The Tourist: A new Theory of Leisure Class
... 2006 ;Gaworecki 2007 ;Mika 2008 ;Pawlusiński 2008a ;Meyer, Pawlicz 2010 ;Niemczyk 2017). Chęć zaspokojenia potrzeby poznawczej przez uzyskanie informacji o wartościach określonej przestrzeni geograficznej jest wskazywana także jako jeden z motywów podejmowania aktywności turystycznej w ogóle (MacCannell 1976 ;Leiper 1990 ;Przecławski 1996 ;Krzymowska-Kostrowicka 1999 ;Gaworecki 2007 ;Urry 2007 ;Alejziak 2009). Z punktu widzenia konsumenta źródła, urządzenia i oprogramowanie, z których korzystanie jest możliwe za pośrednictwem technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych zwiększają użyteczność miejsca, czasu i formy, a także zmniejszają koszty korzystania z informacji i usług turystycznych w porównaniu z tradycyjnymi kanałami dystrybucji (Gaworecki 2007 ;Baum, Kokkranikal 2008 ;Nalazek 2010 ;Kachniewska 2011). ...
... Informacja o wartościach przestrzeni turystycznej oraz zakresie i sposobach społecznego ich udostępnienia stanowi przesłankę i bodziec podejmowania oraz modyfikator aktywności turystycznej. Korzystanie z tej informacji wpływa bezpośrednio na zachowania turystyczne (MacCannell 1976 ;Leiper 1990 ;Krzymowska-Kostrowicka 1999 ;Kowalczyk 2000 ;Richards 2002 ;Hall 2006 ;Gaworecki 2007 ;Mazurkiewicz 2007 ;Urry 2007 ;Merski, Piotrowski 2008 ;Pawlusiński 2008a ;Alejziak 2009 ;Kruczek, Walas 2010 ;Meyer, Pawlicz 2010 ;Mika 2014). Jak zauważył Urry (2007, s. 199), " nie należy spodziewać się, że jakakolwiek pojedyncza teoria wyczerpująco wyjaśni zachowania turystyczne ". ...
... Na obszarach recepcji turystycznej dostęp lub wcześniejsze uzyskanie informacji ułatwia korzystanie z ich atrakcji, przemieszczanie się i użytkowanie zagospodarowania (Pawlusiński 2008 a). MacCannell (1976) i Leiper (1990) omówili znaczenie wpływu informacji na zachowanie turysty, zwracając uwagę na rolę tzw. oznacznika (ang. ...
... From the perspective of tourist, a cultural experience has two aspects: 1) model; the representation of aspect of life via various platforms; 2) influence; the created or changed feeling or belief. These two dimensions are connected in a medium and medium can refer face to face interactions, gatherings, or TV and even films (MacCannell, 2013) and stories provide these interactions on their own and within the other platforms and mediums such as social media, marketing agents and so forth. Thus, storytelling requires even more attention on the perspective how audience see or hear rather than what is being told (Stone et al., 2015), therefore, these mediums provide tourists memorability as the part of experience. ...
... In the tourism context it is proposed that, tourists return their home with tangible souvenirs and intangible experiences because they are the way of their presence and without these tangible and intangible reminders it is not easy to be present in the modern culture (MacCannell, 2013). ...
... Designed narratives, created experiences, and social media pieces are the vital part of the tourism marketing stories (Arslan, 2023). These interactions are essential since MacCannel argues the fact that from the tourists' perspective, the worldviews produce the groups; rather than groups producing the world views (MacCannell, 2013). ...
In the 21st century, demographic shifts, including the growth in the number of elderly individuals, age-related illnesses and the inclination of this cohort to remain active for longer, have given rise to the phenomenon of health tourism for older people. The growth in the number of older people travelling for the purpose of improving their health has led to the development of a market for health tourism. Although Turkiye has made considerable progress in this field, there is still scope for further development in the area of elderly health tourism. This study examines the phenomenon of elderly health tourism in Türkiye, with particular focus on strategies to appeal to high-end market segments. The analysis is based on a case study of Ayka Vital Park, which included a review of the facility’s website, documents obtained from the founder, and a report prepared by a healthcare industry professional using the Premium+ CareCation® model. The study employed the qualitative research methodology, in particular the 'case study analysis' approach, whereby a specific individual, group, event, institution or policy is examined in depth. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations have been formulated to align with the expectations of specific segments of the elderly health tourism market in Ayka Vital Park and throughout Türkiye. The recommendations relate to four principal areas: human resources, service provision, physical infrastructure, and the wider supporting structures.
... V této souvislosti antropologie turismu také upozorňuje na nárůst komodifikace lokálního umění a kultury, v jejímž průběhu dochází k přeměně kulturních prvků a komplexů na zboží (Macleod 2006;Cole 2007). Zvýšená pozornost je věnována i deskripci, klasifikaci a proměně lokálního umění nebo jeho prezentaci v muzeích a galeriích (MacCannell 1976;Graburn 1989;Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1998. V neposlední řadě antropologie turismu klade důraz na očekávání turistů, s nímž jsou spojeny takové kategorie, jako jsou turistický pohled, zážitek, autenticita a turistické představy (MacCannell 1973;Urry 2002;Bruner 2005;Salazar 2010Salazar , 2012Salazar , 2013Salazar -Graburn 2014). ...
... Autenticita představuje zásadní faktor, hodnotu nebo požadavek, který motivuje turistu k cestování a podílí se na výběru cílové destinace. Turista hledá autentické zážitky, jež se odlišují od zážitků každodenního života (MacCannell 1976;Olsen 2002;Peterson 2005;Reisinger -Steiner 2006). Autenticita je zakotvena v produktech turismu, jimiž mohou být například obřady, pokrmy nebo umělecká díla, pokud jsou performovány, připraveny a zhotoveny lokálními obyvateli v souladu s původními zvyky nebo tradicí (Wang 1999). ...
... V této souvislosti MacCannell stanovil přední a zadní region, čímž explicitně navázal na analýzu každodenního života jako divadla Ervinga Goffmana (Goffman 1959(Goffman , 1999. Zatímco přední region je inscenovaný a neautentický, pravda a skutečnost je charakteristická pro zadní region (MacCannell 1973(MacCannell , 1976. Proto "se turisté snaží vstoupit do zadních regionů míst, která navštěvují, protože tyto regiony jsou spojovány s důvěrností vztahů a autenticitou zážitků" (MacCannell 1973: 589). ...
The anthropology of tourism represents a relatively new and dynamically developing sub-discipline and thematic field of sociocultural anthropology. The pivotal research topics of the anthropology of tourism are authenticity and tourism imaginaries. The main objective of this paper is the theoretical analysis of particular approaches to the studies of authenticity as they have been developed since the 1970s. Special attention is paid to the phenomenon of tourism imaginaries, which have been the subject of the anthropology of tourism since the 1990s. Therefore, this paper includes the typologies of these categories, as well as further elaboration of the category of the tourists’ perspective, including how theory makes this perspective more accurate and gradually differentiated. This paper presents the development of research terms and categories in the wider context of the development of the anthropology of tourism, and analyses the power relations that affect the relations between guests and hosts.
... Når det gjelder synlighet og anerkjennelse av minoritetskulturer, som kvensk kultur, er reiselivsdiskurser spesielt interessante fordi i en reiselivskontekst settes forskjellighet -det unike og spesielle -på spissen som del av promoteringen av en destinasjon eller en opplevelse. Reiselivsdiskursen er i seg selv utviklet i en historisk kontekst skapt som del av andre diskurser formidlet via et bredt spekter av medier (MacCannell, 1999). Ifølge MacCannell (1999) kan reiseliv forstås som en semiotisk prosess der det som utgjør en attraksjon, allerede er kjent gjennom ulike medier før turistene møter steder. ...
... Dette er da tegn som, når de gjenkjennes av noen, representerer en større helhet. Videre er slike attraksjoner i seg selv markører som konnoterer til andre attraksjoner som utgjør mer eller mindre imaginaere enheter, som stater, regioner, mennesker eller nasjonale minoriteter (MacCannell, 1999). ...
... Rather than making a strict distinction between recreational drones and those specifically related to tourism (i.e., in the context of travel), we start from the premise that, in some way, we are all tourists (MacCannell, 1999(MacCannell, [1976). The drone pilot, outdoors, becomes a tourist in terms of performance and visibility, albeit temporarily. ...
... Rather than making a strict distinction between recreational drones and those specifically related to tourism (i.e., in the context of travel), we start from the premise that, in some way, we are all tourists (MacCannell, 1999(MacCannell, [1976). The drone pilot, outdoors, becomes a tourist in terms of performance and visibility, albeit temporarily. ...
Drone technology introduces new imagery to the contemporary tourist experience. This research aims to explore the relationship between the landscape and the self-presentation of photographers, mediated through the drone gaze, specifically, “dronies” (selfies taken using drones). This paper is conceptual and empirical and adopts a predominantly exploratory and qualitative approach. The corpus consisted of the universe of photographs on the specialized website Skypixel, with the hashtag #dronies and their respective metadata. Not surprisingly, when it comes to landscape features, the most common environment is the countryside. This study analyses tourist photographs inspired by Roland Barthes’ semiotic theory. The relay (relais) between photography and caption predominates. Studium is more common than pungent imagery; the former may reveal the intentionality of the photographer in rendering landscapes a spectacle. The analysis of emotions also points to positive feelings among the viewers. In dronies, a juxtaposition occurs between tourists’ self-representation and the features of the landscape, and it is at this point that the concept of the drone gaze emerges. This gaze is a proposal of ours. Although resulting from a combination of previous theorizations, this gaze is distinct, as it includes mobility and online sharing as relevant factors, right from its inception. We can also observe both ruptures and continuities with conventional selfies.
... O turismo de memória é um fenômeno bastante heterogêneo, e pode ser considerado uma nova modalidade dentro da prática do turismo, que por sua vez é uma experiência social bastante antiga (Cohen, 2002). Sua singularidade consiste no tipo de turismo identificado usualmente como moderno (Maccannell, 1976;Urry, 2001). O contexto social e cultural do qual emerge essa nova forma de turismo é a modernidade tardia, que se caracteriza por uma crise radical em relação à temporalidade (Giddens, 1991;Hartog, 2013;Koselleck, 2006) e, por decorrência, implica uma drástica mudança nas valorizações das memórias fundadoras (Huyssen, 2000) tanto coletivas quanto individuais. ...
... O próprio turismo foi extensivamente caracterizado como dotado de uma natureza intrinsecamente inautêntica e mercadológica (Cohen, 2002), cujo objetivo residiria em estabelecer uma fuga, ou um entretenimento, como oposição ao mundo do trabalho (Tomazos, 2020). MacCannell (1976) foi o autor que mais contribuiu para fixar a versão do turista contemporâneo como um sujeito rendido às armadilhas de um mercado "enganoso", quase um pleonasmo. Para o objeto em tela, é preciso destacar que esse processo não é isento de tensões. ...
O trabalho analisa o turismo de memória na sua constituição teórica e toma Berlim e o Checkpoint Charlie como destaques analíticos. A partir de levantamento histórico no período após a II Guerra, o artigo destaca o caráter único da criação do Checkpoint Charlie como artificial quando comparado aos “lugares de memória”, no conceito de Nora (1983). O caráter não genuíno do Checkpoint Charlie pode ser remetido ao caráter comercial crescente durante os processos de globalização urbana de Berlim, expressando também um recorrente argumento sobre a autenticidade ou a inautenticidade dos debates sobre memorialização coletiva. A hipótese do trabalho acompanha o conceito de memória prostética (Landsberg, 2014), que apesar de ter se desenvolvido mais nos Estudos Comunicacionais, pode ajudar a problematizar as práticas de memória ligadas a processos urbanos massivos, já que avalia como potencialmente produtivo o envolvimento da memória coletiva em contextos massivos.
... This name emphasizes its educational purpose and function as a cultural center that advances knowledge about local civilization. The concept of cultural education explained by MacCannell (1973) in-depth learning experiences. Names that reflect educational and cultural enrichment functions add value to educational attractions and increase appeal for tourists seeking experiences that educate and enrich their knowledge of past civilizations. ...
This research was conducted to reveal the application of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in naming tourist attractions in Medalsari Village, Karawang Regency. The research applies a qualitative study design, ethnographic methods, and the umbrella of anthropolinguistic studies to uncover the naming story, meaning, and cultural values behind the naming of tourist attractions. The research results reveal that the naming of natural and cultural tourism objects in Medalsari Village cannot be separated from the role of central figures who contribute to the development of the village. Several tourist attractions have changed names due to commercialization and efforts to revitalize local culture. The names were reconstructed as part of a strategy to attract tourist interest and support the market narrative. This naming process supports the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which emphasizes that language, culture, and ways of thinking are closely related to people's lives. This research contributes to promoting tourist attractions in Medalsari Village and helps develop teaching materials in higher education. Integrating teaching materials focused on local wisdom can build a learning atmosphere that is more inclusive, interactive, and in line with student needs. Utilizing teaching materials that are close to students can improve the quality of learning and have an impact on student learning experiences.
... However, it was only the global popularity of Pine and Gilmore's (1999) concept that reawakened researchers' interest in tourist experiences (Marciszewska, 2010;Stasiak, 2020). Previously, the issue of experiences was also addressed by D. MacCannell (1976;2005), E. Cohen (1979), and J. Urry (1990;. ...
... If MacCannell (1999) considers tourism to be a phenomenon whose origins lie in modernity, in particular, in the middle class that emerged from it, perhaps no one has described tourism as a manifest expression of postmodernity better than Baumann (1997). Indeed, the author highlights how tourists are the heroes of postmodernity. ...
The symbolic value of the journey has been widely explored in literary theory, educational science, history and philosophy. However, is it possible to approach travel from a theological point of view? The aim of our article is to answer this question. In order to do so, we essentially seek a biblical and theological-spiritual foundation for our research. First, we start from the experience contained in travel books as well as from the notion of the journey as a path to wisdom as it appears in some literary works. After examining the pedagogical value of the notion of the journey as an adventure in which the hero is formed, and the philosophical value of the concept of the journey as a search for the meaning of life, we intend to develop the theological approach on three levels: examining the notion of the journey as a metaphor for the Christian way; the experience of the journey as expatriation; and the relationship between the journey and conversion.
... While these tourism policies have commodified the hudoq ceremony, converting it from a sacred ritual to a performative attraction for visitors, this shift cannot be seen in isolation. as MacCannell (1999) and Cohen (1988) argue, such transformations often reflect broader patterns of commodification in tourism, where authenticity is staged for foreign consumption. the dayak Bahau people are not passive in this process. ...
The rapid growth of tourism in Indonesia has significantly influenced regional development, with cultural heritage, such as the Hudoq ceremony of the Dayak Bahau tribe in East Kalimantan, becoming a key attraction. Once a sacred ritual closely tied to the tribe’s Nugal rice planting and Lamin communal lifestyle, the Hudoq ceremony has been transformed into a commodified tourism spectacle due to modernization and tourism policies. This study employs a phenomenological approach in field observations, incorporating fieldwork from 2009 and 2017, alongside desk research from 2022-2023, using the hermeneutical method for data interpretation. The analysis is framed by Harding et al.’s theory of culture as an open system, Ryan’s commodification analysis, and Suparlan’s concept of selective adaptation. Findings reveal that, while tourism has contributed to the commodification of the ceremony, the Mahakam Ulu Regency’s Hudoq Pekayang Festival has facilitated a balanced reintegration with the Nugal traditions. The Dayak Bahau’s adaptive strategies demonstrate their cultural resilience, highlighting the necessity for tourism policies that prioritize cultural preservation alongside development. These findings suggest that future tourism initiatives should involve local communities more actively in decision-making processes to ensure cultural authenticity and safeguard sacred traditions.
... Based on how the triangular trading route in the trans-Atlantic region steered a mass relocation of enslaved people from Africa to the Americas and Europe over the course of centuries, and profoundly impacted and reformed global society, I have chosen museum exhibitions of colonial histories in various geographies along this route: Curaçao, Eng- For relevant studies about the need for an authentic visitor experience, see Urry (1990), MacCannell (1999, Urry and Larsen (2011), Pine and Gilmore (2007, pp.1-4), and Hede et al. (2013Hede et al. ( , pp. 1395Hede et al. ( -1398. Studies that confirm this claim and discuss the advancement of visitor expectations and demand, see Falk andDierking (2013, pp. ...
The awareness of the legacies of colonial histories and difficult heritage has
grown significantly in public and academic debates over the past two decades with
the majority of debates revolving around issues concerning the acknowledgement of,
and accountability for, the enduring impacts of colonisation. Narratives about colonisation
include prevailing notions of civilisation and citizenship, while narratives of
slavery and less victorious aspects of colonisation are often silenced. A prevailing sentiment
about the acknowledgement and accountability of the enduring impact of colonisation
within public representations increasingly challenges museums to rethink
representations of colonial pasts in the present. This chapter seeks to identify how
museums can connect better to contemporary debates of colonialism, particularly relevant
in the context of dark tourism that often deals with legacies of the trauma of colonialism such as slavery, genocide and human oppression.
... It is a constant controversy, which is never finished and always starts anew. As a result, the spaces of tourists and the spaces of locals are continually merging, and what were formerly conceptualised as separate front-and back-stage areas (MacCannell, 1976) turn into an overall contested, mutually produced and jointly lived space. ...
... Tourists have been labelled, metaphorically, in multiple ways (Dann 2002). This includes descriptions of tourists as (secular) pilgrims in a quest of authenticity (MacCannell 1976) but also as travellers on a sacred journey (Graburn 1978(Graburn , 1983(Graburn , 2001. In contrast, the stereotypical image that tourists are hedonists is related particularly (but not exclusively) with sun, sand and sex, and is associated with, sometimes unbridled, consumerism (cf. ...
... In protest tourism, tourists construct or reconstruct authenticity for themselves by seeing the actual sites of the movement rather than through social media or mass media coverage. What this study has shown, however, is that the very acts of "authenticity" (MacCannell, 1973(MacCannell, , 2013Hillman, 1999), such as witnessing physical conflict on the street or experiencing demonstrations, are only possible for a certain type of protester who has resources, takes risks, does not care about dirtiness and messy environments, and has fewer domestic responsibilities. ...
This paper investigates protest tourism as a gendered experience. Recently, scholars have shown increasing interest in protest tourism, but they have mainly focused on the participants' motivation, emotions, and identity. Understanding gender differences in protest tourism is important in the investigation of both protests and tourism. This study discusses Japanese female protest tourism, focusing on three aspects: constraints, feelings and gender roles. Previous studies on tourism and social movements provide a research framework for these three aspects. Based on writings described by female activists and on interviews with participants, the paper reports three key findings. First, female participants face constraints when taking part in protest tourism due to domestic responsibilities and resource limitations. Second, women's protest tourists have fears about the risks of harassment and violence and are uncomfortable being in a marginalized position. Third, they are forced into a feminine role in demonstration speeches and accommodations; however, if they ignore social norms, they can liberate themselves from that role. These findings demonstrate the discouragement factors associated with protest tourism, namely its danger, one-time nature and uniqueness, by focusing on the marginalized actor. The discussion of the concept of protest tourism therefore includes a wider range of behaviors.
... Pariwisata adalah sebuah industri yang sangat besar, bukan sekadar kumpulan aktivitas komersial semata; namun juga merupakan kerangka ideologis sejarah, alam dan tradisi; sebuah pembingkaian yang memiliki kekuatan untuk membentuk kembali budaya dan alam sesuai kebutuhannya sendiri (Lasansky & McLaren, 2004;MacCannell, 1992). ...
Paggora Water Park, a once-popular tourist destination, has experienced significant degradation in its facilities and infrastructure due to the prolonged COVID-19 lockdown. This paper examines the urgent need for comprehensive renovation and tourism design concepts to restore and enhance the park's appeal based on the opinions of Paggora Water Tourism visitors using quantitative methods, which will be analyzed using multiple linear regression techniques, ultimately providing a design concept that will fit with the service quality and visitor satisfaction. Five independent variables will be tested with the dependent variable (visitor satisfaction): tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The results of the quantitative analysis show that the variables influencing visitor satisfaction are the tangible (positive influence) and the assurance variable (negative influence). The proposed design concept aims to apply the results of survey and quantitative analysis—improving facilities or physical forms to increase visitor satisfaction—creating an engaging and memorable visitor experience. These findings also highlight the renovation process that the team undertook and the potential for Paggora Water Park to serve as a model for similar facilities facing maintenance and resource challenges
... Al considerar que la mayor parte de la población-turista son residentes urbanos (MacCannell, 1999;Turner y Ash, 1991) y que la Ciudad de México es la mayor metrópolis del país y, por tanto, el principal territorio emisor de turistas domésticos y hacia el extranjero, el análisis de la percepción y las modificaciones en los hábitos de viaje de la población capitalina, resulta un tema pertinente en el contexto de crisis pandémica. Así, este trabajo parte de las preguntas: ¿cómo se modifica el comportamiento turístico de las personas que viven en una megalópolis durante una crisis sanitaria?, ¿qué influencia tienen las medidas gubernamentales en dicho comportamiento? ...
La crisis sanitaria generada por COVID-19, debido a su naturaleza, localización y consecuencias es principalmente una crisis humanitaria, global y urbana, porque ha transformado profunda y velozmente el modo de vida de las ciudades. Principalmente durante el periodo de confinamiento, la pandemia exigió redefinir el uso del espacio privado, condicionó al extremo el uso del espacio público, puso de manifiesto las limitaciones del sistema de salud y de la seguridad social y al mismo tiempo que generó un fuerte incremento de la pobreza, produjo una amplificación de las desigualdades socioeconómicas y territoriales. Por ello, las principales preguntas planteadas en este libro colectivo son: ¿esta crisis global será un detonador para revisar y transformar profundamente el conjunto de políticas económicas, sociales y urbanas desplegadas por los diferentes ámbitos de gobierno —federal, estatal y municipal— a fin de crear ciudades sostenibles y saludables? ¿O si simplemente se trató de realizar un conjunto de acciones de contención ante la emergencia? Y ¿una vez superada la crisis, las políticas continuarán abonando al modelo de ciudad dispersa y difusa en la que prevalecen intensos procesos de segregación urbana y fragmentación social?
... With the recent practical and academic surge in interest in neo-traditional houses, many academic studies have examined the impact of neighborhood regeneration on tourism, the architectural industry, and local economies [1,2]. Many studies on neo-traditional housing in the field of architecture have examined it as a representation of heritage sites [3,4]. However, most studies have concentrated on classical styles in Western historical architecture, such as New Urbanism towns and historical neighborhoods in Europe [5][6][7]. ...
This study explores the recent emergence of traditional Korean houses and hanoks as markers of cultural capital in Seoul, South Korea. While the ownership of detached houses itself can be a symbol of wealth in Seoul, traditional-style houses have become increasingly associated with luxurious living, particularly after the successful remodeling of hanoks in metropolitan settings such as Bukchon in Seoul. This study employs the critical luxury studies method to analyze the recent rise in hanok construction/remodeling among elites, and illustrates how traditional architectural forms have become status markers. Although the regeneration of traditional houses in cities has been examined from the perspective of gentrification or touristic cultural consumption, less academic attention has been placed on the phenomenon from the perspective of the homeowners’ taste. This study examines how traditional architecture has become a form of acceptable luxury through a media analysis of published articles and interviews with the residents of hanoks. This study argues that protecting endangered traditions and rich sensory experiences function as important moralizing factors in luxury housing, indicating that sociocultural valuation becomes as significant as market valuation.
... The discourse around authenticity has evolved significantly from its early conceptualizations by Boorstin (1964) and MacCannell (1973MacCannell ( , 1976, who critiqued the emergence of mass tourism and its contrived adventures, to a contemporary understanding that acknowledges authenticity's fluidity and subjectivity (Bruner, 1994;Cohen, 1988). The discourse was further enriched by Jean Baudrillard's (1988) notion of simulacra, wherein copies so accurate can be perceived as more authentic than the original, challenging traditional delineations between authenticity and fabrication. ...
Presentación del dossier Turismo, espacio y arquitectura: dimensiones sociales y políticas
Tourism discourse is in the center of researchers’ attention thanks to the advanced technological process of the tourism industry and the increased need for effective communication and high-quality translation of information delivered to users in the virtual environment. The technological progress has created new trends in the field of translation studies, thus the localization of tourist sites offers various areas of study of tourist texts and the translation difficulties of tourism language, especially regarding the cultural elements encountered in tourist texts. The localization of a tourist site consists in the adaptation of products for different cultures and languages, thus localization is a process of culturalization of the message transmitted to the receiver and involves a thorough approach of culture-bound words from the source language. The tourism websites from the Republic of Moldova include a lot of cultural information, and their translation requires a deep understanding of culture-bound words and various cultural aspects specific to both the source and target languages.
Drawing inspiration from Davydd Greenwood’s “Culture by the Pound,” this chapter delves into tourism development from an introspective viewpoint. Based on my 13 years of living and working in Lisbon, I have crafted four vignettes from fragmented memories to explore the evolu- tion of tourism with poignant emotions as it became interwoven into everyday life. Reflecting on my experiences, I provide an analysis of informal development, which arises from a grassroots perspective when tourism occurs spontaneously and without management. Local residents utilized existing resources for tourism purposes, shaping their own tourist activities. Ultimately, I underscore the significance of examining tourism development beyond structured planning and acknowledging its organic growth and transformation.
Walking through the city is an oft overlooked staple of tourist activity, and the popularity of walking tours in Florence, Vienna and Tokyo are a testament to this. This thesis will consider how history is constructed and communicated on self-guided historical walking routes in these three cities. These routes privilege individual "attractions" from various points in each city's history performing a curation of the urban landscape. Furthermore, they can be considered a form of history in the public sphere as they allow their public, their audience: the pedestrian tourist, to access spatially experienced historical information. Combining an analytical approach to the history of tourism and theories of the "Tourist Gaze" in tandem with the idea of the city as museum, this research untangles the various inconsistencies, biases, and value judgements made while curating the cityscape in the context of tourism. While walking, popular urban histories and tourism have all been surveyed separately, research into self-guided history walks as a nexus of these fields is currently negligible. The methodology combines fieldwork with content analysis of walking route materials (including information boards in situ, leaflets, and app-based online content) to discover the impact of the walking route as embodied experience, and as directed by signs and textual information. This research will be used to interrogate how walking tours coax the tourist towards a specific vision of the historical city and what this says about the tourist image of the living city. This thesis concludes that the "official" nature of walking routes created by state tourist boards limits their capacity to delve into the complexities of the historical, and memorial, spaces they traverse. While walking tours created by organisations outside the tourist industry suggest the potential for immersive and informative historical experiences, and the autonomy of the independent walker always allows for free discovery, government endorsed routes repeatedly favour palatable versions of history.
The Covid-19 pandemic represented between 2020 and 2022 both a dark period for some, but also an opportunity to seize for others (Marcotte et al. 2020).
The shock that the pandemic has represented on a global scale still seems surreal when reading the statistics. In 2020, the World Tourism Organization recorded a sharp drop in international arrivals worldwide of almost 70% and up to -90% in some countries, knowing that the 2019 figures were estimated at 1.460 billion (UNWTO 2020). For many media outlets and the media propensity that took place between 2020 and 2022 and the tourism sectors concerned, the pandemic was considered a one-off crisis or a structural disaster, while for others it is a unique opportunity to re-establish the contemporary tourism model, opening up to a possible tourism revolution (Cousin et al. 2021). On the tourism research side, many researchers consider this event as a period conducive to a deep, even radical reflection on tourism mobility (Marcotte et al. 2020). Perceiving an event such as the Covid-19 pandemic as a disaster does not necessarily imply experiencing it as such (Langumier 2009), insofar as the concept of disaster must be distinguished from the concept of crisis (Glaesser 2016). The crisis, unlike the catastrophe, is not only part of a longer temporality, but is very often revealed, rather than caused, by a catastrophe (Cousin et al. 2021).
The abundance of scientific reflections during the period 2020-2023 provides a ground for analysis conducive to the different tourism perspectives previously introduced in the French-speaking scientific literature. Also, our reflection will focus on the themes of discourse used by researchers and practitioners in tourism during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Introducción: Este estudio examina la transformación de la imagen de Peniche, una ciudad costera en Portugal, desde su asociación con la represión durante la dictadura de Salazar hasta su reconocimiento actual como capital internacional del surf. Metodología: Se utilizó un enfoque metodológico mixto, combinando entrevistas en profundidad con residentes, estudiantes de turismo y surfistas, y encuestas a visitantes. Además, se analizó la evolución de los símbolos de la ciudad. Resultados: Los hallazgos indican que el surf ha desempeñado un papel crucial en la redefinición de la imagen de Peniche. Las entrevistas y encuestas revelaron un cambio drástico en la percepción de la ciudad, de un pasado oscuro a un destino turístico vibrante. Discusión: Las estrategias de comunicación y marketing han sido claves para este rebranding, utilizando eslóganes y símbolos que resonaron tanto con residentes como con visitantes. Conclusiones: Peniche ha logrado superar su pasado represivo mediante una combinación de esfuerzos comunitarios y estrategias de sostenibilidad, estableciéndose como un destino de surf de renombre mundial.
The aim of this study was to analyse the motivations of the participants of the festivity in honour of Our Lady of Antime in Fafe (located in the north of Portugal) and provide an overview of the tourism opportunities and impacts associated with the event. To this end, the study analysed the main events on the programme for the 2024 edition of this religious festivity. According to the interviews and participant observations, the impact of the religious festivity in honour of Our Lady of Antime on the faithful who participated was evident. For this study, semi-structured face-to-face interviews and participant observations were conducted, and the former were recorded for subsequent content analysis and categorisation. Participant observation was conducted, focusing on the events that occurred during the religious festivity in honour of the Lady of Antime. The limitations of this study relate to the fact that this is a resource that has not yet been explored as a lever for religious tourism in the municipality, although it has received more media attention in recent years. After carrying out this study, it was possible to conclude that the religious festivity in honour of Our Lady of Antime is attracting more and more believers, and that this event has become a resource that is complementary to the basic tourist resources of the destination of Fafe.
Israeli sociologist Eric Cohen is one of the founders of the sociology of tourism. This scientist proposed both his own developments in the field of tourism, including the typology of tourists, the classification of ways to obtain tourist experience, and analyzed the general path of development of this branch of knowledge, resorting to understanding the theoretical and empirical works of other researchers, and also outlined trends and main topics of modern research in this field of knowledge. The theoretical research of this scientist has become an important reference point for researchers studying global processes taking place in the world, as well as complex interactions between tourists and locals. This article is devoted to the analysis of Eric Cohen's theoretical contribution to the sociology of tourism, his conceptual approach and the significance of his works for modern research. The author explores the theoretical research of Eric Cohen using general scientific methods of cognition, as well as genetic, comparative historical and other methods that reveal the specifics of the scientist's approach. The scientific novelty of this topic lies in the systematization of the main ideas of Eric Cohen and the study of his contribution to the study of the phenomenon of tourism and the development of the sociology of tourism as an independent discipline. The works of the Israeli sociologist Eric Cohen, his conceptual apparatus and analytical tools testify to the high importance of his works for modern sociological theory. His works maintain high citation rates and are regularly consulted by modern researchers. These publications cover a wide range of topics: from typologies of tourists, concepts of tourist experience, research on authenticity to the analysis of the state of sociology of tourism as an independent science, identifying trends and the main topics dominating here, which makes him one of the most influential scientists in this field.
O turismo de favela é um segmento polêmico no campo do estudo do turismo. Como turismo alternativo, desenvolve progressivamente tendências em relação aos interesses individuais e especiais. Esse trabalho pretende identificar esse tipo de turismo como autêntico e, se essa autenticidade é a motivação para a experiência de visitação. Como objeto de pesquisa elegeu-se a Favela da Rocinha. Para atingir os objetivos, utilizou-se da análise de conteúdo de comentários realizados por turistas que vivenciaram esse atrativo, formando um corpus de 17.122 palavras contidas nos 261 comentários deixados por usuários dos passeios no período de 2010 a 2021 no TripAdvisor. O software VOSviewer fez a mineração de texto para identificação de padrões. A pesquisa caracteriza-se pela abordagem qualitativa. Como resultado, foram identificados três clusters: “atrativos”, “oportunidade” e “passeio”, respectivamente ligados aos construtos “motivação”, “autenticidade” e “experiência turística”. Consequentemente, foi proposto um modelo conceitual que facilitará a visualização do estudo, com a confirmação das proposições. Com o estudo foi possível observar que a busca pelo autêntico é um fator motivador para visitar a Favela da Rocinha, sendo esse fator “autêntico” atrelado à motivação cultural e interpessoal, ou seja, o turista quer conhecer o diferente, aquilo que não faz parte do seu cotidiano, em especial no âmbito de atividades paisagísticas e isso se torna um fator motivador da experiência turística.
Jack Kerouac is among the most important and influential writers to emerge from mid-twentieth century America. Founder of the Beat Generation literary movement, Kerouac's most famous novel, On the Road, was known as the bible of this generation, and inspired untold people to question the rigid social and cultural expectations of 1950s America. And yet despite its undeniable influence, On the Road is only a small piece of Kerouac's literary achievement, and there are now well over forty Kerouac books published. The centerpiece to this work is Kerouac's multi-volume Duluoz Legend, named for his fictional alter-ego, Jack Duluoz, and comprising numerous books written over decades that together tell the story of Duluoz's life and times. This volume offers fresh perspectives on his multifaceted body of work, ranging from detailed analyses of his most significant books to wide-angle perspectives that place Kerouac in key literary, theoretical, and cultural contexts.
A tese tem como objetivo analisar como se dá a memoração de patrimônios difíceis relacionados a escravidão, e se o turismo desenvolvido nesses lugares pode ser considerado uma ferramenta para reparação simbólica. Para essa discussão, foi observado o caso do sítio arqueológico do Cais do Valongo, localizado na zona portuária do Rio de Janeiro, que, desde 2017, é considerado um Patrimônio Mundial, pela Unesco. Seus objetivos específicos residem na exploração de como se dá o olhar internacional sobre o tema, por meio do projeto Rotas das Pessoas Escravizadas, da agência anteriormente citada, e o seu fomento ao turismo de memória em lugares traumáticos, e no debate sobre como esses espaços passaram a ser salvaguardados, como pela análise o dossiê de candidatura do Cais a Patrimônio da Humanidade. Desse material, foram identificadas três ações ligadas ao turismo, sendo elas, a criação de um complexo cultural e turístico para servir de centro de interpretação do Cais, o projeto paisagístico no sítio e seu entorno e o Circuito Histórico e Arqueológico de Celebração da Herança Africana. Por meio de abordagens provenientes da antropologia cultural e interpretativa, foram analisados 51 documentos, sua maioria relatórios do comitê científico internacional do projeto Rotas das Pessoas Escravizadas, entrevista com um dos seus representantes brasileiros e observação participante em nove visitas guiadas na região conhecida como Pequena África, na qual está localizado o Cais, em quatro empresas distintas. Como resultado foi observado que organizações internacionais exercem poder político nos Estados, contudo seus objetivos só se reverberam diante da aceitação e adequação desses a eles, e a perspectiva política estabelecida no presente sobre o passado difícil, como o foi no caso em tela. Nele foi demonstrado os tensionamentos e disputas entre diferentes perspectivas que ainda vigoram na memória coletiva sobre a escravidão, manifestado pelos desdobramentos da tentativa de criação do complexo cultural, consequência da descontinuidade nas políticas culturais no período de 2016 a 2022, marcado por uma agenda política reacionária. Diante disso, se considerou que as visitas guiadas foram uma estratégia para que essas memórias permanecessem em circulação apesar do cenário político desfavorável ao seu debate. Com elas se verificou o turismo enquanto um tipo particular de memória, construído por um retrabalho de memoração constante desse passado difícil no presente pelo intermédio dos guias. Nessas ocasiões se atentou para o caráter subjetivo das memórias evocadas, no que foi determinado como três momentos chave das narrativas dessas visitas, sendo eles resistência, apagamento e sofrimento. Ainda se problematizou a criação de nichos como o “afroturismo”. Foi considerado que essas terminologias possibilitam ações de reparação simbólica, e tem uma função socioeconomia relevante, porém ao identificar que muitas pessoas que são atraídas por essas experiências possuem identificação com o tema e um conhecimento prévio sobre ele, sugerimos a criação de mecanismos para atrair indivíduos, que, por exemplo, não possuem letramento racial, fazendo da atividade um fenômeno catalizador de mudanças sociais.
En el mundo actual se están viviendo procesos impensables tanto de índole positivo como del tipo negativo, y como todo un proceso interconectado entre las comunidades y regiones del mundo ha hecho que el turismo haya tomado un papel protagónico en los diferentes ejes económicos en los cuales incide. De allí entonces que este fenómeno socioeconómico y ambiental se haya convertido en un promotor del desarrollo en los territorios en los cuales se presenta e impacta de manera decisiva en todas las dimensiones de la vida en comunidad.
La región latinoamericana, la cual es una de los territorios bioculturales y bioeconómicos más importantes del planeta tierra, ya que alberga muchos países que se distinguen por su singularidad en sus ecosistemas naturales y culturales, sin embargo, todos ellos vienen a formar un paisaje integrado por los dos pilares básicos que requiere un producto turístico como se constituye dicho binomio, y a la vez, dichos elementos al ser singulares posibilitan de manera directa la diversificación de los productos turísticos que llaman la atención de los inversionistas y desarrolladores, quienes con su lente u óptica de rentabilidad
como negocio arguyen la planificación del espacio turístico construido
para el aprovechamiento de los recursos que en el territorio se
encuentran.
This chapter discusses the use of artificial intelligence and hyper personalisation in travel platforms in India and its impact on customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. As the industries are moving towards technological transformation, there is a need to know how consumers perceive personalised offerings and engage with it in tourism industry. There is a significant gap to understand hyper personalization strategies impact over consumers while online booking experience and address their problems. The study was conducted by taking a survey in which respondents who are the active users of travel platforms participated. The findings of the study highlight the need for online travel platforms to prioritize personalization and AI integration to enhance user satisfaction and loyalty. By leveraging technology to deliver tailored experiences and addressing user needs more effectively, travel platforms can position themselves for success in an increasingly competitive market landscape.
The modern tourism industry is in constant motion, being influenced by various innovations and trends. Marketing has become a key element of success in this industry, allowing companies to attract more customers and remain competitive. In the rapidly changing world of tourism, it is necessary to constantly monitor the latest technologies and strategies in order to attract the attention of the target audience. Marketing in the tourism industry has undergone significant changes and evolution over the past decades. Since the time when travel companies limited themselves to offline advertising in print media and working with travel agencies, today they are actively using digital marketing strategies and technologies to attract potential customers. From classic advertising branding to data analytics and virtual reality, tourism marketing continues to evolve and adapt to the changing demands of modern travelers. The article analyzes the current trends in the development of tourism marketing: personalization of services; digitalization and use of artificial intelligence in the promotion of tourism products and communications of tourism entities; actualization of socio-ethical concepts of tourism marketing and partnership marketing; a request for tourism safety as one of the strategic directions of state regulation of tourism; a trend towards the development of creative marketing based on an innovative approach and strategy for introducing innovations to the creation and promotion of tourism services. The conclusion is made about the synergetic complementarity of the indicated trends, which make it possible to create and promote fundamentally new travel products and services on the market that are relevant to the goals and values of consumers of travel services.
As Albania emerges as a growing tourist destination, its unique cultural and historical elements are increasingly subject to global tourism dynamics. This paper explores cultural commodification in Albania, analyzing how it is represented and perceived by tourists through German-speaking travel blogs. Cultural commodification, defined as the transformation of local traditions, customs, and cultural products into commercialized goods for tourism consumption, plays a crucial role in shaping Albania's cultural landscape. Despite the significance of this phenomenon, there remains a gap in research focusing specifically on Albania, particularly in terms of how tourists frame and contribute to the commodification process. By utilizing travel blogs as qualitative data, this study seeks to uncover how travelers interpret and report their experiences with Albania's culture. These blogs, offering personal and often candid reflections, serve as valuable sources for examining tourist perceptions, revealing insights into how cultural heritage, folklore, traditions, and everyday life are marketed and consumed. The analysis of these narratives highlights the dual role of tourists as both consumers of culture and agents who contribute to its commodification through their interactions and storytelling. The study also aims to explore how tourism balances consumerism and authenticity, identifying when the commodification of culture enhances tourism or dilutes its authenticity in favor of consumerism. The existing literature on cultural commodification in tourism emphasizes the tensions between preserving cultural authenticity and adapting to the demands of the global tourism market. This paper builds on these discussions by examining how tourism in Albania reflects broader patterns of cultural commodification observed in other regions, while also exploring the specific challenges and opportunities unique to the Albanian context. German-speaking travel blogs provide a contemporary and relevant lens to assess the extent to which Albania's cultural identity is commodified for tourism and how tourists negotiate notions of authenticity in their experiences. This research contributes to the academic understanding of cultural commodification in Albania by integrating travel blogs as a source of data, filling a gap in the study of tourism-driven cultural transformations. Through this analysis, the study sheds light on the role of tourism in shaping Albania's cultural narrative and its place in the global tourism market.
This study examines the impact of mindful travel on stress reduction & mental well-being. Mindful travel includes practices like meditation retreats, nature immersion, yoga, cultural immersion, digital detox etc., focusing on presence & conscious engagement. The research explores the correlation between these practices & perceived stress levels, gender differences in stress coping mechanisms, & compares stress reduction between mindful & conventional travel. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 175 individuals via a structured questionnaire. Key variables include engagement in mindful travel, perceived stress levels, stress coping mechanisms & the comparative impact of mindful versus conventional tourism. Findings indicate that mindful travel practices significantly reduce stress & improve mental well-being. The study highlights the need for mindfulness-based interventions in the travel industry to offer enriching experiences & recommends further research on mindfulness mechanisms in travel for diverse traveler needs, promoting sustainable & empathetic tourism.
Bu araştırma, Kastamonu ili Pınarbaşı ilçesindeki turizm paydaşlarının turizme yönelik algılarını toplum temelli turizm ve destinasyon yönetimi perspektifinden değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenolojik desen kullanılarak tasarlanan çalışmada, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 15 katılımcı ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler 2023 yılı Kasım ayı ile 2024 yılı Şubat ayı aralığında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin analizi sonucunda "yerel fayda", "yerel maliyetler" ve "yerel beklentiler" olmak üzere üç ana tema ortaya çıkmıştır. Bulgular, Pınarbaşı'ndaki turizm gelişiminin yerel ekonomiye katkı sağladığını, ancak çevresel ve kültürel bazı endişeleri de beraberinde getirdiğini göstermektedir. Çalışma, yerel halkın turizm gelişim sürecine aktif katılımının önemini vurgulamakta ve destinasyon yönetiminde toplum temelli yaklaşımların potansiyelini ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuçlar, sürdürülebilir turizm gelişimi için yerel toplulukların güçlendirilmesi ve karar alma süreçlerine dahil edilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.
While the connection between consumption and travel has been documented, there has been little work on how consumption can go beyond simple materialism and sometimes even represent a reaction to the dominant trends of late modern consumer society. I use Walter Benjamin’s essay “Unpacking My Library” as an inspiration to understand the emotive connection between collecting, consumption, and memory. This paper uses an auto-ethnographic method, showing how the goal of furthering a collection of football shirts serves as a way to give agency to the consumer. Since collecting is typically related to the collector’s memory, consuming in the context of a collection is not simple consumerism or materialism. In this case, the object being collected is a football shirt, a representation of a specific locality. Collecting as a motivation for consumption serves as a way for the individual to respond to the dominant trends of homogenization and mass culture in sport created by globalization.
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