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A New Species of Marsupial Frog (Hylidae: Gastrotheca) from Colombia and Ecuador
Abstract
Gastrotheca dendronastes is a large, long-legged, new species of arboreal marsupial frog from the cloud forests on the Pacific slopes of the Andes in southern Colombia and Ecuador. It is related to other species on the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador and Colombia and on the Caribbean slopes and lowlands of Panama. Gastrotheca bufona is recognized as a distinct species, whereas G. ceratophrys is considered to be a synonym of G. cornuta.
... Subsequent to the description of Gastrotheca ruizi by Duellman and Burrowes (1986), only two authors have discussed this species. In an assessment of the conservation status of the species, Estupiñan (2004) designated it to the Endangered category of the International Conservation of Nature (IUCN, 2010). ...
... Little information is available about reproduction. A brooding female obtained on 25 February 1984 gave birth to 134 tadpoles on 7 March 1984 (Duellman andBurrowes, 1986). A brooding female was found by JEP in January 2012 (Fig. 1) and Burrowes, 1986; M-C = Mueses-Cisneros, 2005. ...
... A brooding female obtained on 25 February 1984 gave birth to 134 tadpoles on 7 March 1984 (Duellman andBurrowes, 1986). A brooding female was found by JEP in January 2012 (Fig. 1) and Burrowes, 1986; M-C = Mueses-Cisneros, 2005. In the locality column, the name of the municipality is followed by the locality. ...
Gastrotheca ruizi is an anuran species restricted to the Sibundoy Valley in southern Colombia, where it is reasonably abundant in agricultural areas. Its occurrence in anthropogenic habitats and apparent maintenance of a constant population level are significant evidence that the species is not threatened, as previously suggested; therefore, its conservation status should be changed to Last Concern.
... These marsupial frogs inhabit the inter-Andean valleys and Andean slopes of Colombia, Ecuador and northern Peru. Besides the detailed study on the vocalization behaviour of G. riobambae (Juraske, 1992), our knowledge on advertisement calls of members of this species group is limited to mostly phonetic transcriptions like "moderately loud 'bonk-bonk-bonk' repeated in intervals of 14-20s" in G. orophylax (Duellman and Pyles, 1980) and in G. plumbea (Auber-Thomay et al., 1990) or "the call consists of a single primary note 'wraack' usually followed by two or three secondary notes 'ack-ackack'" in G. ruizi (Duellman and Burrowes, 1986). Obviously the taxonomic and phylogenetic potential of bioaoustics has not been adequately explored yet in the G. plumbea group. ...
... In contrast to the bioacoustically homogeneous G. marsupiata group with long pulsed advertisement calls, the spontaneously given calls of the fi ve members of the G. plumbea group are structurally rather divergent, as already known from the phonetic transcriptions (Duellman and Pyles, 1980;Duellman and Burrowes, 1986;Auber-Thomay et al., 1990). Long pulsed calls similar to those of the G. marsupiata group and additionally series of short pulse groups are present in G. espeletia, G. riobambae and G. ruizi which form a subclade within the G. plumbea group (Duellman and Hillis, 1987). ...
... These marsupial frogs inhabit the inter-Andean valleys and Andean slopes of Colombia, Ecuador and northern Peru. Besides the detailed study on the vocalization behaviour of G. riobambae (Juraske, 1992), our knowledge on advertisement calls of members of this species group is limited to mostly phonetic transcriptions like "moderately loud 'bonk-bonk-bonk' repeated in intervals of 14-20s" in G. orophylax (Duellman and Pyles, 1980) and in G. plumbea (Auber-Thomay et al., 1990) or "the call consists of a single primary note 'wraack' usually followed by two or three secondary notes 'ack-ackack'" in G. ruizi (Duellman and Burrowes, 1986). Obviously the taxonomic and phylogenetic potential of bioaoustics has not been adequately explored yet in the G. plumbea group. ...
... In contrast to the bioacoustically homogeneous G. marsupiata group with long pulsed advertisement calls, the spontaneously given calls of the fi ve members of the G. plumbea group are structurally rather divergent, as already known from the phonetic transcriptions (Duellman and Pyles, 1980;Duellman and Burrowes, 1986;Auber-Thomay et al., 1990). Long pulsed calls similar to those of the G. marsupiata group and additionally series of short pulse groups are present in G. espeletia, G. riobambae and G. ruizi which form a subclade within the G. plumbea group (Duellman and Hillis, 1987). ...
The advertisement calls of fi ve species (G. espeletia, G. monticola, G. plumbea, G. orophylax, G. riobambae)
which pertain to the G. plumbea group (Andes of Ecuador) were bioacoustically analysed for taxon-specifi c differences. Multivariate analyses supported the specifi c status of all taxa with each taxon showing a unique combination of advertisement call features. The dichotomic phylogenetic arrangement of the G. plumbea group in two subclades based on allozymic data is strongly supported by parallel differences in the advertisement call structure.
... Both of these, G. espeletia and G. ruizi, are like G. phalarsoa in having inclined, protruding snouts in profile, digits on the fingers barely wider than adjacent segments of digits, and interorbital distances that are equal to, or only slightly greater than width of the eyelids; however, they differ from G. phalarosa by having smooth skin on the dorsum without pustules. Furthermore, the venter is uniformly dark gray in G. ruizi, a species known only from southern Colombia (Duellman and Burrowes, 1986); the venter is cream with dark gray flecks or weak mottling in G. espeletia, a species known only from the Andes of extreme northern Ecuador and adjacent Colombia (Duellman and Hillis, 1987 ). Gastrotheca peruana is like G. phalarosa in having a convexly inclined, protruding snout in profile , interorbital distance about equal to width of eyelid, and pustular skin on the dorsum. ...
We describe a new species of Ischnocnema from upper montane rainforest in La Paz, Bolivia. Unlike its congeners, the new species possesses notched ungual flaps, a short dorsolateral fold, and a small axillary gland. The new species resembles I. sanctaecrucis and is the third species of Ischnocnema known from Bolivia. UNTIL the 1970's, the genus Ischnocnema was represented by I. quixensis from the Upper Amazon and I. verrucosa from the Atlantic rainforests of Brazil. Recently, addi-tional species of Ischnocnema have been dis-covered in the Andean foothills. Lynch (1974) described I. simmonsi from the Cordillera del Condor, Ecuador, and Duellman (1990) dis-covered I. saxatilis in San Martín, Peru. Harvey and Keck (1995) first reported the genus from Bolivia when they described I. sanctaecrucis from cloud forests of Parque Nacional Amboró , Santa Cruz. Ischnocnema verrucosa has rarely been collected (Lynch and Schwartz, 1971) and is known only from the Atlantic rainforests of Brazil. Duellman (1978, 1990), Lynch (1972, 1974), Lynch and Lescure (1980), and Toft and Duellman (1976) published distributional data for I. quixensis in upper Amazonia. Recently collected specimens extended the range of this species to Cusco and Madre de Dios in south-ern Peru (Harvey and Keck, reported I. quixensis from Pando in northern Bolivia, but did not give more precise locality information (the speci-men came from San Sebastian; Reserva Tahua-manu; 11.407228 S, 69.01758 W, S. Reichle, I. De la Riva, personal communication). Additional specimens of I. sanctaecrucis were later found in Cochabamba (Reichle, 1999), and Reichle (1999) described this species' call. During the last ten years, M. B. Harvey and field parties from the Colecció n Boliviana de Fauna made several expeditions to the Serra-nía de Bella Vista, a humid ridge covered in upper montane rainforests in the foothills of La Paz, Bolivia. An earlier paper (Harvey and Noonan, 2005) reported centrolenids collected at this locality. Among the rocky seeps in rainforests on the lower slopes of the serranía, Harvey collected specimens of a distinctive new Ischnocnema, which we describe herein.
En lo que refiere a los niños, niñas y adolescentes, el proceso de integración y
protección de este grupo de atención prioritaria implica que los derechos consagrados
en la Constitución hacen de este grupo un sujeto de derecho. Por ello, tiene pleno
sentido examinar si en la práctica el Estado ha generado y garantizado las condiciones
necesarias para ejercicio efectivo del derecho a la autodeterminación informativa.
The chromosomes of the newly discovered South American marsupial frogGastrotheca pseustes were analyzed by conventional methods and by various banding techniques. This species is characterized by XY/XX sex chromosomes and the existence of two different morphs of Y chromosomes. Whereas in type A males the XYA chromosomes are still homomorphic, in type B males the YB chromosome displays a large heterochromatic region at the long arm telomere which is absent in the X. In male meiosis, the homomorphic XYA chromosomes exhibit the same pairing configuration as the autosomal bivalents. On the other hand, the heteromorphic XYB chromosomes form a sex bivalent by pairing their short arm telomeres in a characteristic end-to-end arrangement. Analysis of the karyotypes by C-banding and DNA base pair-specific fluorochromes reveals enormous interindividual size variability of the autosomal heterochromatin.
Nine species of Gastrotheca primarily have allopatric distributions in the Andes of northern Peru. A new species with integumentary-cranial co-ossification is described from montane forest in the northern part of the Cordillera Central in the Departamento de Amazonas, Peru. A second new species front the same area lacks integumentary-cranial co-ossification and differs from all other members of the genus by having a black venter with white spots.
A distinctive new species of the colubrid snake genus Heteroliodon is described from the deciduous dry forest of Montague des Francais, near the northern tip of Madagascar. The new species is characterized by stout habitus, low number of ventral scales, long relative tail length, high number of infralabial scales, and absence of a light colored vertebral stripe. The limestone massif of Montague des Francais appears to be an important center of endemism for Madagascan biota and should, therefore, be included in Madagascar's network of nature reserves.
A new species of Bufo is described from cloud forests of the Cordillera de Apolobamba, La Paz, Bolivia. The new species has large glands on dorsal surfaces of shanks and forearms and is tentatively included in the B. spinulosus group.
Two new species of frogs of the Eleutherodactylus alfredi group are described from Subtropical and Montane Wet Forests of the Montanas del Mice, and the Sierra de Caral of the Caribbean slopes of Guatemala. They differ from other Guatemalan species in the group by having the fifth toe pad wider than the second, few melanophores on the abdominal area of the venter, and dorsal and ventral ground coloration. The species from the Sierra de Caral is larger in overall size and has smaller dentigerous fascicules than the one from the Montanas del Mice. These two species also differ between themselves in dorsal and ventral ground coloration.
Gastrotheca piperata is described from Andean cloud forest in Bolivia. The new species is similar to Gastrotheca marsupiata but differs in coloration and advertisement call. Upon release from the maternal brood pouch, the tadpoles are in Gosner developmental stages 36 or 37, in contrast to the less developed (stages 30 or 31) tadpoles released by G. marsupiata, a species that inhabits higher and drier nonforested areas.
Resúmen Con base en literatura y en registros de campo, se elaboró un listado actualizado de la herpetofauna del departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. La riqueza de anfibios conocida actualmente para el Valle del Cauca es de 162 especies, representadas en su mayoría por ranas y sapos (148 especies vs 4 de salamandras y 10 de caecilias). Los reptiles están representados por 132 especies, siendo 68 de ellas serpientes, 55 lagartos, 7 tortugas y sólo dos de caimanes y cocodrilos. La mayor riqueza de la herpetofauna del Valle del Cauca está concentrada en la Región del Pacífico y la Cordillera Occidental. La información disponible sugiere que el estado de amenaza de la herpetofana del departamento del Valle del Cauca es más crítico en los anfibios que en los reptiles. Abstract Based on literature and field data, a list of the herpetofaunal in the Departament of Valle del Cauca, Colombia was elaborated. Currently, the known information about amphibian richness is composed of 162 species; most of them frogs and toads (148 anuran species vs 4 salamanders and 10 Caecilians). The reptiles are represented by 132 species, from which 68 are snakes, 55 lizards, 7 turtles and only two are crocodilians. Most of the herpetofaunal of the Valle del Cauca is concentrated on the Pacific region and the Western Andes. The available information indicates that the threatened status of the herpetofauna in the Valle del Cauca is higher for amphibians than reptiles. Introducción El descubrimiento de nuevas especies de anfibios y reptiles en el territorio nacional, ha ubicado a Colombia como el primer país con mayor número de especies de anfi-bios en el mundo y el tercero con mayor riqueza en reptiles. Algunas publicaciones han compilado la herpetofauna pre-sente en Colombia (Pérez-Santos & Moreno 1988, Sánchez et al. 1991, Ruíz-Carranza et al. 1996, Acosta-Galvis 2000) sin embargo, aún existen vastas zonas sin estudiar adecua-damente, por lo cual, los rangos de distribución de muchas especies son aún imprecisos o limitados a los pocos indivi-duos colectados en la localidad tipo respectiva. Además, el descubrimiento de nuevas especies y los cambios taxonó-micos recientes (ej. Faivovich et al. 2005, Frost et al. 2006, Grant et al. 2006, Heinicke et al. 2007) hace necesario ac-tualizar los listados de las especies de anfibios y reptiles en las diferentes áreas del país. El objetivo del presente manus-crito es recopilar la información existente acerca de la di-versidad de anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, y elaborar un listado de especies que ofrezca información básica para futuros trabajos acerca de su biogeografía, ecología y estatus de conservación. Materiales y métodos El listado de especies de anfibios y reptiles presentes en el departamento del Valle del Cauca fue elaborado con base en revisión bibliográfica (especialmente aquella que in-cluye registros de individuos en museos acreditados) e in-formación no publicada que ha sido obtenida a partir de la experiencia propia de los autores y del grupo de trabajo en
Many frogs lay their eggs in water; the development of these frogs is well-known. However, many frogs reproduce on land; their eggs are large and have an altered early development. As examples, Gastrotheca riobambae broods its embryos in a pouch on the mother's back, and Eleutherodactylus coqui exhibits direct development with no tadpole stage. We provide practical information on obtaining eggs and embryos from these terrestrial-breeding species and on analyzing their development. Our aim is to make these species more accessible to researchers who are interested in the developmental and evolutionary consequences of terrestrial development.
Marsupial tree frogs (Hylidae: Hemiphractinae) share the unusual feature of females brooding eggs on the dorsum or in a dorsal pouch. Results of studies of albumin evolution in these frogs suggest that the generic lineages are ancient (Cretaceous), that a minimum of four species groups can be identified within the genus Gastrotheca and that the monotypic Amphignathodon should be placed in Gastrotheca. The results also support recent suggestions that direct development is the plesiomorphic reproductive mode in egg-brooding hylid frogs. The estimated times of divergence of various lineages coincide with major orogenic events in South America. /// Los sapos marsupiales (Hylidae: Hemiphractinae) se caracterizan por transportar las hembras los huevos en el dorso o en un saco dorsal. Los resultados del análisis de la evolución de las albuminas sugieren una divergencia cretácica para dicho género. El género monotípico Amphignathodon quizás debería ser relocalizado con el género Gastrotheca, dentro del cual se reconocen cuatro grupos de especies. Este arreglo estaría de acuerdo con recientes indicaciones por las cuales el desarrollo directo es un modo reproductivo plesiomórphico en los hylidos marsupiales. Las épocas estimadas de divergencia evolutiva coinciden con los grandes eventos orogénicos en Suramérica.
We provide the first report of reproduction in Gastrotheca testudinea. A brooding female from the Urubamba Valley in southern Peru gave birth to 59 froglets. This confirms the supposition that this species has direct development of eggs into froglets.
Document that include an advanced analysis of the diversity of amphibian species in a region of southwestern Colombia, very important in biological diversity. The central idea of this work was to a limited space pages, make a synopsis of a number of species that were at risk in natural populations. This book is written in Spanish and freely available to researchers interested in these issues
Three patterns of superficial mandibular musculature are described in hemiphractine hylid frogs. One of these is unique to the morphologically bizarre Hemiphractus. A second pattern is found in Flectonotus and also occurs in some species of Gastrotheca and Stefania. A third pattern involves a differentiated apical element of the m. intermandibularis and is found in Cryptobatrachus, many species of Gastrotheca, and one species of Stefania. Evidence supports the plesiomorphic state of an undifferentiated m. intermandibularis and two derived states of differentiation of that muscle. One of these is the development of supplementary posterolateral elements characteristic of the Phyllomedusinae, whereas the differentiation of an apical element has occurred in at least six independent lineages--the entire Pelodryadinae, three unrelated genera of Hylinae, and two genera of Hemiphractinae. Gastrotheca and Stefania are the only anuran genera known to include species possessing, and others lacking, differentiation of the m. intermandibularis. Vocal sacs and apertures are absent in Cryptobatrachus, Hemiphractus, Stefania, and six species of Gastrotheca.
The University of Kansas; MCZ = Mu-seum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Uni-versity
- Inderena De Recursos Naturales
- Bogota
- Ku
- Museum
INDERENA = Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales, Bogota; KU = Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas; MCZ = Mu-seum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Uni-versity; MLS = Museo La Salle, Bogota;
Ecuador: No specific locality, CAS 123981 (skeleton), 123982. Imbabura: Intag, 1,200 m, BMNH 1946.9.7.28 (holotype) Napo: 1 km SW Santa Barbara, 2,690 m, USNM 163380. Pichincha: Mindo 1,260 m, UMMZ 55524; Quebrada Zapadores, 5.5 km ESE Chiriboga
- Other Specimens
- Amphignathodong
OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED Amphignathodong guetitheri. Ecuador: No specific locality, CAS 123981 (skeleton), 123982. Imbabura: Intag, 1,200 m, BMNH 1946.9.7.28 (holotype). Napo: 1 km SW Santa Barbara, 2,690 m, USNM 163380. Pichincha: Mindo 1,260 m, UMMZ 55524; Quebrada Zapadores, 5.5 km ESE Chiriboga, 2,010 m, KU 164224-26, 164227 (skeleton), 164228, 173112, 178464; "Quito" (?), ZMC 1469;
about 1 km "above" mouth, MCZ 92995 Pichincha: 1 km N, 2 km E Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 620 m, KU 178498. Tinalandia, 16 km E Santo Domingo de los Colorados, MCZ 90343
- Rio San
- Miguel
Rio San Miguel, about 1 km "above" mouth, MCZ 92995. Pichincha: 1 km N, 2 km E Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 620 m, KU 178498. Tinalandia, 16 km E Santo Domingo de los Colorados, MCZ 90343. Panama: Bocas del Toro: 4.8 km W Almirante, 40 m, KU
KU 101535; Rio Changuinola, near Quebrada El Guaybo, 90-170 m, AMNH 107251-53; Rio Claro, near junction with Rio Changena
- Rio Changena
Rio Changena, 830 m, KU 101535; Rio Changuinola, near Quebrada El Guaybo, 90-170 m, AMNH 107251-53; Rio Claro, near junction with Rio Changena, 910 m, KU 101536-37, 104361 (skeleton).
Cocle: Continental divide N El Cope, 600 m, AMNH 98361-62, UMMZ 147827, 148010, 167312. Dari6n: south base Cerro Tacarcuna
- Chiriqui
Chiriqui: no specific locality, KU 172418. Cocle: Continental divide N El Cope, 600 m, AMNH 98361-62, UMMZ 147827, 148010, 167312. Dari6n: south base Cerro Tacarcuna, Rio Pucuro, 640 m, AMNH 90980-84, 90985 (embryos);
KU 77016; Tacarcuna Village, 1,000 m, USNM 141795. San Bias: Camp Summnit, 300-400 m, KU 116350-52. Panama: upper Rio Pequeni
- Laguna
Laguna, 820 m, KU 77016; Tacarcuna Village, 1,000 m, USNM 141795. San Bias: Camp Summnit, 300-400 m, KU 116350-52. Panama: upper Rio Pequeni, USNM 47705 (holotype of H!la ceratophrys).
An account of the reptiles and amphibians collected by
- Literature Cited Boulenger
LITERATURE CITED BOULENGER, G. A. 1898. An account of the reptiles and amphibians collected by Mr. W. F. H. Rosen-berg in western Ecuador. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1898:107-126.
Frogs of Colombia The hylid frogs of Middle America. Mono. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 1. 1974. A reassessment of the taxonomic status of some neotropical hylid frogs A new species of Hyla from Cerro Colorado, and other tree frog records and geographical notes from west-ern Panama
- D M Cochran
- C J And
- Goin
- W E Duellman
- C W Myers
- W E And
- Duellman
COCHRAN, D. M., AND C. J. GOIN. 1970. Frogs of Colombia. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. 288. DUELLMAN, W. E. 1970. The hylid frogs of Middle America. Mono. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 1. 1974. A reassessment of the taxonomic status of some neotropical hylid frogs. Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 27. MYERS, C. W., AND W. E. DUELLMAN. 1982. A new species of Hyla from Cerro Colorado, and other tree frog records and geographical notes from west-ern Panama. Amer. Mus. Novit. 2752. STEJNEGER, L. 1911. Descriptions of three new ba-trachians from Costa Rica and Panama. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 41:285-288.