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Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research: How Is It Done?
Abstract
This article seeks to move beyond typologies of the ways in which quantitative and qualitative research are integrated to an examination of the ways that they are combined in practice. The article is based on a content analysis of 232 social science articles in which the two were combined. An examination of the research methods and research designs employed suggests that on the quantitative side structured interview and questionnaire research within a cross-sectional design tends to predominate, while on the qualitative side the semi-structured interview within a cross-sectional design tends to predominate. An examination of the rationales that are given for employing a mixed-methods research approach and the ways it is used in practice indicates that the two do not always correspond. The implications of this finding for how we think about mixed-methods research are outlined.
... As for tools of data collection, the results of this study are similar to those reported by Bryman (2006) and Plano , in which questionnaires and interviews were the most widely used methods of data collection. Unfortunately, none of the MMR design reviews in AL mentioned the tools of data collection in their studies. ...
... With regard to the purposes of using MMR, findings showed that Greene et al. (1989) and Bryman's (2006) frameworks were incapable of explaining the most frequent category of identified purposes in this study (i.e., classified as others). The qualitative analysis of this others category revealed that it mainly consisted of content analysis studies that used statistical procedures. ...
... For example, in data source [212], the qualitative findings are further explored using quantitative analysis. Therefore, we have added the exploration rationale to Bryman's (2006) framework to take into account this type of MMR purpose in which the quantitative strand is used to explore qualitative findings. Using Riazi's (2016) [54] The quantitative and qualitative analyses indicated improvements both in frequency and complex phrasal construction of nominals after the application of pedagogy in comparison with the students' prior texts. ...
... As for tools of data collection, the results of this study are similar to those reported by Bryman (2006) and Plano , in which questionnaires and interviews were the most widely used methods of data collection. Unfortunately, none of the MMR design reviews in AL mentioned the tools of data collection in their studies. ...
... With regard to the purposes of using MMR, findings showed that Greene et al. (1989) and Bryman's (2006) frameworks were incapable of explaining the most frequent category of identified purposes in this study (i.e., classified as others). The qualitative analysis of this others category revealed that it mainly consisted of content analysis studies that used statistical procedures. ...
... For example, in data source [212], the qualitative findings are further explored using quantitative analysis. Therefore, we have added the exploration rationale to Bryman's (2006) framework to take into account this type of MMR purpose in which the quantitative strand is used to explore qualitative findings. Using Riazi's (2016) [54] The quantitative and qualitative analyses indicated improvements both in frequency and complex phrasal construction of nominals after the application of pedagogy in comparison with the students' prior texts. ...
Evaluating research designs plays a pivotal role in promoting principled Mixed Methods Research (MMR). Although the quality of mixed methods designs has been among the most debated topics, scant attention has been drawn to the investigation of Applied Linguistics (AL) Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC) journals. Informed by this gap, the present exploratory sequential mixed methods study aimed at analyzing the research designs, tools of data collection, and purposes of 303 MMR articles published in 12 leading ISC journals. This involved a qualitative content analysis using a code sheet based on established MMR typologies, followed by a quantitative frequency analysis to determine the prevalence of these coded categories. The findings indicated that sequential designs were more frequently used in the corpus. Moreover, as regards the tools of data collection, questionnaires and interviews were the most commonly utilized ones. Finally, exploration purpose was the prime purpose opted for by the researchers in the study corpus. The study highlights the importance of conducting principled MMR through the reconceptualization of designs from method to methodology level. It further argues for a systemic view of MMR in which there is a cyclic interaction among fully integrated stages of an MMR design. The implications of the findings are discussed throughout the paper.
... However, concerns about transparency and suboptimal reporting of mixed methods research have been documented in the literature [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Some researchers fail to effectively report the integration of qualitative and quantitative data or provide a limited integration at the analysis and interpretation stage [7,10,11,[13][14][15][16]. ...
... Important details regarding sample selection, sampling procedures, study context, and data-gathering procedures were frequently missing [8,12,16]. Furthermore, studies have indicated that the use of mixed methods research has not been well justified [1,14]. These reported limitations highlight that researchers merely use mixed methods as a mean to collect large volumes of qualitative and quantitative data with limited integration. ...
Background
Mixed methods research has gained popularity across healthcare and social sciences. However, inconsistent, and inadequate reporting remains a concern, hindering the assessment and utilization of mixed methods studies. Comprehensive easy-to-use mixed methods reporting standards are lacking. This protocol outlines the development of the COnsolidated Checklist for Reporting Mixed Methods Research (CORMIX) to address this gap.
Methods
Following the EQUATOR Network guidelines, the protocol involves conducting a scoping review to identify potential checklist items from current reporting guidelines and existing literature. This will be followed by executing a modified Delphi with a panel of experts in mixed methods research for further refinement through consensus. The modified Delphi will include ≥40 purposively selected experts who have extensively utilized and published mixed methods research. A questionnaire compiling literature-derived reporting items will be validated and distributed in successive rounds until consensus is reached on all items. Consensus is defined as ≥ 85% of experts agreeing on the inclusion of an item. Following the finalization of the checklist, a user guide and justification document will be completed.
Discussion
This rigorous development process conforms with EQUATOR Network standards for health reporting tools. CORMIX has the potential to enhance the quality, consistency, and transparency of mixed methods reporting. Clear reporting is essential for assessing validity, replicating studies, and enabling synthesis and application of mixed methods evidence. The protocol is currently registered with the EQUATOR network: CORMIX – COnsolidated Checklist for Reporting Mixed-Methods Research.
... They assert that such integration yields deeper insights than isolated quantitative or qualitative methods, as it harmonizes their distinct advantages (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2011, p. 5). Key rationales for methodological integration triangulation, complementarity, and developmental expansion are widely cited (Bryman, 2006;Greene et al., 1989). Triangulation, the most prominent justification, enhances validity by cross-verifying findings through divergent datasets (Bryman, 2006). ...
... Key rationales for methodological integration triangulation, complementarity, and developmental expansion are widely cited (Bryman, 2006;Greene et al., 1989). Triangulation, the most prominent justification, enhances validity by cross-verifying findings through divergent datasets (Bryman, 2006). The triangulation design (or convergence model), as described by Creswell et al. (2003), systematically combines methods to capture complementary perspectives on a single phenomenon (Morse, 2003). ...
This current study aimed to investigate the teachers’ perception of effectiveness of Google Classroom (GC) using the System Usability Scale. The descriptive approach which was used in this study; the study sample consisted of 217 teachers from different education directorates in Oman. The final scoring on the System Usability Scale (SUS) score was 69.2 points of usability, which was ‘good.’ Google Classroom usability in classes was acceptable by teachers since more than 70% of school teachers found that using Google Classroom was ‘good’. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with teachers to explore the advantages, challenges and suggestions to use Google Classroom. Findings showed that Google Classroom had many technological benefits but many challenges are also faced when implementing Google Classroom during the pandemic of Covid-19 in the country. Recommendations for training and technological skills improvement were presented.
... فإن أي، الر هذا على وبناء . البحوث أبن تدعي املختلطة الكمية البحوث يف املتمثلة االحصائية القوة بني اجلمع ، النوعية البحوث يف احلية التجارب و منفردا أحدمها كون من اخلصوص وجه على املعقدة اإلنسانية الظاهرة فهم يف قوة يشكالن ( Bryman, 2006 (Bryman, 2006;Greene et al., 1989;Miles & Huberman, 1994;Tashakkori et al., 2021) . (Bryman, 2007, p.21 ...
... فإن أي، الر هذا على وبناء . البحوث أبن تدعي املختلطة الكمية البحوث يف املتمثلة االحصائية القوة بني اجلمع ، النوعية البحوث يف احلية التجارب و منفردا أحدمها كون من اخلصوص وجه على املعقدة اإلنسانية الظاهرة فهم يف قوة يشكالن ( Bryman, 2006 (Bryman, 2006;Greene et al., 1989;Miles & Huberman, 1994;Tashakkori et al., 2021) . (Bryman, 2007, p.21 ...
... As a result, potentially important issues may be overlooked. Although mixed methods have been proposed to assist in combining in-depth insights from qualitative research with the efficiency and scalability of quantitative research (Bryman, 2006), they are usually more complex and resource-intensive than using a single method and require expertise in both techniques. ...
... Tis type of reporting provided a deeper perspective, allowing students not only to specify aspects related to competencies and strategies they employed but also to explain their feelings in depth. Te importance of utilizing multiple methods in data collection is well-supported by various studies, highlighting the benefts of such an approach in providing a more complete picture of the research problem [46]. Using open-ended questions in research allows for the identifcation of data that may be omitted or distorted in structured questionnaires. ...
Aim: To investigate the effect of using recordings derived from interventions in simulated mental health scenarios on the self-critical capacity of nursing undergraduate students.
Background: Video-assisted debriefing (VAD) allows students to visualize their intervention, clarifying certain aspects that might be clouded in their memory. It facilitates the application of theoretical knowledge to real practice and the self-critical capacity to detect strengths and weaknesses in the interventions developed. Despite the benefits of this educational resource, no previous studies have been found that analyze the impact of using recordings on the development of self-critical capacity in the field of mental health by nursing students.
Methods: An exploratory quasi-experimental study was conducted based on quantitative and qualitative data collected from students after double debriefing sessions (verbal and video-assisted). Quantitative data identified self-critical capacity trends, while qualitative analysis explored in-depth reflections on strengths, weaknesses, and emotional responses. Both datasets were integrated for comprehensive insights.
Results: Quantitative data revealed no significant differences between the two self-evaluation moments. However, the qualitative analysis brought a wide range of in-depth reflections and identified strengths, especially during the VAD. In addition, students felt more reflective and critical about their performance when watching the video, highlighting feelings of self-awareness and opportunities to identify more specific areas for improvement.
Conclusions: This study underscores the importance of VAD in enhancing nursing students’ self-perception of competencies and emotional responses during mental health simulation scenarios. Certain aspects of mental health care remain paramount for students regardless of video review, emphasizing the need for targeted training in these areas. Employing multiple approaches in data collection is essential to obtain a thorough understanding of students’ experiences.
Implications for Nursing Management: Nursing managers should integrate clinical simulations and VADs into training programs to enhance competency development, reduce stress, and foster a supportive learning environment.
... El estudio realiza un método mixto cuanti-cualitativo para el análisis de las nueve variables codificadas sobre las 803 publicaciones que componen el corpus (Bryman, 2006;Creswell & Clark, 2018;Krippendorff, 2004y Neuendorf, 2016. A las diferentes categorías de las variables se les han asignado valores numéricos, lo que ha permitido llevar a cabo un análisis estadístico adicional basado en la metodología del chi--cuadrado. ...
En los últimos años, la ultraderecha ha experimentado un proceso de normalización política acompañado de un creciente éxito electoral. Este fenómeno tiene su origen, entre otras causas, en la difusión de contenidos engañosos alineados con la agenda de la extrema derecha a través de Internet. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las características de las desinformaciones vinculadas a la agenda de la ultraderecha difundidas a través de plataformas digitales. Para ello, se aplica un análisis de contenido de nueve variables a los 803 desmentidos publicados al respecto por los verificadores acreditados por la International Fact-Checking Network: Maldito Bulo (419 desmentidos), Newtral (164 desmentidos), EFE Verifica (159 desmentidos) y Verificat (61 desmentidos). Los resultados muestran que los bulos alineados con la agenda de la ultraderecha se difunden, principalmente, a través de redes sociales, sobre todo en las abiertas, con preponderancia de Twitter y Facebook. También se evidencia el predominio del engaño como estrategia discursiva a la hora de compartir las desinformaciones; emitidas por cuentas trol; con formatos multimedia básicos y protagonizados por la clase política con atribución negativa.
... The practice of completeness was used in this mixed methods study. Bryman (2006) referred to completeness as the notion that "the researcher can bring together a more comprehensive account of the area of inquiry in which he or she is interested if both quantitative and qualitative research are employed" (p. 106). ...
Competency-based learning (CBL) is a grading strategy that emphasizes the mastery of content. At Middle Technical College (MTC), success rates in the college algebra class have decreased. This study will answer two questions: how will a CBL approach to learning affect student perceptions of their success and what are student perceptions of after taking the CBL courses versus what they think of as a traditionally graded classroom? This study’s goal is to not only help increase success rates in the college algebra course at MTC, but to help students’ math anxiety when entering and during the completion of the class. A convergent mixed method methodology was used to answer the research questions. The result will show that students in the MTC online college algebra course because of the implementation of CBL helped them increase their confidence, manage their time better, helped increase communication between instructor and student, and increased their overall understanding of the material. The results could inform other technical colleges on best practices for teaching math classes, help students entering a math course combat math anxiety, and bridge the gap between developmental coursework and students registering for a degree-level course.
... En la presente investigación se ha realizado un estudio empírico de corte mixto, basado en el empleo de métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos (Bryman, 2006), con una perspectiva correlacional cuyo instrumento ha sido un cuestionario validado por once expertos en la materia y diseñado ad hoc (cuestionario NEURODIEDU) donde se han medido los cuatro componentes de los descansos activos: el desarrollo de actividad física y de habilidades motrices básicas, la reducción de comportamientos sedentarios y la contribución al desarrollo cognitivo (Gónzalez y Portolés, 2014). ...
Uno de los retos a los que se enfrenta la educación hoy en día consiste en intentar mejorar los procesos cognitivos del alumnado. La inclusión de periodos cortos de actividad física entre sesiones de clase —descansos activos— ha demostrado ser una estrategia muy positiva para ello. Estos descansos influyen en el nacimiento de nuevas neuronas en el hipocampo (zona muy relacionada con el aprendizaje y la memoria), desarrollan hábitos saludables en el alumnado y mejoran su rendimiento académico. Para conocer cómo influyen los descansos activos en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en las etapas de Educación Infantil y Primaria, se ha realizado un estudio empírico de corte cuantitativo cuyo instrumento ha sido un cuestionario validado donde se han medido los cuatro componentes de la actividad física según González y Portolés (2014): el desarrollo de actividad física y de habilidades motrices básicas, la reducción de comportamientos sedentarios y la contribución al desarrollo cognitivo. Los resultados evidencian que la variable actividad física dentro del aula es la menos aplicada por los docentes, si bien hay estudios que demuestran el beneficio de esta actividad en los procesos cognitivos del alumnado.
... They took place in various locations (e.g., participants' workplace, social services office, and two were online). We subjected the interviews to a straightforward thematic analysis (Bryman, 2006) with initial broad tags related to police mobilization. The first author sifted through the data to create narrower distinctions, and we decided on emergent categories on potential benefits and costs. ...
We examine how Swedish social workers and experts perceive the benefits and costs of reporting honour crimes to police. The number of actions and inactions that constitute honour crimes has increased since the law changed to include non-violent controlling behaviours. Honour crimes are collective offenses involving close victim-offender relationships. As such, they are associated with low reporting and a high dark figure. Through interviews with eleven social workers and professionals, we analyse the benefits of reporting, including acces-sing resources, protecting victims, deterring perpetrators, achieving justice, raising societal awareness, and building competencies among police and prosecutors. The costs of a victim involving police include the possibility of re-traumatisation, the escalation of danger from vindictive families, and damage to trust in support services. Our inter-viewees noted that the resource situation has improved and argued for a victim-centred response that acknowledges self-determination while recognizing the legal obligation to report crimes against minors. To increase reporting rates, there should be better coordination between police and social services, more specialized training, and an increased prioritization of honour crimes in the justice system. Vi undersøger, hvordan svenske socialarbejdere og eksperter opfatter fordele og omkostninger ved at anmelde aeresrelaterede forbrydelser til politiet. Antallet af handlinger og undladelser, der er kriminelle, er steget, da loven nu også omfatter ikke-voldelig kontrollerende adfaerd. AEresrelaterede forbrydelser er kollektive lovovertraedelser med taette relationer mellem offer og gerningsperson, faktorer der er forbundet med lav anmeldelsestilbøjelighed og derfor et stort mørketal. Gennem interviews med elleve socialarbejdere og fagfolk analyserer vi for delene ved anmeldelse, herunder adgang til ressourcer, offerets sikkerhed, afskraekkelse af gerningspersoner, retfaerdighed, øget samfunds maessig bevidsthed og opbygning af kompetencer hos politi og anklagere. Omkostningerne ved at mobilisere politiet består af mulig re-traumati-sering af ofre, øget fare fra haevngerrige familier og mindsket tillid til 24 Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab-nr. 1/2025 Reporting honour crimes to the police Kim Møller og Sadia Khan Denne artikel er tildelt en CC-By 4.0 licens socialarbejdere. Vores interviewpersoner bemaerkede, at ressource-situationen er blevet forbedret og argumenterede for en offercentreret indsats, der anerkender selvbestemmelse, samtidig med at den retlige forpligtelse til at anmelde forbrydelser mod mindreårige respekteres. For at øge anmeldelsesraten bør der vaere bedre koordinering mellem politi og sociale tjenester, mere specialiseret uddannelse og en over-ordnet prioritering af aeresrelaterede forbrydelser i retssystemet.
... Another reason why this method was chosen was that it allows for the triangulation of data by bringing the findings of different data collection methods together (Creswell, 1999;Bryman, 2006a). Lastly, a mixed-method research design was adopted as this method can provide a more complete and comprehensive account of the research topic (Bryman, 2006b) since "combining more than one type of data source provides a fuller understanding of a research problem" (Guest & Fleming, 2015, p. 582). Mixed method research may follow a variety of research designs, one of which is convergent parallel design. ...
This study aimed to reveal the relationship between technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) and teaching motivation of fourth year students studying in Teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) programs in Türkiye in order to reveal whether and how the two phenomena are related to each other. The study also aimed to explore the perceptions of pre-service EFL teachers and academics regarding the TPACK and teaching motivation of pre-service EFL teachers. The participants in the study consisted of 4th year students in the EFL programs of sixteen state universities in seven geographical regions of Türkiye and academics working in these departments. Participants were determined through the stratified sampling method. 377 fourth-year EFL students and 9 academics took part in the study. The study followed a mixed-method research design. The findings of the study indicated that pre-service EFL teachers’ TPACK and motivation to teach had a positive correlation. While they had minimal predictive power over each other, the impact of motivation to teach over TPACK was statistically higher than the impact of TPACK over motivation to teach. The perceptions of pre-service teachers and academics also indicated a relation between TPACK and motivation to teach. The study revealed the TPACK and teaching motivation levels of pre-service teachers as well as the perceptions of pre-service teachers and academics on these. The study also provided pedagogical implications on the development of EFL teacher education programs as well as the TPACK and teaching motivation of pre-service EFL teachers.
... Interviews with professionals, decision-makers, companies and researchers involved in Pakistan's renewable energy sector were undertaken. Interviews provide invaluable ideas, perspectives and firsthand recollections that enhance the credibility of research papers and scope of study [11]. Then we created a comprehensive overview of RE trends in Pakistan by integrating data, analysis, case studies and expert perspectives. ...
This research explores Pakistan’s potential for renewable energy, focusing on legislative and regulatory frameworks, technological advancements, investment prospects, challenges and future outlook. Pakistan is making significant progress towards clean energy solutions, thanks to the government's commitment to sustainable energy, abundant renewable resources and increased private sector engagement. This article provides a retrospective on the development of renewable energy in Pakistan by looking into the trends, challenges, and potential solutions. There are significant developments in the renewable energy infrastructure but major bottlenecks like grid access, regulatory challenges, and financial difficulties persist. This paper also analyzes the growing share of solar, wind and hydro in the energy mix and discusses how AI and other technologies can enhance future energy generation and distribution efficiencies. Strategies for correction of grid deficiencies, strengthening of regulatory regimes and boosting of private sector participation are presented. The results point towards the importance of specific changes in policies to ensure a more robust and sustainable energy future.
... (Feather, 1974(Feather, , 1985Saunders, 2002) . Creswell, 2009;Bryman, 2006) ) . ( Shaffer, 2001;Dawson, 1988 ) . ...
... Over the past two decades, there have been several conceptual and methodological developments in mixed methods research that focus, among others, on the rationale for using this approach (Bryman, 2006), types of research designs (Fetters, 2022), integration strategies (Guetterman et al., 2021), and quality assessment (Fàbregues & Molina-Azorín, 2017). Advances in mixed methods seen in primary empirical research can also be observed in mixed methods reviews (also named mixed studies reviews), in which qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies are combined in a systematic literature review (Hong et al., 2020;Hong & Pluye, 2019). ...
Mixed methods research, that is, research that integrates qualitative and quantitative methods, has become increasingly popular in program evaluation because of its potential for understanding complex interventions. Despite recent constructive and fruitful developments that have led to the consolidation of mixed methods as a distinctive methodology, fundamental methodological issues such as generalization have received little attention. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical reflection on how the concept of generalization has been used in mixed methods research. The paper is structured into four main parts. First, we discuss the relevance of external validity and mixed methods research in impact evaluation. Second, we summarize how generalization is conceptualized in mixed methods research. Third, we present the results of a literature review on generalization practices in mixed methods research. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of threats to and strategies for enhancing generalization in mixed methods research.
... The research approach uses a qualitative method that is inductively patterned, through the utilization of case studies and the detailed examination of review outcomes, an analysis is generated in alignment with the research's scope (Bryman, 2006). As for this research itself, qualitative analysis is reviewed as one of the methods prevalent in the scope of social science (Faircloth, 2003). ...
Indonesia, as a country with abundant natural resources, faces serious challenges related to the use of non-renewable natural resources such as petroleum. Negative environmental impacts and the risk of depletion of these resources have triggered the need for a transition to renewable energy. We use an inductive qualitative method through document research as data collection. Given the International Energy Agency's (IEA) role in supporting national energy sustainability and reviewing Indonesia's energy policies, a pertinent question arises regarding its role in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the concrete role of the International Energy Agency (IEA) in supporting the sustainability of renewable energy supply in Indonesia with reference to SDG 7. This study finds that the role of the IEA in striving for a renewable energy transition in Indonesia centres on providing analysis of the potential and challenges as well as policy recommendations to direct the government in developing strategies for implementing renewable energy. The IEA also facilitates international cooperation, technology transfer, and investment in the renewable energy sector. Indonesia is committed to achieving the targets of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7, which focuses on universal access to affordable, clean, and sustainable energy. Cooperation with the IEA will continue to be key in achieving this goal, especially to achieve the net-zero emissions target by 2060 and ensure the availability of a sustainable renewable energy supply.
... Specifically, the LA design process is mainly limited by subjective experience, design cycles, and regional characteristics: 1) Design methods rely on subjective human experience. It is primarily constrained by the aesthetic concepts and values of designers or clients, lacking systematic quantitative analysis [17] and support of scientific data [162], resulting in design outcomes biased towards subjectivity [101]. In traditional LA design processes, data collection relies entirely on manual work, making it difficult to avoid subjective design decisions, especially when dealing with large and medium-scale environments where limitations are more prominent. ...
Landscape design is a complex process that requires designers to engage in intricate planning, analysis, and decision-making. This process involves the integration and reconstruction of science, art, and technology. Traditional landscape design methods often rely on the designer's personal experience and subjective aesthetics, with design standards rooted in subjective perception. As a result, they lack scientific and objective evaluation criteria and systematic design processes. Data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) technology provides an objective and rational design process. With the rapid development of different AI technologies, AI-generated content (AIGC) has permeated various aspects of landscape design at an unprecedented speed, serving as an innovative design tool. This article aims to explore the applications and opportunities of AIGC in landscape design. AIGC can support landscape design in areas such as site research and analysis, design concepts and scheme generation, parametric design optimization, plant selection and visual simulation, construction management, and process optimization. However, AIGC also faces challenges in landscape design, including data quality and reliability, design expertise and judgment, technical challenges and limitations, site characteristics and sustainability, user needs and participation, the balance between technology and creativity, ethics, and social impact. Finally, this article provides a detailed outlook on the future development trends and prospects of AIGC in landscape design. Through in-depth research and exploration in this review, readers can gain a better understanding of the relevant applications, potential opportunities, and key challenges of AIGC in landscape design.
... The combination of macro-level statistical analysis with microlevel interaction studies enables a more comprehensive understanding of emotional expressions. Quantitative methods help identify overall trends in Twitter discussions, while qualitative methods provide deeper insights into social interactions and emotional expressions within specific contexts (Bryman, 2006). ...
This study analyzes 194,151 tweets from the 2021 German federal election using sentiment analysis and statistical techniques to examine social media’s role in shaping group emotions, voters’ emotional expression and derogatory speech toward candidates, and the relationship between sentiment intensity and tweet spread. The findings show that negative emotions dominated social media discussions. Additionally, voter perceptions towards candidates on social media also follow a pattern of negativity, often characterized by derogatory speech. This takes four main forms: intelligence-based attacks, animal metaphors, character insults, and gender-based discrimination, with female candidates disproportionately affected. Moreover, the study finds that negative emotions exhibit significantly greater diffusion and reach compared to positive and neutral sentiments on social media. This study further examines election fairness and political dialog openness through the lens of equity, inclusion, diversity, and access (IDEA). These findings emphasize individual and collective emotional dynamics in the social media environment, highlighting the need for governance strategies that promote equity, inclusivity, and diversity in digital political discussions.
... In contrast, qualitative research can provide a more holistic picture of the problem. (Bryman, 2006) (Sugiyono, 2012 The research procedures are 1) problem formulation, 2) literature review, 3) creation of research instruments, 4) determining subjects, population, and research samples, 5) data collection, and 6) data analysis. ...
This research is an academic effort that examines the phenomenon of intolerance and religious radicalization among high school students and college students in the cities of Lamongan and Surabaya; this study offers an actual theoretical discussion of the complex factors that shape young people's views on religious attitudes, This study aims to understand religious intolerance and radicalization among high school students and university students in Lamongan and Surabaya; Methode of this research are quantitative and qualitative methods to understand this problem's complexity. The study begins with a quantitative survey to obtain a general picture of intolerant attitudes in both public and private schools and universities in Lamongan and Surabaya. After the quantitative survey, in-depth interviews will be conducted with high school and university students. Lamongan and Surabaya were chosen based on their well-known Islamic base and substantial variety of associations. This research shows that the experience of interacting with followers of different religions has an extraordinary impact on a culture of openness and inclusive attitudes. Some open-minded young people who befriend non-Muslims do so not because they have been introduced to inclusive teachings or views but because their daily experiences have accustomed them to interacting with friends of different faiths.
... The present research uses the triangulation technique to achieve the stated objectives. The triangulation technique uses two or more independent sources of data or data collection methods to corroborate research findings within a study (Bryman, 2006). ...
The purpose of the study is to assess the level of ERM implementation in the Indian insurance market, understand the previous ERM practices, identify the determinants of ERM and its impact on the firm performance, how the ERM influence internal control and what the ERM implementation challenges. This study will give, for the first time in the Indian insurance market, the holistic view of the multidimensional view of ERM.
... In embarking on the research method for this study, informed decisions were made regarding strategy, selection, and time horizon (Bryman, 2006). The strategy was developed to achieve the specific goals and objectives of this research. ...
The small and medium enterprise sector has been in the spotlight in the United Arab Emirates in recent years. More and more small and medium enterprises are playing a key role in the country's transition away from production of oil and the development of the private sector. The purpose of this study is to highlight the importance of personal branding for small and medium-sized business owners and managers and to reveal the impact of small and medium-sized businesses on personal branding. The research emphasizes the benefits of personal branding for small and medium-sized enterprises such as building trust and providing competitive advantage. For this purpose, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 small and medium-sized business owners and managers from various sectors in the United Arab Emirates using a case study design from qualitative research methods. Purposive sampling was used in sample selection and research data were obtained through content analysis method. The research findings show that the personal brands of small and medium-sized business owners and managers play a crucial role in shaping small and medium-sized brand identity and perception. The results revealed that authentic personal branding efforts resonate strongly with stakeholders, foster trust, and strengthen the overall brand image of small and medium enterprises. It was also found that personal and corporate branding strategies should be aligned to achieve maximum impact in the market. Studies investigating the impact of personal branding on small and medium-sized enterprises are limited in literature. Therefore, the research findings are expected to contribute to the existing literature and provide practical information to small and medium-sized business owners and managers to guide them in developing their own brands and managing their personal branding efforts.
The unending war between qualitative and quantitative researchers is an indicator that mono method scholars are more willing to tenaciously hold on to their positions rather than appreciate merits of a combined strategy. Research shows that business students find a mixed research design as a difficult topic. In light of these problems, this study seeks to highlight the differences between the two paradigms, and use these as a springboard to demonstrate how weaknesses and strengths of each paradigm can be combined to derive synergy. The negative consequences of the divide are examined, and specific recommendations are made in the attempt to reduce the impact of the divide.
This article focuses on the assessment of data collection instruments designed to collect data on the topic “STUDENTS LEARNING STYLES IN AN EFL CONTEXT: A CASE STUDY ” for its validity and reliability. The evaluation of the instrument was done by 4 teachers whose 3 males and 1 female of the Languages School of the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences who were supposed to be knowledgeable on the topic. The instrument used the mixed methods i.e. quantitative and qualitative methods. The qualitative method was converted into quantitative to obtain a more straightforward determination of the overall quality of the instrument. The study shows that there were some questions to improve and to be reformulated. Overall, from what our respondents have said, we can say that the instrument was valid and be administered to respondents for data collection on this issue. Resume: Cet article se concentre sur l'évaluation de l’instrument de la collecte de données conçu pour collecter les données sur le sujet “LE STYLES D’APPRENTISSAGE DANS UN CONTEXT D’ANGLAIS COMME LANGUE ETRANGERE : CAS D’ETUDE ” pour sa validité et fiabilité. L'évaluation de l'instrument a été faite par 4 Enseignants dont 3 hommes et 1 femme de l'Ecole de Langues de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences humaines qui sont supposés avoir des connaissances sur le sujet. L'instrument a utilisé les méthodes mixtes c-à-d. la méthode quantitative et la méthode qualitative. La méthode qualitative a été convertie en méthode quantitative pour obtenir une détermination la plus franche de la qualité globale de l'instrument. Après l’évaluation de l’instrument par les répondants, il ressort qu'il y a quelques questions à améliorer et à reformuler. De manière générale, de ce que nos répondants ont dit, nous pouvons dire que l'instrument était valide et peut être administrés aux répondants pour la collecte de données sur cette question.
Aims
The perspectives of patients and healthcare professionals regarding deprescribing in surgical wards within hospital settings are unknown. The aim of this study was to explore current practices, attitudes and the enablers and barriers to deprescribing in hospital for older surgical inpatients from the perspectives of doctors, pharmacists, patients and carers.
Methods
A mixed methods study was performed. Two surveys were administered Australia‐wide (revised Patients' Attitudes Towards Deprescribing questionnaire for patients/carers and Deprescribing Self‐Efficacy Survey for doctors/pharmacists). Interviews, focus groups and observations of ward rounds were conducted with participants from five Australian hospitals. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively, while qualitative data were examined using a combined inductive and deductive approach, with results triangulated.
Results
There were 109 survey participants (58 doctors/pharmacists and 51 patients/carers), 28 interview/focus group participants (15 doctors/pharmacists and 13 patients/carers) and eight ward round participants. Doctors and pharmacists reported low to moderate levels of confidence in deprescribing. While most patients and carers were satisfied with their medications, they expressed a willingness to consider deprescribing. Five themes were identified from the interviews, focus groups and ward round observations: (1) deprescribing is not a priority, (2) medication review occurs in response to triggers, (3) knowledge about deprescribing is limited, (4) deprescribing requires a team effort and (5) trust, rapport and communication are essential for successful deprescribing.
Conclusions
Doctors working on surgical wards are unlikely to proactively deprescribe medications. A collaborative patient‐centred approach involving geriatricians, clinical pharmacologists and pharmacists, along with educational interventions may facilitate deprescribing for surgical patients.
Background This study investigated the association between body mindsets-established, but mutable beliefs a person holds about their body-with psychological distress in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods A cross-sectional, mixed methods survey was conducted in people with CKD at a range of disease stages and treatment modalities. Participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) to capture distress, the Body Mindset Inventory (BMI), and qualitative free-text responses elaborating on their mindsets. Hierarchical regression models explored associations of body mindsets with psychological distress, controlling for demographic variables, treatment modalities, and comorbidities. Results Two hundred and thirty-two adults with CKD (62% female) completed the survey; 27.6% were receiving dialysis and 34.7% had received a kidney transplant. Those who more strongly endorsed the mindset that their Body is an Adversary reported greater psychological distress, while those who more strongly endorsed the mindsets that their Body is Capable or Responsive reported less psychological distress. Together, all three mindsets explained 12% unique variance in psychological distress, even after accounting for demographic factors, treatment modalities, and comorbidities. Mixed-methods analyses illustrated the range of body mindsets in people with CKD, with some describing their body as “A ticking time bomb” and others stating “My body is a fighter just like me. My body is amazing.” Conclusion Mindsets about the body are significantly associated with psychological distress in people with CKD. These cross-sectional data provide a foundation for future longitudinal and interventional studies on the relationship between mindsets and distress outcomes in people living with CKD.
This chapter examines how marketing concepts applied through long-term relationship strategies can strengthen democracy and enhance citizen involvement in politics. Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis on six Portuguese municipalities, it analyzes five key conditions: fulfillment of electoral promises, candidate consistency, commitment to citizens, continued interaction, and co-creation of experience. Findings reveal multiple combinations leading to increased citizen engagement, with candidate consistency emerging as both necessary and sufficient. The research legitimizes political marketing by identifying specific practices that enhance democratic participation, challenging short-term, image-focused strategies in favor of lasting relationships and substantive engagement. It advocates for a holistic, long-term approach to strengthening democracy through marketing principles, offering valuable insights for political actors and marketers seeking to enhance democratic processes and citizen involvement.
Advancements in augmented reality (AR) enable declining areas to boost tourism and the local economy by engaging visitors through AR-based travel games. However, the effectiveness of this innovative tourism approach has not been fully examined in declining areas. This research focuses on the influence of AR gamification experience using the tri-component attitude model. Study 1 qualitatively identified the three primary consequences as place attachment, destination knowledge, and behavioral intentions, respectively. Building on these results, a research model was developed and quantitatively tested in Study 2. Both online and field surveys were administered to first time visitors who participated in AR-based tourism games. The results demonstrate that gamification of AR-based tourism content has a positive impact on place attachment and destination knowledge, which positively affect both replaying and revisit intentions. This study highlights the role of AR technologies in revitalizing lesser-known destinations by analyzing the cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects.
In today's digital age, it is crucial for higher education educators to embrace technology and overcome any challenges. This mixed-methods study explores technophobia among academic staff (N = 60) at the University of Latvia, aiming to identify the challenges that deter technology adoption and propose practical solutions. The primary form of technophobia observed among respondents stems from anxiety rather than an outright avoidance of technology. This research used an online survey and a virtual focus group discussion to gather insights. Common barriers to technology use identified include lack of motivation, the perception of high effort required, inadequate training, and time constraints. The study also highlights specific reasons for technophobia, such as the perceived complexity of technology and setup challenges. Based on these findings, recommendations include allocating extra workload for self-learning, making technology use mandatory with adequate support, and encouraging independent learning and peer support. These suggestions aim to improve technology integration in academic settings, benefiting academic staff and students.
The Generation Alpha era marked by the dominance of digital technology has had a significant impact on the socio-emotional development of early childhood. Excessive exposure to technology often reduces children's direct social interactions, thus inhibiting their ability to develop social and emotional skills. This study aims to explore the concept of Kampung Dolanan as an alternative to revitalize positive behavior in early childhood through traditional games. Using a qualitative approach and case study design, the study was conducted in Metro City, Lampung. Data were obtained through participatory observation, interviews with parents, educators, and facilitators, and document analysis. The results of the study indicate that Kampung Dolanan is able to support children's socio-emotional development by improving cooperation skills, empathy, emotional management, and self-confidence. Traditional games that are implemented in a structured manner not only preserve local culture but also provide space for children to learn social values in a supportive environment. The active role of parents, educators, the community, and local government is very important in the successful implementation of the Kampung Dolanan concept. This study recommends Kampung Dolanan as an innovative socio-emotional development model to support the growth and development of early childhood in the digital era.
ABSTRACT
This paper reports attitudes and behaviors regarding the 2024 national election in Bangladesh as described by Dinajpur Sadar voters, using a mixed-methods approach with quantitative and qualitative data are presentative sample of 120 respondents-including a variety of professions and relatively fair gender representation-offers insight into electoral engagement, trust in political institutions, and their principal concerns. Local economic issues in job creation and stability of income appear as critical in shaping politicalpreferences. While 58.33% of those surveyed would still trust political parties to represent public interests, anotable percentage of 41.67% can be seen as skeptical, reflecting political polarization. Youthdisengagement is a clear concern: over half show low enthusiasm for participation. Misinformation hasremained an issue: up to 23.3% reported seeing misleading election-related information online. Moderate confidence in election officials contrasts with a pervasive sense of uncertainty about electoral fairness, with55-60% suspecting potential corruption. According to the findings, the economic issue, facilitation of transparency, and particular programs for the youth and women should be implemented to inspire more civic engagements. The findings pave the way towards strategies to build trust, combat misinformation, and strengthen democratic engagement in Dinajpur Sadar.
Keywords: Political Attitudes, National Election, Civic Engagement, Pre- Election, Voter Perception.
This study explores the integration of digital media and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education, addressing the need for effective teaching and learning practices in the digital age. Grounded in the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), this research aims to investigate the key principles and approaches of smart pedagogy, effective integration, and implications for teacher professional development and education policy. Specifically, this study seeks to answer three research questions: What are the key principles and approaches of smart pedagogy in the context of digital media and AI? How can digital media and AI be effectively integrated into teaching and learning practices? What are the implications of digital media and AI for teacher professional development and education policy? This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the convergence of technology and education, highlighting the significance of digital media and AI in enhancing teaching and learning practices. Building on recent research, this study employs a qualitative approach, using focus group interviews to gather data from educators, students, and administrators. The findings reveal key insights into the effective integration of digital media and AI, highlighting the need for teacher professional development and policy changes to support innovative teaching and learning practices. The study's results have implications for educators, policymakers, and researchers, suggesting avenues for future research and practical applications.
Penelitian menjadi kegiatan yang penting dilakukan. Penelitian dapat dilakukan dengan metodologi kuantitatif, kualitatif dan campuran (mixed method ). Tujuan pada penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk membahas penelitian campuran (mixed method ) dari aspek definisi, karakteristik, perkembangan, jenis dan prosedur penelitian. Definisi penelitian campuran (mixed method )adalah prosedur untuk mengumpulkan, menganalisis, dan mengkombinasi metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif dalam satu penelitian. Karakteristik Penelitian campuran (mixed method ) terletak pada aspek rasionalitas, prioritas, sekuens/waktu, dan penggabungan data. Rasionalitas penggunaan penelitian campuran (mixed method ) didasarkan pada aspek kredibilitas, konteks, ilustrasi, utilitas, mengkonfirmasi temuan, dan keragaman pandangan. Penelitian campuran (mixed method ) berkembang lebih dari abad ke-20 sebagai bentuk solusi dari permasalahan para peneliti yang merasa memerlukan dukungan dari metode kuantitatif atau kualitatif terhadap penelitiannya. Perkembangan terus berlanjut hingga menghasilkan beberapa jenis penelitian campuran (mixed method ) yaitu: 1) eksplanasi berurutan (sequential explanatory strategy), 2) eksplorasi berurutan (sequential exploratory strategy), 3) transformasi berurutan (sequential transformative strategy), 4) triangulasi bersamaan (concurent triangulation strategy), 5) terpadu bersama-sama (concurent emmbeded strategy), dan 6) transformatif bersamaan (concurent transformative strategy). Prosedur penelitian campuran (mixed method ) secara umum sama dengan penelitian pada umumnya yang meliputi 1) menentukan masalah dan tujuan penelitian, 2) mengidentifikasi rasionalitas penelitian, 3) menentukan desain/jenis penelitian campuran dan mengungkapkan alasan yang mendasarinya, 4) mengumpulkan data 5) menganalisa data, dan 6) menulis laporan.
A mixed-methods approach combines qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of complex social phenomena in healthcare. This approach leverages the strengths of both methodologies to address research questions that cannot be fully answered by a single method. While quantitative data offer measurable patterns and generalizability, qualitative research provides critical insights into the human experiences, cultural contexts, and systemic factors that underlie these patterns, and such elements are often missed by purely statistical analyses. Notably, qualitative components can uncover why interventions succeed or fail in real-world settings, adding explanatory power to quantitative results. By integrating numerical data analysis with in-depth contextual insights, mixed-methods research enables researchers to explore, explain, and generalize findings in healthcare settings more holistically than either method could achieve alone.
Sustainability is a slippery term which can mean different things to different people. This slipperiness creates challenges in organisations that seem to want to adopt sustainable business practices but make little headway in actually doing so, or at least in providing the evidence that they are doing so.
Set against the complex and infamously problematic backdrop of the Niger Delta and in the notoriously difficult to access context of oil and gas corporations operating in this region, this chapter explores the concept of sustainability from the perspective of those working in said corporations. Drawing on data gathered from interviews with both Human Resources (HR) and sustainability professionals, the notion of sustainability is traced through different lines of talk, thought and practice and connected to multiple pressures of both personal and professional experience. In doing so we demonstrate how, without any clear and shared understanding of what sustainability actually means, the concept creates a gap through which good intentions fall.
An argument is put forward demonstrating that such a gap can be addressed by examining the interactions within the organisation to achieve an understanding of meanings assigned to sustainability and sustainable business practices in particular, and how these influence employee actions with regard to implementation to achieve sustainability. From the viewpoint of the oil and gas personnel interviewed, we discuss the benefits that are (or can be) obtained by these oil and gas organisations following the implementation of sustainable business practices.
We finish the chapter with reflections on the extent to which sustainable development goals (SDGs) could (or should not) form some kind of shared measure and understanding of sustainability such that if sustainable business practices are aligned to the achievement of relevant SDGs, they might help facilitate a more meaningful move towards sustainability.
Using a comprehensive orientation of the research idea from the ontology to the epistemology basis, this article examines the distinctions between qualitative and quantitative social research approaches. The main foundation of this work is a comprehensive review of the body of research on both qualitative and quantitative methods. This analysis makes it abundantly evident that the qualitative and quantitative approaches are different from one another. These distinctions are found in the various research layers. The mix-method approach is the best alternative strategy for social research, according to the discussion of qualitative and quantitative approaches and their advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the mix-method not only offers the advantages of both the quantitative and qualitative approaches, but it also resolves the current controversy and reduces their drawbacks.
Mobile technologies constitute an important place in modern science education. Hence, several mobile technologies such as Phyphox can be involved in the instructional activities to enhance students’ learning and make them acquire various skills. This paper introduces details regarding the development, implementation, and evaluation of a STEAM activity supported with Phyphox for teaching beat frequency to pre-service science teachers. In this direction, a mixed research was conducted with the voluntary attendance of a group of 14 pre-service teachers. The implementation of the activity took four-course hours. Data were collected with affinity for technology interaction scale, worksheets, and activity evaluation forms. As a result of the study, it was found that the participants developed four different models representing the beat frequency. Also, a significant improvement was detected in the participants’ affinity for technology interaction. The participants asserted positive opinions regarding the activity in addition to making several interdisciplinary connections in the STEAM fields. It is recommended to use Phyphox for building solutions to different daily life problems in pre-service science teacher education.
Digital information literacy (DIL) is a vital capability in the changing spaces of tertiary education. In this paper the approach taken in a collaborative research initiative investigating how teaching staff and students acquire digital information literacy skills through action learning and the development of personal learning environments is described. The methodology is outlined, and as this is still a work in progress, some preliminary results are shared, which demonstrate that participants made important shifts in their capability as a result of the project.
Introduction: Educational research has moved from the dichotomy between qualitative and quantitative approaches towards their methodological combination. However, challenges persist in its effective application, such as epistemological coherence and training in integrated methods. This study analyzes the potential and limitations of the methodological combination in the production of knowledge in education.Methods: A documentary analysis was carried out based on the PRISMA protocol, reviewing indexed literature published. Theoretical and empirical studies were selected that addressed the methodological combination in educational contexts, prioritizing those that discussed their applicability and operational challenges.Results: The findings show a growing acceptance of the methodological combination in educational research, highlighting its ability to address the complexity of teaching and learning processes. However, obstacles are identified such as the lack of structured frameworks and the need for specialized training in mixed methods.Conclusions: The methodological combination in education allows a comprehensive understanding of educational phenomena, but its implementation requires clear criteria and rigorous training. The development of methodological strategies that strengthen their validity and applicability in educational research is recommended.
This article describes a series of research designs for combining qualitative and quantitative methods, using a Priority-Sequence Model that relies on the principle of complementarity. First, a decision about the priority of the two methods selects either a qualitative or a quantitative approach to be the principal method. Second, a decision about sequencing determines whether the complementary method will serve as either a preliminary or a follow-up to the principal method. These two decisions yield four basic research designs: (a) preliminary qualitative methods in a quantitative study, (b) preliminary quantitative methods in a qualitative study, (c) follow-up qualitative methods in a quantitative study, and (d) follow-up quantitative methods in a qualitative study. The conclusions consider further research designs and the expertise necessary for multiple-methods research.
In recent years there has been a growth of interest in breaking down the divisions between qualitative and quantitative research. However, although examples of multi-method studies now abound, there has been little discussion within the literature about the empirical and theoretical challenges that such eclecticism can pose. This article provides an example of a multi-method investigation into social scientists and their media relations wherein qualitative and quantitative findings appeared to contradict each other, and describes how the authors sought to explain and accommodate these discrepancies. Using this case study, they argue that it is incumbent on all researchers committed to the integration of research methods to deal with any differences that may emerge, rather than to resort to selective, epistemic prioritization as a get-out clause.
Scientists give conflicting interpretations about scientific work - drawing alternatively from the contingent repertoire and the empiricist repertoire (both discourses). Contingent, which is more common in interviews and informal talk, calls attention to the personal battles, mistakes, disagreements of scientific work and is very flexible, vague, and imprecise. Empiricist, which is more common in articles and publications, emphasizes the impersonality of scientific work. Discourse is context-dependant.
The paper is concerned with problems of research methodology in organization studies. It places the main emphasis on the “research design,” which is seen as an important tool for the planning, the substantiation and the practical guidance of research procedures. The explicit discussion and improvement of research designs is proposed to be a major contribution also to concept and theory development in Organization Science. The basic content of the paper is an empirical analysis and evaluation of the status quo in design conceptions for organization studies. For this, some 300 empirical studies (in German and English) have been critically reviewed, 74 of them described in detail. The results show many deficiencies in the elaboration of the research designs, especially the ties between design and theory (or research question) are often weak or unclear. But there are also good examples which can be used as starting points for further improvements. The development over time shows shifts toward more reflection/discussion of available alternatives in the methods of data collection and more critical examinations of the data quality. This also leads to increasing applications of multi-method designs. A comparison between German and US studies show differences along the quantitative-qualitative line, which opens chances of mutual learning processes.
Doctoral dissertation.
Full text available at: https://www.etera.ee/s/NTAqagu4Pe
Abstract available at: https://www.etera.ee/zoom/2043/view?page=1&p=separate&tool=info
There are circumstances in which the evaluator can and should choose to use multiple methods and approaches to answer evaluative questions.
In recent years evaluators of educational and social programs have expanded their methodological repertoire with designs that include the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Such practice, however, needs to be grounded in a theory that can meaningfully guide the design and implementation of mixed-method evaluations. In this study, a mixed-method conceptual framework was developed from the theoretical literature and then refined through an analysis of 57 empirical mixed-method evaluations. Five purposes for mixed-method evaluations are identified in this conceptual framework: triangulation, complementarity, development, initiation, and expansion. For each of the five purposes, a recommended design is also presented in terms of seven relevant design characteristics. These design elements encompass issues about methods, the phenomena under investigation, paradigmatic framework, and criteria for implementation. In the empirical review, common misuse of the term triangulation was apparent in evaluations that stated such a purpose but did not employ an appropriate design. In addition, relatively few evaluations in this review integrated the different method types at the level of data analysis. Strategies for integrated data analysis are among the issues identified as priorities for further mixed-method work.
The paper describes the difficulties encountered in trying to combine qualitative and quantitative research methods in a study of the relationship between moral reasoning and teenage drug use. Four problems that arose in the attempt to reduce qualitative data to a quantitative format are described. These problems are: (1) making analytic sense of singular responses; (2) a mistaken logical inference that demands that each pattern of judgment should have discrete behavioral indicators; (3) the construction and use of ideal types; and (4) making analytic sense of universal responses. The roots of these problems are then traced to the underlying philosophical premises that distinguish the qualitative and quantitative research paradigms. The implications of the different goals, assumptions, and standards of evaluation informing each of the respective methods for future research are discussed.
Making Inferences in Mixed Methods: The Rules of Integration
- C Erzberger
- U Kelle
Erzberger, C. and Kelle, U. (2003) 'Making Inferences in Mixed Methods: The Rules of Integration', in A. Tashakkori and C. Teddlie (eds) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research, pp. 457–90.
Response to " Campbell's Retrospective and a Constructionist's Perspective
- J A Maxwell
Maxwell, J.A. (1990) 'Response to " Campbell's Retrospective and a Constructionist's Perspective " ', Harvard Educational Review 60: 504–8.
- A Bryman
Bryman, A. (2004) Social Research Methods (2nd edition). Oxford: Oxford University
Press.