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Patriarchal Terrorism and Common Couple Violence: Two Forms of Violence Against Women
Journal of Marriage and Family
Abstract
This article argues that there are two distinct forms of couple violence taking place within families in the United States and other Western countries. A review of evidence from large-sample survey research and from qualitative and quantitative data gathered from women's shelters suggests that some families suffer from occasional outbursts of violence from either husbands or wives (common couple violence), while other families are terrorized by systematic male violence (patriarchal terrorism). It is argued that the distinction between common couple violence and patriarchal terrorism is important because it has implications for the implementation of public policy, the development of educational programs and intervention strategies, and the development of theories of interpersonal violence.
... Bidirectional IPV was recognized in Johnson's (1995) work identifying typologies of IPV, one of which (common couple violence) was characterized as minor acts of bidirectional IPV. Langhinrichsen-Rohling et al. (2012) were the first to systematically review the empirical literature on rates of unidirectional and bidirectional IPV. ...
... Any conflicts were resolved through a consensus review of the article and discussion. Screeners reviewed studies to ensure they met the following inclusion criteria: (a) Adults over the age of 18; (b) reported rates of bidirectional IPV or provided data that would allow for calculation of bidirectional IPV rates in the sample; (c) used dyadic data; (d) was a published study in a peerreviewed journal (e.g., not a conference presentation, poster, or dissertation); and (e) United States sample since definitions of bidirectional IPV (e.g., Holtzworth-Munroe & Meehan, 2004;Johnson, 1995) have been based on U.S. samples and there are country/cultural differences in opinions and definitions of IPV (Parsons et al., 2020;Zark & Satyen, 2022). ...
... Three studies (Beck et al., 2013a;Davidson & Beck, 2017;McKay et al., 2022) representing two distinct samples applied LCA to identify types of IPV among couples and to empirically test Johnson's (1995) IPV typologies. This method identified a group in each study defined as mutually coercive controlling. ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is often considered a unidirectional phenomenon even though historical debate has highlighted the prevalence of bidirectional IPV, where both partners in a couple use and experience IPV. Dyadic data, in which both partners report on IPV, is important because agreement in partner reports of IPV is low. This scoping review aimed to identify rates of bidirectional IPV and examined how different methods of reporting bidirectional IPV impacted rates in studies using dyadic data. Systematic database searches were conducted, and studies were reviewed for the following inclusion criteria: (a) adults over the age of 18; (b) reported rates of bidirectional IPV or provided data that would allow for calculation of bidirectional IPV in the sample; (c) used dyadic data; (d) was published in a peer-reviewed journal; and (e) a United States sample. Rates of bidirectional IPV varied significantly across the 34 studies with rates ranging from 10.0% to 96.6% (median = 35.0%). There was significant variability across studies in instrumentation, definition of bidirectional IPV, and type of sample, making cross-study comparison difficult. Most studies reported the presence of bidirectional IPV if either partner reported IPV use (i.e., perpetration) or experience (i.e., victimization), and if partners disagreed, the higher or positive score was used. Bidirectional IPV rates derived from this method ranged from 10% to 80% which may be an overrepresentation of bidirectional IPV. Further research is needed to inform the ideal method for defining bidirectional IPV, especially when partners do not agree in their reports of IPV.
... This type of conflict resolution technique is characterized by silence, withdrawing, and ignoring the partner's concerns, and the outcome is noted to be "loselose" (Tehrani and Yamini, 2020). Johnson (1995) identified two types of IPV; common couple violence (CCV) and intimate terrorism (IT). Whereas IT is used to control partners, CCV arises from poor conflict management that escalates to violence and is prevalent among both genders (Bartholomew et al., 2005;Johnson, 1995). ...
... Johnson (1995) identified two types of IPV; common couple violence (CCV) and intimate terrorism (IT). Whereas IT is used to control partners, CCV arises from poor conflict management that escalates to violence and is prevalent among both genders (Bartholomew et al., 2005;Johnson, 1995). Johnson and Ferraro (2000) identified that with the typologies identified by Holtzworth- Munroe and Stuart (1994), family-only offenders were likely to display CCV as the violence was primarily physical and the severity was low, whereas the "generally violent" and "dysphoric-borderline" groups displayed similarities to IT. ...
... Comparing findings from clinical and general populations may not be helpful or useful as the aggression being investigated may be the result of two different types of IPV that are conceptually distinct (Graham-Kevan & Archer, 2003). CCV is primarily found among community samples, whereas IT is mostly found in clinical samples (Bartholomew et al., 2015) and utilized predominantly by males (Johnson, 1995;Graham-Kevan & Archer, 2003). IT, more recently termed "coercive control" (Stark, 2009), is described as a tactic within a wider pattern of behavior, motivated by the desire to exert control over one's partner (Johnson & Ferraro, 2000). ...
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a global concern that has a large impact on both victims and society. Understanding factors that contribute to the perpetration of IPV can help prevent harm. Personality disorders are largely related to IPV perpetration according to recent research; however, there is a large amount of overlap between different personality disorders, and it has been suggested that personality traits may provide a clearer picture on the aspects of personality that result in IPV. Personality traits develop during childhood, and, despite being largely stable, can be modified through intervention. A systematic review was carried out by searching three large databases, examining personality traits from the Five-Factor Model, the prevailing personality model, and IPV perpetration. Eleven studies were included in the final analysis, largely from community samples. The results suggested that neuroticism demonstrates a significant relationship with the perpetration of IPV. There were some differences between community and forensic studies; however, these could be explained by exploring the different types of IPV in line with Johnson’s distinction between common couple violence and intimate terrorism. Intimate terrorism, which is more likely to be displayed by clinical samples, is less likely to be emotionally motivated and therefore may not be linked to neuroticism. Limitations to the method used in the review and the impact of these on the findings are discussed.
... Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most prevalent expression of violence against women (WHO, 2021). IPV is globally recognised as a type of gender-based violence, a serious public health concern, and a human rights issue, with at least one in three women experiencing it at some point in their lives (Chandan et The social-ecological model for understanding the nature of violence According to Johnson's (1995) typology of IPV, there is more than one type of IPV: e.g., 'patriarchal terrorism' or 'situational couple violence' (Johnson, 1995). However, this doctoral thesis focuses specifically on 'systemic' IPV against women, which refers to the fact that a lot of the time IPV is a long-term systemic and continuous abuse, which manifests as various strategic demonstrations of power and control by the perpetrator over the victim-survivor through manipulations: threats, intimidation, undermining, destroying of self-confidence, and making them increasingly dependent on their partner (WHO, 2019). ...
... Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most prevalent expression of violence against women (WHO, 2021). IPV is globally recognised as a type of gender-based violence, a serious public health concern, and a human rights issue, with at least one in three women experiencing it at some point in their lives (Chandan et The social-ecological model for understanding the nature of violence According to Johnson's (1995) typology of IPV, there is more than one type of IPV: e.g., 'patriarchal terrorism' or 'situational couple violence' (Johnson, 1995). However, this doctoral thesis focuses specifically on 'systemic' IPV against women, which refers to the fact that a lot of the time IPV is a long-term systemic and continuous abuse, which manifests as various strategic demonstrations of power and control by the perpetrator over the victim-survivor through manipulations: threats, intimidation, undermining, destroying of self-confidence, and making them increasingly dependent on their partner (WHO, 2019). ...
Background:
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most prevalent expression of violence against women, with at least one in three women experiencing it at some point in their lives. IPV is a type of gender-based violence which is a major global public health problem due to its high prevalence and profound impact on the health and well-being of not only individuals but also local and global communities. Survivors of IPV are at a higher risk of poor health outcomes compared to those who have not experienced IPV, and they are at least three times more likely to have mental health conditions. The public health approach to IPV by no means replaces the human rights and criminal justice responses to violence: instead, it highlights the complexity of the problem and complements them by offering additional understanding, perspectives, evidence, tools, and sources of collaboration.
Objectives:
The main objectives of this study are to assess the prevalence of IPV and mental health conditions among IPV survivors in Portugal and Lithuania; and to analyse and compare responses to the mental health needs of IPV survivors within the existing mental healthcare systems in both countries.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study employed a mixed-methods approach. Nationally representative data from two surveys was analysed: one survey conducted in Portugal (n=3849) and another in Lithuania (n=1001). Additionally, two online surveys were designed and conducted in both countries (n=92 and n=134): both quantitative and qualitative data were collected in these online surveys. Qualitative data was also collected through a total of 6 focus groups with mental health and social care professionals and 28 semi-structured interviews with IPV survivors, including those with disabilities. Statistical analysis included logistic regression models and was conducted using the R software. Qualitative data was analysed thematically with the aid of the MAXQDA software.
Results:
The study resulted in 6 scientific papers, two focusing on the situation in Portugal and four in Lithuania. Study findings highlight and confirm the importance of mental health support for IPV survivors’ recovery. The needed complex approaches include trauma- and violence-informed care, holistic, multi-disciplinary, and inter-sectoral efforts.
The study shows that the current profile, organisation, and provision of mental healthcare services in Portugal and Lithuania generally have significant gaps when it comes to addressing such a complex public mental health concern as IPV. Most of the studied mental healthcare services in these two countries are not equipped well enough to effectively and appropriately respond to the individual needs of IPV survivors. The only exception is the unique mental healthcare unit in the Portuguese region of Coimbra, which specialises in providing mental health support specifically to survivors and perpetrators of domestic violence, including IPV.
Apart from this one mental healthcare unit, which is unique not only in Portugal but also in Europe, many of the generic mental healthcare services and professionals in both countries often demonstrate a lack of recognition that IPV is a public mental health concern: it is regularly perceived as more of a “social problem”, which is then not necessarily recognised as being relevant to the provision of mental healthcare services. Generally, a lack of effective interventions has been observed. Trauma- and violence-informed care approaches are often missing, and both countries would benefit from a better inclusion of IPV survivors with lived experiences of mental health conditions into the related policy and practice planning and implementation.
Conclusions:
Further quantitative and qualitative research is needed to explore the specificities of the utilisation of mental healthcare services by IPV survivors, as well as determine what interventions might be the most effective for this population, in different geographical and cultural contexts. Implications for the public health policy and practice include the need for mainstreaming of IPV-related knowledge and skills among professionals in mental healthcare services; elimination of both the mental health and IPV stigma and victim-blaming attitudes in society; ensuring multi-disciplinary and inter-sectoral working models between the mental healthcare sector, social care services, law enforcement, judiciary, and other relevant stakeholders.
... In this model, "patriarchal terrorism" is a product of the social tradition where men feel entitled to control women through violence, subordination, and isolation. It is worth noting that conflicts that arise between partners in a couple are often framed within a patriarchal context, even when they do not lead to violence (24). ...
... According to a psychodynamic perspective, in the case of Mr. N., sexual violence represents a way of asserting power, aimed to stabilize fragile intrapsychic dynamics; it is therefore a selfregulation mechanism related to narcissistic impulses (23). The fact that the victim is the perpetrator's sister confirms the need to reestablish patriarchal hierarchies within the family (24). ...
Cultural biases and integration in novel socio-geographic contexts are relevant factors for the understanding of dynamics beneath sexual violence, and possibly play a role in modifying responsibility and perpetrators treatment. Here we offer a conceptual analysis of the relevant literature and two case study. Cultural factors influence power dynamics and individual values, impacting the occurrence of sexual violence; the understanding of “coercion” varies across cultures, and cultural legitimization may ensue. The consequences of sexual assault also differ, with shame prevailing in socio-centric societies and guilt in ego-centric societies. Rape and gender-based violence is influenced by masculinity and femininity concepts, the former identified with power. Dominance, rather than sexual gratification, can lead to sexual violence, which could also be a “male backlash” against gender equality. Biological theories link sexual violence to genetic factors; a psychodynamic perspective suggests an unconscious social reproduction of masculine culture and delves into possible explanations for violent behavior. Acculturation strategies and acculturative stress are explored, with a focus on Berry’s strategies and on Camilleri’s model of identity in intercultural situations. The impact of cultural factors on responsibility is discussed, highlighting variability in criminal laws and attitudes towards cultural offenses in different countries. The analysis of two criminal cases accused of rape, revealed common and diverging elements. Both individuals come from favorable socio-economic backgrounds, and lacked of prior or present psychiatric diagnoses. Integration difficulties, psychosexual attitudes, and the improper application of cultural codes played a crucial role. In conclusion, anthropological and ethnopsychiatric knowledge should be integrate into forensic assessments. Early detection of non-acculturation elements is need to prevent criminal behaviors, and a diagnostic instrument as a validated rating scale should be implemented.
... All three rounds of NFHS cover information on child and maternal health, socioeconomic characteristics, family welfare, women's work, husband's characteristics, and domestic violence, including IPV (IIPS & ICF, 2007, 2017. The primary sample includes women aged 15-49 and men aged 15-54. ...
... Urban environments often lead to increased stress from overcrowding, competition for resources, and financial pressures (Dhamija et al., 2023;Jewkes, 2002), which can exacerbate household conflicts and increase the risk of IPV. In contrast, closely knit rural settings may act as buffers against PIPV due to the existence of stronger social networks and traditional norms among rural communities (Eswaran & Malhotra, 2011) We also find that the women who use contraception are at greater odds of facing PIPV than their counterparts, and the strength of this association increases with time (AOR, 1.14, 95% CI, The patriarchal structure of Indian society normalizes male dominance within households, enabling men to systematically exert control over women in various ways to maintain their authority (Dobash & Dobash, 1988;Johnson, 2017), which may trigger the perpetration of IPV (Kanougiya et al., 2021). Our results also show a positive association between husbands' display of controlling behavior and women's exposure to PIPV (AOR, 3.18, 95% CI, 2.86-3.53 in 2005-06;AOR, 3.01, 95% CI, 2.76-3.28 in 2015-16;AOR, 3.54, 95% CI, 3.21-3.90 in 2019-21). ...
Physical intimate partner violence (PIPV) is the most pervasive form of violence against a woman. It has adverse medical, emotional, and economic consequences for the victims and their children. Despite the enactment of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA) in 2005, substantial economic growth, and rising female education levels in India, the prevalence of PIPV has been hovering around 22 percent for the past 15 years. We use descriptive analysis, logistic regression, and decomposition analysis to analyze three rounds of the National Family Health Survey (2005–06, 2015–16, and 2019–21) and identify a set of “pull” and “push” factors that seem to be associated with the stagnation of PIPV. Declining women's excess fertility and husbands' alcohol consumption are associated with a reduction in the prevalence of PIPV. Conversely, an increase in women’s use of contraception appears to be linked with a rise in PIPV prevalence. Our findings suggest that while fewer children may reduce economic pressures and lower PIPV, increasing contraception use may disrupt traditional gender roles, potentially leading to heightened conflict as women assert greater control over reproductive decisions. These findings underscore the importance of complementing family planning initiatives with efforts to raise awareness about equitable decision-making within households and addressing patriarchal resistance to women’s reproductive autonomy.
... Manfaat lainnya adalah agar tumbuhnya rasa kasih saying di kalangan para santri sehingga hadir rasa saling cinta kasih dalam kehidupan berasrama. Bentuk kekerasan juga dapat diklasifikasi dalam bentuk kekerasan struktural dan kekerasan kultural (Johnson, 2017;Kango, 2009). Menurut Prof. Dr. Suadi, kekerasan kultural ini yang sifatnya lebih berbahaya karena biasanya "didukung" secara berjamaah oleh masyarakat. ...
Pesantren (Islamic boarding school) is one of Indonesia's formal educational institutions with a boarding system. The full-day learning process at Pesantren carries the potential for both physical and verbal violence. The team of the Community Service (PkM) initiated an activity with the theme ‘Strengthening Violence and Peace Literacy for the Santri Organisation Management in Lhokseumawe City.’ This activity aims to optimize violence and peace literacy among Islamic boarding school students. Some agendas are: 1) technical guidance on strengthening literacy; 2) implementation of interactive reading activities; and 3) the formation of discussion groups to examine issues of violence and peace. Ulumuddin Islamic Boarding School, Lhokseumawe, carried out this activity. The activity results showed an increase in the understanding of the santri regarding violence and peace literacy because the material presented included an introduction to the concept of violence, how to resolve conflicts peacefully, and the importance of building peace. Previously, damaging behavior in the form of violence was considered normal by some students. This will have an impact on the normalization of violence in the classroom environment. Providing problem-solving practices through peaceful means helps students understand the mechanism for resolving simple cases among themselves. The hope is that the santri will become effective agents of peace in the pesantren and society.
... However, the effectiveness of legal remedies continues to be undermined by variations in court interpretation as well as delays in the procedural processing of cases. 5 ...
Domestic violence against women continues to be one of the most widespread breaches of human rights across the world, and individuals of any age, race, or socioeconomic class are susceptible to experiencing it. Within the scope of this article, the subject is investigated from both a sociological and a legal standpoint in order to provide a comprehensive knowledge of its origins, manifestations, and ramifications. The social structures, cultural norms, and gender dynamics that contribute to the normalization and persistence of violence within household contexts are investigated in this study. Concurrently, the study investigates the efficacy of the legislative frameworks that are currently in place in India, such as the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, in tackling the problem. Even while there are laws that are progressive, there is still a gap between legislation and enforcement, which continues to make it difficult for victims to receive justice. In addition, the report delves into the role that law enforcement agencies, the judicial system, and civil society play in preventing domestic violence and providing assistance to those who have survived it. In this study, the author underlines the necessity for a holistic strategy to preventing domestic violence against women and assuring their safety, dignity, and empowerment. This is accomplished by merging socio-cultural insights with legal analysis.
... The World Health Organization identifies violence against women as a global health challenge and a violation of human rights, impacting gender equality [7]. Consistent with previous research and systematic reviews of the literature, women are at greater risk for particularly severe forms of violence, such as sexual violence and domestic violence, both of which carry a high risk of recurrence [1,37,38]. Violence in close relationships is a significant risk factor for adverse health outcomes [1,4,39]. Additionally, intimate partner violence (IPV) is more prevalent in low-and middle-income regions compared to higher-income areas [7]. ...
Background
Repeated prevalence studies are necessary to monitor the government's progress toward preventing community violence over time. This study aims to identify possible changes in self-reported physical violence, forcible rape, and physical partner violence in the Norwegian general population between 2013 and 2022.
Methods
The 2022 and 2013 studies employed a cross-sectional design, utilizing identical sampling procedures and measures in 2022. Participants aged 18–74, including males and females, were randomly selected from the Norwegian National Population Registry. Data were collected through phone interviews. The response rate in 2022 was 25.3% of those who answered the phone and 42.9% in 2013. The total number of respondents was 4,295 in 2022 and 4,527 in 2013.
Results
Confidence intervals from bootstrapped analyses were used to evaluate crude differences in prevalence estimates between 2013 and 2022 for women and men separately. Among women, the lifetime prevalence of self-reported forcible rape increased from 9.4% in 2013 to 14.4% in 2022 (∆prevalence = 5.0%, 95% CI 3.1–6.8); severe physical violence in adulthood increased from 22.5% to 29.4% (∆prevalence = 6.9%, 95% CI 4.4–9.5); and physical partner violence in adulthood increased from 9.2% to 11.2% (∆prevalence = 2.0%, 95% CI 0.7–3.4). There were no statistically significant changes in self-reported forcible rape, physical violence, and physical partner violence among men between 2013 and 2022. Logistic regression analyses (adjusted for gender, age, education, financial situation, and marital status) corroborated these findings showing overall increased odds of self-reported forcible rape (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.42–2.04), severe physical partner violence (aOR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.09–1.58) and severe physical violence (aOR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.14–1.37) in the 2022 survey compared to the 2013 survey.
Conclusions
Forcible rape, physical violence, and physical partner violence were highly prevalent in 2022 and remain significant challenges in Norway. The reported exposure to all three severe violence forms increased among females between 2013 and 2022. These findings call for immediate action and underscore the need for continued governmental efforts toward preventing violence. Given the high prevalence, these efforts should be targeted towards the general population.
... Multiple theories within social work have been employed to study domestic violence throughout successive years. According to the system framework domestic violence emerges as a numerous problem which integrates societal behavioral patterns with household structures and community influences (Johnson, 2017). According to this model the root causes of abuse exist at a systemic level including gender power disparities (Baird & McPherson, 2020). ...
The occurrence of domestic violence presents itself as a worldwide problem that damages women's mental health immensely. Given the pervasive nature of domestic violence, its psychological consequences, and the central role social work plays in supporting survivors, the paper evaluates various theoretical approaches and models utilized by social workers. Social work theories together with models represent essential tools for analysing domestic violence complexities as well as mental well-being consequences for women. This article examines how social work ideas and models intersect with women's mental health and domestic abuse, emphasizing the vital role social workers play in helping victims develop resilience. Assessing how these ideas can be used to enhance women's mental health outcomes in the context of domestic abuse is the main goal of this study. This study analysed case studies, current literature, and theoretical applications in social work using a qualitative design and a thorough desktop research technique. Data collection is focused on peer-reviewed journals, books, and credible online resources that address both domestic violence and women's mental health. Ethical considerations are prioritised by ensuring confidentiality, recognizing the sensitivity of the subject matter, and prioritizing the autonomy and agency of participants in the reviewed studies. The findings of the study reveal a clearer understanding of effective social work interventions tailored to address the complexities of domestic violence, ultimately aiming to inform best practices and policy development and challenges that social workers face in applying the theories.
... Las otras dos formas de violencia, sostiene, se explican mejor con enfoques más clínicos, psicológicos o incluso psicosociales. Fundamental en esta cuestión es que, de acuerdo al autor, las encuestas captan la resistencia violenta y la violencia situacional de pareja, mientras que el terrorismo íntimo (o sea, la violencia propiamente patriarcal), por su severidad, se aprecia más en las estadísticas de los refugios o policiales (53,54) . El enfoque de Johnson permite mirar más allá de las determinaciones estructurales y enfocarse sobre el tipo de vínculo que se establece. ...
El objetivo de este artículo es explorar las teorías sociológicas existentes sobre la violencia entre parejas de la diversidad sexual para generar un marco explicativo e identificar los desafíos que enfrenta esta teorización en estas poblaciones. Tomamos como referencia el enfoque feminista y el enfoque de la violencia familiar vinculada a la violencia entre parejas heterosexuales, para analizar críticamente desde allí las nuevas teorizaciones que se han propuesto como marco explicativo de la violencia en parejas sexo diversas, particularmente, el feminismo posestructural y las teorías queer. Se observa que hay un creciente desarrollo de marcos teóricos e investigaciones empíricas enfocadas específicamente a explicar la violencia entre parejas LGBTIQ+. El artículo reflexiona sobre los elementos sociológico-feministas fundamentales que se deberían incorporar en las propuestas teóricas para explicar la violencia de parejas no heterosexuales y sobre algunos desafíos pendientes de resolver.
... There have been many such studies demonstrating crossnational differences for female victims (e.g., Heise et al., 1999), and these findings point to the need to understand the context-specific experience of IPV victims (Grubb & Muftić, 2018). Furthermore, the cross-sample differences found between the self-identified male victim samples and those from the Prolific male victim sample point to the need for further exploration cross-nationally around types of IPV experienced within different sample groups (e.g., see Johnson's 1995 and2008 typology). These findings call for further research and practice that examines and treats IPV as a complex phenomenon where men should be understood not only as perpetrators of IPV but also as victims. ...
There is a lack of research on men’s engagement in intimate partner violence (IPV) in the international context. This study compared the rates of IPV victimization and perpetration in two samples of men recruited from four English-speaking regions: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom/Ireland, Australia, and Aotearoa/New Zealand: (a) male victims recruited though the platform Prolific ( n = 1380) and (b) self-identified male victims recruited via community advertisements ( n = 594). The self-identified male victim sample reported significantly higher rates of both perpetration and victimization compared to the Prolific sample of men who experienced at least one type of IPV; the prevalence rates of victimization in the self-identified victim sample ranged from 50.0% (sexual IPV) to 96.1% (physical IPV), and perpetration rates ranged from 21.1% (sexual IPV) to 54.0% (physical IPV). Regardless of the sample type, U.S. participants reported perpetrating and experiencing significantly more IPV than men from other countries, although there are some caveats. These findings emphasize the serious issue of men’s involvement in IPV as victims and highlight the importance of culture in understanding IPV.
... Due to the high prevalence of IPV victimization and low prevalence of IPV perpetration in the current sample, there was limited variation in some of the scales, particularly those measuring IPV perpetration (see Appendix A for the distributions). This concurs with Johnson (2006), who noted that samples from help services such as domestic violence shelters or the police have a higher likelihood of including participants who have experienced the Coercive Controlling Violence type from Johnson's typology, which often involves more severe violence and less frequently involves bidirectional violence (Johnson, 1995;Kelly & Johnson, 2008). Cronbach's alpha for the chronicity scales ranged from .038 to .965 and are presented in Appendix B. Several of the subscales measuring IPV perpetration and the subscale for minor psychological aggression victimization had Cronbach's α < .600. ...
Mandatory reporting of intimate partner violence (MR-IPV) is a controversial topic. This study examined the practice of MR-IPV by investigating what factors were associated with MR-IPV experience among victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). The study also investigated the experiences of IPV victims who have experienced MR-IPV, to better understand the consequences of MR-IPV. Eighty-six IPV victims were recruited through help services and administered a questionnaire about their experiences with IPV and MR-IPV. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore statistical predictors of having experienced MR-IPV. Candidate predictors included IPV characteristics and risk factors, sociodemographic/contextual variables, and contact with the help services. IPV severity and persistence were of particular interest, as these define the threshold for whether MR-IPV applies in Norwegian law. IPV victims with MR-IPV experience were asked questions about the experienced consequences of MR-IPV. Neither characteristics of the IPV victimization, risk factors, sociodemographic variables nor contact with the help services were predictive of MR-IPV experience. However, having perpetrated severe psychological aggression was predictive of MR-IPV experience (OR = 4.99). Participants with MR-IPV experience ( n = 39) reported both positive and negative consequences of MR-IPV, but generally more positive consequences for themselves. A majority agreed that, overall, they were better off after MR-IPV was used. Our results indicate that the Norwegian MR-IPV law might not be practiced as intended. The consequences of MR-IPV for IPV victims appear complex and warrant further study. However, overall, the use of MR-IPV led to positive reported consequences for the majority of the participants in this study.
... Negative emotion most often motivated psychological and physical IPV, whereas a desire to control the partner more often motivated coercive control, demonstrating congruency in internal motivational states and IPV behaviors (Dutton & Goodman, 2005;Stairmand et al., 2020). Together with our findings regarding IPV contexts, these observed motives suggest that SGM-AFAB young adults experience different typologies of IPV, including situational couple aggression motivated by negative affect during conflicts, and intimate terrorism motivated by an effort to control the partner, often in the context of stigma against that partner's lower-status identity (Johnson, 1995). ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV), including physical violence, psychological aggression, and coercive control, is highly prevalent among sexual and gender minority young adults assigned female at birth (SGM-AFAB). However, we know little about the contexts in which IPV occurs (e.g., the overall tenor of the relationship in which IPV occurred and immediate precursors to IPV incidents) or the motives behind acts of IPV. Aiming to address these gaps in the literature, in 2019, we conducted semistructured interviews with 39 SGM-AFAB young adults with histories of severe IPV victimization and/or perpetration. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed that IPV commonly occurred in relationships characterized by power differentials, stigma against sexual or gender minorities, infidelity, and unhealthy couple dynamics. Conflict was the most common situational context, followed by perceived or real infidelity; IPV was also triggered during technology-based communication, substance use, and breakups. IPV motives varied, including expression of negative emotions, desire to control the partner, jealousy, and self-defense. Relational and situational contexts and motives behind IPV varied by IPV type but not direction. The results highlight the importance of considering context and motivations when seeking to understand SGM-AFAB people’s IPV experiences. The findings also suggest that IPV prevention and treatment efforts should include individual and dyadic interventions to improve the regulation of negative emotion, awareness of power dynamics, and conflict management among SGM-AFAB and their partners, as well as policy efforts to reduce stigma against sexual and gender minority people.
... These phenomena and dynamics of violence undoubtedly describe mainly situational violence, rather than intimate terrorism. This typology of IPV was introduced by Johnson (1995). Intimate terrorism refers mainly to unidirectional violence, while situational violence is more bidirectional and seems to concern more emerging adults (Giordano et al., 2015(Giordano et al., , 2016. ...
This study sought to identify classes of intimate partner violence (IPV) among emerging adults reporting both victimization and perpetration, as well as the co-occurrence of multiple forms of violence (i.e., psychological, physical, and sexual) and the association of psychosocial vulnerability factors (i.e., parental attachment, childhood abuse, dysfunctional attitudes, sociotropy-autonomy, self-esteem, and problem solving). A total of 363 French emerging adults aged 18 to 30 years (mean age = 24.73; 88.7% women) responded to self-report questionnaires at 12-month intervals. A latent class analysis identified five classes: low IPV (37.7%), poly IPV (7.5%), psychological and sexual IPV (8.9%), psychological and physical IPV (6.5%), and psychological IPV (39.4%). The classes were compared with logistic multinomial regressions, with the low IPV class as a reference. The results revealed that a history of IPV (12 months before) was the most predictive factor of IPV classes. Significant psychosocial vulnerability factors included social problem solving for poly IPV and psychological IPV, attraction to loneliness (dimension of autonomy) for psychological and sexual IPV, high self-esteem for poly IPV, and a secure attachment to the mother for psychological IPV and for psychological and physical IPV. Childhood abuse was not associated with the different classes. Implications for research and prevention programs will be discussed. This includes efforts to empirically integrate life skills with established psychosocial factors, and working on representations of IPV by framing conflicts as interactive interactions, to further improve intervention strategies.
... Zorlayıcı kontrol, fiziksel yaralanma gibi "görünür" zararlara neden olan şiddetin aksine süregiden ve daha az görünür olan bir güç ilişkisi dinamiği olarak tanımlanabilir. Stark (2009) Johnson (1995), zorlayıcı kontrolün ve partnerin hayatını yönetme isteğinin şiddetin farklı biçimlerini birbirinden ayrıştırabildiğini ifade etmiştir. Johnson'a göre (1995Johnson'a göre ( , 2006Johnson'a göre ( , 2011 yakın partner şiddetinde yakın (ataerkil) terörizm (intimate terrorism) olarak isimlendirdiği bir örüntü ortaya çıkmakta, bu örüntü büyük çoğunlukla erkek partnerin kadını kontrol etmek ve üzerinde tahakküm kurmak için fiziksel zorlama ya da yalnızlaştırma, duygusal istismar, tehdit gibi baskıcı yöntemleri sistematik ve zamanla artan biçimde kullandığı bir ilişkilenme biçimine işaret etmektedir. ...
Zorlayıcı kontrol tehdit, yalnızlaştırma ve kontrol unsurlarını içeren, partnerin özerkliğini, bağımsız karar alabilme alanını ve öznelliğini hedef alan bir ilişkisel örüntü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu örüntüye fiziksel ve cinsel şiddet de eşlik edebilmektedir. Bu derleme, 18-30 yaş arasındaki gençlerin flört ilişkilerinde zorlayıcı kontrolün dinamiklerini ve ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerini anlamayı hedeflemiştir. Araştırmalar flört ilişkilerinde zorlayıcı kontrolün şu temel özelliklerini ortaya koymuştur: a) sosyal ilişkiler ve karşı cinsle iletişimi sınırlama, b) giyim-dış görünüşü kontrol etme, c) dijital gözetim ve takip, d) cinsellikle ilgili kararlarda baskı ve e) aileye söyleme tehdidi. Heteroseksüel ilişkilerde genç kadınların zorlayıcı kontrole daha fazla maruz kaldığı, kontrolcü davranışların ataerkil ve namusa dayalı kültürel normlar nedeniyle normalleştirildiği görülmektedir. Bu deneyimin travma sonrası stres ve depresyon gibi belirtiler, özerkliğin kaybı, kimlik aşınması gibi olumsuz sonuçlarla ilişkili olduğu bildirilmiştir. Bulgular ışığında kadına yönelik şiddet alanında önleyici ve klinik uygulamalar için güçlendirme perspektifiyle öneriler geliştirilmiş, sonraki araştırmalar için öneriler paylaşılmıştır.
... In sostanza, si riferisce a qualsiasi comportamento dannoso che privi la vittima della propria dignità, libertà personale e dell'esercizio effettivo dei propri diritti. Le vittime possono essere donne o uomini; nella stragrande maggioranza dei casi, tuttavia, sono le donne a esserne colpite (Johnson, 1995(Johnson, & 2008Johnson & Ferraro, 2000;Vlachovà & Biason, 2004;Canu, 2008;Garcia-Moreno et al., 2012;Johnson et al. 2014;Akhtar, 2016;Bonewit & De Santis, 2016;Pecorella andFarina 2018, Zara &Gino 2018; vedi anche EU Agency of Fundamental Rights [FRA], 2014;EIGE, 2019). Questa tipologia di abuso è ampiamente riconosciuta come la più diffusa forma di violenza contro le donne in tutto il mondo, con alcuni contesti sociali, culturali e politici, in cui questa è talmente radicata da essere considerata come "comprensibile o meritata" e, dunque, "meno ingiusta e più ammissibile" (Gracia, 2014), in qualche modo quasi "normale" (Meyersfeld, 2008). ...
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a serious and widespread criminal phenomenon that disproportionately affects women. It is recognised as a major form of violence against them. IPV manifests through coercive and violent behaviors perpetrated in a continuous and interconnected manner within an intimate relationship, forming a difficult-to-combat and prosecute pattern of abuse. While an adequate and evolving legal framework exists, implementing effective law enforcement strategies remains challenging.
This working paper presents the results of a two-year research project on the judicial response to IPV cases, specifi- cally focusing on the role of the prosecution service. The case study, conducted in a specific local jurisdiction, allowed for an in-depth examination of an innovative approach. This included exploring organisational dynamics, service delivery methods, coordination mechanisms between judicial offices, and the connection between these offices and other actors in the territory involved in victim support.
This comprehensive approach went beyond simply verifying formal compliance with the existing legal system. It brought to light novel elements for critical reflection on the actual ability of victims to exercise their guaranteed rights and access justice. The research has also provided insights to advance the field by shedding light on systemic factors af- fecting victims' choices, such as enduring abuse or seeking emancipation from violence.
... Esetünkben ugyanis egy Magyarország lakosságára nézve reprezentatív minta került kialakításra, amelybe feltételezésünk szerint több féle erőszaktípus áldozatai is bekerülhettek. A kapcsolati erőszaknak ugyais több formája van, ezek közül érdemes kiemelni az intim terrorizmust (vagy más néven szisztematikus párkapcsolati erőszakot) és a szituációs párkapcsolati erőszakot (Johnson, 1995;Johnson & Ferraro, 2000). Johnson 1995-ben vezette be az intim terrorizmus fogalmát, amit akkor még patriarchális terrorizmusnak nevezett. ...
Aim: The study aims to highlight methodological issues in estimating exposure to domestic violence (DV). It also aims to provide information on the reasons for underreporting DV cases. Methodology: The researchers rely on data available in the Unified Criminal Statistics of the Investigating Authority and the Prosecutor's Office to describe the number of victims of domestic violence. They also present some findings of a representative survey. Findings: Latency is high in cases of domestic violence. The difficulty in accurately estimating latency is that different data collection methods and different research questions reveal different levels of exposure. Police have a crucial role in the disclosure of DV. The main reason for under-reporting is the emotional state of the victims (including embarrassment and shame) who sometimes would like to keep the abuse a secret. Value: According to the study, different data collections and methodologies may give different estimations about the number of victims of DV. Information on the reasons for non-reporting can increase the efficiency of professionals, aiming at the prevention and response to domestic violence. In light of the results, especially the high proportion of male victims, further research questions can be identified.
Purpose
This study aimed to (a) characterize the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration; (b) delineate the prevalence and frequency of various types of violence suffered and perpetrated; (c) explore potential gender and sexual orientation differences in the prevalence and frequency of IPV perpetration and victimization; (d) analyze the most common pattern of IPV; and (e) investigate potential gender and sexual orientation differences in the different IPV patterns.
Methods
The study sample comprised 262 participants. The study was conducted online, and participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale.
Results
Bidirectional violence (BV) was the most common pattern of violence in the past year among college students. Psychological violence was the most prevalent type of violence experienced and perpetrated in the past year and across the lifetime in all subsamples analyzed. No gender or sexual orientation differences were found in overall IPV victimization and perpetration prevalence and frequency in the past year and across lifetime. However, men reported a higher prevalence of past year and lifetime sexual coercion perpetration than women, and heterosexual individuals exhibited higher prevalence rates of lifetime physical assaults.
Conclusions
The study’s findings further reinforce that BV is prevalent in intimate relationships, particularly among college students. Consequently, there is a need to create effective prevention and intervention programs to help diminish the high prevalence of this phenomenon.
This study explored the experiences of domestic violence victims and their reasons for not reporting abuse, using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data was collected from 15 respondents in three barangays of Pagadian City, where domestic violence is prevalent but often underreported. The research identified various forms of abuse, including physical, sexual, psychological, and economic, and analyzed factors such as age and family income, which influenced victims' responses. Findings revealed that fear of retaliation, shame, cultural barriers, and financial dependence were key reasons for non-reporting. The study recommends that the Local Government Unit (LGU) enhance public education on domestic violence, strengthen legal protections, and promote economic empowerment programs to support victims. Collaborations with faith-based, academe, and cultural organizations are also suggested to challenge harmful societal norms and foster a supportive environment for victims seeking help. Keywords: Domestic Violence, Physical, Sexual, Psychological, Emotional, & Economic.
Artykuł stanowi analizę wielostronnych relacji współczesnego kina popularnego i przemocy domowej wobec kobiet. Wychodząc od badań społecznych i ujęć socjologicznych (typologia przemocy domowej M. P. Johnsona, symetryzm i feminizm w badaniu zjawiska przemocy domowej), autorka poddaje krytycznej analizie dyskursywnej ekranowe wizerunki przemocy w filmach i serialach, w których zagadnienie to jest głównym tematem. Z perspektywy feministycznie zorientowanej narratologii filmowej opisuje kluczowe wytrychy fabularne, chwyty narracyjne oraz strategie identyfikacji (moralny obiektywizm, niewiarygodność narracyjna, odopowiedzenie). Autorka skupia się ponadto na kwestiach etyczno-odbiorczych: bada afektywny potencjał filmów o przemocy domowej oraz rekapituluje kontrowersje związane z recepcją filmu It Ends with Us. Przyjmując tezę, że w kinie hollywoodzkim przemoc domowa jest sprywatyzowana i pozbawiona krytyczno-systemowego opracowania (postświadomość według D. Shoos), autorka stara się opisać kontekst ideologiczno-produkcyjny tego impasu i przedstawić wyzwania stojące przed kinem jako instytucją o społecznej odpowiedzialności.
From a team of leading experts comes a comprehensive, multidisciplinary examination of the most current research including the complex issue of violence and violent behavior. The handbook examines a range of theoretical, policy, and research issues and provides a comprehensive overview of aggressive and violent behavior. The breadth of coverage is impressive, ranging from research on biological factors related to violence and behavior-genetics to research on terrrorism and the impact of violence in different cultures. The authors examine violence from international cross-cultural perspectives, with chapters that examine both quantitative and qualitative research. They also look at violence at multiple levels: individual, family, neighborhood, cultural, and across multiple perspectives and systems, including treatment, justice, education, and public health.
Recent family studies on anticyberbullying have increasingly recognized the multilevel effects of family dynamics. This study aims to summarize the key interactive approaches between family factors across different levels and offer guidance for future family‐focused anticyberbullying research. A systematic review was conducted on studies exploring the connection between family variables and adolescent cyberbullying perpetration. Articles published between 2012 and 2023 were retrieved from four databases (Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO and PubMed). Of the 48 reviewed studies, family variables were categorized into contextual and practical types based on how they affected adolescent cyberbullying. Parenting style, family conflict and parent–child attachment were identified as contextual family variables that provide an emotional family climate, which in turn influences the effects of specific anticyberbullying parenting practices. Other family variables, such as parental mediation, family communication, family rules and family relationships, were classified as practical family variables that directly affect adolescent cyberbullying. This study combined contextual family variables with practical family factors, providing an integrated framework of traditional family factors with cyberspace characteristics from three interactive approaches. This approach shows better stability and consistency of family effects on adolescent cyberbullying, providing a robust research framework for future studies.
Many theories have been applied to understanding varied experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, IPV‐related help‐seeking, and barriers to help‐seeking, including intersectionality theory to describe the influence of multiple systems of oppression on IPV victimization and help‐seeking. Although theorizing on IPV has historically focused on violence against women, more attention has been paid in recent years to men's IPV victimization and help‐seeking experiences. However, much of this literature is anti‐feminist and does not account for the impact of race and racism on men's experiences. Some researchers go as far as to blame feminism for the barriers that men face when seeking help and ignore the influence of White‐supremacist patriarchal systems on the men under study. The focus of this paper is Black men, as their IPV victimization experiences are rarely empirically accounted for, though they do experience IPV victimization. By applying intersectionality and hegemonic masculinities to this sparse body of literature, we aim to illuminate the conundrums Black men face when victimized and making help‐seeking decisions in the context of patriarchy and White supremacy.
There is evidence that psychosocial difficulties associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD) extend into online interactions. However, it is unknown whether this includes online interactions in the form of non-consensual sexting perpetration and victimization, and if so, which BPD symptoms are responsible, how these symptoms influence sexting, and the extent to which this influence differs by gender and sexuality. Therefore, a convenience sample of 951 adults (470 women; 481 men; 718 heterosexual/straight; 233 sexual minority), aged 18–46 years (M = 24.39, SD = 4.76), were asked to complete an online survey containing the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD) as well as measures of non-consensual sexting perpetration and victimization, sexting attitudes and perceived norms, sexting victimization-related distress, and psychological functioning. Chi-square tests revealed that women and sexual minority men are at higher risk of victimization, whereas men (irrespective of sexual orientation) are at higher risk of perpetration. Multigroup path analyses showed that interpersonal and behavioural symptoms of BPD were associated with increased exposure to victimization across all subgroups, and increased risk of sexting perpetration but only in women. Although positive attitudes and perceived norms about sexting did not mediate these associations, victimization-related distress mediated associations between interpersonal symptoms of BPD and impaired psychological functioning across all subgroups. These results suggest a role for interpersonal and, to a lesser extent, behavioural symptoms of BPD in increasing risk of exposure to and psychological sensitivity to non-consensual sexting victimization.
Domestic violence is a pervasive societal challenge with significant effects for student development and academic performance. This study investigates the impact of domestic violence on the academic performance of secondary school students in Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study specifically examines the prevalence and forms of domestic violence, its effects on academic outcomes, and the broader influence on students' educational achievements, while offering actionable recommendations to address the issue. The research employs a descriptive survey design, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods to gather data from a representative sample of secondary school students, teachers, and community stakeholders. Structured questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions were the primary tools used to collect data. The sample was selected using a multi-stage sampling technique to ensure diversity and inclusivity. Statistical analyses, including descriptive and inferential statistics, were applied to interpret the findings. The study adopted behavioural theory as theoretical framework. The study reveals a high prevalence of domestic violence among secondary school students in Ikere-Ekiti, with physical, emotional, and psychological abuse being the most common forms. The findings indicate that students exposed to domestic violence often exhibit poor academic performance, including lower grades, absenteeism, and reduced classroom participation. Furthermore, the study identifies that the trauma and stress associated with domestic violence significantly impair students’ cognitive abilities, concentration, and overall motivation to learn. Based on these findings, the study recommends the implementation of comprehensive support systems for affected students, including counseling services, teacher training on identifying and addressing domestic violence cases, and fostering safe school environments. It also advocates for stronger community awareness campaigns and policy interventions by the government to curb domestic violence and its adverse effects.
This paper explores the unyielding endeavor of the female characters to seek identity as delineated in Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. The study unveils women’s plight in the politically-turbulent Afghan society; examines how Afghan women tolerated the predicament ratified upon them, and the resistance they imparted to get an inimitable identity. It believed that women can play an undeniable role in the progress of a country, however, if they are deprived of their rights, there would be ultimate feminism insurgence and emancipation against the injustices. Through his writings, Hosseini tried to give voice and moral encouragement to Afghan women by constructing empowered, resistant, rebellious, and strong female characters. This study traces how Hosseini interrogates the patriarchal hierarchies that encompass the identity of women and analysis the political and social bigotries directed towards the female protagonists, who exhibit socio-political activism throughout their distressing journey. The conclusion holds that in a patriarchal system, women cannot cope with the domination and intolerance of the society, however, women’s friendship and unification prove resistance as a sanctuary for them. Keywords: A Thousand Splendid Suns, feminism, patriarchy, endurance, resistance, identity.
The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships serves as a benchmark of the current state of scholarship in this dynamic field synthesizing the extant theoretical and empirical literature, tracing its historical roots, and making recommendations for future directions. The volume addresses a broad range of established and emerging topics including: theoretical and methodological issues that influence the study of personal relationships; research and theory on relationship development, the nature and functions of personal relationships across the lifespan; individual differences and their influences on relationships; relationship processes such as cognition, emotion, and communication; relational qualities such as satisfaction and commitment; environmental influences on personal relationships; and maintenance and repair of relationships. The authors are experts from a variety of disciplines including several subfields of psychology, communication, family studies and sociology who have made major contributions to the understanding of relationships.
This is the first book to analyze empirically supported treatments by using the newest criteria from the American Psychological Association's Society of Clinical Psychology, Division 12. Clinicians, scholars, and students all need to stay updated on the treatment research, and this book goes beyond providing updated treatment information by pointing readers to other useful treatment manuals and websites for continuing to stay up-to-date. The chapters, all written by prominent experts, highlight the best available evidence for specific disorders by breaking treatments down into credible components. With an emphasis on treatments for adults, chapters also share information about treatments for youth. Other variables that influence treatment are discussed, including assessment, comorbidity, demographics, and medication. Each chapter also corresponds with a chapter in the companion book, Pseudoscience in Therapy, presenting a full picture of the evidence base for common treatments.
This paper analyzes trajectories of harm across repeat domestic abuse (DA) incidents using data from one police force in England and Wales matched with the Crime Harm Index. We use growth curve modeling to identify incident and offender-victim (dyad) predictors of harm. High Incident dyads with four or more DA cases ( N = 2,610) have a non-linear decrease in harm across incidents, with distinct trajectories for Intimate Partners and male offenders. The Power Few dyads, the 5% of dyads responsible for 85% of cumulative harm, ( N = 133) show a decrease in harm across incidents, with distinct trajectories for DA specialists who are only known to police for DA. While acknowledging the limitations, this study suggests important policy implications.
Zusammenfassung
Geschlechtsbezogene Gewaltviktimisierungen von Frauen, insbesondere Femizide, stellen ein globales Problem dar. Der vorliegende Artikel bietet einen Überblick über verschiedene Formen geschlechtsbezogener Gewalt gegen Frauen, wobei Femizide als extreme Form im Fokus stehen. Nach einer Herleitung und Diskussion der zentralen Begrifflichkeiten folgen Ausführungen zur Verbreitung von Femiziden international und speziell in Deutschland. Dabei handelt es sich jedoch lediglich um näherungsweise Schätzungen, da u. a. aufgrund eines fehlenden definitorischen Konsenses wenige valide Daten vorliegen. Ursachen und Risikofaktoren wurden (inter)national v. a. für sog. Intimizide untersucht und betreffen v. a. häusliche Gewalt, Drohungen und Trennungskonflikte. Um Femizide besser erfassen und präventive Maßnahmen entwickeln zu können, werden ein definitorischer Konsens und eine systematische Datenerhebung gefordert. Präventionsmaßnahmen sollten sich nicht nur auf potenzielle Opfer, sondern auch auf potenzielle Täter*innen fokussieren, um langfristig geschlechtsbezogene Gewalt gegen Frauen zu reduzieren.
Domestic Abuse is high volume and often high risk, in the year ending March 2022 representing 17.2% of all crimes reported to police (Office for National Statistics, 2021). Despite its high volume domestic abuse as a crime is often mis-framed by police. This chapter delineates the different ‘types’ of domestic abuse, and shows that the narrative scripts employed by officers often results in much of what makes it harmful to victims being missed. By missing coercive control (which is the most dangerous form of domestic abuse) officers impede their ability to prosecute offenders and to keep victims safe. This chapter will explain coercive control (Wiener, 2023), which in turn shows why victims often become trapped and why they can find it hard to stay engaged with criminal justice process (Edwards, 1991; Harne and Radford, 2008; Myhill, and Johnson, 2016; Robinson, et al., 2016). Understanding this will allow officers to make better safeguarding decisions and to avoid some of the pit falls that can obstruct a non-control informed approach. Keeping victims of coercive control safe is a challenge: this chapter outlines the interventions officers can use and closes with a list of actions officers should consider when responding to domestic abuse.
Early marriage remains a pervasive issue worldwide, particularly in developing countries, where cultural norms, poverty, and lack of education perpetuate its prevalence. This proposed book chapter aims to delve into the complex dynamics surrounding early marriage-induced violence against girls, examining its root causes, manifestations, and impact on the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of young brides. Further this book chapter will talk about the mental issues of bride. The chapter will begin by providing an overview of the prevalence of early marriage globally, highlighting the socio-economic and cultural factors that contribute to its persistence. Finally, the chapter will conclude with recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and activists on effective strategies to combat early marriage-induced violence against girls, emphasizing the importance of multi-sectoral collaboration, empowerment approaches, and holistic support services.
Understanding the experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) is a critical first step in developing effective responses. However, the majority of research has focused on male perpetration against women, with male victimization being relatively marginalized. This study aims to explore the experiences of men with IPV in the context of Chinese society, where adherence to masculinity and the societal pursuit of face and harmony contribute to tolerance of IPV and hinder the understanding of male victim experiences. This study analyzes the IPV experiences shared by 57 men on public internet forums and invited 11 of them to participate in semi-structured interviews through private messages. Finally, thematic analysis was employed to qualitatively analyze the collected textual data. This study revealed seven key themes in the narratives of men. This study has significant implications for future research on IPV in China, as well as for policy formulation and service provision.
Methods of domestic abuse are progressively incorporating computer misuse and other related online offences and digital tools, escalating opportunities for perpetrators to monitor, threaten and humiliate their victims. Drawing on empirical research involving media case study analysis, a technology review and interviews undertaken with 21 professionals and service providers supporting domestic abuse victims, this article outlines the context in England and Wales regarding the methods, tools and criminal justice responses involved in what we conceptualise as the technification of domestic abuse. As technology continues to deeply intertwine with our daily lives, it is undeniable that its involvement within domestic abuse encompasses harmful behaviours that pose an increasing risk of harm, and unless effective criminal justice interventions are implemented, this risk will inevitably grow even further.
More than half of the 229 university students in this survey reported actual or threatened use of physical punishment during their last year of high school. There were no important differences in the frequency with which middle and working class parents used physical punishment. However, physical punishment was found to vary with sex of the child and with the traits which parents valued in their children. These findings are interpreted as supporting a "linkage theory" explanation of use of physical punishment. This theory holds that the use of physical punishment by parents is influenced by the parents' conception of the roles the child is to play as an adult.
The alternative explanations of the dynamics of wife abuse must be considered as tentative, having not yet withstood the rigors of repeated empirical testing. They do, however, provide a mechanism for making coherent the often conflicting evidence and suggest the need for new treatment modalities and police and judicial procedures. The dynamics operating in the Saturday Night Syndrome are different from those operating in the Chronic Battered Syndrome. More refined profiles of these two types of interactions need to be developed in order to provide the most efficient services to victims of wife-beating. Many competent, independent women, when they become victims of the Chronic Battered Syndrome, become anxiety-ridden, confused, depressed, suicidal, helpless and full of guilt and shame. These victims do not make up a unique category of women; any woman, regardless of her assets and resources, can become a victim of the Chronic Battered Syndrome.