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Evaluation of the yield and some components in the fruit of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea var. edulis Turcz. Freyn.)

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The experiment was carried out in the Garlica Murowana Experimental Station of University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland, between 2005 and 2008. Fruit yield, mass of 100 berries, content of total soluble solids, vitamin C, anthocyanins and titratable acidity were estimated. It was shown that ‘Atut’ honeysuckle started vegetation, flowering and cropping periods earlier than ‘Duet’. However, greater marketable yield and mass of 100 berries were obtained for ‘Duet’. ‘Atut’ fruit revealed a significantly higher content of anthocyanins. The studied honeysuckle cultivars did not differ if estimated on the basis of total soluble solids and vitamin C content in the fruit.
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Folia Horticulturae Ann. 22/1 (2010): 45-50
Folia
Horticulturae
ABSTRACT
The experiment was carried out in the Garlica Murowana Experimental Station of University of Agriculture in Krakow,
Poland, between 2005 and 2008. Fruit yield, mass of 100 berries, content of total soluble solids, vitamin C, anthocyanins
and titratable acidity were estimated. It was shown that ‘Atut’ honeysuckle started vegetation, owering and cropping
periods earlier than ‘Duet’. However, greater marketable yield and mass of 100 berries were obtained for ‘Duet’. ‘Atut’
fruit revealed a signicantly higher content of anthocyanins. The studied honeysuckle cultivars did not differ if estimated
on the basis of total soluble solids and vitamin C content in the fruit.
Key words: mass of berries, anthocyanins, vitamin C
Evaluation of the yield and some components in the fruit
of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea var. edulis Turcz. Freyn.)
Monika Małodobry, Monika Bieniasz, Ewa Dziedzic
Department of Pomology and Apiculture
Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow
29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
e-mail: mmalodobry@ogr.ur.krakow.pl
INTRODUCTION
A growing interest has been observed in cultivation and
breeding of blue honeysuckle - Lonicera caerulea var.
edulis Turcz. Freyn. The majority of Lonicera species
have inedible or even poisonous fruit. The plants bearing
edible fruit belong to the caerulea Red. section. There
are many differing opinions on the number of species
belonging to the Lonicera genus and subgenus caerulea
(Plekhanova and Rostova 1994, Marková 2001).
According to Solovyeva and Plekhanova (2003), the
diploid and tetraploid forms of L. edulis are distinct
karyotypes while the 2× and 4× races of the same species
are not.
The bushes of that species have been cultivated since
1950. Wild material has been collected from Russia,
Japan and China and it is now preserved at the United
States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository
in Corvallis, Oregon (Hummer 2006). Thompson
introduced the Japanese selections to the U.S. in 2000
and is carrying out an outstanding breeding programme
in Corvallis (Thompson and Chaovanalikit 2003). More
recently, breeding work is also being carried out by Bors
(2009) at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada.
Many experiments with honeysuckle are being carried
out in the Czech and Slovak Republics (Antaliková et al.
2007) and in Estonia (Arus and Kask 2007).
Blue honeysuckle is a long-living bush, with the
earliest ripening fruit at the end of May. According to
Plekhanova (1996, 2000) the bushes of that species are
tolerant to low temperatures (-45°C), however, other
authors also report that there was no injures of plants
after a winter with frost and temperatures reaching -35°C
(Golis and Gwozdecki 2007). The owers can withstand
temperatures of even -8°C and were not injured by low
temperature during owering. The dark purple fruit esh
is aromatic, juicy, sweet and sour, and their taste resembles
that of bilberry. Sometimes the taste of the fruit is slightly
bitter. The fruit are a valuable crop, mostly owing to
the content of nutritional values (sugars, acids, macro
and microelements) and anthocyanins (Małolepsza and
Urbanek 2000, Kawecki et al. 2001, Lipecki et al. 2003,
Thompson and Chaovanalikit 2003, Zadernowski et al.
2005, Misaki et al. 2006). The fruit extract has the benet
and promising effects of oncostatic therapy. L. caerulea
extract reduced the tumour volume, when administrated
46 Yield and quality of honeysuckle berries
continuously during the tumour growth and development
progress (Gruia et al. 2008). The potential of L. caerulea
berries to prevent chronic diseases such as diabetes
mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancer seems to
be related above all to their phenolic content (Svarcova
et al. 2007). The major anthocyanins in L. caerulea
fruit are glucosides and rutinosides like cyanidin,
peonidin, dephinidin and pelargonidin. These berries
seem to be prospective sources of health supporting
phytochemicals that exhibit benecial activities such as
anti-adherence, antioxidant and chemoprotective, thus
they may provide protection against a number of chronic
conditions, e.g. cancer, diabetes mellitus, tumour growth
or cardiovascular diseases (Svarcova et al. 2007). In
Lonicera edulis the ratio of three anthocyanins, cyanidin-
3-glucoside, cyaniding-3,5-diglucoside, and peonidin
– 3,5-diclucoside, is 89:4:7 (Máriássyová et al. 1999).
The aim of the study was to evaluate the fruit yield,
mass of the fruit and chemical composition (total soluble
solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, anthocyanins) of
two honeysuckle cultivars, ‘Atut’ and ‘Duet’.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The bushes of ‘Atut’ and ‘Duet’ were planted in 2003
in the Garlica Murowana Experimental Station of
University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland. The
experimental station is placed 270 m above sea level
(latitude N = 50°09’, longitude E = 19°55’). Weather
conditions such as mean monthly temperature and total
monthly precipitation during the years 2005-2008 are
given in Table 1.
The bushes were planted at the spacing of 1 × 1 m
in a eld covered with black non-woven mulch. The
randomized block experimental design was used with
ve replicates (four bushes per plot). The plants were
irrigated during drought. The honeysuckle berries were
collected fully ripened in several successive harvests
(fruit were uniformly coloured and softened and they
were easily separated from stalk). The determination of
vitamin C, anthocyanins and total soluble solids content
(TSS), as well as titratable acidity was performed directly
after harvest.
Total soluble solid content was determined by
refractometer measurement (PN–EN 12143:2000),
juice pH (potentiometric measurement according to
PN-90/A-75101/06), titratable acidity according to
PN-EN 12147:2000 expressed as equivalents of citric
acid, L-ascorbic acid content – according to PN-A-
04019:1998, and anthocyanins by differentiated pH
according to Giusti and Wrolstad (2000). The results
obtained were subjected to analysis of variance, and
means separation by Student t test at p = 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mean monthly temperature and total monthly
precipitation in 2005-2008 in Garlica Murowana were
placed in Table 1. In spite of the noted low temperature
(-6°C) during the owering period in 2007, no injured
owers were observed (data not presented).
It was found that the number of days calculated from
the beginning of owering to the rst fruit harvest was
nearly the same in each year for both cultivars, and
has changed depending on the year. The earliest fruit
harvests was in 2007 at the end of May (Tab. 2). In
warmer climatic regions fruit harvest may take place
even earlier, i.e. from 15 May, as reported for South
Moravia by Řezniček (2007).
In successive years the length of the cropping periods
was different for the honeysuckle cultivars. The longest
period of fruit harvest was noted in 2006 in the ‘Atut’
cultivar (22 days), while the fruits of ‘Duet’ were collected
for 18 days in 2007 (Fig. 1). In each year, ‘Atut’ began
the vegetation, owering and fruiting period earlier than
‘Duet’. In the north part of the U.S. the beginning of fruit
ripening took place about 18-28 June (Hummer 2006).
Near the region of St. Petersburg, in Russia, fteen
Table 1. Mean monthly temperature and total monthly precipitation in 2005-2008 in the Garlica Murowana Experimental Station
Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Year Mean monthly temperature (°C)
2005 -0.5 -3.9 0.5 9.1 13.4 15.9 18.8 16.9 14.6 9.0 1.9 -1.2
2006 -8.3 -5.8 0.0 9.1 13.1 16.2 21.0 16.6 15.3 10.1 4.8 2.5
2007 2.8 0.6 5.9 9.3 14.6 18.0 18.3 18.6 11.9 7.2 0.2 -1.5
2008 0.9 2.1 3.5 8.7 13.1 17.7 18.1 18.1 12.3 9.6 4.8 1.0
Total monthly precipitation (mm)
2005 72.2 15.6 18.6 23.3 70.4 66.8 104.8 100.6 21.4 3.0 33.5 74.2
2006 25.9 29.2 58.8 38.0 42.0 84.3 24.6 127.8 48.1 21.3 72.3 16.5
2007 73.4 51.0 61.3 21.4 49.5 63.5 69.4 65.7 294.1 77.2 83.0 23.0
2008 30.0 6.6 55.2 31.2 29.5 14.2 117.4 74.6 68.4 46.8 24.1 32.4
Monika Małodobry, Monika Bieniasz, Ewa Dziedzic 47
cultivars of blue honeysuckle started to ripen in a similar
season of the year, 12-28 June (Plekhanova 2000).
The blue honeysuckle bushes started cropping in
2005. Berries were collected several times because of
successive ripening. The fruit of ‘Atut’ were collected six,
seven, six and six times, whereas the fruit of ‘Duet’ were
collected seven, six, eight and seven times, respectively,
in the years 2005-2008. The marketable yield of ‘Duet’
fruit was higher than that of ‘Atut’ in each year of the
experiment (Tab. 3). The fruit yield of ‘Atut’ calculated
per bush ranged from 0.26 kg (2005) to 0.96 kg (2007),
whereas the fruit yield of ‘Duet’ ranged from 0.34 kg
(2005) to 1.24 kg (2008). Fruit dropping was very low
and amounted to several percent of total fruit yield. In
2008, the fourth season of fruit bearing, fruit yield from
one hectare of honeysuckle plantation ranged from 8 to
12 t ha-1 for ‘Atut’ and ‘Duet’, respectively. According to
several authors, fruit yield from one bush can range from
2 to 6 kg (Plekhanova 2000, Hummer 2006).
Berries of ‘Duet’ were bigger (mass of one berry
varied from 1.6 to 1.9 g), whereas the mass of ‘Atut’
berry hardly achieved 1.06 g (Tab. 3). Fruit mass of other
Table 2. The phenophases of honeysuckle cultivars in 2005-2008
Cultivar Phenophases 2005 2006 2007 2008
‘Atut’
Beginning of owering April 19 May 5 April 16 March 31
Beginning of harvesting June 6 June 9 May 26 June 2
Number of days between end of owering
and beginning of harvesting 48 35 40 63
‘Duet’
Beginning of owering April 21 May 8 April 19 April 8
Beginning of harvesting June 8 June 13 May 29 June 6
Number of days between end of owering
and beginning of harvesting 48 36 40 59
‘Atut’
May June
29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
2005
2006
2007
2008
‘Duet’
2005
2006
2007
2008
Figure 1. Period of cropping of two honeysuckle cultivars in 2005-2008 (rst and last harvest)
Table 3. Marketable yield and mass of 100 berries of two honeysuckle cultivars
Specication
Marketable yield per plot
(kg)
Mass of 100 berries
(g)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2005 2006 2007 2008
‘Atut’ 1.04 a* 2.31 a 3.85 a 3.24 a 80.0 a 104.6 a 105.1 a 106.0 a
‘Duet’ 1.35 b 2.87 b 4.96 b 4.94 b 160.0 b 190.6 b 187.3 b 168.0 b
*Means followed by the same letters do not differ signicantly at p = 0.05
48 Yield and quality of honeysuckle berries
Polish honeysuckle cultivars range from 0.88 to 1.03 g
(Ochmian and Grajkowski 2007). Some authors reported
that the mass of 100 berries could be slightly lower (0.5
-1.5 g) (Plekhanova 2000, Marková 2001, Hummer 2006),
whereas Thompson and Chaovanalikit (2003) inform
that the mass of one berry may achieve 3 g. According to
Bors (2009), the mass of one berry of Canadian cultivars
varied from 1.4 to 1.6 g, and Russian cultivars from 0.5
to 0.8 g. The berries of fruit mass above 1 g are regarded
to be of dessert value. In this study, the fruit mass from
early and last harvest ‘Atut’ and ‘Duet’ honeysuckle did
not differ (data not published). In addition, Skupień et al.
(2009) reported that berries of the ‘Czarna’ honeysuckle
from the earlier harvests were bigger but less rm.
The total soluble solid (TSS) content in the fruit of
both cultivars was not differentiated in the years of the
study. The level of TSS in ‘Atut’ fruit ranged from 10.3
to 11.6%, whereas in ‘Duet’ fruit, 10.4-11.5% (Tab. 4).
The higher value of juice pH was determinate for ‘Duet’
fruit in each year of the study. The titratable acidity of
‘Atut’ berries was signicantly higher compared to
‘Duet’, and total acid content achieved the value of 2.6 g
100 g-1 (2005) and 3.1 g 100 g-1 (2008). For late-ripening
‘Czarna’ honeysuckle, a similar level of TSS and
titratable acidity was noted (Ochmian and Grajkowski
2007). Plekhanova and Streltsyna (1998) determined
that the titratable acidity of Lonicera fruit ranged from
2.7% to 4.8%.
The honeysuckle fruit was found to be rich in vitamin
C. Only in 2005 the content of vitamin C in ‘Atut’ fruit
signicantly exceeded the content of vitamin C in ‘Duet’
fruit, 44.5 and 36.0 mg 100 g-1, respectively (Tab. 5). In
the successive three years of the study the amounts of
vitamin C in the fruit of the two cultivars did not differ
from one another. Tanaka and Tanaka (1998) found the
content of that compound on a similar level (44.3 mg
100 g-1). According to Hummer (2006), the content of
L-ascorbic acid in the fruit of seven cultivars ranged
from 45 to 83 mg 100 g-1. Meanwhile, Plekhanova and
Streltsyna (1998) showed the great differences in the
content of that vitamin depending on the cultivar (30.5
-103.5 mg 100 g-1). Marková (2001) revealed that vitamin
C content may range from 20 to 170 mg 100 g-1. Ochmian
and Grajkowski (2007) have found much higher levels
of vitamin C (55-106 mg 100 g-1) for Polish cultivars
‘Wojtek’, ‘Zielona’ and ‘Czarna’. Skupień et al. (2007)
have found smaller content of vitamin C (42.7 mg 100
g-1) in ‘Zielona’ honeysuckle fruit. Pauloviscová et al.
(2009) indicated that ascorbic acid content in the edible
honeysuckles is predominantly inuenced by climatic
conditions.
In the presented study the contents of anthocyanins
in honeysuckle fruit were calculated in terms of cyanidin
3-glucosid (the predominant anthocyanin). Excluding
the rst year of the study, the anthocyanin content in
‘Atut’ berries was signicantly higher than in ‘Duet’ fruit
(Tab. 5). The highest amount of those pigments (235.4
mg 100 g-1) was determined in ‘Atut’ fruit in 2006. The
chemical analysis carried out six months later revealed
an increase of about 30% in the content of anthocyanins
(data not published). Matuškovič et al. (2009) found
a correlation between anthocyanins and ascorbic acid
content in honeysuckle fruit; this type of correlation
was year-dependant. These authors reported a high
level of vitamin C and anthocyanins within Lonicera
kamtschatica and their 22 clones (56.1 and 1221 mg
100 g-1, respectively). Oszmiański et al. (1995), using
HPLC, identied four anthocyanins in Lonicera
kamtschatica fruit: the cyanidin derivatives as 3-glucoside,
3-rutinoside, 3.5-diglucoside and malvidin 3-glucoside.
The major pigment, cyanidin 3-glucoside, accounted for
91% of the total pigment (332.4 mg%) content. Skupień
Table 4. Total soluble solids and titratable acidity of honeysuckle fruit
Specication
Total soluble solids
(%) Juice pH Titratable acidity
(g 100 g-1)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2005 2006 2007 2008 2005 2006 2007 2008
‘Atut’ 11.6 a* 11.1 a 10.7 a 10.3 a 3.4 a 3.2 a 3.2 a 3.2 a 2.6 b 3.0 b 2.7 b 3.1 b
‘Duet’ 11.5 a 11.3 a 10.5 a 10.4 a 3.8 b 3.4 b 3.4 b 3.4 b 1.8 a 2.1 a 1.8 a 2.2 a
*Explanations: see Table 3
Table 5. Vitamin C and anthocyanin content in the honeysuckle fruit of ‘Atut’ and ‘Duet’
Specication
Vitamin C
(mg 100 g-1 )
Anthocyanins
(mg 100 g-1)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2005 2006 2007 2008
‘Atut’ 44.5 b* 35.9 a 34.3 a 35.6 a 202.0 a 235.4 b 135.4 b 136.8 b
‘Duet’ 36.0 a 34.0 a 41.8 a 31.9 a 206.0 a 126.1 a 96.3 a 105.2 a
*Explanations: see Table 3
Monika Małodobry, Monika Bieniasz, Ewa Dziedzic 49
et al. (2009) reported that the late ripening berries of the
‘Czarna’ cultivar and seedling ‘N’ showed an enhanced
level of soluble solids and total polyphenols accompanied
by a decrease of titratable acidity and L-ascorbic acid
content. The blue honeysuckle fruit of the ‘Zielona’
cultivar showed a high amount of total acid (2.98 g 100
g-1) and low total sugar content (4.64 g 100 g-1). Skupień
et al. (2007) identied anthocyanins as the predominating
group (84.5%) among phenolic compounds in ‘Zielona’
fruit at the level of 269.8 mg 100 g-1. Most researchers
reported high content of anthocyanins in honeysuckle
fruit (in mg 100 g-1): 900-1400 (Marková 2001), 116-339
(Thompson and Chaovanlikit 2003), 690 (Lipecki et al.
2003), 321 (Frejnagel 2007), and 750-950 (Deineka et al.
2005). Hummer (2006) indicated the anthocyanin content
for three cultivars (in mg 100 g-1): 122 for ‘Magadan’,
172.5 for ‘Sinajaptica’ and 338.3 for ‘Zamitsa’.
Chaovanalikit et al. (2004) detected six anthocyanin in
Lonicera fruit. Bąkowska-Barczak et al. (2007) revealed
the presence of cyanidin 3-glucosid at the level of 1081
mg 100 g-1, but Paulovicsová et al. (2009) reported very
low content of anthocyanins in Lonicera kamtschatica
fruit.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Upon the beginning of owering and harvesting,
‘Atut’ honeysuckle can be regarded as an earlier
cultivar than ‘Duet’.
2. A higher marketable yield and mass of berries was
noted for the ‘Duet’ cultivar compared to the ‘Atut’
cultivar.
3. The fruit of ‘Atut’ contained higher amount of
anthocyanins comparing to the ‘Duet’ cultivar,
whereas the vitamin C and total soluble solid contents
were at a similar level in fruit of both honeysuckle
cultivars.
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zAdernowski r., nAczyk M., nesterowicz J., 2005. Phenolic
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53(6): 2118-2124.
OCENA PLONOWANIA ORAZ ZAWARTOŚĆ
NIEKTÓRYCH SKŁADNIKÓW W OWOCACH
SUCHODRZEWU SINEGO (LONICERA CAERULEA
VAR. EDULIS TURCZ. FREYN.)
Streszczenie : Doświadczenie prowadzono w latach
2005-2008 w Stacji Doświadczalnej Uniwersytetu
Rolniczego w Krakowie, w Garlicy Murowanej. Oceniano
plon, masę 100 jagód oraz zawartość w owocach kwasu
askorbinowego, ekstraktu, antocyjanów, a także pH oraz
kwasowość ogólną soku owoców. Wykazano, że odmiana
‘Atut’ wcześniej rozpoczynała wegetację, kwitnienie
i owocowanie w porównaniu z odmianą ‘Duet’.
Odmiana ‘Duet’ odznaczała się większym plonem
handlowym i masą 100 jagód. W owocach odmiany
‘Atut’ wykazano większą zawartość antocyjanów,
natomiast nie stwierdzono różnic w zawartości ekstraktu
oraz witaminy C w owocach obu odmian.
Received December 14, 2009; accepted July 22, 2010
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... g kg −1 in berries from Canada [31] and 0.34-0.41 g kg −1 in berries from Poland [32]; in both cases depending on the cultivar with the unconvincing effect of the climatic conditions. Similarly, low content of vitamin C was detected in berries grown in Portugal in the amount of 0.25 g kg −1 fw [4], as well as in berries from Poland ranging between 0.03-0.32 ...
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