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Nutritional contents of advanced breeding clones of Solanum tuberosum group Phureja

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... To accurately quantify the mineral content in different potato varieties, it is important to use an appropriate instrumental method. The mineral content in different potato varieties has been characterised based on inductively plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES; Andre et al., 2007;Peña et al., 2015), which has a good sensitivity for mineral detection, able to characterise multiple elements, easy to use, quick and with medium cost, as compared to other techniques (Yeung et al., 2017). ICP-OES has been employed frequently and is now a commonly accepted technique in the quantification of macrominerals and trace minerals in food (P erez-Rodr ıguez et al., 2020). ...
... Subsequently, the tubers were washed first in distilled water and then in deionised water. Then, the unpeeled tubers were boiled according to parameters previously established (Peña et al., 2015). For this study, we employed unpeeled tubers because these potatoes have a soft skin, easy to eat and within the Colombian culinary culture, boiling of that sort of potato tubers without peeling is a common practice. ...
... These values are promising if compared against the results found in a set of seven advanced breeding clones and 93-1965 (21) 13.0-85.9 (6.6) 11.0-60.7 (5.5) two commercial cultivars (Peña et al., 2015). The covering to the RDI found in the aforementioned research would reach only 4/9% of Fe and 14/10% of Zn for female/male. ...
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Colombia has a biodiversity centre of diploid potatoes located at south of the country. This study evaluated the amounts of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in a biodiversity panel of potato tubers, constituting native cultivars, accessions of the Working Collection of Potato Breeding Program at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (CCC) and commercial cultivars. The highest quantity of minerals found were as follows: 34 333 ± 4509 mg K kg⁻¹ potato dry weight (DW; CCC112), 1965 ± 898 mg Ca kg⁻¹ potato DW (CCC23), 87.5 ± 8.8 mg Fe kg⁻¹ potato DW (CCC116) and 60.7 ± 5.1 mg Zn kg⁻¹ potato DW (CCC31). As compared to those in commercial cultivars, the currently evaluated tubers had an increase of 1.4, 12.5, 3.5 and 3.6‐fold in K, Ca, Fe and Zn. These genotypes can be used in the future breeding programmes to enhance specific mineral contents in tubers.
... In the past recent years in Colombia, tree new advanced breeding clones of Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja (Criolla Ocarina, Criolla Dorada, and Criolla Sua Pa) were developed by the Potato Breeding Program at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Mosquera Vásquez et al., 2017;Peña et al., 2015). These new cultivars were produced to improve some agronomic and nutritional traits, including better resistance to Phytophtora infestans, higher yield, and higher protein, soluble and insoluble dietary fibre, iron, and zinc contents as compared to one of the most commercialized cultivar (Criolla Colombia, also from the Group Phureja). ...
... In addition, we also analysed potato tubers that did not go through any culinary preparation, that is (iii) raw potato tubers. Frying or boiling of potato tubers was done to obtain a palatable product as researched in previous work (Peña et al., 2015). Frying was done in a commercial sunflower oil at a ratio potato tuber:oil 1:1 (w/w) at 160 • C for 15 min. ...
... To evaluate the conditions of cooking, agro-climatic conditions, and cooking method that better fulfil the recommended daily intakes (RDI) of vitamin C, protein, and total dietary fibre, the percent contributions of 231 g potato tubers fresh weigh (FW) were calculated (%RDI). That serving portion is the average daily potato consumption for Colombians (Peña et al., 2015). Furthermore, a global index composed by the percent of each nutrient contribution to the RDI (%GI) was calculated by using Equation (1). ...
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The simultaneous effect of genotype, agro-climatic conditions, and cooking method was evaluated towards the contents of vitamin C, protein, and soluble, insoluble, and total dietary fibre in potato tubers from the Group Phureja. Within the tested treatments, vitamin C was affected the most (9.4-85.1 mg/100 g DW), followed by insoluble dietary fibre (3.9-16.6 g/100 DW), soluble dietary fibre (1.0-3.9 g/100 g DW), total dietary fibre (3.6-fold change), and protein (1.7-4.3 g/100 g DW). The cooking method had a high effect on the variability of the contents of vitamin C, protein, insoluble dietary fibre, and total dietary fibre (74.2-92.8% of the total variance). In contrast, not only the cooking method, but also the agro-climatic conditions had a high effect on the content of soluble dietary fibre (32.6 and 34.8% of the total variance, respectively). Total dietary fibre had a protective effect on vitamin C upon cooking.
... Therefore, potatoes can play a significant role in addressing food insecurity and nutritional problems, which are the major causes of the global health challenge. The potato, in addition to being a source of energy and fibre, has important nutritional traits (Clayton and Percival 2000; Andre et al. 2007a;Nassar et al. 2012;Ezekiel et al. 2013;Peña et al. 2015) and contains health-promoting compounds such as polyphenols and chlorogenic acid (Andre et al. 2009;Kubow et al. 2014;Liyao et al. 2016;Piñeros-Niño et al. 2016). Because of its high consumption and its nutritional attributes, and because it is the economic axis of thousands of small-scale producers, the potato is a crop that can effectively link agriculture and nutrition and achieve an impact in the rural sector. ...
... A sample was taken to determine water content and the remaining material was cut into slices, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at − 80°C. The frozen material was freeze-dried, ground using a domestic blender to less than 0.2 mm particle diameter, enclosed in sealed polyethylene bags, and stored in a desiccator at room temperature until use (Peña et al. 2015;Duarte-Delgado et al. 2016). The nutritional components were analysed according to the methods recommended by the Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC 1995). ...
... The nutritional components were analysed according to the methods recommended by the Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC 1995). The lyophilized samples for each genotype were analysed for macro-and micronutrients (Peña et al. 2015), polyphenols ) and for their functional ingredient properties (Liyao et al. 2016). ...
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Global challenges like sustainable development, climate change, malnutrition and gender inequality can be tackled from an agricultural perspective. Micronutrient deficiency is a major problem for the health and food security of the population. In Colombia, iron deficiencies affect 32% of the children under the age of five; and 43% of the Colombian population have zinc and vitamin A deficiencies. We designed and implemented a research-for-development programme that links agriculture and nutrition through a two-stage project. In the first stage, we selected three new yellow potato cultivars with better nutritional contents, higher yield and better resistance to late blight than the traditional yellow cultivars. We characterized the Colombian germplasm, Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja, for its nutritional attributes. During this stage, studies of the social and nutritional status of the communities were also conducted. In the second stage, we focused on scaling up new potato cultivars to reach potato producers and consumers by promoting the production and marketing of good quality seed potatoes, by establishing four Rural Entrepreneurs Nuclei. The programme promotes gender equity, good dietary habits, the consumption of more nutritious potatoes and empowers local leadership to strengthen governance. Field work was conducted in southern and central regions of Colombia by employing social strategies such as the Family Farming Community Schools. In 50% of the cultivated area, we are replacing the originally used traditional yellow potatoes by the new, more nutritious, potatoes to reach 6 million consumers. A good quality seed system for small-scale potato growers has been implemented. These achievements have been reached through a comprehensive approach in a period of two years.
... These new yellow potato varieties (Group Phureja) have superior nutritional attributes compared to the most sown yellow varieties in Colombia and tetraploid potato varieties, which are the most consumed in the country. They have increased nutritional contents such as higher values of protein, dietary fiber and elevated content of iron and zinc (Narváez-Cuenca, Peña, Restrepo-Sánchez, Kushalappa, & Mosquera, 2018;Peña et al., 2015Peña et al., , 2021Cuéllar-Cepeda et al., 2019). Features that are of great impact mitigating significant iron and zinc deficiencies with a regular intake. ...
... SM model matches the World Bank model. Indeed, It was detected that a key element of the scaling-up was the innovation, which means The More Nutritious Potatoes, which had distinguishing characteristics compared to other potato varieties, since they are very attractive varieties for producers due to their agronomic and market qualities, yield and disease resistance and the phenotypical similarity of the tubers with the currently most consumed variety Cuéllar-Gálvez et al., 2018), apart from their nutritional attributes (Cuéllar-Cepeda et al., 2019;Peña et al., 2015Peña et al., , 2021. Which were key in their adoption, as stated by Cooley and Ved (2016), the characteristics of the innovation are important for the success of the scaling-up processes. ...
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Worldwide, there is currently an increasing demand for an active connection between the generation of innovations and the achievement of their escalation. Between 2015 and 2018 the scaling up of three varieties of yellow potatoes was carried out in Colombia within the framework of the “More Nutritious Potatoes” project, which had results beyond the objectives and goals proposed in a period of 28 months. One of the results of the project was the design of a Scaling-up model of innovations that linked agriculture with nutrition. This article answers the question: Which were the elements of the scaling-up model that allowed the results obtained in the More Nutritious Potatoes Project? To respond, a set of reference criteria was constructed from the literature. These criteria were contrasted with the theoretical project scaling-up model and its subsequent implementation in the field, using focus groups as a methodology and the model design analysis and its execution by the leaders and the evaluator of the project. The project’s Scaling-up Made (SM) was found to include all benchmarks, in addition to identify three key elements that made the results possible: i) the characteristics of the innovation, ii) the trans-disciplinary work and iii) facilitating elements of the process. The results of this exercise complement the evaluated scaling-up model and become benchmarks in the design of innovation scaling-up processes.
... The Andean potato (AP) is a tuber distributed geographically from Northern Bolivia to Central/Eastern Colombia. This tuber varies in shape and colour, ranging from spherical to ovoid and from yellow to purple (both pulp and skin) (Peña et al., 2015). It has been reported that the AP contains many compounds beneficial to the human body, including iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, macronutrients such as proteins, and bioactive compounds such as dietary fibre and carotenoids (Peña et al., 2015;Narv aez-Cuenca et al., 2018). ...
... This tuber varies in shape and colour, ranging from spherical to ovoid and from yellow to purple (both pulp and skin) (Peña et al., 2015). It has been reported that the AP contains many compounds beneficial to the human body, including iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, macronutrients such as proteins, and bioactive compounds such as dietary fibre and carotenoids (Peña et al., 2015;Narv aez-Cuenca et al., 2018). In Colombia, this tuber of yellow pulp is commonly called 'Criolla Colombia', which contains up to 22% starch in fresh mass with a ratio of amylose (23.8%) and amylopectin (76.2%) of 1:3 (C aceres et al., 2012;Z arate-Polanco et al., 2014). ...
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A novel edible film formulation using native Andean potato starch (APS) and gelatin (G) was developed, and evaluated as a function of the APS/G ratio (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3). The films were physicochemically, structurally (FTIR and Raman), morphologically (SEM), thermally (DSC/TGA) and mechanically characterised. The addition of starch increased water resistance, clarity and thermal stability of the films. The SEM micrographs showed a heterogeneous surface and a compact structure. The films also showed low values for both tensile strength and elastic modulus. FTIR analysis revealed intermolecular interactions between the gelatin and starch. Edible film obtained in this work may have potential applications in many fields.
... Recent evidence suggests that the Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja, a cultivated potato group, which is mainly comprised of diploid genotypes, contains higher nutritional value than other potato species [8][9][10]. These potatoes possess a wide variability in important nutritional traits, flesh and skin colors from yellow to purple [8,[11][12][13], and contain health-promoting compounds such as polyphenols, including anthocyanins, and carotenoids [14][15][16][17]. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in potatoes with red and purple flesh or skin, and they have attracted the attention of researchers, as well as consumers, due to their antioxidant Group Phureja in the Working Collection of the Potato Breeding Program at Universidad Nacional de Colombia, for individual anthocyanidins amount in the main consumption form, cooked tubers [13]. ...
... These potatoes possess a wide variability in important nutritional traits, flesh and skin colors from yellow to purple [8,[11][12][13], and contain health-promoting compounds such as polyphenols, including anthocyanins, and carotenoids [14][15][16][17]. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in potatoes with red and purple flesh or skin, and they have attracted the attention of researchers, as well as consumers, due to their antioxidant Group Phureja in the Working Collection of the Potato Breeding Program at Universidad Nacional de Colombia, for individual anthocyanidins amount in the main consumption form, cooked tubers [13]. This working collection is highly diverse and has materials that differ in tuber skin color, among other interesting traits. ...
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Potatoes are an important staple food worldwide and are the third main source of antioxidants in the human diet. One of the most important antioxidant compounds in potatoes is the anthocyanin pigments. Some reports indicate a high positive correlation between color intensity, anthocyanins content, and antioxidant level in potato tubers. The variation in anthocyanins composition and content in potato tubers among diverse germplasm sources has important nutritional and health implications and constitutes an interesting trait for potato breeding programs focused on enhancing the anthocyanin and antioxidant contents of potato materials. We identified and quantified five anthocyanidins (delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin) on tubers from the Colombian germplasm collection of Solanum tuberosum L. Group Phureja. The phenotypic data were merged into a genome-wide association study in order to identify genomic regions associated with the nutritional compounds’ variation in potatoes. The association was conducted using a 7520 single nucleotide polymorphisms markers matrix. Seven quantitative trait loci were identified. Chromosomes I and X harbored the most stable quantitative trait loci (QTL). Three quantitative trait loci were identified close to previously reported genes involved in the regulation of anthocyanins in potato tubers. The genomic regions of these QTL reveal presumptive candidate genes as genetic factors that are the basis for a better understanding of the genetic architecture of the regulation of nutritional compounds in potatoes.
... In a recent research aiming to contribute to nutrition in Colombia, the Potato Breeding Program of Universidad Nacional de Colombia developed three new yellow potato cultivars belonging to the cultivated Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja with higher nutritional contents: Criolla Ocarina, AC-64; Criolla Dorada, AC-04; and Criolla Sua Pa, AC-59 (Peña et al., 2015). These new cultivars show higher resistance to late blight disease (caused by Phytophthora infestans), higher yield, higher protein, soluble and insoluble dietary fibers, iron, and zinc contents as compared to the most commercialized S. tuberosum Group Phureja cultivar in Colombia named Criolla Colombia. ...
... Among all cooking methods described in literature for potato tubers (Blessington et al., 2010), in this work, boiling and frying of the unpeeled tubers were tested as the two most common forms of consumption of potato tubers by Colombians. Boiling was done in water at a ratio potato:water 1:4 (w/w) at 92°C during 20 min (Peña et al., 2015). Frying was performed in a commercial sunflower oil at a ratio potato:oil 1:1 (w/w) at 160°C during 15 min. ...
Article
The effects of genotype, agro-climatic conditions (ACC), and cooking method as well as their interactions on the content of individual carotenoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in different potato tubers were evaluated. While zeaxanthin content was highly influenced by the ACC (up to 631-fold change), chlorogenic acid was similarly influenced by the cooking method (up to 3.1-fold increase after cooking), by the interactions ACC × cooking method (up to 2.1-fold increase) and genotype × cooking method (up to 1.7-fold increase). Stability/extractability of compounds after cooking was found to be genotype and ACC dependent, which suggest that genotype and ACC induces differential expression of genes for the biosynthesis pathways of carotenoids and hydroxycinnamic acids is different among, as well as components of the cellular matrix. These results are promising to apply in potato breeding programs with the perspective to develop new potato cultivars selected by their nutritional attributes.
... An earlier analysis of cultivated varieties reported an even wider 8fold range of 3 to 23 μg Fe/ g FW . Studies of more exotic germplasm reported 6 to 158 μg/g DW (Andre et al. 2007a;Peña et al. 2015;Wills et al. 1984). The iron content of some Andean germplasm is comparable to amounts in rice, maize, and wheat (Scurrah et al. 2006). ...
... Mg deficiency is associated with higher levels of inflammation and cardiovascular risk (Dibaba et al. 2014;King et al. 2005). Reports of potato magnesium levels have ranged from 142 to 370 μg/g FW (Casanas et al. 2002;Luis et al. 2011;Rivero et al. 2003) and 0.9-1.1 mg/g DW (Peña et al. 2015). We monitored Mg levels in Tri-State breeding lines over 3 years and found a range from 122 to 352 μg/g FW; amounts were influenced by location. ...
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As the link between diet and health becomes increasingly characterized, the nutritional value of foods is being increasingly prioritized by the public. This can create both challenges and opportunities for plant breeding programs and food processing companies. This review will focus on the nutritional composition of potatoes and examine the role potatoes can play in providing global food security. The amounts of vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients in potatoes vary tremendously depending on the cultivar and are also influenced by environment. Potatoes are well known to be good sources of potassium and vitamin C. They also contain an array of other bioactives, including high amounts of phenylpropanoids, compounds known to have diverse health-promoting roles in humans. While potatoes already contain generous amounts of various phytonutrients, by taking advantage of the available extensive germplasm resources, future cultivars can be further improved and provide additional options that help satisfy rapidly evolving consumer preferences and changing market demands.
... The yield of these varieties in average is 30 t/ha and the potential to increase farmer´s income is 18% and they present higher resistance to late blight [21,22]. This disease is the most devastating disease in potato [23][24][25] and the novelty is their better nutritional contents especially iron and zinc [26], protein [27], and antioxidants compounds [28]. It shows at the top the relevance of the shared vision project, for designing a comprehensive approach for scaling up. ...
... The yield of these varieties in average is 30 t/ha and the potential to increase farmer's income is 18% and they present higher resistance to late blight [21,22]. This disease is the most devastating disease in potato [23][24][25] and the novelty is their better nutritional contents especially iron and zinc [26], protein [27], and antioxidants compounds [28]. ...
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The scaling up of the innovations concept has gained importance in recent years, underlining the importance of disseminating successful innovations on a large scale to increase their socio-economic impact, seeking to sustain broad rural development and promoting public policies that generate equal and sustainable results. However, few projects take advantage of the adoption of innovative technologies to promote social change. This paper reports on an intervention model that incorporates common elements, from the literature, of scaling up, and includes novel such as linking technological and social innovations, with an exit strategy to build sustainable processes and results. The model is based on a trans-disciplinary approach, and leadership, that involves local communities and stakeholders to establish synergies, to give coherence to the whole process, and to build an exit strategy involving territorial dynamics related to the innovation. The model includes a clear definition of the objects, and the process, that should be transformed, and the specific methodologies to involve local communities and stakeholders, to reach the final target user. The model was applied to develop the project, More Nutritious Potatoes, for scaling up new yellow potatoes varieties with improved agronomic and nutritional attributes. To implement the project, the research team, local communities, and stakeholders agreed on specific actions to improve food security and nutrition in a sustainable manner. The operational objectives were, the strengthening of capabilities for autonomy and governance in public policies, the entrepreneurship to build inclusive businesses, the valorization of agro-biodiversity, the acquisition of good food habits, and the promotion of social equity. The methodologies employed allowed building of social and scientific capabilities for Colombia.
... El genotipo G2599 con 2,56% de cenizas en BH, presentó el mayor valor, siendo similar a los valores observados en cinco genotipos adicionales: G2588, G2591, G2594, G2586 y G1781 con porcentajes entre 1,77% y 2,05% y superior al genotipo testigo Criolla Colombia con 1,32%. El rango de la variable osciló entre 0,96% y 2,56% (Tabla 2); Peña et al. (2015), reportaron en el Grupo Phureja cultivados en Nariño, Colombia, valores de cenizas desde 0,7 a 1,1 g/ 100 g. peso fresco, menores a los encontrados en este estudio. La variación de los genotipos en estudio evidencia un amplio rango en el contenido mineral, explicado en parte por condiciones del suelo y características genéticas de fijación de micronutrientes. ...
... El menor porcentaje de azúcares reductores se obtuvo en los genotipos G2591 y G2594 con 0,88% y 0,98% de BS en su orden, característica importante para la utilización de los tubérculos en procesos de poscosecha como fritura. Tanto para los azúcares totales como reductores (Tabla 2), concuerdan con la literatura reportada por (Peña et al., 2015). ...
Article
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The antioxidant properties and physicochemical composition of 21 genotypes of diploid potato (Solanum tuberosum Phureja Group) were studied. The content of moisture, ash, proteins, starch, total and reducing sugars, antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP), total phenols and vitamin C were determined. The physicochemical analysis showed significant genotypic variations in raw sample. Humidity between 72.06% - 77.07%; Ash 0.96% - 2.56%; Proteins 6.95% - 11.38% DB; Starch 14.44% - 22.4%; Total sugars WB 16,38% -23,67% and reducing sugars WB 0,88% -3,8%. The antioxidant profile showed genotypic differences. ABTS between 4408 - 12543 (raw) and 6644 to 14492 (cooked) μmol Trolox / 100g DB. FRAP from 76.4 to 203.2 (raw) and from 121.6 to 324.8 (cooked) ascorbic acid / 100 g DB. The phenols in cooked samples were higher than in crude (245.2 -524.8 and 161.6 - 442.7 mg gallic acid/100 g BS, respectively, vitamin C decreased from 33.07% to 68.8 % after cooking.
... In a few instances, the increase in one mineral did not affect the change in others, and moderate significant negative correlations were detected in the following cases: an increase of N resulted in a decrease of Ca and Na. Peña et al. (2015) reported strong positive correlations between Fe and S (0.66), Fe and Zn (0.67), Mg and Mn (0.80), and P and K (0.69). Andre et al. (2007) showed Zn and Fe contents to be weakly correlated (r = 0.35). ...
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Malnutrition is a major public health concern in many parts of the world. Among other nutrients, minerals are necessary in the human diet. Potato tubers are a good source of minerals; they contribute 18% of the recommended dietary allowance of potassium; 6% of copper, phosphorus, and magnesium; and 2% of calcium and zinc. Increased public interest in improving the nutritional value of foods has prompted the evaluation of mineral content in tubers of advanced genotypes from the Texas A&M Potato Breeding Program and the investigation of the genetics underlying mineral composition in tubers. The objectives of this study were to i) assess phenotypic variation for mineral content in tubers of advanced potato genotypes, ii) identify genomic regions associated with tuber mineral content, and iii) obtain genomic-estimated breeding values. A panel of 214 advanced potato genotypes and reference varieties was phenotyped in three field environments in Texas for the content of 12 minerals in tubers and genotyped using the Infinium Illumina 22K V3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Array. There was significant variation between potato genotypes for all minerals evaluated except iron. As a market group, red-skinned potatoes had the highest amount of minerals, whereas russets had the lowest mineral content. Reds had significantly higher P, K, S, and Zn than russets and significantly higher P and Mg than chippers. Russets had significantly higher Ca, Mg, and Na than chippers. However, the chippers had significantly higher K than the russets. A genome-wide association study for mineral content using GWASpoly identified three quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with potassium and manganese content on chromosome 5 and two QTL associated with zinc content on chromosome 7. The loci identified will contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis of mineral content in potatoes. Genomic-estimated breeding values for mineral macro and micronutrients in tubers obtained with StageWise will guide the selection of parents and the advancement of genotypes in the breeding program to increase mineral content in potato tubers.
... Traditional breeding methods involve genetic approaches, such as hybridization, to combine varieties rich in the target nutrient in order to improve the genetics of various crops [122] (Figure 2a,b). There is wide genetic variability in the Se concentrations in potato tubers [123], soybean seeds [124], rice [125,126], wheat grains, and various leafy vegetables [127]. For example, Zhao et al. [128] [129]. ...
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Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of humans, animals, and certain plants. It is extensively present throughout the Earth’s crust and is absorbed by crops in the form of selenates and selenite, eventually entering the food chain. Se biofortification is an agricultural process that employs agronomic and genetic strategies. Its goal is to enhance the mechanisms of crop uptake and the accumulation of exogenous Se, resulting in the production of crops enriched with Se. This process ultimately contributes to promoting human health. Agronomic strategies in Se biofortification aim to enhance the availability of exogenous Se in crops. Concurrently, genetic strategies focus on improving a crop’s capacity to uptake, transport, and accumulate Se. Early research primarily concentrated on optimizing Se biofortification methods, improving Se fertilizer efficiency, and enhancing Se content in crops. In recent years, there has been a growing realization that Se can effectively enhance crop growth and increase crop yield, thereby contributing to alleviating food shortages. Additionally, Se has been found to promote the accumulation of macro-nutrients, antioxidants, and beneficial mineral elements in crops. The supplementation of Se biofortified foods is gradually emerging as an effective approach for promoting human dietary health and alleviating hidden hunger. Therefore, in this paper, we provide a comprehensive summary of the Se biofortification conducted over the past decade, mainly focusing on Se accumulation in crops and its impact on crop quality. We discuss various Se biofortification strategies, with an emphasis on the impact of Se fertilizer strategies on crop Se accumulation and their underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we highlight Se’s role in enhancing crop quality and offer perspective on Se biofortification in crop improvement, guiding future mechanistic explorations and applications of Se biofortification.
... It is a species that has a great diversity of genotypes and therefore presents variants in its physiological and phenological components, which determine the variables of biological efficiency and productivity, as well as the appropriate agronomic management practices to improve crop performance (Ñústez, 2018). Among Andean potatoes, the Phureja group, commonly known as yellow diploid potatoes (2n = 24) (Alvarez et al., 2017), have been widely used in breeding programs; due to the wild nature of the clones, they can be easily crossed with other genotypes (Peña et al., 2015), making them a relevant group for the development of genotype-by-environment interaction analysis methodologies. ...
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Several statistical methods have been developed to decompose the phenotypic response based mainly on the general means, the effect of the genotype, and its interaction with the environment, treating the environmental variance as a confounding factor. However, the estimation of the environmental effect from the traits evaluated would establish a dependency on the genotype, resulting in a lower fit and predictive potential of the model. The integration of environmental covariates into the models that associate edaphoclimatic characteristics with the traits of interest has been proposed, with the purpose of increasing the predictive potential and the variance contained by the models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of the traits of interest in yellow diploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Group: Phureja) crops to environmental covariates, selecting the most relevant covariates as parameters in empirical multiple regression models based on environmental variance. The results showed high yield variability due to covariates of the water component, while the quality traits were mainly affected by traits of the energetic and physicochemical components of the soil. The adjusted models explained the variance intrinsically due to the environment, reaching adjustments greater than 20%. Therefore, it is concluded that the traits have a high phenotypic sensitivity, and the incorporation of environmental covariates into the genotype‐by‐environment interaction analysis models could improve the understanding of the stability and adaptability of cultivars from the data obtained in multi‐environment trials.
... Other studies assess the content of secondary metabolites (carotenoids, phenols and anthocyanins), vitamin C and the antioxidant power of this set of compounds (Bonierbale et al., 2009;Díaz et al., 2014;Molina et al., 2015;Parra-Galindo et al., 2016). Macro and micronutrients have also been studied, especially Ca, Fe and Zn (Peña et al., 2015). Similarly, their advantages for the food industry were studied (Rivera et al., 2011;Cruz et al., 2016;Alarcón et al., 2016) and in particular, starches (Martínez et al., 2015). ...
... The cultivated area of potato could be a factor that decides the content of Mg. In the Pacific Northwest, Colorado, and Texas, the magnesium content of potatoes ranged from 787 to 1089 µg/g DW [193]. In the Tri-State and Western Regional russet skin trials and the Red/Specialty trials, the broad heritability (H) was 0.57, 0, and 0.72, respectively. ...
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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) has gradually become a stable food worldwide since it can be a practical nutritional supplement and antioxidant as well as an energy provider for human beings. Financially and nutritionally, the cultivation and utility of potatoes is worthy of attention from the world. Exploring the functionality and maximizing the utilization of its component parts as well as developing new products based on the potato is still an ongoing issue. To maximize the benefits of potato and induce new high-value products while avoiding unfavorable properties of the crop has been a growing trend in food and medical areas. This review intends to summarize the factors that influence changes in the key functional components of potatoes and to discuss the focus of referenced literature which may require further research efforts. Next, it summarizes the application of the latest commercial products and potential value of components existing in potato. In particular, there are several main tasks for future potato research: preparing starchy foods for special groups of people and developing fiber-rich products to supply dietary fiber intake, manufacturing bio-friendly and specific design films/coatings in the packaging industry, extracting bioactive proteins and potato protease inhibitors with high biological activity, and continuing to build and examine the health benefits of new commercial products based on potato protein. Notably, preservation methods play a key role in the phytochemical content left in foods, and potato performs superiorly to many common vegetables when meeting the demands of daily mineral intake and alleviating mineral deficiencies.
... Therefore, it is important to take advantage of its wild and commercial varieties in genetic improvement programs. The Creole potato or diploid yellow potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Phureja Group) 6 corresponds to morphotypes that present tubers with yellow skin color and flesh 7 , and it constitutes one of the most important plant genetic resources in Colombia, the largest producer, consumer and exporter of diploid potato in the world 8 , due to its nutritional and organoleptic value 9,10 . ...
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The diploid yellow potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Phureja Group) is an important plant genetic resource. In this study, we report for the first time the characterization of anther development and pollen formation in the cultivar Criolla Colombia. The description of morphological and histological characters of buds and flowers at different developmental stages permitted to identify ten main stages, from the differentiation of the male cells of the sporangium, meiosis, microspores formation and maturation, to the release of mature pollen. In addition, the results provide a graphic guide of the development of the anther, through the sequential and orderly formation of the epidermis, the endothecium, the middle layer and the nutritive layer or tapetum. This microanatomical information will be useful for work focused on androgenesis and identification of gene regulation in floral biology and gamete formation. Therefore, this study determined that to efficiently obtain haploids, flower buds between 5 and 8.9 mm long (stage 6 to 8) should be used, in which tetrads and microspores are in the early uninucleate and binucleate stage.
... Introduction Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the third most important crop species worldwide after rice and wheat in terms of human consumption, and its global production exceeds 388 million metric tons per year [1,2]. Potato is considered one of the most promising crops to reduce human hunger and poverty worldwide due to its high yield potential and its nutritional properties [3,4]. About 50% of the potato crop is grown by resource-poor farmers in developing countries [5,6]. ...
Article
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Water deficit, which is increasing with climate change, is a serious threat to agricultural sustainability worldwide. Dissection of the genetic architecture of water deficit responses is highly desirable for developing water-deficit tolerant potato cultivars and enhancing the resilience of existing cultivars. This study examined genetic variation in response to water deficit in a panel of diploid potato and identified the QTL governing this trait via a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A panel of 104 diploid potato accessions were evaluated under both well-watered and water deficit treatments at tuber initiation stage. Drought stress index (DTI) was calculated to assess tolerance of the diploid potato genotypes to water deficit. The GWAS was conducted using a matrix of 47K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), recently available for this population. We are reporting 38 QTL, seven for well-watered conditions, twenty-two for water deficit conditions and nine for DTI which explain between 12.6% and 44.1% of the phenotypic variance. A set of 6 QTL were found to be associated with more than one variable. Marker WDP-9.21 was found associated with tuber fresh weigh under WD and gene annotation analysis revealed co-localization with the Glucan/water dikinase (GWD) gene. Of the nine QTL detected from DTI on chromosomes 2,3,5,8,10 and 12, three candidate genes with a feasible role in water deficit response were identified. The findings of this study can be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) for water- deficit tolerance breeding in potato.
... Particularly, one phureja genotype, RN 27.01, exhibited the highest levels of polyphenol, anthocyanin and antioxidant yet reported in potatoes and, genotype RN 39.05 had the highest carotenoid content (Navarre et al. 2019). Peña et al. (2015) indicated that phureja showed high levels of iron and magnesium. These findings support value and utilization of phureja germplasm for potato nutrient enrichment efforts. ...
Article
AFLP markers were used to build a core subset in 144 accessions of the United States Potato Genebank (USPG) ex situ collection of the species formerly known as Solanum phureja (now reclassified as Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. andigenum). A core subset aims to sample the minimum number possible of non-redundant germplasm units capturing the maximum diversity of the entire collection. Characterization and trait evaluation of a core subset is expected to be easier and more effective when compared to the entire germplasm collection. In this study 1534 polymorphic AFLP markers were generated and demonstrated to be useful to determine genetic relationships in the materials used. All the accessions were clearly discriminated from each other with genetic similarity levels ranging from 62 to 89%, and no duplicate germplasm samples were detected. To create the core subset, the presence of the AFLP marker was considered as the genetic trait to retain and the selection of accessions was determined by their rankings on the number of most markers added to the core. The results of this selection process revealed that the 9 top-ranked accessions of phureja, when combined, achieved the benchmark of capturing 85% of the markers detected in the complete collection. Further selection to increase the percentage of marker capture added 17 accessions with unique marker contributions which resulted in a final core subset of 26 accessions capturing 96% of the marker diversity. A Principal Component analysis determined that spatial distribution of diversity in the core was a proportional sampling of the entire diversity of the collection validating the selecting approach used. A review of the public database for valuable traits for the USPG phureja germplasm revealed that the core subset also included accessions with desirable pest/disease resistances and stress tolerances (in 25 out of the 30 traits reported in the database). The USPG expects this core subset would create opportunities for facilitating evaluation and research by using a reduced set of germplasm units with nearly all the diversity of the entire set.
... Other studies assess the content of secondary metabolites (carotenoids, phenols and anthocyanins), vitamin C and the antioxidant power of this set of compounds (Bonierbale et al., 2009;Díaz et al., 2014;Molina et al., 2015;Parra-Galindo et al., 2016). Macro and micronutrients have also been studied, especially Ca, Fe and Zn (Peña et al., 2015). Similarly, their advantages for the food industry were studied (Rivera et al., 2011;Cruz et al., 2016;Alarcón et al., 2016) and in particular, starches (Martínez et al., 2015). ...
Article
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Se evaluó la productividad de tubérculos frescos y de materia seca de 15 cultivares tradicionales de papa del grupo Phureja de Cajamarca, en ocho ambientes distintos. Las siembras se realizaron en el valle de Cajamarca. Se usó el diseño de bloques completos al azar, con 15 tratamientos y tres repeticiones. La siembra se realizó a 0.9 m entre surcos y 0.4 m entre plantas. Se aplicó 5 t ha-1 de humus de lombriz y un fertilizante compuesto (15-24 -14 de N, P y K), a razón de 300 kg ha-1. A la cosecha se tomaron ocho plantas por tratamiento y se evaluaron las variables relacionadas con el rendimiento. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre cultivares para las variables: peso total de tubérculos, peso de tubérculos comerciales, número total de tubérculos, número de tubérculos comerciales, altura de planta, número de tallos y materia seca. Los cultivares ‘Chachapoyana’, ‘Montañera’, ‘Blanca’ y ‘Shoga’, fueron los mejores en rendimiento de tubérculos frescos y los cultivares ‘Piña amarilla’, ‘Shoga’ y ‘Porpora’, los mejores en materia seca. Los ambientes presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas paras las variables NTT, NTC, AP y NT.
... New diploid yellow potato cultivars have been recently developed in Colombia with high levels of tolerance to the pathogen Phytophtora infestans (Mont.) de Bary and with better nutritional characteristics regarding levels of iron, zinc and proteins, such as Criolla Ocarina (UN 64) and Criolla Dorada (UN 04) (Peña et al., 2015). The objective of this research was to determine the effect of water deficit on some physiological and biochemical responses of the cultivar (cv.) ...
Article
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Water availability is one of the main limitations of potato yields due to the high sensitivity of this crop to water deficit. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of water deficit on some physiological and biochemical responses in yellow diploid potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. Group Phureja) of the cultivars Criolla Colombia, Criolla Dorada and Criolla Ocarina. Plants at tuber initiation were subjected to two treatments: continuous irrigation and water deficit imposed by withholding water at tuber initiation for 17 d. The results showed that plants under water deficit increased chlorophyll concentration, malondialdehyde and proline content. However, these plants showed a decrease in stomatal conductance, leafarea, total dry mass and exhibited a higher root/shoot ratio in all potato cultivars. In addition, all the cultivars also showed a decrease in yield, which was associated with sensitivity to water stress. Although the high content of proline and high root/shoot ratio may be associated with tolerance to water deficit, this association was not observed in these cultivars, probably due to the high reduction of stomatal conductance, which limited the production of photoassimilates, plant growth, and,therefore, the yield.
... When expressed in FW, the mean value of crude fat content was 0.12 g/100 g FW and almost half of the value in sweet potato roots (0.33 g/100 g FW). 534-1 from Dingxi, Gansu with the highest content (1.08 ± 0.08 g/100 g DW) was 1.5 fold increased as compared to that of the advanced breeding clones AC-09 [22]. ...
Article
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The overall nutritional properties of tubers from 67 potato cultivars were systematically evaluated in this study by adopting the Nutrient-Rich Foods (NRF11.3) Index Model. The macronutrients including dry matter, crude protein, total dietary fiber, and starch contents were found to be in the range of 14.8–30.5 g/100 g fresh weight, 5.71–12.0, 1.99–3.39, and 56.0–75.5 g/100 g dry weight, respectively. Additionally, the amounts of vitamin C, K and Fe were 22.6–86.6, 1457–3111, and 1.40–5.06 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. The NRF11.3 index model has a score of 66.4–102 per 100 kcal for male and 70.8–107 per 100 kcal for female over 18 years old. This model was utilized to determine the macrocomponents and micronutrients of diverse potato cultivars and aid in comprehensive nutritional study on potato as a desirable raw material for staple food processing to human nutrition and daily intake.
... This last one is of special importance in the Andean countries, including Colombia and Peru (Ghislain et al., 1999). On the one hand, Colombia reports research on 108 genotypes from the Colombian Core Collection, 13 native landraces, four commercial genotypes and seven advanced breeding clones of the Group Phureja (Peña et al., 2015;Duarte-Delgado et al., 2016;Piñeros-Niño et al., 2017;Narv aez-Cuenca et al., 2018). On the other hand, Peru has a collection of 170 genotypes of this group, including some genotypes that are commercialised, with part the collection being characterised on their nutritional and bioactive compounds contents (Andre, Ghislain, et al., 2007;Burgos et al., 2007Burgos et al., , 2009. ...
Article
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Potato tubers of Group Phureja have a great relevance in terms of production and consumer acceptance in the Andean countries. However, its proximal characteristics, nutritional value and bioactive compounds have been scarcely known. For the first time, this work aims to give an overview on tubers of Group Phureja characteristics, including research works from 1993 to 2019. When analysing the micronutrients and bioactive analytes, sodium, niacin and carotenoid contents are higher as compared to those of the Group Tuberosum. Likewise, the application of a biorefinery approach for the valorisation of Group Phureja wastes was proposed. These wastes may come from tubers that fail to meet quality parameters or by processing potato products. The possibility of obtaining useful compounds for the food, feed, materials, energy and chemical industries is described. The strategy of valorisation of wastes was focused on the production of starch and proteins, previously reported with important technological properties.
... Furthermore, genotypes from Nariño province, called Native Collection (NC) are preserved by native communities who employ them as food but also in different uses such as medicinal uses. Recently, new potato cultivars, from the Phureja group, with higher nutritional content as compared to traditional Colombian commercial cultivars were delivered (Peña et al., 2015). Nevertheless, the parents used in that breeding program were not nutritionally characterized. ...
Article
Macronutrient contents of 94 genotypes from the Colombian Central Collection (CCC) and 13 genotypes from the Native Collection (NC) of diploid potatoes (Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja) were evaluated, considering six genotypes, four diploid and two tetraploid potato commercial cultivars, as control. Dry matter, protein, soluble dietary fibre (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibre (IDF), fat, and ash contents were determined in entire boiled tubers. Macronutrient contents varied widely among the 113 genotypes. Protein contents found in CCC and NC (1.8-17.2 g/100 g dry weight, DW) were greater than those in commercial cultivars (3.1-9.5 g/100 g DW). Total dietary fibre (TDF), SDF, and IDF were greater in CCC and NC (9.4-27.1 g/100 g DW, 1.6-6.6 g/100 g DW, and 6.4-20.9 g/100 g DW, respectively) than in the commercial cultivars (9.0-15.3 g/100 g DW, 2.7-4.4 g/100 g DW, and 6.4-12.3 g/100 g DW, respectively). Several genotypes from CCC and NC are good candidates as parental materials for developing new cultivars, with the highest protein content in CCC-76 (17.2 ± 0.3 g/100 g DW) and NC-8 (16.7 ± 0.7 g/100 g DW) and the highest TDF in CCC-110 (27.1 ± 4.0 g/100 g DW).
... They are especially cultivated by small farmers. Phureja potatoes also have a high nutritional content (Peña et al., 2015). The diploid S. tuberosum Group Phureja had been also used as a source of resistance to late blight (Sliwka et al., 2006(Sliwka et al., , 2010Tomczyńska et al., 2014;Yogendra et al., 2014). ...
Article
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The genetic basis of quantitative disease resistance has been studied in crops for several decades as an alternative to R gene mediated resistance. The most important disease in the potato crop is late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans. Quantitative disease resistance (QDR), as any other quantitative trait in plants, can be genetically mapped to understand the genetic architecture. Association mapping using DNA-based markers has been implemented in many crops to dissect quantitative traits. We used an association mapping approach with candidate genes to identify the first genes associated with quantitative resistance to late blight in Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja. Twenty-nine candidate genes were selected from a set of genes that were differentially expressed during the resistance response to late blight in tetraploid European potato cultivars. The 29 genes were amplified and sequenced in 104 accessions of S. tuberosum Group Phureja from Latin America. We identified 238 SNPs in the selected genes and tested them for association with resistance to late blight. The phenotypic data were obtained under field conditions by determining the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) in two seasons and in two locations. Two genes were associated with QDR to late blight, a potato homolog of thylakoid lumen 15 kDa protein (StTL15A) and a stem 28 kDa glycoprotein (StGP28). Key message: A first association mapping experiment was conducted in Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja germplasm, which identified among 29 candidates two genes associated with quantitative resistance to late blight.
... In Andean countries, Group Phureja constitutes an important crop, particularly for small farmers [19]. Genotypes with round tubers, yellow flesh and skin represent an interesting potential for widespread use due to their desirable organoleptic properties, nutritional quality, and processing potential [20][21][22][23]. This cultivated potato is also a valuable genetic resource for the introgression of agronomic traits into tetraploid potatoes from S. tuberosum subsp. ...
Article
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Background: Potato frying color is an agronomic trait influenced by the sugar content of tubers. The candidate gene approach was employed to elucidate the molecular basis of this trait in Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja, which is mainly diploid and represents an important genetic resource for potato breeding. The objective of this research was to identify novel genetic variants related with frying quality in loci with key functions in carbohydrate metabolism, with the purpose of discovering genetic variability useful in breeding programs. Therefore, an association analysis was implemented with 109 SNP markers identified in ten candidate genes. Results:The analyses revealed four associations in the locus InvGE coding for an apoplastic invertase and one association in the locus SssI coding for a soluble starch synthase. The SNPs SssI-C 45711901 T and InvGE-C 2475454 T were associated with sucrose content and frying color, respectively, and were not found previously in tetraploid genotypes. The rare haplotype InvGE-A 2475187 C 2475295 A 2475344 was associated with higher fructose contents. Our study allowed a more detailed analysis of the sequence variation of exon 3 from InvGE, which was not possible in previous studies because of the high frequency of insertion-deletion polymorphisms in tetraploid potatoes. Conclusion:The association mapping strategy using a candidate gene approach in Group Phureja allowed the identification of novel SNP markers in InvGE and SssI associated with frying color and the tuber sugar content measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). These novel associations might be useful in potato breeding programs for improving quality traits and to increase crop genetic variability. The results suggest that some genes involved in the natural variation of tuber sugar content and frying color are conserved in both Phureja and tetraploid germplasm. Nevertheless, the associated variants in both types of germplasm were present in different regions of these genes. This study contributes to the understanding of the genetic architecture of tuber sugar contents and frying color at harvest in Group Phureja.
... Esta innovación se fundamenta en un alimento tradicional de la dieta de las comunidades y fortalece su consumo. Pretendemos impactar en la población colombiana promoviendo el consumo de estas papas, por su mayor contenido nutricional (el doble de proteína y casi un 20% más de hierro y zinc en comparación con variedades tradicionales de papas criollas) (Peña et al., 2015) (Tabla 1) lo que ha permitido mejorar las condiciones nutricionales de niños en edades de 2-5 años en Nariño (Bustos, 2015), además por sus metabolitos secundarios asociado a actividades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatorias y anti-tumorigénicas (Liyao et al., 2016;Piñeros et al., 2016). Por las características de forma, textura y color del tubérculo estos materiales son muy similares a las variedades tradicionales, por lo que se espera, no sean rechazadas en el mercado, además por su calidad tienen potencial para la agroindustria. ...
Conference Paper
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Para el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de las sociedades rurales se requiere avanzar en la generación de alternativas productivas, sin embargo, un adecuado desarrollo territorial requiere mejorar también la disponibilidad, el acceso y el consumo de alimentos, siendo fundamental una agricultura sensible a la nutrición. El proyecto de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de Nariño –SAN Nariño-entre 2012-2014, permitió avanzar en el logro de innovaciones inclusivas, obteniendo tres variedades de papas amarillas (Ocarina, Sua Pa, y Dorada), más productivas, resistentes a tizón tardío y con mejores contenidos nutricionales; para lo cual fue determinante el trabajo con productores de Nariño – Colombia y las instituciones. Actualmente se desarrolla el proyecto " Papas más Nutritivas " , financiado por el Canadian International Food Security Research Fund –CIFSFR-, el cual busca escalar la innovación a nivel nacional, a fin de contribuir con el mejoramiento de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. Se ha diseñado un modelo de escalamiento para la adopción de las nuevas variedades de papas más nutritivas bajo un enfoque integrado que privilegia el trabajo transdisciplinario y el desarrollo de sinergias con otras iniciativas e instituciones. El objetivo del proyecto es incidir en el desarrollo del sector rural buscando mejorar la condición social de los productores en los territorios. Trabajamos en i) disponibilidad, ii) acceso, iii) ampliación de la demanda y iv) políticas públicas. Avanzamos en la consolidación de Núcleos de Producción de Semilla de Papa de Calidad, a fin desarrollar negocios inclusivos que mejoren los ingresos de los productores, garanticen la disponibilidad de semillas para los pequeños agricultores, y papas más nutritivas para los consumidores colombianos. Desarrollamos Escuelas de Líderes Gestores en Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional, que se implementan con metodologías con enfoque de género. Reconocemos la importancia del desarrollo de capacidades locales, por ello implementamos las Escuelas Comunitarias de Agricultura Familiar-ECAF, escenario en que se busca fortalecer las capacidades individuales, colectivas y de gobernanza territorial. La experiencia adquirida en la ejecución del proyecto, brinda aprendizajes significativos para reflexionar acerca de la importancia de implementar abordajes transdisciplinares en proyectos que privilegian la gestión social del conocimiento como elemento trascendental en la gestión territorial del desarrollo rural.
... Potato tubers were washed with tap water to remove the soil and rinsed with distilled water. Whole tubers with skin were cooked in water, (Im et al. 2008) using a standardized time determined experimentally to obtain a palatable product according to the tuber size (Peña et al. 2015). Cooked potato tubers were cut into slices of 0.8 cm, frozen at −20°C, freeze-dried, ground to a particle size lower than 0.2 mm, and finally stored in hermetically sealed bags under dark conditions in a desiccator. ...
Article
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Hydroxycinnamic acids are phenolic compounds and are considered to have health promotion properties due to their antioxidant activity. Potato tubers of 113 genotypes of Solanum tuberosum group Phureja belonging to the Colombian Central Collection, landraces of potatoes, and commercial cultivars were evaluated for their hydroxycinnamic acids content. The composition of these compounds was analyzed using cooked tubers in two different agro-climatic conditions. The genotypes were analyzed for chlorogenic acid, neo-chlorogenic acid, crypto-chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Chlorogenic acid was the major representative and varied between 0.77 to 7.98 g kg−1 DW (dry weight) followed by crypto-chlorogenic acid (from 0.09 to 1.50 g kg−1 DW). Under moorland agro-climatic conditions even though the chlorogenic acid levels increased with respect to flatland agro-climatic conditions, the related isomer neo-chlorogenic acid decreased as compared to flatland conditions. The correlation between chlorogenic acid with the isomers, and with caffeic acid was positive. This study demonstrated that there is a wide variation in hydroxycinnamic acids contents in the germplasm studied, which can be exploited in breeding programs to contribute to human health.
... The university has also begun a diploid potato breeding program focused on nutritional traits. Initially they determined the content of nutritional compounds (sugars, proteins, minerals, starch, moisture, fat, dietary fiber, carotenoids, vitamin C, and other antioxidants) and antinutrient compounds (glycoalkyloids) present in their Phureja core collection (Duarte-Delgado et al., 2015;Peña et al., 2015). Variability in the content of macronutrients, micronutrients, and functional compounds has allowed for the selection of parental materials for breeding (Duarte et al., 2013;Piñeros et al., 2013). ...
Chapter
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The extent of the potato gene pool, with its abundant landrace diversity and numerous wild relatives, offers a wide range of options for prospecting, prebreeding, and niche market development. Landraces are still widely produced by smallholder farmers in the center of origin and are a key component of complex production systems that cover multiple agroecologies and production objectives. Sustainable future conservation and use will require attention to systematic monitoring of potato genetic diversity, gap analysis, screening, and prebreeding. Modern and traditional uses are both main drivers behind the rational use of potato biodiversity. Both offer promise for the scientific advancement of potato chemistry and technology.
... 10,11 These genotypes present an interesting possibility for widespread use because of their outstanding nutritional, organoleptic properties and processing potential. 10,12,13 Group Phureja presents potential for outcrossing with tetraploid potatoes -the most extensively cultivated worldwide -and is useful in bridge crosses for the introgression of genes of Solanum wild species. 14,15 Therefore, this group constitutes an important germplasm with prospective use in potato breeding programs as a source of resistance to multiple diseases such as late blight, bacterial wilt and common scab. ...
Article
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BACKGROUND Potato frying quality is a complex trait influenced by sugar content in tubers. Good frying quality requires low content of reducing sugars to avoid the formation of dark pigments. Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja is a valuable genetic resource for breeding and for genetic studies. The sugar contents after harvest were analyzed in a germplasm collection of Group Phureja to contribute to the understanding of the natural variation of this trait. RESULTS Sucrose, glucose, and fructose genotypic mean values ranged from 6.39 to 29.48 g kg−1 tuber dry weight (DW), from 0.46 to 28.04 g kg -1 tuber DW, and from 0.29 to 27.23 g kg -1 tuber DW, respectively. Glucose/fructose and sucrose/reducing sugars ratios ranged from 1.01 to 6.67 mol mol−1 and from 0.15 to 7.78 mol mol−1, respectively. Five clusters of genotypes were recognized, three of them with few genotypes and extreme phenotypic values. CONCLUSIONS Sugar contents showed a wide variation that represents the available variability useful for potato breeding. The results provide a quantitative approach to analyze the frying quality trait and they are consistent with frying color. The analyzed germplasm presents extreme phenotypes, which will contribute to the understanding of the genetic basis of this trait.
... Potato tubers were harvested and stored at 4℃ until use. The tubers were boiled for 30 min, skin pealed, ground in liquid nitrogen, lyophilized and shipped in dry ice to McGill University for further analysis (Peña et al., 2015) ...
Article
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Potato is an ideal candidate for the delivery of functional ingredients due to its high worldwide consumption. The metabolites in cooked tubers of eight diploid potato genotypes from Colombia were explored. Potato tubers were harvested, cooked,lyophilized, and then stored at −80°C. Metabolites were extracted from flesh samples and analyzed using liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 294 metabolites were putatively identified, of which 87 metabolites were associated with health-benefiting roles for humans, such as anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Two metabolites, chlorogenic acid and N-Feruloyltyramine were detected in high abundance and were mapped on to the potato metabolic pathways to predict the related biosynthetic enzymes: hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate transferase (HQT) and tyramine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (THT), respectively. The coding genes of these enzymes identified nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in AC09, AC64, and Russet Burbank, with the highest enzyme stability found in AC09. This is consistent with the highest presence of hydroxycinnamic acids in the AC09 genotype. The metabolites detected at high fold change, their functional ingredient properties, and their enhancement through breeding to improve health of the indigenous communities’ of Colombia are discussed.
... Colombia leads the production, consumption and export of diploid Phureja genotypes commonly known as " Creole potato " , which are characterized for their round tubers with yellow flesh and skin (Bonilla et al., 2009; Rodríguez et al., 2009). These genotypes present an interesting possibility for their widespread use because of their outstanding nutritional and organoleptic properties and their processing potential (Rivera et al. 2006; Rodríguez et al., 2009; Peña et al., 2015). In Colombia this crop is an important source of income for small farmers (Rodríguez et al., 2009). ...
Thesis
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High contents of sucrose (non-reducing sugar), glucose and fructose (reducing sugars) in potato tubers represent an undesirable trait for fry processing because reducing sugars lead to potato darkening and the production of toxic compounds such as acrylamide that reduce consumer’s acceptance and generate risks for human health. Association genetics analysis is a strategy to study the molecular basis of complex traits as tuber sugar contents. Colombia leads the production of diploid genotypes named “Creole potato”, which belong to the cultivated Group Phureja and present outstanding organoleptic and nutritional properties. Currently, there are not Phureja cultivars suitable for chip processing because of high levels of reducing sugars in the tubers. The main purpose of this research is to determine the candidate gene regions influencing sucrose, glucose and fructose contents in Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja. Tubers from 108 accessions of the Colombian Core Collection and four commercial cultivars were sown in pots in Soacha (Cundinamarca, 2850 m above the sea level) for sugar content analyses. The harvest of three plants of each genotype constituted three biological replicates. The sugar contents of Phureja genotypes were quantified through a liquid chromatographic method developed and validated using an AMINEX87H column with sulfuric acid 10 mM as eluent. Sucrose, glucose and fructose genotypic mean values varied from 6.39-29.48 mg/g tuber dried weight (DW), 0.46-28.04 mg/g tuber DW, and 0.29-27.23 mg/g tuber DW, respectively. Association analysis was carried out with 111 SNP markers identified in candidate genes with key function in carbohydrate metabolism. This analysis revealed four SNP markers in the locus InvGE from an apoplastic invertase and one SNP marker in the locus SssI from a soluble starch synthase with significant effect in sugar content variation. These enzymes have not been found expressed in mature tubers, therefore these SNP-trait associations might be indirect resulting from the linkage disequilibrium with causal variants, or direct through a potential novel role of these candidate genes controlling sugar contents in tubers.
Article
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Hidden hunger is leading to extensive health problems in the developing world. Several strategies could be used to reduce the micronutrient deficiencies by increasing the dietary uptake of essential micronutrients. These include diet diversification, pharmaceutical supplementation, food fortification and crop biofortification. Among all, crop biofortification is the most sustainable and acceptable strategy to overcome the global issue of hidden hunger. Since most of the people suffering from micronutrient deficiencies, have monetary issues and are dependent on staple crops to fulfil their recommended daily requirements of various essential micronutrients. Therefore, increasing the micronutrient concentrations in cost effective staple crops seems to be an effective solution. Potato being the world’s most consumed non-grain staple crop with enormous industrial demand appears to be an ideal candidate for biofortification. It can be grown in different climatic conditions, provide high yield, nutrition and dry matter in lesser time. In addition, huge potato germplasm have natural variations related to micronutrient concentrations, which can be utilized for its biofortification. This review discuss the current scenario of micronutrient malnutrition and various strategies that could be used to overcome it. The review also shed a light on the genetic variations present in potato germplasm and suggest effective ways to incorporate them into modern high yielding potato varieties.
Thesis
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El Grupo Phureja corresponde a papas diploides cultivadas en la región norte de los Andes, principalmente Colombia donde tienen alta importancia y se siembran en un amplio rango de altitud. Se buscó estudiar el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de cinco cultivares mejorados de papa diploide en tres localidades de Colombia con diferencias en altitud. La principal variable ambiental que diferenció las localidades fue la temperatura pues presentó relación con todas las respuestas observadas. En el primer capítulo, se describe duración del ciclo de cultivo que aumentó para cada cultivar con la altitud. La fenología se describió a partir de la escala BBCH, pero requirió ajustes en estadios intermedios para su uso en el Grupo Phureja. Con la escala ajustada se realizó descripción extendida de los estadios fenológicos, empleando tiempo en días y también en tiempo térmico. En el segundo capítulo, se determinó el crecimiento de cultivares en las diferentes localidades a partir de la biomasa y su dinámica en el tiempo. Para describir la acumulación de biomasa total se desarrollo y empleó el índice de eficiencia térmica (denominado en inglés “Heat use efficiency”) específico para papa diploide (ET-pd), mientras la masa en tubérculos se evaluó a partir del porcentaje de peso de tubérculos. Se encontró que la localidad baja limitó la acumulación de biomasa total, la alta afectó negativamente el desarrollo vegetativo, pero favoreció la tuberización y la media tuvo el mayor desarrollo vegetativo y en tubérculos, similar a las de la alta. En el tercer capítulo, se encontró que el rendimiento se favoreció con la altitud, con diferencias por la interacción entre cultivares y localidades. En variables de calidad poscosecha, todos los cultivares presentaron valores adecuados de gravedad específica, pero estos aumentaron con la altitud en algunos cultivares. La localidad alta resultó inadecuada para la respuesta de fritura de todos los cultivares y en el cultivar Violeta aumentó la pigmentación en el tubérculo, lo que se asocia al incremento en radiación UV que aumenta con la altitud. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/78234
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Título en ingles: Evaluation of molecular markers associated with resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans L.) in diploid and tetraploid potatoes Resumen La papa, cultivo de importancia a nivel mundial es gravemente afectado por gota, enfermedad ocasionada por el oomycete Phytophthora infestans. Actualmente la forma más efectiva para combatir la enfermedad es mediante el desarrollo de cultivares resistentes al patógeno. Para esto, una estrategia es identificar genes que confieran resistencia al patógeno, para lo cual se buscan marcadores asociados con el carácter de resistencia. En este estudio se evaluaron marcadores moleculares tipo SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region): CosA, GP179, BA47f2 y Prp1 asociados con resistencia a P. infestans y el gen de resistencia R1, en 22 cultivares tetraploides pertenecientes a la subespecie andigena y cinco especies silvestres. Se evaluó el polimorfismo y se determinó si los alelos polimórficos permitían diferenciar genotipos resistentes de susceptibles. Se comparó el tamaño de los fragmentos obtenidos con los fragmentos esperados asociados con resistencia de acuerdo a reportes. El análisis se realizó considerando presencia/ausencia de los fragmentos: CosA210, CosA250, R11400, R11800, BA47f2500, GP179570, Prp1300, Prp1600, y Prp1900. Los resultados indicaron que en los cultivares tetraploides y silvestres, se presentaron polimorfismos en todos los marcadores evaluados, con excepción del marcador GP179. No se encontró correlación entre el rasgo de resistencia y los alelos. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que hay repuesta diferencial a los marcadores entre las subsp. tuberosum y subsp. Andigena. Palabras clave: Phytophthora infestans, resistencia a gota, marcadores diagnóstico, Solanum tuberosum subsp. Andigena. Abstract Potato is an important worldwide crop seriously affected by late blight disease caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans. Currently, the most effective way to control the disease is developing resistant cultivars to the pathogen by identifying genes that confer resistance to the pathogen. For this purpose it is important to find molecular markers associated with the trait. In this study, the SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region) markers: CosA, GP179, BA47f2 y Prp1, associated with late blight and the resistant gen R1 were evaluated in 22 tetraploid cultivars from subspecie andigena and five wild potato species. Polymorphism was evaluated and it was evaluated if polymorphic alleles allow differentiating resistant from susceptible genotypes. The fragment length for each marker was compared to the allele size reported associated to resistance. The analysis considered the presence/absence of the fragments: CosA210, CosA250, R11400, R11800, BA47f2500, GP179570, Prp1300, Prp1600 and Prp1900. The results indicated that both, tetraploid cultivars and wild potatoes, showed polymorphisms with all these markers, except with the GP179 marker. It was not found correlation between resistance and the presence of specific alleles. Evidence found in this study indicates that results obtained with molecular markers differed between subsp. tuberosum and subsp. andigena. Key words: Phytophthora infestans, late blight resistance, diagnostic markers, Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena.
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ABSTRACT Potato is an economically important staple crop prevailing all across the world with successful large scale production, consumption and affordability with easy availability in the open market. Potatoes provide basic nutrients such as - carbohydrates, dietary fibre (skin), several vitamins and minerals (e.g. potassium, magnesium, iron). On occasion exposures to raw and cooked potatoes impart allergic reactions. Dietary intake of potatoes, especially coloured potatoes, play an important role in the production of antioxidant defence system by providing essential nutrient antioxidants such as vitamins, β-carotene, polyphenols and minerals. This may help lower the incidence of wide range of chronic and acute disease processes (like hypertension, heart diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative and other diseases). However retention of nutrients in potatoes is affected by various cooking and processing methods. Cooking at elevated temperature also produces acrylamide- a suspected carcinogen. Independent and/or collaborative studies have been conducted and reported on the various pathways leading to the formation of acrylamide in heat processed foods. This article reviews the latest research on potato production, consumption, nature of phytochemicals and their health benefits and allergic reactions to children. Also included is the discovery of acrylamide in processed starch rich foods including potatoes, mechanism of formation, detection methodologies, and mitigation steps to reduce acrylamide content in food.
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Globally, potatoes account for only about 2% of the food energy supply, yet they are the predominant staple for many countries. In developed countries, potatoes account for 540 kJ (130 kcal) per person per day, while in developing countries, it is only 170 kJ (42 kcal) per person per day. In addition to energy, which is derived almost entirely from their carbohydrate content, many varieties of potatoes contribute nutritionally important amounts of dietary fibre (up to 3.3%), ascorbic acid (up to 42 mg/100 g), potassium (up to 693.8 mg/100 g), total carotenoids (up to 2700 mcg/100 g), and antioxidant phenols such as chlorogenic acid (up to 1570 mcg/100 g) and its polymers, and anti-nutrients such as α-solanine (0.001-47.2 mg/100 g); and lesser amounts of protein (0.85-4.2%), amino acids, other minerals and vitamins, and other beneficial and harmful bioactive components. Nutrient content depends on a number of factors, with variety being among the most important. Potato biodiversity is vast, with more than 4000 known varieties. Most belong to the species Solanum tuberosum, but another 10 species are cultivated and 200 wild species have been identified. Modern agricultural practices and climate change are contributing to the loss of potato biodiversity, and thus the loss of the genes coding for nutrient biosynthetic pathways. Knowledge of differences in nutrient composition of potatoes related to their genetic diversity will help guide strategies that may contribute to reducing biodiversity loss and improving food and nutrition security. © 2009.
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The determination of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentrations in 49 native Andean potato varieties revealed significant genotypic variation. Comparison of mineral concentrations of 37 of these germplasm accessions grown in two highland locations further revealed significant variation due to environments and genotype × environment interaction. Concentrations in raw, peeled tubers ranged from 9 to 37 mg Fe kg−1 and 8 to 20 mg Zn kg−1 (dry weight) with accessions 703274 and 701165 showing the highest levels of Fe and Zn, respectively, in both locations. Fe and Zn concentrations were significantly and positively correlated on a fresh weight basis in each site. Assessment of Fe and Zn retention during processing revealed no losses due to cooking, and the only significant differences found in iron content of peeled versus unpeeled potatoes could be attributed to contamination with soil iron, as confirmed by elevated levels of aluminium in the samples. The ranges of micronutrient concentrations reported indicate ample genetic diversity that might be exploited in breeding programmes seeking to increase Fe and Zn levels in human diets. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
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Potato is a member of the Solanaceae, a plant family that includes several other economically important species, such as tomato, eggplant, petunia, tobacco and pepper. The Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium (PGSC) aims to elucidate the complete genome sequence of potato, the third most important food crop in the world. The PGSC is a collaboration between 13 research groups from China, India, Poland, Russia, the Netherlands, Ireland, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, USA, New Zealand and the UK. The potato genome consists of 12 chromosomes and has a (haploid) length of approximately 840 million base pairs, making it a medium-sized plant genome. The sequencing project builds on a diploid potato genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone library of 78000 clones, which has been fingerprinted and aligned into ~7000 physical map contigs. In addition, the BAC-ends have been sequenced and are publicly available. Approximately 30000 BACs are anchored to the Ultra High Density genetic map of potato, composed of 10000 unique AFLPTM markers. From this integrated genetic-physical map, between 50 to 150 seed BACs have currently been identified for every chromosome. Fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments on selected BAC clones confirm these anchor points. The seed clones provide the starting point for a BAC-by-BAC sequencing strategy. This strategy is being complemented by whole genome shotgun sequencing approaches using both 454 GS FLX and Illumina GA2 instruments. Assembly and annotation of the sequence data will be performed using publicly available and tailor-made tools. The availability of the annotated data will help to characterize germplasm collections based on allelic variance and to assist potato breeders to more fully exploit the genetic potential of potato.
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The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber follows only rice and wheat in world importance as a food crop for human consumption. Cultivated potatoes have spread from the Andes of South America where they originated to 160 countries around the world. Consumption of fresh potatoes has declined while processed products have increased in popularity. As the potato becomes a staple in the diets of an increasing number of humans, small differences in potato nutritional composition will have major impacts on population health. The potato is a carbohydrate-rich, energy-providing food with little fat. Potato protein content is fairly low but has an excellent biological value of 90-100. Potatoes are particularly high in vitamin C and are a good source of several B vitamins and potassium. The skins provide substantial dietary fiber. Many compounds in potatoes contribute to antioxidant activity and interest in cultivars with pigmented flesh is growing. This review will examine the nutrient and bioactive compounds in potatoes and their impact on human health.
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Potato tubers were evaluated as a source of antioxidants and minerals for the human diet. A genetically diverse sample of Solanum tuberosum L. cultivars native to the Andes of South America was obtained from a collection of nearly 1000 genotypes using microsatellite markers. This size-manageable collection of 74 landraces, representing at best the genetic diversity among potato germplasm, was analyzed for iron, zinc, calcium, total phenolic, total carotenoid, and total vitamin C contents. The hydrophilic antioxidant capacity of each genotype was also measured using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. The iron content ranged from 29.87 to 157.96 μg g-1 of dry weight (DW), the zinc content from 12.6 to 28.83 μg g-1 of DW, and the calcium content from 271.09 to 1092.93 μg g-1 of DW. Total phenolic content varied between 1.12 and 12.37 mg of gallic acid equiv g -1 of DW, total carotenoid content between 2.83 and 36.21 μg g-1 of DW, and total vitamin C content between 217.70 and 689.47 μg g-1 of DW. The range of hydrophilic ORAC values was 28.25-250.67 μmol of Trolox equiv g-1 of DW. The hydrophilic antioxidant capacity and the total phenolic content were highly and positively correlated (r = 0.91). A strong relationship between iron and calcium contents was also found (r = 0.67). Principal component analysis on the studied nutritional contents of the core collection revealed that most potato genotypes were balanced in terms of antioxidant and mineral contents, but some of them could be distinguished by their high level in distinct micronutrients. Correlations between the micronutrient contents observed in the sample and the genetic distances assessed by microsatellites were weakly significant. However, this study demonstrated the wide variability of health-promoting micronutrient levels within the native potato germplasm as well as the significant contribution that distinct potato tubers may impart to the intake in dietary antioxidants, zinc, and iron.
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The influence of the ratio of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) on the in vitro starch digestion, predicted glycemic index (pGI), and the physicochemical properties of fiber-enriched cakes were evaluated. The hydration and pasting properties were affected by the ratio of SDF and IDF. According to the increase of IDF ratio (SDF ratio reduction) in 3g fiber-enriched cakes, slowly digestible starch (SDS) contents increased, while the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) contents decreased. The pGI values were significantly different with control in 3g fiber-enriched cake containing more than 50% IDF contents (p<0.05). But the pGI values of 6g fiber-enriched cake samples were not significantly different by SDF and IDF ratio. With the exception of the SDF 100% cake, volume index, hardness, and color values of the fiber-enriched cakes increased according to reductions in the SDF ratio. The cakes containing 3g of total dietary fiber (the same ratio of SDF and IDF) per serving were shown to have low pGI and acceptable quality attributes. Specially, total dietary fiber amount and IDF ratio are more effective than SDF ratio to lower the pGI value.
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A novel closed-tube nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide digestion method was developed for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis of plant tissue and tested on six botanical reference materials. A suite of 18 mineral elements commonly found in plant tissues as either essential elements (B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, S, Se, Zn), potentially toxic metals (Al, Cd, Cr), or soil contaminants (Ti) was analysed by radial view ICP-OES after digestion by the new method and two open-tube methods. Closed-tube method blanks showed less frequent and less severe contamination than the open tube blanks. The closed-tube method was as efficient as the open-tube digestions of reference materials, achieving recoveries of 94-113% of published concentrations for most essential elements, with variability of 2-6%RSD, while the open-tube digests yielded 93-115% recovery and 1-8% RSD. Boron was accurately recovered by the closed-tube method but some loss by volatilization was observed in perchloric acid digests. Concentrations of minor elements (Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Ti) in some reference materials were below method reporting limits. High concentrations of Ti (>1 mg kg-1) detected in leafy reference materials was suspected to be derived from soil contamination, potentially also increasing Al and Fe concentrations. Recovery of Al was highly dependant on sample material and digestion method. The closed-tube method uses smaller masses, less reagent, lower digest temperatures and takes less time to complete digestion than existing methods.
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Enzymatic- gravimetric method was used to obtain three fractions of dietary from defatted rice bran. The functional and physiological properties such as viscosity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI), cholesterol and bile salt adsorption capacity of the resultant fractions were evaluated. Insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) and soluble dietary fibre (SDF) when compared showed that SDF exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher viscosity (2.35 mPa.s), greater GDRI value (17.65 %) at 60 min and significantly lowered concentration of cholesterol at pH 7 (29.90 %, p < 0.05). However IDF showed the highest CEC and its adsorption capacity of bile salt was higher than SDF (18.20 % vs. 13.76 %; p < 0.05), while CEC and cholesterol absorption capacity of TDF were similar to SDF. These properties indicate that rice bran soluble, insoluble and total fibres are functional ingredients which can be added to various food products and dietetic, low-calorie high-fiber foods to enhance their nutraceutical properties and health benefits.
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The information about nutritional composition of potatoes at both the ingredient and recipe levels in the Food Composition Data Base (FCDB) of Latvia is insufficient. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the nutritional composition and energy content of potatoes prepared by traditional cooking methods before and after storage. Five Latvian potato varieties were selected: Lenora, Brasla, Imanta, Zile and Madara. A two-year research was conducted during two periods: just after harvesting (2007, 2008) and after six months of storage (2008, 2009). The following cooking methods were used: shallow frying (150 ± 5 °C); deep-fat frying (180 ± 5 °C) and roasting (210 ± 5 °C). The weight of the potatoes was recorded before and after frying along with the time and temperature during frying. Chemical analyses were performed to determine the content of reducing sugars, starch, fructose, glucose, sucrose, fibre, fat, protein, moisture, vitamin C and amino acids. The content of the analyzed nutrients differed significantly between both potato varieties and applied cooking methods: differences between potato varieties and cooking methods were found for vitamin C, moisture, reducing sugars, fructose, glucose, sucrose, amino acids, essential amino acids, and energy content, whereas significant differences in starch, fibre, fat and protein content were found between cooking methods.
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A six-day experiment was conducted to estimate the relative bioavailability values (RBV) of zinc (Zn) in three organic sources (oZn) with different chelation strengths compared to inorganic ZnSO4 (iZn) for broilers fed a low or high phytate diet. A total of 1080, one-d-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to one of 18 dietary treatments (six replicates cages of ten chicks per cage) in a completely randomized design involving a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with two levels of added phytate (0 or 10 g phytate as sodium phytate/kg), two levels of added Zn (30 or 60 mg/kg) and four Zn sources (iZn and three oZn sources) plus one low and one high phytate control treatments without Zn addition. The three oZn sources consisted of (1) Zn amino acid with weak chelation strength (ZnAA-L, formation quotient Qf = 6.6, containing 119 g Zn/kg), (2) Zn proteinate with moderate chelation strength (ZnPRO-M, Qf = 30.7, containing 133 g Zn/kg) or (3) Zn proteinate with strong chelation strength (ZnPRO-H, Qf = 944.0, containing 186 g Zn/kg). Chicks were harvested at 6 days of age and pancreas metallothionein (MT) mRNA expression was used to estimate Zn RBV. Pancreas MT mRNA expression increased (P<0.01) as dietary Zn level increased. Chicks fed high phytate diets had lower (P<0.05) MT mRNA expression than chicks fed low phytate diets. Based on multiple linear regression slope ratios with ZnSO4 set at 1.00, the RBV of ZnAA-L, ZnPRO-M and ZnPRO-H were 1.01, 1.28 and 0.70, respectively, for low phytate diets, and 1.05, 1.39 and 0.92, respectively, for high phytate diets. The slope for the oZn source with moderate chelation strength differed (P<0.05) from iZn and the other two oZn sources. The RBV of ZnAA-L, ZnPRO-M and ZnPRO-H under the high phytate diet increased by 0.04, 0.11 and 0.22, respectively, compared to those under the low phytate diet. Results indicate that the oZn sources with moderate or strong chelation strength offer partial or complete resistance to interference from high dietary phytate during digestion; and the oZn with moderate chelation strength had a greater RBV with both low and high phytate diets than iZn or oZn sources with weak or strong chelation strength.
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The cholesterol-lowering and hypoglycemic effect of dietary fiber are commonly attributed to soluble fiber fractions. By enzymatic treatment of potato pulp, which is rich in cellulose and pectin, we prepared 3 fractions with different chemical composition and solubility, and compared their effects with commercially available crystalline cellulose (negative control) on central parameters related to risk factors of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in diabetic prone Goto-Kakizaki rats. Forty male rats were fed a semisynthetic Western-type diet containing 5% dietary fiber in the form of concentrated potato fiber (CF), insoluble potato fiber (IF), soluble fiber (SF), or cellulose (CEL) ad libitum for 4.5 weeks to study weight change and induce diabetic conditions. This was followed by 16 days of slightly restricted feeding, for the measurement of fecal organic matter digestibility, fecal dry matter, urinary glucose excretion, and fasting blood glucose. Finally, the rats were euthanized 2 hours postprandial for measurement of postprandial glucose, triacylglycerol and cholesterol levels, and cecal fermentation pattern to assess any relation between digestion processes and hematological risk markers. Diet SF had higher fecal organic matter digestibility and led to a significantly larger pool of organic acids with a higher proportion of propionate than the other diets. There was no difference in hematological parameters except for a small but significant reduction in postprandial plasma triacylglycerol concentration of rats fed diet SF compared to diet CEL and diet CF. In conclusion, increased fermentation and production of propionate with diet SF did not reduce plasma cholesterol or glycemic response.
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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of enrichment of oxidised starches with mineral compounds on their physicochemical properties and capability for free radical generation. Potato and spelt wheat starches were oxidised with sodium hypochlorite and, afterwards, modified with ions of potassium, magnesium and iron. The modified starches were analysed for: content of mineral elements, colour parameters (L*a*b*), water binding capacity solubility in water at temperature of 50 and 80°C, and susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis with α-amylase. In addition, thermodynamic characteristics of gelatinisation was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the number and character of thermally generated free radicals was assayed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Based on the results achieved, it was concluded that the quantity of incorporated minerals and changes in the assayed physicochemical parameters depended not only on the botanical type of starch but also on the type of the incorporated mineral element.
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Phytate and mineral cations are both considered as important dietary factors for inhibiting the crystallisation of calcium oxalate kidney stones in susceptible individuals. In this paper, the phytate and mineral composition of whole bran cereals (wheat, barley and oat) and legumes were determined together with their soluble and insoluble oxalate concentrations in order to investigate the effects on oxalate solubility. The oat bran sample had the highest soluble oxalate concentration at 79±1.3mg/100g, while total and soluble oxalate concentrations in the food samples studied range from 33 to 199mg/100g and 14 to 79mg/100g, respectively. The phytate concentration was in the range from 227 to 4393mg/100g and the concentrations of cations were in the range 54-70mg/100g for calcium, 75-398mg/100g for magnesium, 244-1529mg/100g for potassium and 4-11mg/100g for iron. Soluble oxalate concentration did not increase in proportion to total oxalate, and the phytate concentration in all foods was sufficient to contribute to an increase in soluble oxalate concentration by binding calcium.
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Cereal grains produced in southern Brazil and collected in production trials carried out in 1996 were evaluated as to total fiber (TF), insoluble fiber (IF) and soluble fiber (SF) contents by the enzymatic–gravimetric method of (Prosky et al., J. Assoc. Anal. Chem. Int. 75 (1992) 360). Wheat (BR 23, CEP 24, EMBRAPA 16, EMBRAPA 48 and EMBRAPA 49), triticale (BR 4, EMBRAPA 17 and EMBRAPA 18), barley (BR 2, EMBRAPA 43 and PFC 9205), rye (BR 1), oats (UFRGS 14, UFRGS 15 and UFRGS 17), corn (BR 351 and BR 5202 Pampa) and sorghum (A 9904 and BR 300) cultivars were analyzed. Differences (P
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This chapter discusses the contribution of potato proteins, lipids, and minerals to the human diet. Potatoes are known as an excellent source of minerals. Potato tuber protein complement is of interest to the potato starch industry, because high quantities of proteins can be purified from the potato juice byproduct. Potato protein concentrates are traditionally prepared by precipitating the proteins with a combined acidic heat treatment (thermal coagulation) of the fruit juice. For the aforementioned reasons, potato protein concentrates have not been used in food applications. Efforts have been made, however, to understand some of their properties relevant in food products. The ability to form and stabilize foams is an important functional property of food proteins. Proteins are also used in many food products as emulsifiers and emulsion stabilizers. Potato protein has a high content of amino acids with hydrophobic functional groups, in particular, with branched (isoleucine, leucine, and valine) and aromatic (phenylalanine and tyrosine) side chains.
Article
The content of dietary fibre (DF) in raw and cooked potatoes was determined.Cooking resulted in a higher content of insoluble DF due to more material determined as cellulose and non-cellulosic glucose in cooked than in raw potatoes, while the level of soluble DF was less affected. The higher content of material determined as cellulose and non-cellulosic glucose probably reflected the presence of retrograded starch.Cooked potatoes showed approximately the same content of DF whether before or after cooking, boiled in water or steam boiled.For insoluble DF, gravimetry and gas-liquid chromatography/colorimetry gave the same amounts. For soluble DF, the latter method gave lower results.
Article
The aim of this work was determination of the relationship between the texture of potato crisps and starch, nitrogen compounds, non-starch polysaccharides and lignin content. Analyses of five different potato varieties—“Aster”, “Karlena”, “Ania”, “Saturna”, “Panda” harvested in 1996 and 1997, were conducted on potato tubers, before and after peeling, and the crisps produced. Crisps were characterised by proper colour, odour, flavour and texture. The most advantageous, as far as the texture was concerned, were the “Saturna” and “Panda” varieties, while the least successful were “Ania”. The texture of crisps depended on the content of starch in potato tubers and nitrogen substances and non-starch polysaccharides. Among non-starch polysaccharides, protopectins had the most important influence on crisp texture.
Article
Food composition data are important for estimating energy and nutrient intakes. The objectives of this study were, first, to evaluate the proximate and inorganic composition of foods eaten in northern Benin and second, to estimate the potentially inhibiting effect of phytate on iron and zinc bioavailability. Chemical analyses were performed in 23 samples of most frequently consumed foodstuffs collected from retailers in local markets. Proximate composition was analysed by routine methods. Inorganic constituents and phytate were analysed using ICP-AES and HPLC. Protein contents were in agreement with those in FAO food composition database. Fat and fibre were in general higher whereas carbohydrate and energy were lower. Differences were mainly due to analytical or calculation methods. The most important sources of iron and zinc in children's diets were maize, sorghum and millet. In these cereals, iron and zinc ranged from 2.6 to 8.4 and 2.2 to 3.4 mg/100 g, respectively. Phytate ranged from 104 to 503 mg/100 g. Phytate/iron and phytate/zinc molar ratios ranged from 1 to 11 and 3 to 22, respectively. They suggest poor iron and zinc bioavailability. Reducing phytate and polyphenol contents in order to improve iron and zinc bioavailability from the most frequently consumed cereal food needs to be studied.
Article
A field experiment was conducted for 3 consecutive years (2002–2004) on loamy sand on an organically managed farm near Osnabrück, Germany. Four replicates of four fertilizer treatments and a control were established annually in a split-plot design for two maincrop potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Agria and cv. Marlen). The application of fertilizers followed a soil test of available potassium at the onset of vegetation. Fertilizer treatments were deep litter cattle manure, potassium sulphate (40% K), potassium sulphate + horn grits (14% N) and horn grits, all supplying equivalent quantities of K (175–215 kg ha−1) and/or N (100–145 kg ha−1), respectively, and a control with no fertilization. Deep litter cattle manure was analysed for total N, K and other elements and – just as the other fertilizers – applied in spring just before ploughing. Soil content of NO3-N was determined from samples taken at defined growth stages of the potato crop. Furthermore, total and graded tuber yields, tuber concentration as well as uptake and concentration of N and K were assessed.
Article
Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber were determined in potatoes; total dietary fiber was expressed as the sum of the soluble and insoluble fiber. New and stored potatoes were purchased locally in lots of 100 lb each. The new potatoes were analyzed raw and boiled; the stored potatoes were analyzed raw, microwaved, and baked. In each treatment, the dietary fiber in the flesh, flesh plus skin, and skin was determined separately. The moisture content of the new potatoes was higher than that in the old potatoes with very little lost on boiling. The raw skin component of the stored potatoes was higher in moisture than all other samples, cooked or raw. In microwave cooking the moisture in both skin and flesh was mostly retained in contrast to skin in baked potatoes which retained only 49% moisture. In all the cooking treatments the apparent total dietary fiber increased. In the new potatoes the increase was mainly due to insoluble fiber but in the stored potatoes both soluble and insoluble dietary fiber increased. The skin contained considerably more total dietary fiber than the flesh, for example, 22.6% dry basis for the microwaved skin compared to 7.5% dry basis in the microwaved flesh. The ratio of the soluble to the insoluble fiber was highest in the flesh and lowest in the skin. There was no consistent change in the soluble/insoluble ratio due to cooking.
Article
The influence of environment and genetics on total phenolic content and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity (H-ORAC) of potato tubers was evaluated using 13 native Andean genotypes. Cultivars were grown at two highland locations in Peru: Huancayo and Huancani. Environmental conditions significantly affected the total phenolic contents and H-ORAC values in a cultivar-dependent manner. However, the potato genotype was the most determining factor of the observed variations. The effects of environment on individual phenolic compounds were also significant in terms of quantity, whereas the chemical profile remained stable across environmental conditions. To gain an insight into the observed antioxidant capacity of potato extracts, the individual and combined antioxidant effects of the main potato phenolic compounds were investigated. The ORAC values of reconstituted polyphenol mixtures reflecting the authentic phenolic composition of potato extracts were higher than expected from the summing of the ORAC values of individual phenolic compounds, indicating synergistic effects. The authentic potato extracts showed either a higher or a lower ORAC value than their reconstituted counterparts, suggesting positive or negative interactions with other compounds. Taken together, our results lead us to the following conclusions: (i) the hydrophilic antioxidant capacity observed in potato extracts is the result of various and complex interactions that could be attributed to phenolic compounds, to other non-identified molecules, and to synergistic as well as antagonistic effects between all these components and (ii) the high stability of the ranking of cultivars across environment in terms of phenolic content and antioxidant capacity indicates that the native Andean cultivars could be confidently used within breeding programs aiming at improving the health-promoting value of potato.
Article
In this study dry matter and starch were isolated from three potato cultivars (AC Stempede Russet, Russet Burbank and Karnico) grown at two locations (Fredericton and Benton) in New Brunswick, Canada. The chemical composition including total starch, dietary fibre, free glucose and protein content in potato dry matter and apparent amylose and total phosphorus content in potato starch were determined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the thermal properties of gelatinization and retrogradation of potato dry matter and starch. The pasting properties of potato dry matter and starch were investigated by rapid visco analyzer (RVA). The resistant starch measurement method was employed to evaluate the digestibility in vitro of native and gelatinized potato starch. Molecular characteristics including chain length and chain length distribution of potato starch were also analyzed using high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC). The analytical results suggest that differences in chemical composition and molecular chain length of potato starch may contribute to different functional properties of potato dry matter and starch of individual cultivars.
Article
With the objective of restoring the low zinc bioavailability of phytate-containing diets, cellulose was replaced by pectin, alginic acid, carrageenan, chitosan or raw potato starch (RS), in phytate-free and phytate-containing diets, and given to rats for 21 days. Feeding chitosan, alginic acid or RS (200 g/kg) as the dietary fiber polysaccharide lessened the deleterious effect of phytate, increasing zinc apparent absorption (excluding RS), femur zinc concentration and growth, compared to rats fed cellulose or fiber-free diets. Feeding pectin, alginic acid, chitosan or RS (200 g/kg) lowered cecal pH and increased cecal content weight. Chitosan, alginic acid and RS increased femur zinc concentration when fed to rats in phytate-containing diets, while RS was also effective in phytate-free diets. Therefore, chitosan and alginic acid might enhance zinc bioavailability through a different mechanism from that of RS. Feeding chitosan, alginic acid or raw potato starch lessens the inhibitory effect of phytic acid on zinc bioavailability.
Article
The phytate (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) contents of eight varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum) stored at 4°C for approximately 3 months ranged from 0.111% to 0.269% of dry weight. The phytate was distributed evenly throughout raw unpeeled russet potatoes. There were no significant differences in phytate content between raw russet potatoes and those which had been boiled, baked or microwaved until fully cooked. French fries, potato chips and dehydrated potato flakes contained 0.174%, 0.095% and 0.205% phytate, respectively, on a dry weight basis. Only phytate was detected in raw russet potatoes, but smaller amounts of inositol pentakisphosphate were also present in the fries, chips and flakes. Sufficient phytate is consumed in cooked potatoes in the United States to comprise a substantial portion of the daily intake of this multifaceted phytochemical.
Potato nutrition. Avaible at
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CIP. (2014). Potato nutrition. Avaible at. International Potato Center http://cipotato. org/potato/nutrition-3/ Accessed September 2014.
Human vitamin and mineral requirements Avaible at http://www. fao.org
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FAO/WHO. (2001). Human vitamin and mineral requirements. Avaible at http://www. fao.org/docrep/004/y2809e/ Accessed September 2014.
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Association of Official Analytical (AOAC). (1995). Official methods of analysis (16th ed.). Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International.
Encuesta Nacional de situaci on nutricional Instituto colombiano del bienestar familiar. Bogot a, Colombia
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ENSIN. (2005). Encuesta Nacional de situaci on nutricional Instituto colombiano del bienestar familiar. Bogot a, Colombia. Available at http://www.icbf.gov.co/portal/ page/portal/PortalICBF/NormatividadC/ENSIN1 Accessed September 2014.
Dietary reference intakes: Macronutrients
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USDA. (2002). Dietary reference intakes: Macronutrients. Available at http://www. ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/standards Accessed September 2014.