches 3) Ulnar arches 4) Tented arches.13
b) Loops: Loops occurs in about 60 to 70% of finger
prints. One or more ridges enters on either side of
impression, recurves, touches or crosses the line
running from the delta to the core and terminates on
or in the direction of the side ,where the ridge or
ridges entered. In ulnar loop the ridges open on the
ulnar side, in radial loops the ridges open on the
radial side.13
c) Whorls: These are seen in about 25 to 35 % of finger
print patterns. In a whorl some of the ridges make a
turn through at least one circuit. Any finger print
pattern which contains two or more deltas will be a
whorl pattern. There are six types of whorls: a)
concentric whorl - the ridges are arranged in
concentric rings around the core. b) Spiral whorl -
the ridges spiral around the core in clockwise or
anticlockwise direction. c) Mixed whorl- it contains
circles and spirals in same pattern. d) Central pocket
whorl-it contains a smaller pocket within a loop. e)
Twin whorl-in these ridges arising from each core
open towards the opposite margin of the finger. f)
Accidental whorls-these represents combination of
two or more of above configurations.13
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
A single rolled finger print may have as many as hundred
or more identification points, called as ridge
characteristics which are as follows: 8,14,15
1. Ridge dots - an isolated ridge unit whose length
approximates its width in size.
2. Bifurcation - the point at which one friction ridge
divides into two friction ridges. It can be double
bifurcation or opposite bifurcation.
3. Trifurcation - the point at which one friction ridge
divides into three friction ridges.
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4. Ending ridge - a single bifurcation ridge that
terminates within the friction ridge structure.
5. Ridge crossing - a point where two ridge units
intersect.
6. Enclosure - a single friction ridge that bifurcates and
rejoins after a short course and continues as a single
friction ridge.
7. Spur - a bifurcation with one short ridge branching of
a longer ridge.
8. Bridge - a connecting friction ridge between parallel
running ridges.
OTHER LAND MARKS
a) Triradii - a triradius is formed by the confluence of
three ridge systems.
b) Core - it is approximate center of the palm. The core
may be of different shapes. In ridge counting the
point of core (not the whole core) is used.
c) Radiants - these are ridges that arise from triradius
and enclose the pattern area.
d) Delta - the point on a ridge, at or in front of and
nearest the centre of divergence of the type lines
delta area is a triangular area from where the ridges
radiate outwards.
Animal finger prints: Humans are not the only ones with
the finger prints. Some primates like gorillas and
chimpanzees and kola bear have their own unique finger
prints.
Adermatoglyphia: It is a rare condition which causes
people to be born without any finger prints. It is also
known as immigration delay, disease because affected
individuals report significant difficulties on entering
countries that requires finger print recording.16,17
DERMATOGLYPHICS IN HEALTH
The type of finger print is unique based on the genetic
characteristics of each individual. In addition of
predictive value of finger prints in various diseases
dermatoglyphics is used in identification of an individual.
Identification is a set of physical characteristics,
functional or psychic, normal or pathological that defines
an individual.18 Due to uniqueness of finger prints , these
can be used to identify the criminals at crime scene, dead
or unconscious person in blast injuries or mass disaster
injuries , accidental exchange of new born babies, in
prevention of impersonation of cheques, bank notes and
even for national identification.19 Dermatoglyphics can be
used to determine or exclude parentage under
circumstances of uncertainty of paternity of child.20
Dermatoglyphics is like a map that allows one to
understand his own potential and talent. Temperament
and character can be correlated with finger print pattern.
Whorl signifies stubbornness, composite is a sign of
faithless and unreliable character, loop signifies lack of
perservance, arch denotes merciless crude behavior. A
person with ulnar loop on all fingers is clear spirited,
mild mannered and strong willed person (melancholic),
cool in judgment and ruthless in business. A person
having whorls on all fingers is restless, doubting,
sensitive, clever, eager for action and inclined to crime. A
mixture of whorls and loops signifies a neutral character,
kind, obedient, truthful but often undecided and
impatient. Arches and radial loops occurs in person who
is ambitious, cool, stubborn, disobedient, defiant and
rebellious.20
There is a correlation between cephalic size, form of an
individual and type of finger print pattern. In Chinese
(brachycephalic) there is increased frequency of whorls
and arches, in English (dolichocephalic) there is
reduction of whorls and increase in arches. There is
association between whorls and blood group B, a loop
and blood group A, person with blood group O have
more loops and fewer whorls. In general females have
narrow ridges, more arches and fewer whorls. Females
also have large frequency of hypothenar IV interdigital
patterns. The finger prints of imbecile and idiots are
similar to the finger prints of monkeys. In these people
palmar hypothenar pattern is dominant, arches are more,
axial triradius located centrally and simian crease is
present. In imbecile persons there is great reduction of
whorls in the right index and ring fingers.20
Brown Caucasoid and Indians showed higher frequency
of patters in hypothenar area. Africans and Mongolians
showed highest frequency in the fourth interdigital
pattern, thenar and first interdigital pattern in Americans,
second interdigital pattern in Nigroes and third
interdigital pattern in Europeans. Dermatoglyphics has
been used to differentiate between mono and dizygotic
twins, which are not differentiable from DNA finger
printing.21
DERMATOGLYPHICS IN DISEASE
Dermotoglyphics as a diagnostic tool is now well
established in a number of diseases which have strong
hereditary basis.22,23 The dermatoglyphic patterns are
analyzed in various ways like a) Quantitative analysis of
finger prints i.e. loops, arches, whorls. b) Total finger
ridge count. c) Absolute finger ridge count. d) Position
of axial triradii. e) Total number of palmer triradii. f) a-b
ridge count g) ATD angle.8,24
Commins H (1936)25 was the first person to show the
possible use of dermatoglyphics in clinical medicine. In
the recent decades a considerable improvement has been
achieved in the concept of relations between the types of
fingers ridges and some individual disorders.26-28
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Epidermal ridges are formed between 11-24 weeks of
gestation and after this period epidermal ridges do not
change.9 Since skin and brain develop from same
ectoderm, dermatoglyphic variations are informative for
early developmental brain disturbances.29
Dermatoglyphics is considered as a window of a
congenital anomalies and is sensitive indicator of intra
uterine anomalies.30 The current status of
dermatoglyphics is such that the diagnosis of some
illnesses can now be done on the basis finger prints
alone.29 The ridge malformations may be congenital or
acquired. The congenital malformations of
dermatoglyphics are of four types: (a) Ridge aplasia
implies absence of pattern (b) Ridge hypoplasia implies
reduced height of ridges (c) Ridge dissociation means
breaking of ridge- inherited as autosomal dominant trait
(d) Ridge of the end indicates the vertical ridges which
run off the end of the finger prints- also inherited as
autosomal dominant triat.31
A. Dermaoglyphics in diseases which are purely
genetic disorders
1. Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21). These patients have
mainly ulnar loops, significantly different atd angle,
single transverse palmer crease (simian line), lower
ridge count along digital midlines.32,33
2. Turner’s syndrome. Predominance of whorls,
although the pattern of frequency depends on the
particular chromosomal abnormality.34
3. Klinefelter’s syndrome. Excess of arches on digit 1,
more frequent ulnar loops on digit 2, over all fewer
whorls, lower ridge count for loops and whorls and
total reduction of finger ridge count.35
4. Patau syndrome. Excess of arches on the finger tips
and single palmar crease in 60% people.35
5. Edwards’s syndrome (trisomy 18). 6-10 Arches on
finger tips and single palmar crease in 30% people.35
6. In inborn blindness there are abnormal triradii and
excess of arches on finger prints.36
7. Noonan syndrome. Increased frequency of whorls on
finger tips and the axial triradius ‘t’ and increased
incidence of single transverse palmer crease.37
B. Dermatoglyphics in other diseases which have some
genetic background
1. Neurological diseases:
Since brain and skin develop from same ectoderm,
dermatoglyphic variations are informative for early
developmental brain disturbances.8
a) Alzheimer’s disease: There is increased frequency of
ulnar loops and decreased frequency of whorls and
arches, radial loop on the 4th and 5th digits are more
frequent like in Down’s syndrome.38
b) Schizophrenia: There is significant increase in
whorls and decrease in loops in male Schizophrenics
and there is significant reduction in arches all in
patients.49
c) Cerebral palsy: There is increased frequency of
arches, radial loops and whorl pattern and decreased
pattern of ulnar loop, decrease in TFRC and ‘ab’
ridge count.40
d) Neurofibromatosis: There is increased frequency of
central pocket whorls on the little fingers of both
hands and left little finger shows increase in TFRC
and ‘ab’ ridge count.41
e) Epilepsy: These patients show significant changes in
‘ab’ ridge count, TFRC, AFRC, atd, tad, td angles,
lateral deviation, C-line, finger ridge count and distal
deviation.42
2. Heart diseases
a) Congenital heart diseases: There is overall increased
incidence in hypothenar pattern with increase in atd
angle. There is increased frequency in Sydney line in
Ventricular septal defect and Tetrology of Fallot,
distal displacement of axial triradius is increased in
PDA.43, 44
b) Rheumatic heart disease: There is decreased
frequency of arches in males and increased
frequency of whorls in females. There is increased
frequency of patterns in 3rd interdigital area in males
and decreased ‘td’ ridge count, increased multiple
axial triradius in females.45
c) Coronary heart disease: The etiology of coronary
heart disease is multifactorial, with genetic
predisposition having an important role. In these
patients there is significant decrease in loops and
increase in whorls in males. The palmer pattern is
significantly decreased in thenar area in females, 3rd
interdigital area in both males and females, increase
in '4' palmar triradii in males and '5' palmar triradii in
females and significant decrease in '6' palmer triradii
in both sexes.24
3. Diabetes mellitus
In type 1 DM there is increased frequency in whorls, and
decreased ulnar loop, increased frequency of Sydney line,
and increased incidences of arches in females.46 In
Maturity onset diabetes mellitus, there is decrease in
mean value of TFRC, AFRC, increase in arches and
decrease in whorls.47
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4. Cancer cervix
There is decrease in frequency of ulnar loops and increase
in arches with increase in ‘atd’ angle, decrease in TFRC
and decrease in 3rd interdigital palmer pattern.48
5. Leprosy
There is high frequency of palmer pattern in thenar and
1st interdigital area on left palm, with slight increase in
frequency of distal axial triradii.49
6. Essential hypertension
There is increase in TFRC, decreased frequency of axial
triradius ‘t’ in right palm of females and ‘t and t’ in right
palm of male, decreased atd angle and absence of axial of
triradii in 10% cases.50
7. Bronchial Asthma
There is higher frequency of whorls and lower frequency
of arch.51
8. Rheumatoid Arthritis
There is increase in arches and decrease in loops and
whorls in males, where as in females there is increase in
whorls and decrease in loops on the 1st finger of both
hands, with increase in arches on 3rd digit and whorls on
4th digit of left hand.52
9. Tuberculosis
There is predominance of whorls and decrease in loop
pattern; mean TFRC and AFRC are higher with narrower
atd angle.5
10. Carcinoma breast
The mammary buds begin to develop during 6th week of
intrauterine life and at the same time finger ridges also
begin to develop. In carcinoma breast patients there are 6
or more whorls in the total finger pattern, increase in
whorls in right ring and little fingers.54
11. Sickle cell anemia
There is increased frequency of whorls and decreased
frequency of ulnar loops and in some cases there are
Sidney creases.55
CONCLUSION
Dermatoglyphics is one of the oldest and still the most
useful techniques available to mankind. Finger ridge
patterns are formed due to underlying interlocking pattern
of dermal papillae which produce overlying
corresponding epidermal ridges. This pattern is unique to
an individual and is a classic model of polygenic
inheritance. Dermatoglyphics, as a means of
identification, has been used by man from ancient times,
but use of dermatoglyphic features in the diagnosis of
various diseases has received attention from 17th century.
Dermatoglyphics plays an important role in the diagnosis
of chromosomal disorders and other diseases which have
genetic background. Since dermal ridges develop during
6th-13th weeks of gestation, genetic message carried in the
genome - normal or abnormal - is deciphered during this
period and is reflected in dermatoglyphics. Many
structures of the body like the brain, mammary glands,
lips, alveoli, plate etc. develop during the same period as
the finger ridges, abnormal developmental insults on
these structures in uterus is likely to be reflected in the
dermatoglyphic patterns.
From the above discussion we conclude that
dermatoglyphics is a simple, inexpensive and bed side
diagnostic aid for conditions of chromosomal aberrations
and various inheritable diseases.
Funding: No funding sources
Conflict of interest: None declared
Ethical approval: Not required
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DOI: 10.5455/2320-6012.ijrms20140207
Cite this article as: Bhat GM, Mukhdoomi MA, Shah
BA, Ittoo MS. Molecular dermatoglyphics: in health
and disease - a review. Int J Res Med Sci 2014;2:31-7.
... [7,8,9] Dermatoglyphics is also helpful in diagnosis of chromosomal disorders and genetic diseases. [10,11] The fingerprints have been classified into following patterns: [12] 1. Arch 2. Loop ...
... Fingerprints can also be classified as follows: [10] 1. Visible prints: visible to the naked eye. 2. Latent prints: not seen by naked eye and visible by dusting, fuming or chemical reagents. ...
Article
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Introduction: Dermatoglyphics is the science that deals with the study of dermal ridge patterns on the digits, palms and soles as a whole. The present study is based on fingerprints related with the dermatoglyphic patterns of digits of hands. Apart from individual identification in institutions, it is also useful in forensic investigations to identify the criminals or dead bodies in accidental cases. This study aimed to find out the fingerprint patterns in right and left hands of undergraduate medical students. Methods: The study was performed in 200 students (97 males and 103 females) from first and second years of MBBS and B.Sc. nursing streams. The fingerprints were collected individually by pressing each of the finger tips on the stamp pad and then pressing it on A4 sized plain paper until the best finger print was observed. Results: Out of 2000 fingerprints, 1218(60.9%) were loops, 581 (29.05%) were whorls, 134(6.7%) were arches, and 67(3.35%) were composites. In males, there were 620 loops, 226 whorls, 98 arches and 26 composites whereas 602 loops, 351 whorls, 36 arches and 41 composites were found in females. Conclusion:The loop patterns were more common than other fingerprint patterns. Comparatively arches and loops were more common in males and whorls and composites in female.
... Embryonic insults can influence individual variations in dermatoglyphic patterns. 4,5 Congenital cardiac abnormality is a prevalent kind of congenital deformity. 6 Approximately 90% of congenital heart defects consist of Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) Atrial Septal Defects (ASD) Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) and Tetralogy Of Fallot (TOF). ...
Article
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Background: Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is a prenatal heart abnormality. Dermatoglyphics, an epidermal ridge on the palmar surface of the hand, develops early in pregnancy and may be inherited or environmental. Skin and cardiac development during pregnancy are associated with congenital heart disease. Palmar dermatoglyphic patterns can be utilized as a screening test for suspected CHD patients to prevent additional complications. Thus, this study aimed analysis of CHD patients' palmar dermatoglyphic patterns.
... A person's dermal ridges remain consistent and unchanged throughout their entire lifespan. [3,4] As fingerprints have unique genetic characteristics, they can serve as a diagnostic tool to identify prenatal or intrauterine abnormalities, as well as other diseases associated with genetic changes. [5] There is now growing evidence that certain specific dermatoglyphic patterns are observed in several diseases, including Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and other genetic disorders. ...
... A person's dermal ridges remain consistent and unchanged throughout their entire lifespan. [3,4] As fingerprints have unique genetic characteristics, they can serve as a diagnostic tool to identify prenatal or intrauterine abnormalities, as well as other diseases associated with genetic changes. [5] There is now growing evidence that certain specific dermatoglyphic patterns are observed in several diseases, including Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and other genetic disorders. ...
... The purpose of these ridges is to impart firmer grip and avoid slippage. 5 Dermatoglyphic patterns have polygenic inheritance and are affected by environmental factors. There exists a relationship between epidermal ridge and fetal volar pads, because in course of development the ridge pattern is formed at the site of these pads. ...
Article
Full-text available
Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of the pattern of dermal ridges on the palmar surface of digits, palm and sole. Characteristically, hair does not grow in this area. These ridges serve well to enhance contact. The development of these ridges and the development of the nervous system occur simultaneously in the intrauterine period. The pattern of dermal ridges begins to develop around the 13th week and is completed by the 19th week of intrauterine life. Once the fingerprint pattern develops, it does not change and persists throughout life. Unusual dermatoglyphic patterns often relate to genetic disorders. Dermatoglyphics may be used as an additional screening tool to identify early risk factors that may help prevent additional complications of various diseases. In this review, we will be discussing dermatoglyphics and its important role in the diagnosis of diseases which have some genetic basis.
... In recent times, recognition of irregular finger print patterns has become a point of interest and budding area in the field of dentistry. 3,4 Oral diseases are chronic and progressive in nature among which dental caries and periodontal disease affects young children as well as adulthood. Periodontal disease is highly prevalent affecting about 68.7% of the overall population globally 6. Periodontitis defined as an inflammatory disease of supporting tissues of teeth caused by specific group of microorganisms resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with pocket formation, recession or both. ...
Article
Objective:The objective of the study is to determine the relationship between dermatoglyphics and periodontitis and compare the different finger patterns in different stages of periodontitis. Material and Methods: A hospital-based crosssectional study was conducted, including a total of 80 individuals, divided into study and control groups of 40 each. The study group included clinically diagnosed periodontitis with stage-I, stage-II, stage-III and stage-IV periodontitis patients. The subjects were evaluated for probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, oral hygiene index simplified, Russel periodontal index, modified gingival index, and full mouth bleeding score followed by recording of fingerprints and subjected for evaluation. Results: Intergroup analysis of clinical parameters showed statistically significant differences between all the groups with p value at 0.000. Multiple group comparisons concerning PPD and CAL were analyzed by post-hoc analysis. Regarding probing pocket depth, it showed a statistically significant between all group comparisons with p-value (0.000), whereas clinical attachment loss showed a statistically significant difference between all group comparisons with p-value (0.000). All the clinical indices showed statistically significant differences between all the groups with significant p-values. Inter-group frequency and distribution of fingerprint patterns of the right hand and left hand showed nonsignificant differences with a p-values of 0.18 and 0.24. Ulnar loops were found to be the most common pattern irrespective of different groups. Conclusion: Within the limits of the present study dermatoglyphics may serve as an early predictor in identifying high-risk group individuals of developing diseases like periodontitis.
... Gender, hand, and finger categorization from fingerprints is a crucial step in order to pinpoint a criminal and cut down on the number of suspects that need to be looked into [11]. The palmar and plantar surfaces of a finger are continually wrinkled and covered in tiny friction ridges [12] [13] [14]. All of the finger's friction ridges leave a print behind. ...
Article
Full-text available
Estimation of gender, hand, and finger to minimize the probable suspects list in a fingerprint database search is a very important stride in forensic anthropology. Previous research attempted to estimate the gender, hand, and finger from the fingerprint, but the results were not consistent. In this effort, we proposed gender, hand, and finger estimation based on fingerprints using a deep convolution neural network. The publicly available SOCOFIG dataset which embraces 55222 no of fingerprints, is used for training and evaluation of the proposed procedure. On the aforementioned dataset, the suggested mode of operation achieves 99.38\% gender, 99.46\% hand, and 97.36\% finger prediction validation accuracy. The results are competitive and commendable when compared to the preceding techniques.
... Dermatoglifi (dermatoglyphic) berasal dari Bahasa Yunani "derma" yang artinya kulit dan "glyph" yang artinya ukiran merupakan studi ilmiah yang mempelajari tentang pola kulit pada jari kaki dan tangan, dan pola kulit pada telapak tangan dan kaki [1]. Sidik jari dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi orang-orang dengan predisposisi genetik untuk perkembangan penyakit tertentu [2]. ...
Article
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Sidik jari yang bersifat genetik telah banyak membantu bidang kedokteran untuk mendiagnosa suatu penyakit genetik. Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 yang juga merupakan penyakit genetik kini sudah termasuk dalam kategori penyakit berbahaya, bahkan IDF (International Diabetes Federation) telah menjadikan diabetes mellitus tipe 2 sebagai penyebab kematian nomor tujuh di dunia. Fluktuasi asimetri (FA) dalam sidik jari dapat menjadi indikator sensitif terhadap ketidakstabilan perkembangan akibat dari meningkatnya pertumbuhan dan penyakit degeneratif pada individu sehingga mampu menjadi prediktor awal dalam mengembangkan penyakit DM tipe 2 sejak masa kehamilan. Skor asimetri dalam penelitian ini dan penelitian sebelumnya yang dihitung menggunakan metode berbeda keduanya memiliki nilai tertinggi skor asimetri pada jari manis, pada penelitian ini yaitu senilai 4,4 pada sampel kasus laki-laki dan 4,1 pada sampel kasus perempuan. Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi rujukan pengembangan sistem prediksi DM tipe 2 sebagai fasilitas pengecekan kesehatan untuk masyarakat di masa mendatang.
... Biometrics are unique physical and biological characteristics, used to identify and authenticate individuals in a reliable and fast way. The security and convenience that it offers makes it the most reliable and widely used method in airports, banking, building access, smartphone security, law enforcement, forensic and other fields to authenticate a person's identity [1,2]. Here measurement and analysis of human body characteristics such as finger prints, retina and iris of eyes, voice patterns, facial patterns and hand measurements are done. ...
Article
Background Fingerprints are unique, persistent, and left on every object touched by bare hands. It can be used as a rapid and inexpensive method for identification. This study focuses on fingerprint white line counts (FWLCs) and its importance in sex estimation. Aim and Objectives This study aimed to clarify the potential of FWLC in sex estimation among Egyptian and Malaysian ethnic groups. Materials and Methods The study was conducted on two hundred adult participants, one hundred Egyptians and one hundred Malaysians (50 females and 50 males). Inked fingerprints of ten fingers were obtained from each participant then FWLC was extracted manually for each fingerprint. Results The mean of females FWLC was significantly higher than males in all fingers in both populations. FWLC of the left index was the most significant predictor of sex in Egyptians, with an accuracy of 82% for males and 78% for females. FWLC more than seven in this digit was an absolute indication of being a female. The most significant predictors of sex in the Malaysian population were the left index and right ring with an accuracy of 80% for males and 71.4% for females and FWLC above six and seven in these fingers, respectively, was an absolute indication of being a female. The absence of FWLC was more common in males than females in all digits. Conclusions FWLC is a reliable predictor of sex among adult Egyptian and Malaysian ethnic groups, and females tend to have more FWLC.
Article
Full-text available
ii (along the proximal transverse crease) position. The mode of the frequency distribution of digital triradii of normals was 13 while they were 11, 14 and 15 for sickle-cell group. The means were 11.89 and 12.32 respectively. No Simean crease was found in both groups; however, 2.2% of the 90 sickle-cell cases had Sidney creases. The above-mentioned values were not statistically different when the two groups were subjected to appropriate statistical tests.
Article
The relative frequencies of various dermatoglyphic features have been reviewed for chromosomal disorders. When combined with other clinical features of a particular disease, dermatoglyphics can serve to strengthen a diagnostic impression and may be useful in screening select individuals for additional diagnostic studies.
Article
In a psychiatric diagnosis, Schizophrenia [schizein (“to split”) and phren-(“mind”)] is a mental illness. The neurodevelopment theory of the etiology of schizophrenia, suggest either genetically or epigenetically controlled faulty embryonic development of structures of ectoderm origin like brain and skin. This may disturb neurodevelopment that in turn may cause these subjects to be at increased risk for the development of schizophrenia and related disorders. Dermatoglyphics is used as a diagnostic aid in a number of diseases that have a strong hereditary basis. In the present work, we studied the frequencies of various types of skin ridges found on the digits, palms in schizophrenic patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of dermatoglyphic patterns with different blood groups and also to evaluate the role of dermatoglyphics in early detection of prone individuals and genetic predisposition of disease. Studies were conducted in 100 patients of schizophrenia and various dermatoglyphics parameters such as finger print pattern and exits of main lines were calculated. These parameters of study group were compared to controls. Qualitative analysis has shown statistically significant difference among two groups. It was observed that in blood group A the Arche pattern in both hands were pre-dominant when compared those of controls and the difference was highly significant (P< 0.05) while loop ulnar pattern was highly significant (P<0.001). Loop ulnar pattern was highly significant (P<0.001) in left hand of blood group AB. The main line index in the study group when compared to controls observed the difference.
Article
Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of epidermal ridges and their configurations on the palmar region of hand and fingers and plantar region of foot and toes. Against the genetic background of dermatoglyphic patterns and coronary artery disease, the study was undertaken to determine the correlation between them. The present study includes 150 cases of angiographically proven coronary artery disease (CAD) and 150 cases of healthy normal individuals. The palmar prints of both hands were taken on white paper by Ink method as described by Cummins and Midlo. It is noted that there is significant decrease in loops with corresponding increase in whorls in males, (M+F) combined series and left hand of CAD patients. The true palmar pattern is significantly decreased in thenar area in females; third interdigital area in (M+F) combined series and right hand; and fourth interdigital area in left hand of CAD patients. There is significant increase in ‘4’ palmar triradii in males, (M+F) combined series and right hand; and ‘5’ palmar triradii in females with significant decrease in ‘6’ palmar triradii in both sexes and both hands of CAD patients. The mean value of atd angle is significantly increased in males, (M+F) combined series and left hand of CAD patients as compared to the controls. There is no significant correlation in ab ridge count and CAD.
Article
The aim of study was to establish a relation of dermatoglyphic patterns of palm in epileptic and normal subjects so that it may be used as a diagnostic tool for identifying cases at risk. The dermatoglyphic study was carried out on 50 patients of epilepsy and 50 normal subjects. The dermatoglyphic traits, which presented a significant difference, were a-b ridge count, lateral deviation, c-line pattern, palmar pattern and finger tip pattern. Mean values of a-b ridge count were more in epileptic patients, especially in left hand, than controls. The ratio of ulnar and radial lateral deviation in control was 1:3 while in epileptic it was 1:5. C-line pattern presented less frequency of proximal and ulnar type patterns in cases. Radial type of C-line pattern was higher in cases. On the other hand this pattern was absent in 29% of controls than cases (8%). Arch type of palmar patterns were showing a very significant difference between controls (79%) and cases (2%). Frequency of loops were much more and vestiges were absolutely absent in cases. The frequency of Arch type of finger tip pattern was more in control. These findings suggest that antenatal factors may contribute to the etiology of epilepsy. A considerable progress in dermatoglyphics has been established as a useful diagnostic and research tool in medicine.