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Notes on the Systematics of Aristolochia Subsect Hexandrae

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Abstract

Using comparative morphology studies from 123 species of Aristolochia sect. Gymnolobus subsect. Hexandrae, this taxon is reevaluated. Two series (Hexandrae and Thyrsicae, ser. nov.) and two subseries (Anthocaulicae, ser. nov., and Hexandrae) are recognized. Aristolochia (Thyrsicae) maxima and Aristolochia (Anthocaulicae) iquitensis are designated as types.

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... that belongs to section Gymnolobus Duchartre subsection PentandraeDuchartre (Gonzalez et al., 2010). The subsection Hexandrae is currently divided into two series proposed by Gonzalez (1990;1991):Thyrsicae F. Gonzalez, characterized by thyrsoid inflorescences, petioles and peduncle with a basal zone of abscission and fruit with lattice-like septa, and Hexandrae by inflorescences in axillar or cauliflorous racemes, often reduced to a single flower, petiole and floral peduncle with no basal zone of abscission, fruit with entire septa, seeds without wings or 1-winged. ...
... Based on morphology, Gonzalez (1990) propose the division of A.series Hexandrae into two subseries: Hexandrae which bears axillary, solitary and ebracteate flowers, and Anthocaulicae F. Gonzalez which has ramiflorous to cauliflorous racemes with extremely short internodes and flowers subtended by reduced bracts (Gonzalez, 1990;1991;1997;1998). Although they have evident morphological characters, only Aristolochia ser. ...
... The previous morphological circumscription for NeotropicalAristolochia is based on inflorescences, fruits, and seeds morphology. Although these characters were useful for the morphological circumscription proposed by González (1990;1991) and for many years they were useful for the taxonomy of the group, the most recent molecular studies indicate that for some clades these characters are not constant and still lack further studies (Neinhuis et al., 2005;Ohi-Toma et al., 2006;Wanke et al., 2006;. ...
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Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) comprises about 550 species and especially in the Neotropical region where this genus is highly diverse few studies of palynological characterization have been conducted. To better understand the pollen morphology of the genus, pollen grains of 25 species were examined, of which one belongs to Aristolochia subgenus Siphisia and 24 to Aristolochia subgenus Aristolochia (three of Aristolochia series Thyrsicae; eight of Aristolochia series Hexandrae subser. Anthocaulicae , and 13 of Aristolochia series Hexandrae subseries Hexandrae ). Pollen grains are radially symmetrical, apolar, inaperturate and spheroidal. Under SEM, ornamentation patterns of the exine are fossulate (19 species), fossulate-areolate (four species), microfossulate (one species) and verrucate (one species). Most species have pollen with perforated surface except A. gibertii , A. holostylis , A. pohliana , and A. ridicula . Results corroborate that the micromorphological features, such as pollen shape and aperture absence are similar in all species of Aristolochia , but for some species exine ornamentation might be useful for taxonomic distinction at the species level.
... This subsection is divided into series Hexandrae F. González and Thyrsicae F. González. In turn, Aristolochia series Hexandrae comprises subseries Hexandrae F. González, characterized by axillary, solitary flowers, and subseries Anthocaulicae F. González, characterized by ramiflorous or cauliflorous racemes with flowers subtended by small bracts and internodes generally shortened (González, 1990(González, , 1991(González, , 1997(González, , 1998. Brazil is one of the hotspots for the diversification of the latter 2 subseries in the New World. ...
... Aristolochia cremersii belongs to Aristolochia subser. Anthocaulicae as its inflorescences are cauliflorous racemes with highly reduced subtending bracts (González, 1990(González, , 1991(González, , 1995. Notably, the species has long and loose inflorescences with elongate internodes, a trait atypical in the subseries. ...
... Aristolochia argentina belongs to Aristolochia subser. Hexandrae due to its solitary flowers subtended by expanded leaves (González, 1991). Among the neotropical species, it is similar to A. triangularis Chamisso, but differs from it by the leaf blade with a deeply cordate base (vs. ...
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Two new occurrences of Aristolochia in Brazil are reported here. Aristolochia cremersii, hitherto known from French Guiana, was collected in Oriximiná/Pará, and A. argentina, with previously known distribution in Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay, was recorded in Bodoquena/Mato Grosso do Sul. The latter species was identified based on photographic records. We provide descriptions, morphological comments, a preliminary extinction risk assessment (with one of them applying the rapid Least Concern method) and illustration/images of the 2 species, and finally discuss the use of photographs as valuable scientific records.
... These are: a ring-like structure around the perianth fauces in segregates Isotrema plus Endodeca; the floral tube evenly inflated and almost as wide as the utricle in subgenus Isotrema; conical hairs inside the perianth, and a floral tube slightly curved in subgenera Pararistolochia plus Aristolochia; a perianth abaxially concave and completely monosymmetric (formed by the complete fusion of the three sepals) in subgenus Aristolochia. González (1990 González ( , 1991 González ( , 1997) proposed an alternative classification for the New World species based on characters from leaves, inflorescences, fruits, and seeds. So far, this classification is in general consistent with the phylogenies derived from molecular and combined datasets, especially because of the recognition of subseries A. urbaniana on the other) is similar to that found in closely related taxa in the Apiaceae, and Hydrophyllaceae (Constance 1963; Heckard 1963; see also the review by Raven 1963), which suggests the existence of a biogeographic pattern between sister taxa primarily found in the subtropical belt of North America, and Mesoamerica, on one hand, and the subtropical belt of South America, on the other. ...
... Literature has been employed only when data were insufficient or unclear. All the multistate characters were treated as unordered.González 1990González , 1991González , 1997González , 1999b). 10. ...
... Position of the partial florescences. (0) along leafy, elongated, main branches, (1) lateral racemes (Fig. 11D), (2) anthoblasts (González 1999b)González 1990González , 1991González , 1997González , 1999b (that is, including, Euglypha and Aristolochia holostylis) the perianth has three parts, an inflated portion at its base called utricle, which extends into a more or less narrowed portion, the tube; the distal expanded part of the perianth, above the tube, is called the limb. The tube in Aristolochia holostylis is shortened, but can be detected as an area between the utricle and the limb that lacks trichomes on the inside. ...
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Evolution of Piperales – matK gene and trnK intron sequence data reveal lineage specific resolution contrast. Piperales are one of the largest basal angiosperm orders with a nearly worldwide distribution. The order includes three species rich genera, Piper (ca. 1,000 species), Peperomia (ca. 1,500-1,700 species), and Aristolochia s. l. (ca. 500 species). Sequences of the matK gene and the non-coding trnK group II intron are analysed for a dense set of 105 taxa representing all families (except Hydnoraceae) and all generic segregates (except Euglypha within Aristolochiaceae) of Piperales. A large number of highly informative indels are found in the Piperales trnK/matK dataset. Within a narrow region approximately 500 nt downstream in the matK coding region (CDS), a length variable simple sequence repeat (SSR) expansion segment occurs, in which insertions and deletions have led to short frame-shifts. These are corrected shortly afterwards, resulting in a maximum of 6 amino acids being affected. Furthermore, additional non-functional matK copies were found in Zippelia begoniifolia, which can easily be discriminated from the functional open reading frame (ORF). The trnK/matK sequence data fully resolve relationships within Peperomia, whereas they are not effective within Piper. The resolution contrast is correlated with the rate heterogenity between those lineages. Parsimony, Bayesian and likelihood analyses result in virtually the same topology, and converge on the monophyly of Piperaceae and Saururaceae. Lactoris gains high support as sister to Aristolochiaceae subf. Aristolochioideae, but the different tree inference methods yield conflicting results with respect to the relationships of subfam. Asaroideae. In Piperaceae, a clade formed by the monotypic genus Zippelia and the small genus Manekia (=Sarcorhachis) is sister to the two large genera Piper and Peperomia. Systematics of pipevines – Combining morphological and fast-evolving molecular characters to investigate the relationships within subfamily Aristolochioideae (Aristolochiaceae) A combined phylogenetic analysis of the Aristolochioideae was conducted based on 72 morphological characters and molecular datasets (matK gene, trnK intron, trnL intron, trnL-trnF spacer). The analysis sampled 33 species as the ingroup, including two species of Thottea and 30 species of Aristolochia and the monotypic genus Euglypha, which represent all the infrageneric taxa formally described; Saruma henryi and Asarum caudatum were used as the outgroup. The results corroborate a sister-group relationship between Thottea and Aristolochia, and the paraphyly of Aristolochia with respect to Euglypha that consequently should be included into Aristolochia. Two of the three subgenera within Aristolochia (Isotrema and Pararistolochia) are shown to be monophyletic, whereas the signal obtained from the different datasets about the relationships within subg. Aristolochia is low and conflicting, resulting in collapsed or unsupported branches. The relationship between the New World and the Old World species of subgenus Aristolochia is conflictive because morphological data support these two groups as monophyletic, whereas molecular data show the monophyletic Old World species of Aristolochia nested within the New World species. A sister group relationship is proposed between A. lindneri and pentandrous species, which suggests that a group of five species from central and southern South America (including A. lindneri) could be monophyletic and sister to Aristolochia subsection Pentandrae, a monophyletic taxon consisting of about 35 species from southern USA, Mesoamerica, and the West Indies. Colonisation, phylogeography and evolution of endemism in Mediterranean Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). This study provides evidence for a multiple colonisation of the western Old World from Asian ancestors within Aristolochia section Diplolobus (subsection Aristolochia and Podanthemum). Within subsection Podanthemum it is assumed, that the colonisation of the African continent happened at least two times independently. In contrast, for subsection Aristolochia, a rapid morphological radiation in the Near East (or close to this area) with subsequent star like colonisation of the different current distribution areas, which is not paralleled on the molecular level, appears to be more likely. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction is unsupported for these clades, but most clades are highly supported as monophyletic. Interestingly the Mediterranean and temperate Eurasian species, which are morphologically distinct (A. pistolochia, A. clematitis) are not clustering within the main clades, but are independent lineages. Analogue, A. rigida a species from Somalia is well-supported sister to the subsection Aristolochia. Within subsection Podanthemum the colonisation event from an Asian ancestor is clearly traceable, whereas in subsection Aristolochia the path is not traceable, since the ancestors are extinct or not present in the connecting areas. Within the Mediterranean, Near East and Caucasian species of subsection Aristolochia two morphologically and biogeographically well supported groups can be identified: the Near East/Caucasian species and the West Mediterranean species. The previous groupings for the latter, based on morphological characters, could be substantiated only partly by our results. This study provides the first phylogeny of all West Mediterranean species. In addition an independent complex is established including some micro endemic species. The phylogenetic results are discussed with respect to biogeography, and morphology, to give a first insight into the radiation and colonisation of the genus Aristolochia in the Mediterranean region. Universal primers for a large cryptically simple cpDNA microsatellite region in Aristolochia. We provide a new and valuable marker to study species relationships and population genetics in order to trace evolutionary, ecological, and conservational aspects in the genus Aristolochia. Universal primers for amplification and subsequent sequencing of a chloroplast microsatellite locus inside the trnK intron are presented. Utility of the primers has been tested in 32 species representing all clades of Aristolochia, including population studies within the A. pallida complex, A. clusii and A. rotunda. The microsatellite region is characterized as a (AnTm)k repeat of 22–438 bp containing a combination of different repeats arranged as ‘cryptically simple’. Trapped! Pollination of Aristolochia pallida Willd. in the Mediterranean A first study of the pollination biology of a Mediterranean Aristolochia species in its natural habitat is presented. 183 flowers of Aristolochia pallida were investigated, which in total contained 73 arthropods, dominated by two groups of Diptera, Sciaridae (37%) and Phoridae (19%). However, only Phoridae are regarded as potential pollinators, since pollen has been found exclusively on the body surfaces of these insects. All Phoridae belong to the genus Megaselia and are recognised as four undescribed species. The measurements of flower and insect dimensions suggest that size is an important constrain for successful pollination: 1) the insects must have a definitive size for being able to enter the flower and 2) must be able to get in touch with the pollen. Only very few insect groups found in Aristolochia pallida fulfil these size requirements. However, size alone is not a sufficient constrain as too many fly species of the same size might be trapped but not function as pollinators. Instead, specific attraction is required as otherwise pollen is lost. Since all trapped Phoridae are males, a chemical attraction (pheromones) is proposed as an additional constrain. Since A. pallida flowers are protogynous, the record of Megaselia loaded with pollen found in a flower during its female stage proves that this insect must have been visited at least one different flower during its male stage before. Further on, this observation provides strong evidence that the flowers are cross-pollinated. All these factors indicate a highly specialised pollination of Aristolochia pallida by Megaselia species.
... All South American species of Aristolochia belong to the subgenus Aristolochia section Gymnolobus Duch. subseries Hexandrae, as the gynostemium is formed by six stamens fused to six stigmatic lobes that lack a transverse roof-like process above the stamens (Duchartre, 1854a(Duchartre, , 1864González, 1991a;González & Stevenson, 2000b). With nearly 140 species, Aristolochia subseries Hexandrae is one of the the most species-rich infrageneric groups worldwide. ...
... This new species belongs to the Exstipulosae group (sensu Hoehne, 1942), and possesses all diagnostic traits of Aristolochia subser. Hexandrae (sensu González, 1990González, , 1991a, including the lack of an abscission zone at the base of the petiole, and the solitary, axillary, ebracteolate flowers. ...
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Aristolochia brachylimba, a new species from Amazonian forests of Peru, is described, illustrated, and discussed with respect to its most similar species, A. stomachoidis Hoehne, from northern, central and eastern Brazil (Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará and Tocantins), and northeastern Argentina (Misiones). The new species differs from its relatives mainly by the size of the utricle, which is considerably larger than the short perianth limb, the conical shape of the tube (i.e. gradually narrowing down towards its distal end), and the winged, flattened seeds. So far, the new species has been found in Amazonian forests of two disjunct localities in Ataz (Oxapampa, Pasco) and the Cordillera Azul National Park (Ucayali, Loreto), at elevations between 340 and 479 m a.s.l.
... Solamente se incluyen los sinónimos que presentan información nueva o actualizada; para sinonimias completas, véase Pfeifer (1966), González (1990González ( , 1994, Rankin Rodríguez y Greuter (1999), González y Lozano (2014) y González et al. (2015). Las categorías infragenéricas seguidas corresponden a las de González (1990González ( , 1991 y Ohi-Toma y Murata (2016). La terminología para la descripción de las inflorescencias y flores de Aristolochia sigue a González (1990González ( , 1991González ( , 1994González ( , 1999b y la usada para describir las formas de los órga-nos (e.g. ...
... Las categorías infragenéricas seguidas corresponden a las de González (1990González ( , 1991 y Ohi-Toma y Murata (2016). La terminología para la descripción de las inflorescencias y flores de Aristolochia sigue a González (1990González ( , 1991González ( , 1994González ( , 1999b y la usada para describir las formas de los órga-nos (e.g. ovado, ovado-angosto, ovado-ancho, etc.) se basó en Stern (1966, Fig. 19). ...
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Background and Aims: The taxonomy of the Panamanian species of Aristolochia is revised 57 years after the first treatment of the genus for the Flora of Panama. The taxonomic, nomenclatural and chorological novelties of the species present in Panama are updated and discussed with respect to the current infrageneric classification. Methods: Specimens of Aristolochia deposited in 35 herbaria, including specimens collected by the senior author. The type specimens available in JSTOR Global Plants were also examined. A key to the infrageneric groups and species (12 of which are illustrated by photographies) is included. Key results: Four of the 13 species reported in the treatment for the Flora of Panama (Aristolochia arborescens, A. costaricensis, A. sylvicolaand A. veraguensis) are currently reduced as synonyms. A total of 16 species are here reported, two of which (A. cruenta and A. trilabiata) are confirmed as new records for Panama. Aristolochia trilabiata, resurrected here to replace A. didyma, is the first report of this species in Mesoamerica. Here we revalidate Aristolochia schippii, A. sprucei and A. surinamensis, recently reduced as synonyms of A. leuconeura, A. constricta and A. trilobata, respectively. In addition, A. pfeiferi and A. translucida are both confirmed as synonyms of A. tonduzii, and A. gorgona and A. securidata as synonyms of A. grandiflora and A. sprucei, respectively. A total of 13 lectotypes are here designated. Finally, the presence of A. constricta, A. gigantea and A. nummularifolia in Panama is discussed. Conclusions: The Panamanian species of Aristolochia belong to two of the three subgenera: A. panamensis, the only species endemic to Panama, marks the southernmost limit of subgenus Siphisia in the New World. The remaining 15 species belong to the subgenus Aristolochia, series Hexandrae (11 spp.) and Thyrsicae (4 spp.).
... Hexandrae subser. Anthocaulicae, which comprises 22 species (González, 1990(González, , 1991(González, , 1997(González, , 1998, all of them characterized by the presence of extremely short and cauliflorous racemes with leaves reduced to small bracts. Until now, A. bahiensis is the only species of this subseries found in the Atlantic Forest. ...
... The specimens were examined with the aid of a dissecting microscope coupled to the light chamber and directly in the field by naked eye. Descriptions of general morphological characters follow Harris & Harris (2001), except for those characters unique in Aristolochia flowers, which were described according to González (1990González ( , 1991González ( , 1994. ...
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Aristolochia bahiensis pertence à Aristolochia ser. Hexandrae subser. Anthocaulicae, esta subsérie é caracterizada pela presença de racemos caulifloros extremamente curtos e com folhas reduzidas a pequenas brácteas, até o momento, esta é a única espécie desta subsérie encontrada na floresta tropical "Mata Atlântica". Neste trabalho são relatados a ampliação da distribuição de A. bahiensis, a descrição e ilustração, pela primeira vez, das cápsulas e das sementes da espécie, antes desconhecidas, e a variação do perianto ao longo do desenvolvimento da flor, o qual foi utilizado para complementar a descrição original.
... Within the taxonomic groups of Aristolochia that occur in South America, 25 species are part of Aristolochia subseries Anthocaulicae F. González, which present inflorescences in ramiflorous or cauliflorous racemes, with internodes between the flowers reduced 5 mm, and flowers subtended by small bracts (González 1990;1991). This subseries is distributed in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest, as well as in some countries of Central America (BFG 2024;POWO 2023). ...
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Aristolochia comprises about 450 species, occurring mainly in tropical regions. Here, we record for the first time Aristolochia wankeana in Brazil, specifically in two municipalities in the state of Amazonas (Presidente Figueiredo and Rio Preto da Eva). Previously, this species had only been recorded in Guyana and French Guiana. We provide the species description based on the new records, a preliminary extinction risk assessment, photographic plates, an updated geographic distribution map, ecological comments, and an updated key for species identification of Aristolochia subser. Anthocaulicae from the Brazilian Amazon.
... Additionally, the Jstor Global Plants database (JSTOR, 2021) was consulted, and all available barcodes for type specimens were included. Terminology for the description of inflorescences and flowers of Aristolochia follows González (1990González ( , 1991González ( , 1994González ( , 1999aGonzález ( , 1999b, and that used to describe organ shapes (e.g. ovate, narrowly ovate, broadly ovate, etc.) is based on Stearn, 1966). ...
Article
The taxonomy, nomenclature and chorology of the species of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) present in Guatemala are updated and discussed with respect to their current infrageneric classification. Specimens of Aristolochia deposited in 46 herbaria were examined for the present research, including specimens collected by the authors. A key to the infrageneric groups and species (17 of which are illustrated by photographs) is included. A total of 20 species are here reported for Guatemala, one of which (A. belizensis) is a new record for Guatemala. The presence of A. cordiflora in Guatemala is discussed. Aristolochia belizensis, A. salvadorensis, A. schippii and A. surinamensis recently placed under the synonymy of A. ovalifolia, A. arborea, A. leuconeura and A. trilobata, respectively, are reinstated as distinct species. Seven lectotypes (for A. aurantiaca, A. glaziovii, A. odoratissima, A. odoratissima var. grandiflora, A. ovalifolia, A. petenensis, and A. sericea) and one neotype (for A. arborea) are here designated. The species of Aristolochia from Guatemala belong to two of the three monophyletic subgenera, namely subgenus Siphisia (7 spp.) and subgenus Aristolochia (13 spp.). The latter belong to subsection Hexandrae (12 spp.) and subsection Pentandrae (1 sp.); the locality of the sole pentandrous species (A. pentandra) in Guatemala corresponds to the southernmost range extension of the entire subsection in Central America.
... Flowers in a group of 23 neotropical species of Aristolochia are arranged in shortened, cauliflorous or ramiflorous racemes, often with reduced internodes (up to 1 mm long) and minute, scale-shaped subtending bracts (Freitas et al. 2019). This group was formally described as Aristolochia subseries Anthocaulicae F. González (González 1990, 1991, 1997, 1998, Freitas et al. 2013, 2014, 2019 and it is often found in primary or mature secondary lowland forests from Belize and Guatemala to Bolivia, Peru and central Brazil. Two species of A. subseries Anthocaulicae, namely A. cornuta Mast. ...
Article
Aristolochia wankeana (Aristolochiaceae), a new species from French Guiana and Guyana, is described and illustrated here. Floral traits, primarily of the shape and size of the perianth limb, examined through a morphometric geometric analysis, are diagnostic to distinguish the new species from its relatives A. cornuta and A. iquitensis. The species belongs to Aristolochia subser. Anthocaulicae, characterized by having extremely short cauliflorous racemes with scale-like, triangular subtending bracts. This is the first study that uses morphometrics for taxonomic purposes in Aristolochia, an approach that becomes promising to solve species complexes in this genus.
... Aristolochia mishuyacensis belongs to the subgenus Aristolochia, section Gymnolobus, subsection Hexandrae, series Hexandrae, subseries Hexandrae [3,4,20]. The species was originally described as A. ...
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Aristolochia mishuyacensis is recorded for the first time in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Two specimens were collected in two banks of black water tributaries of the Yasuní river, Yasuní National Park. This species is currently distributed in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, below 200 m. An updated description and images of the species are provided, and its relationships with other species are discussed.
... * period from sowing until emergence first seedling; ** use of slash means the fluctuating temperature treatment, day/night; n-dash (-): no data, WS: seeds were germinated without stratification; MD, MPD: morphological and morphophysiological dormancy. The names of subgenera and sections are given according to Schmidt (1935), González (1991), González & Stevenson (2002). ...
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Background and aims – Aristolochia contorta is a valuable medicinal plant, a relict of the Tertiary flora. Little is known about the germination biology of Aristolochia. The specific objectives of the present study were to (1) determine the type of dormancy in seeds of A. contorta, (2) describe the embryo development, and (3) explore the influence of deep freezing of the seeds in liquid nitrogen on their germinability. Methods – Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes in sand previously sterilised at high temperature; germination experiments were carried out at 27±2°C under natural light. All measurements of seeds and embryos were done using light microscopy (LM). For cryopreservation, fresh seeds were placed in aluminium foil bags, immersed into liquid nitrogen (-196°C), and stored for twelve months. Key results – The seeds of Aristolochia contorta have non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy. A variety of embryo forms were revealed for Aristolochia species for the first time. Two cases of polyembryony were noted in A. contorta. The seeds of A. contorta are resistant to cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen. Conclusions – High variability in dormancy depth and the extended germination period of A. contorta seeds can be considered as adaptive strategies for survival in unfavourable conditions and renewal of germination under optimal conditions. Cryopreservation helped maintain the viability of A. contorta seeds but did not lead to the breaking of the dormancy; hence, for successful germination, it is necessary to use methods of breaking dormancy after freezing.
... É facilmente identificável pelas cápsulas com ápice truncado e septos lacuno-fibrosos (Figuras 7E e 15G,H), diferente das demais espécies que ocorrem na Bahia, bem como pela zona de abscisão na base do pecíolo, justificando sua classificação em Aristolochia ser. Thyrsicae F.González (González 1991;Wanke et al. 2006). Apresenta variação no hábito, podendo ser procumbente ou trepadeira volúvel e as folhas são frequentemente elípticas a ovais em ramos procumbentes e lanceoladas nos ramos volúveis e férteis (Figuras 7C e 15I). ...
Article
The taxonomic treatment of Aristolochiaceae from the state of Bahia, Brazil, is presented here. We recognize 20 species of Aristolochia, the only genus of the family represented in Brazil. Aristolochia melastoma is reported for the first time in Bahia and A. brunneomaculata was recognized as new from this study. Descriptions, an identification key, illustrations, general comments and geographic distribution maps of species in Bahia are presented.
... These species are easily recognized by the hexamerous gynostemium which lacks a transverse roof-like process on top of the stamens (Freitas et al. 2013a). González (1990González ( , 1991 proposed two series, Thyrsicae characterized by thyrsoid inflorescences, petioles and floral peduncles with a basal zone of abscission, fruit with lattice-like septa, and 2-winged seeds, and Hexandrae by floriferous stems in racemes, often reduced to a single flower, stem and floral peduncle without a basal zone of abscission, fruit with entire septa, and seeds without wings or 1-winged. ...
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Aristolochia zebrina is described, illustrated and discussed in comparison with the two most similar species, A. papillaris Mast. and A. tamnifolia (Klotzsch) Duch. The new species is distinguished from its relatives mainly by the ellipsoid utricle, the narrowly ovate, revolute, and efimbriate floral limb with dark purple longitudinal stripes inside, and the glabrous and smooth capsules, which are broadly cylindrical. So far, the new species has only been found in ‘restingas’ (sandy soils) and wet tropical Tabuleiro forests in northern Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil.
... 89 species, (Barros & Araújo, 2014;Freitas et al. 2013A) is one of the hotspots for the diversification of the genus. Approximately 25 species of neotropical Aristolochia possess ramiflorous to cauliflorous racemes with extremely short internodes and flowers subtended by reduced bracts (González, 1990(González, , 1991(González, , 1997(González, , 1998. These species conform the subser. ...
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We describe and illustrate Aristolochia assisii, a new species assigned to subseries Anthocaulicae. This subseries is characterized by the presence of extremely short and ramiflorous racemes in which each flower is subtended by a small bract. The inflorescences and the flowers of the new species are morphologically similar to those found in three woody climbers of this subseries (A. bahiensis, A. disticha and A. subglobosa); however, it clearly differs by the herbaceous condition, a trait extremely rare in cauliflorous species that suggests neoteny, and the possession of a long, cylindrical rhizome and a tapered rostrum to 1.2 cm long in the capsule. So far, A. assisii is the third species of the subseries Anthocaulicae known to occur in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.
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Geometric morphometry has evolved as a powerful tool to unravel species delimitations within the genus Aristolochia. A survey conducted on the variation of Aristolochia trilabiata flowers and leaves revealed an overlooked entity in its affinity, which is newly described herein as Aristolochia franzii. The new species differs from its relative A. trilabiata by various floral characters, notably the presence of papillae on both the upper and lower limb zones, the presence of a well defined medial upper limb zone, the number of veins on the lateral upper limb zone, a considerably shorter tube, and the relative position of upper and lower limb zones. Furthermore, the leaf shape of A. franzii is cordiform-elongate to hastate, compared to the consistently more compact and shorter cordiform leaves of A. trilabiata. So far, A. franzii has been recorded from Northern Brazil (Amazonas) and French Guiana. An illustration of the diagnostic characters and comparison with A. trilabiata is provided, as well as the geographic distribution and a preliminary assessment of the conservation status.
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The work presents an identification key for the species of the genus Aristolochia L. (Aristolochiaceae) of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, as well as morphological descriptions, taxonomic and phytogeographic comments, and detailed photographs of Aristolochia chiquitensis Duch., A. goudotii Duch. and A. hoehneana O.C.Schmidt. These three species are new records for the state and A. goudotii is a new record for Brazil. The study was conducted between February and May 2021. Material was collected in the municipalities of Alta Floresta and Nova Bandeirantes and specimens in the Herbário da Amazônia Meridional (HERBAM) were analyzed, collected in the municipalities of Colíder, Itaúba and Nova Canaã do Norte, in northern Mato Grosso. The morphological study was conducted in the Plant Morphology Laboratory in HERBAM at the State University of Mato Grosso, Alta Floresta University Campus, using a stereomicroscope and the usual utensils. The identification of the taxa, as well the elaboration of the dichotomous key, were conducted by taxonomists. The present work increases the number of Aristolochia species from 22 to 25 in Mato Grosso and 83 to 84 in Brazil, demonstrating the importance of field expeditions, botanical collections, and taxonomic studies to our knowledge of biodiversity. Keywords: Amazon; Cipó-milhomem; Flora of Brazil; Morphology.
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A combined phylogenetic analysis of the Aristolochioideae was conducted based on 72 morphological characters and molecular data sets (matK gene, trnK intron, trnL intron, trnL-trnF spacer). The analysis sampled 33 species as the ingroup, including two species of Thottea, 30 species of Aristolochia, and the monotypic genus Euglypha, which represent all the infrageneric taxa formally described; Saruma henryi and Asarum caudatum were used as the outgroup. The results corroborate a sister-group relationship between Thottea and Aristolochia and the paraphyly of Aristolochia with respect to Euglypha, which consequently should be included in Aristolochia. Two of the three subgenera within Aristolochia (Isotrema and Pararistolochia) are shown to be monophyletic, whereas the signal obtained from the different data sets about the relationships within subgenus Aristolochia is low and conflicting, resulting in collapsed or unsupported branches. The relationship between the New World and the Old World species of subgenus Aristolochia is conflictive because morphological data support these two groups as monophyletic, whereas molecular data show the monophyletic Old World species of Aristolochia nested within the New World species. A sister-group relationship is proposed between Aristolochia lindneri and pentandrous species, which suggests that a group of five species from central and southern South America (including A. lindneri) could be monophyletic and sister to Aristolochia subsect. Pentandrae, a monophyletic taxon consisting of ca. 35 species from the southern United States, Mesoamerica, and the West Indies.
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