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Phytochemical Studies And Comparative Efficacy Of The Crude Extracts Of Some Haemostatic Plants In Edo And Delta States Of Nigeria
Abstract
Leaves of Ageratum conyzoides (L), Alchornea cordifolia (Schym and Thonn) Muel. Arg, Aspilia africana (Pers.) C. D. Adams, Baphia nitida (Lodd), Chromolaena odorata (L) K. R., Landophia owariensis (P. Beauv) and sap of Jatropha curcas (L) used traditionally to arrest bleeding in fresh cuts were comparatively investigated phytochemically and their ability to precipitate and coagulate blood plasma. Saponins and tannins were the most abundant compounds in these plants while flavoids were the least. Crude aqueous extracts of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins from these plants precipitated and coagulated blood plasma within time limits of 4 to 120 seconds (for precipitation) and 15 to 1500 seconds (for coagulation). Results from prothrombin timing showed that A. afriana was the most efficacious haemostatic plant followed by L. owariensis, and L. curcas the least. Some similarities in their chemical composition established a scientific basis for common usage in traditional medicine.
Key words: Phytochemical, crude extracts, haemostatic plants.
(Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences: 2002 8(2): 203-208)
... Determination of alkaloids: The alkaloid determination followed the methods described by Obadoni and Ochuko [35]. Initially, 200 mL of a 20 % acetic acid solution was combined with 5 g of SLM in a covered 250 mL beaker and left standing for 4 h. ...
... Determination of saponin: The quantification of saponin followed the procedure outlined by Obadoni and Ochuko [35]. Initially, 20 g of SLM was combined with 100 ml of 20 % aqueous ethanol and agitated for 30 min. ...
... Saponin (%) = Final weight of sample (g) × 100/Initial weight of extract (g) (II) Measurement of total phenolics: Total phenolics were quantified following procedures outlined by Obadoni & Ochuko [35]. Initially, 5 g of SLM was boiled in 50 mL of ether for 15 min. ...
... The results were expressed as milligrams of atropine equivalents per gram of extract (mg AE/g). • Total Saponin Content: The saponin content was estimated using the method by Obadoni and Ochuko (2001) [15] , and the results were expressed as milligrams of diosgenin equivalents per gram of extract (mg DE/g). • Total Phenolic Content: The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, as described by Singleton et al. (1999) [19] . ...
... The results were expressed as milligrams of atropine equivalents per gram of extract (mg AE/g). • Total Saponin Content: The saponin content was estimated using the method by Obadoni and Ochuko (2001) [15] , and the results were expressed as milligrams of diosgenin equivalents per gram of extract (mg DE/g). • Total Phenolic Content: The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, as described by Singleton et al. (1999) [19] . ...
... The residual solution was evaporated in a pre-weighed dish at 60 degrees Celsius, and the saponin yield was determined as a percentage. 15 Percentage of saponin = Weight of dried saponin extract weigh of sample × 100 ...
... Obadoni and Ochuko (2001) used the Gravimetric Method to measure fresh Musa acuminata bark extract saponin content. Five grams of the extract were dissolved in 100 milliliters of 20% ethanol at 55 degrees Celsius with constant stirring. ...
Background: Medicinal plants have been widely explored for their bioactive compounds, contributing to their therapeutic potential. Musa acuminata (Musaceae family) is traditionally known for its pharmacological properties, but limited studies focus on the phytochemical composition of its bark extract. This study aims to perform qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of Musa acuminata bark extract to assess its bioactive constituents. Methods: The bark extract of Musa acuminata was obtained using by hydraulic pressure methods. Standard techniques were employed to conduct qualitative phytochemical screening to detect glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. The Folin-Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride method were utilized in order to carry out quantitative assessments of the total concentrations of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, respectively. Results: According to the findings of the qualitative research, the plant contains a number of important phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolics, all of which contribute to the plant's medicinal properties. With a 0.12 mg standard deviation, total alkaloid content was 4.25 mg GAE/g. The sample had 35.67 ± 0.85 mg GAE/g phenolic content, 18.34 ± 0.65 mg QE/g flavonoid content, 22.18 ± 0.48 mg GAE/g tannin content, and 6.75 ± 0.30 mg GAE/g saponin content. The sample has high bioactive chemical concentrations, according to the findings. Conclusion: The findings suggest that Musa acuminata bark extract is a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals, supporting its potential use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
... Page 168 phenols, saponins, terpenoids, oxalate and hydrogen cyanide in the samples using standard method as described by Obadoni and Ochuko (2001). ...
... The method of Obadoni and Ochuko (2001) was used to determine the presence and quantity of saponins in the samples each. 20g (WO) of the ground samples each was weighed into a conical flask and 2.5ml of 20% aqueous ethanol was added. ...
Endophytic fungi are referred to fungi that live in plant tissues throughout their entire or partial life cycle, establishing mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with their host without causing any disease in their host but promoting their growth. Many fungal endophytes produce secondary metabolites which are anti-fungals and strongly inhibit the growth of plant pathogens through enhanced mechanisms of actions. This study aimed at assessing the mycoactive chemicals of two endophytic fungi for their antifungal properties against plant pathogens. Matured fruit bodies of Daldinia concentrica and Irpex lacteus were analyzed for the presence and quantity of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, terpenoids, oxalate and hydrogen cyanide, using standard methods as described by Obadoni and Ochuko. The results revealed that for D. concentrica, the contents of the mycochemicals were highest in tannins, followed by alkaloids and terpenoids; however, the contents of saponins and flavonoids were at appreciable ranges while oxalate which was not important in the study was the lowest. For I. lacteus, tannic acid and phenol had the highest contents of the mycochemicals. However, flavonoids and terpenoids had the lowest contents, while saponin was at an appreciable range. The findings of the study confirmed that with the presence of the mycoactive-chemicals inherent in the endophytes; they could protect plants against pests and pathogens through enhanced mechanisms as indicated in the study.
... The extract was subjected to quantitative analysis for the determination of secondary phytochemical constituents Determination of total alkaloids (Obadoni and Ochuko, 2001), Total phenolic content .) Total flavonoids content . ...
... The extract was subjected to quantitative analysis for the determination of secondary phytochemical constituents Determination of total alkaloids (Obadoni and Ochuko, 2001), Total phenolic content , total flavonoids content , total tannins (Siddhuraju and Manian (2007) and total saponins (Makkar et al., (2007). ...
... Phytochemical analysis of essential oil extracts of the selected medicinal plant was carried out by the standard methods provided for qualitative analysis [9][10][11]. ...
... Essential oil extracts of different solvents ethanol, ethyl acetate were screened for the presence of biologically active compounds including: Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenol, tannins, violate oil, anthracenes, glycosides tests [10]. ...
... Phytochemical analysis of essential oil extracts of the selected medicinal plant was carried out by the standard methods provided for qualitative analysis [9][10][11]. ...
... Essential oil extracts of different solvents ethanol, ethyl acetate were screened for the presence of biologically active compounds including: Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenol, tannins, violate oil, anthracenes, glycosides tests [10]. ...
... Phytochemical analysis was conducted using standard protocols (Obadoni and Ochuko 2002, Senguttuvan et al. 2014, Pant et al. 2017. Plants extracts were screened for glycosides, protein, carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannin, phlobatannin, flavonoid, steroids, saponins, phenolic compound, phytosterols, fats and for anthraquinones. ...
Medicinal plant extract has long been used successfully in 'unani' or 'ayurvedic' medicine. Medicinal plant extract contains bioactive molecules and activity of these molecules may help to mitigate, eradicate or cure diseases. In the advent for the search for new medicinally important bioactive molecule, the current paper deals with the anti-oxidative, cytotoxic and phytochemical analysis of Scoparia dulcis leaf and root, Curculigo orchioides root, Pandanus fascicularis root and Baccaurea sapida leaf extract. Aqueous and methanolic extracts were made for each of the extracts where they posses significant antioxidative properties. High activities were seen in P. fascicularis and S. dulcis plant extract where IC50 values were 21.87 µg/ml and 173.36 µg/ml respectively. In toxicity test, only P. fascicularis extracts showed lethality in a dose-dependent manner where the LD50 value was 25.64 µg/ml. By the phytochemical analysis, it was found that each of these plant species possesses glycosides, protein, carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoid etc. which are pharmacologically active biomolecules. These important properties of those plants showed an indication that these plants can further be tested for the utilization in therapeutic purpose or in cosmetic industry.
... Following this, the determination of alkaloids (Harborne, 1998), saponins (Wall et al., 1954), anthraquinones, steroids, and phlobatannins (Trease and Evans, 1989), cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, and dienolides (Sofowora, 1993), triterpenes and tannins (Odebiyi and Sofowora, 1978), flavonoids and phenolics (Milutinović et al., 2018) were all conducted on the aqueous extract. Quantitative Secondary Metabolites: The determination of saponins (Obadoni and Ochuko, 2001), flavonoids (Boham and Kocipai, 1974), terpenoids and glycosides (Sofowora, 1993), and steroids (Wall et al., 1954) were carried out on the A. digitata leaves. ...
The nutritional benefits of most of our extinction underutilized edible plants cannot be underrated. However, there is the need to quantity their nutrients and estimate the amount our body requires to function effectively. Therefore, the nutritional constituents and assessments of Adansonia digitata (A. digitata) leave-based diet were evaluated in rats. Fifty rats were grouped into five and were fed on a basal diet, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%- inclusion, respectively. The constituents, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Body Weight Gain (BWG), Feed intake (FI), Body Mass Index (BMI), Abdominal, Arm Circumferences, and animal length were estimated using standard methods. Proximate revealed high fiber and carbohydrate contents. Calcium, Vitamin C/E, saponin, and tannins were the most abundant. No notable difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the BWG and FI when 25% and 50% inclusion were compared with the control. For the BMI, all groups showed significant differences when initial values were compared with the final. At the same time, for the abdominal circumference (AC), Arm Circumference (ArC), and naso-anal length, there was no notable difference between 75% and 100%. Overall, the results indicate that the leaves possess good nutritional constituents and can be incorporated into our diet at 25% and 50% inclusions to achieve excellent nutrition and body metabolism.
... Saponin determination was carried out in triplicate by the method of Obadoni and Ochuko [27]. 20 g of each sample were put into a conical flask and 100 ml of 20% aqueous ethanol were added. ...
Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of Azadirachta indica and Parquetina nigrescens leaves. Study Design: This study was made to fit a one way Analysis of Variance. Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out in Premedical Science Department, Methodology: Both plants were harvested from the botanical garden, University of Ibadan. The qualitative and quantitative analyses as well as antioxidant potential of both plants were investigated. Results: The result of the qualitative analysis showed that both plants contained variety of phytochemicals. The quantitative analyses showed that these phytochemicals were present in different concentrations. The concentration of phytate and total phenolics were significantly higher in A. indica when compared with those of P. nigrescens respectively at P<0.05. It was also observed that A. indica had lower concentrations in alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids and tannin when compared with those of P. nigrescens respectively. Also tested were antioxidants (ascorbic acid, DPPH and FRAP). The concentration of ascorbic acid was significantly higher in A. indica when compared with that of P. nigrescens at P<0.05. α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging potential of A. indica and P. nigrescens was investigated respectively at different concentrations with A. indica having the higher radical scavenging potential. The scavenging potential of DPPH was found to increase with increasing concentration of the extracts. Conclusion: Result of this study showed that both plants are rich in phytochemicals and possess antioxidant potential. Hence, they might act as prophylactic and remedy for different diseases, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, obesity, etc. Parquetina nigrescens might be more potent than Azadirachta indica in acting as a remedy for different diseases.
... Phytochemicals analysis: Tannins, phytate, oxalate content: were determined by AOAC (2015) method while saponin was determined as described by Obadoni and Ochuko (2001). Twenty (20 g) gram of each milled sample was put into different conical flasks and 100 ml of 20% aqueous ethanol was added. ...
The quality of biscuits produced from blends of acha flour and pineapple pulp flour (PPF) were investigated. The PPF was substituted into acha flour at 2.5, 5 and 10 %. The 100% acha served as the control. The chemical, phytochemical and sensory properties of the biscuits were determined using standard methods AOAC, 2015. The moisture, protein, ash, fats and carbohydrates contents of the acha-pineapple flour composites biscuits decreased from 14.25 to 11.01, 8.26 to 6.28, 3.12 to 2.00, 7.50 to 6.19 and 67.70 to 65.40% respectively. The fiber content increased from 2.87 to 5.10 % with an increase in added pineapple flour (0-10%). The tannin, saponin, phytate and oxalate content of the acha-pineapple pulp flour composite biscuits increased from 0.90 to 1.75, 2.98 to 9.84, 1.07 to 1.20 and 0.89 to 1.11 mg/g, respectively, with an increase in the added pineapple fiber (0-10%). Generally, all the flour blended biscuits produced from acha and pineapple flour blend were all acceptable, but the most preferred was that containing 5% pineapple pulp flour. The acceptability of acha flour in food baking process will greatly reduce the dependence on imported wheat flour with subsequent decrease in cost of production and sales of baked products with great open door for commercial production of acha grain and pineapple fruits in the agricultural sectors.
... The content of saponins in MOLM was determined using the methods described by Obadoni and Ochuko (2001). A 20 g sample of ground MOLM was dispersed in a 100 ml of 20 % ethanol and the suspension stirred continuously for a period of 4 hours over a hot water bath at a temperature of 55 °C. ...
Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) was analyzed in triplicate to determine proximate, mineral, energy, phytochemical profile and antioxidant potential. Data was analysed using STATISTIX 9.0. and means separated by least significant difference at 5 %. Dry matter (9.50 - 9.77 %), crude protein (27.42 - 27.72 %), crude fat (4.55 - 4.65 %), crude fibre (10.37 - 10.56 %), ash (12.98 - 13.39 %), carbohydrate (34.21 - 34.74 %) and gross energy (17.77 - 17.82 MJ/kg) were recorded. Minerals determined were Ca (655.93 - 656.31 mg/kg), Fe (70.21 - 71.60 mg/kg), K (257.72 - 266.58 mg/kg), Mg (69.74 - 73.49 mg/kg), Mn (12.32 - 12.64 mg/kg), P (586.31 - 597.69 mg/kg) and Zn (16.68 - 16.75 mg/kg). Alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, sterols, tannins and terpenoids were detected. Quantitative analysis gave alkaloids (2.60 - 2.70 %), flavonoids (27.01 - 28.00 mgCE/mg), saponnins (1.54 - 1.57 %), tannins (49.26 - 49.76 mgTAE/g), total phenols (106.42 - 106.44 mg/g), oxalate (1.10 - 1.42 mg/g) and phytates (11.51 - 11.72 mg/g). Higher scavenging ability of MOLM of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl than vitamin C make MOLM a suitable natural antioxidant. MOLM has adequate amounts of crude protein, minerals and energy, useful phytochemicals and high antioxidant potential.
... Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of HEAL Flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides were assayed for using the procedures outlined by Odebiyi and Sofowora (1978), Trease and Evans (1989), Sofowora, (1993), Edeoga et al. (2005), and Harborne 1973), and were subjected to quantitative analysis using known techniques: saponins (Obadoni and Ochuko, 2002), alkaloids (Adeniyi et al., 2009), tannins (Makkar et al., 1993), flavonoids (Boham and Kocipai, 1974) and cardiac glycosides (El-Olemy et al., 1994). ABTS radical cation decoloriztaion assay, DPPH radicals scavenging assay, and reducing power assays were carried out as previously reported (Re et al., 1999;Mensor et al., 2001). ...
Excess iron is a major cause of iron-induced oxidative stress and a number of diseases. Plants like Aerva lanata, offer a mitigative potential against iron-induced oxidative damage. This study aimed at determining the antioxidant enhancing potential of hydroethanolic extract of Aerva lanata (HEAL) leaf against iron overload-induced oxidative damage. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomised into six groups. Group 1 received 0.5 mL of distilled water while groups 2-6 were given treatments consisting of intraperitoneally administration of iron dextran (100 mg/kg) plus oral administration of 0.5 mL of distilled water, 20 mg/kg deferasirox, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of the extract respectively for 21 days. The extract was assessed for a number of secondary metabolites as well as its in-vitro antioxidant capacity while biochemical parameters of oxidative stress and iron overload were assessed in the rats. Six secondary metabolites were found in the extract, with cardiac glycosides (270.60 mg/L) being the most abundant while flavonoids (2.56 mg/L) were the least prevalent, exhibiting antioxidant and free radical scavenging capabilities, with the inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 41.19 g/mL (DPPH), 258.154 g/mL (ABTS). Treatment with HEAL significantly reduced the increased serum iron level in iron-overload oxidative stressed animals, and reduced AST, ALP, MDA levels, and increased antioxidant activities. The antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities of HEAL discovered in this study have shown that HEAL treatment can strengthen the antioxidant defenses against iron overload-induced oxidative stress in rats and might contribute to the mechanism by which HEAL prevents the liver from iron loaded-induced oxidative stress.
... The concentrate was separated into a funnel, 20 mL of diethyl ether was added shaken vigorously, and then 60 mL of nbutanol and 20 mL of NaCl (5%) were added. After heating, the samples were dried in the oven until constant weight (30). ...
This study aimed to investigate the phytochemicals and cytotoxic properties of aqueous extracts of desert truffle, Terfezia boudieri Chatin and its host plant Helianthemum aegyptiacum (L.) Mill. The chemical composition of truffle is relatively higher than its host plants. Carbohydrate content showed the highest rate, but crude lipid showed the lowest rate in truffle and the host plant. Potassium is the highest concentration macro-element, and iron is the highest concentration of micro-element in the truffle and host plant. Compared to the several extracts tested, ethyl acetate extracts of the desert truffle, T. boudieri and host plant H. aegyptiacum (L.) Mill. gave the highest cytotoxic activity against five tested cancer cell lines (the human eye carcinoma cell line MP38, the human central nervous system cell line SF-268, the colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT116, the prostate cancer cell line DU-145 and the breast cancer cell line MDA). The active substances of truffles are more effective than the active substances of host plants in terms of cell mortality rate and nuclear condensation of cancer cells. Human eye cancer cells MP38 treated with truffle ethyl acetate extract showed a greater cell mortality rate than those treated with host plant ethyl acetate extract. Thus, it could be concluded that desert truffles have distinctive metabolites with powerful biological activities, such as antiproliferative activities, compared to the host plant's corresponding metabolites.
... Phytates and oxalates were determined by titration using the methods of Vaintraub and lapteva (1988) and Aina et al. (2012), respectively. The differential solubility method of Obadoni and Ochuko (2001) was used to determine saponin content. ...
Several nutrient-rich resources of agrobiodiversity are underutilized or unknown and remain underexploited. This study aimed to determine the nutritional properties of Coula edulis (CE) and Tetracarpidium conophorum (TC), two non-timber forest products from Cameroon. Samples were analyzed using standard methods. TC was separated into two batches: one raw (TCNT) and the other precooked (TCPT) before analysis. The proximate results analysis showed that CE was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in total sugar, total fiber and vitamin C. TCNT had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) the highest protein content while TCPT the highest fat content (40.121±0.2). The highest levels of lycopene, β-carotene and vitamin A were significantly found in TCPT. CE and TCPT could cover respectively 56.45 % and 31.35 % of the population's nutritional references in vitamin C and vitamin A. The anti-nutritional compounds had contents significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower than the safety threshold. The mineral profile revealed the presence of ten minerals. The most abundant mineral were K followed by Ca in CE only. Fe was also higher in CE. All these samples had high energy values. These data obtained from Coula edulis and Tetracarpidium conophorum could be used to further enrich cameroonian food table composition.
... The secondary metabolites present in C. sanguinolenta stem ethanol extract were quantitatively determined using the methods of Odebiyi and Sofowora (1978), Trease and Evans (1989), Obadoni and Ochuko (2001), and Jagadish et al. (2009). ...
Although herbal medicines are less potent compared to synthetic drugs in some cases, but are still considered less toxic less side effects. Cryptolepis sanguinolenta stem ethanol extract (CSSE) is a reportedly potent antimalarial plant with dearth of data on the safety and efficacy on the brain and heart of animals. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of CSSE in animal models. Thirty albino rats were randomly distributed into five groups (n=6). Group A=distilled water (control), Groups B-E=250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg body weight extract, respectively, for 21 days. Phytochemicals and biochemical analyses were performed using standard method. Total protein (TP), direct bilirubin (DB), total bilirubin (TB), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were evaluated in liver. Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, and AST were evaluated in heart. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and nitric oxide (NO) were evaluated in brain. Lipid profiles, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were evaluated in serum as well. The results revealed that CSSE contained alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and proteins at 35.11, 9.80, 52.35, 22.61 and 30.32 mg/100g, respectively. CSSE significantly increased (p<0.05) liver TB and AST, heart AST, and MDA and GST, while total cholesterol and AChE was reduced. However, no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, TP, DB, liver ALT, Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, BChE, NO, SOD and CAT in the subjects. CSSE also kept histo-architecture of the subjects intact. Hence, CSSE induced mild alterations in biochemical parameters and tissues of the subjects without an observable damage, hence relatively safe for consumption.
... The quantification of saponins followed the methodology of Obdoni and Ochuko [13]. For this, 20 mL of aqueous extract was added in a Becker. ...
This study evaluated the phytochemical composition of aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera (MO) obtained by maceration, decoction, and infusion of fresh or dried leaves and their effects on in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters. Phytochemical prospecting analyses were conducted to determine the bioactive compounds in each aqueous extract. Regarding the in vitro ruminal fermentation study, the seven treatments were the following: no addition of extract or control (CON); extract obtained by maceration of fresh leaves (MFL); extract obtained by maceration of dry leaves (MDL); extract obtained by decoction of the fresh leaves (DFL); extract obtained by decoction of dry leaves (DDL); extract obtained by infusion of fresh leaves (IFL) and extract obtained by infusion of dry leaves (IDL). The concentration of all bioactives (saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids) quantified was higher when fresh MO leaves were used (p < 0.001). DFL and DDL provided less elimination of azino-bis radicals. On the other hand, MFL resulted in a greater elimination of these radicals. Extracts obtained from fresh leaves resulted in a greater total production of short-chain fatty acids, acetate, and butyrate (p < 0.05). Compared to the control treatment, the inclusion of extracts obtained from fresh leaves provided a higher concentration of propionate (p = 0.049). It is thereby concluded that the use of fresh MO leaves for the production of aqueous extracts is the most recommended, as it results in a higher concentration of bioactive compounds. The use of aqueous extracts of fresh MO leaves increases the total production of fatty acids but does not change their proportion.
... Quantitative analysis: The raw, cooked and shade dried leaves were subjected to quantitative phytochemical analysis using the methods of Harborne (9) for alkaloid and anthocyanin, Dolunay et al., (10) for carotenoid, Boham and Kocipai-Abyazan (11) for Flavonoid, Onwuka (12) for glycoside, Obadori and Ochuko (13) for Saponin, Pearson (14) for Oxalate and Kirk and Sawyer (15) method for Tannin using the Fohn Denis calorimeter. ...
Background: Leafy vegetables are sources of macro and micronutrients that play major role in maintaining healthy living. Phytochemicals are non-nutrient but bioactive compound with health protecting properties which play a variety of roles such as antioxidants, inhibition of tumor growth, antimutagens, enzyme modulators and free radical scavengers. In this study, the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the phytochemical contents of "Ahihara" (Corchorus, olitorius), "eriamionu" (Celosia argentea), Tree spinach (Cnidoscolusa conitifolius) and "ugu"(Telfairia occidentalis) consumed in the eastern part of Nigeria was carried out. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative screenings were carried out on the raw, cooked and shade dried leaves to determine the presence of alkaloids, anthocyanin, carotenoid, flavonoid, glycoside, saponin, oxalate and tannins using standard methods. Fisher's Least Significant Difference was used to compare the different means at p < 0.05. Results: The results showed that the plant materials used for this study contain most of the phytochemicals tested for. Alkaloid was found to be present in high amounts in the shade dried vegetable except "ugu" (1.91, 1.32, 1.25 and 0.95g/100g for "Ahihara", tree spinach, "eriamionu" and "ugu" respectively) while glycoside was absent in "ugu" and tree spinach but present in "Ahihara" and "eriamionu". "Ahihara" was found to also contain the highest amount of anthocyanin (0.11g/100g). Processing affected the availability of the phytochemicals differently. Shade drying significantly (p<0.05) increased the concentration of all the phytochemicals. Cooking decreased the content of the alkanoid, anthocyanins, flavonoid, glycoside, oxalate and saponin but did not affect the level of carotenoid and tannin. Conclusion: The phytochemicals were present in all the vegetables studied. Of all the treatments, shade drying was observed to be a good processing method as it increased the phytochemical contents of the vegetables
... The flavonoids, phenols, oxalate and beta carotene contents were determined following the standard method described by Barros, et al. [19]. saponins content was determined using the standard procedure as outlined by Obadoni, et al. [20] while tannins and alkaloids contents were determined following the standard method described by AOAC [21]. ...
The family Arecaceae is a great source of food. Many species of this family provide valuable timber and also fiber used in rope, paper and textile industries. Comparative morphological and phytochemical studies on the seeds extracts of Cocos nucifera and Elaeis guineensis were evaluated to identify their physical characteristics and secondary metabolites using standard methods. Morphological study was carried out by visual observation and standard techniques were used for phytochemical study. The data was analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was used to separate the means. Data was presented in mean ± standard deviation. Results showed some resemblances and differences between the two species. Morphological result indicated that both had the same habit, leaf arrangement and leaf venation. Both also had the investigated phytochemical except tannins and alkaloids that were absent in E. guineensis. Higher phenolic content (41.72 ± 1.03 mg GAE/100g) and flavonoids (142.88 ± 4.14 mg CE/100g), were observed in E. guineensis while C. nucifera demonstrated a higher tannins level (35.82 ± 1.00 mg TAE/100g). In conclusion, slight similarities justified their placement in the same family Arecaceae, while the differences explained their placement in different genus and species. Higher phenolic and flavonoids contents indicated that E. guineensis is more suitable for antioxidant applications, while presence of tannins and alkaloids in C. nucifera suggested its applications in antimicrobial purposes.
... The method described by Obadoni and Ochuko (2001) with slight modification was used to determine the saponin content. The prepared ethanolic and aqueous extracts were obtained by soaking the plant material in 70% ethanol and distilled water, respectively, in a ratio of 1:10. ...
This study investigates the effects of three processing methods; blanching, drying, and fermentation on the phytochemical properties of Garcinia kola stem bark and stone breaker leaves, both of which are traditionally used in medicine. The primary aim was to evaluate how these processing techniques enhance the phytochemical profiles of these plant materials and to determine the most effective extraction method for retaining their beneficial properties, particularly for cardiovascular health. The contents of saponins, flavonoids, oxalates, phytates, tannins, and phenolic compounds in aqueous and ethanolic extracts were quantified. The results demonstrated that the fermented samples exhibited the highest flavonoid content (3.90 mg/g in fermented stone breaker ethanolic extract (FSBE) and 4.17% in fermented stone breaker aqueous extract (FSBA)) and phenolic content (75.29 mg/g in FSBA and 75.92 mg/g in FSBE). Furthermore, fermentation yielded the lowest oxalate (1.35 mg/g in fermented Garcinia kola stem bark aqueous extract (FGBA) and 1.84 mg/g in fermented Garcinia kola stem bark ethanolic extract (FGBE)) and phytate levels (20.92 mg/g in FSBA and 22.75 mg/g in FSBE). In contrast, the dried samples contained the highest saponin levels ranging from 0.09% in blanched stone breaker ethanolic extract (BSBE) to 1.34% in blanched Garcinia kola stem bark aqueous extract (BGBA). Tannin content was consistently low across all samples, ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/g. While aqueous extracts displayed higher values for some components, ethanolic extracts outperformed in others. The findings underscore the health benefits of these plant materials, particularly highlighting the superiority of fermented samples due to their enriched flavonoid and phenolic content, which may significantly contribute to overall well-being, especially for cardiovascular patients.
... The determination of total saponin content followed the procedure outlined by Obadoni and Ochuko [31]. Initially, 0.5 g of the powdered sample was blended with 200 mL of 20% ethanol and agitated on a shaker for 30 minutes. ...
... Protein content was determined using the Millon and Biuret tests, indicating differences among plant parts and host species (Plummer 1978). Saponins were analyzed with the Foam and Bromine Water tests, revealing notable variations (Obadoni and Ochuko 2002). Tannins were assessed using the Ferric Chloride Test (Evans 2002), while carbohydrates were evaluated through the Barfoed and Benedict tests, each showing distinct patterns (Harborne 1998). ...
The present study elucidates antidiabetic potential of Loranthus longiflorus in an alloxan-induced rabbit model, taken from Azadirachta indica and Albizzia lebbeck trees, which serve as hosts for this parasitic woody shrub. Phytochemical screening suggested the presence of alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids as major secondary metabolites. The methanolic leaf and bark extracts of the plants were administered as oral dosage treatments to the rabbits for 7, 15, and 30 days. The blood sugar levels of the rabbits from the four groups (i.e., the normal control group (NCG), the diabetic control group (DCG), the treatment control group (TCG) with a standard allopathic drug, and the trial group (TG). It was found that a 1000 mg dose of methanolic extract from the leaf of L. longiflorus from the host A. lebbeck had the best antidiabetic activity. It acts to lower blood glucose levels and body weight in rabbits, while simultaneously elevating serum insulin.
... The remaining solution was heated in a water bath. After evaporation, the samples were dried in the oven to a constant weight; the saponin content was calculated according to Obdoni and Ochuko [15]. ...
This study explores the phytochemical content, and functional properties of mango, orange, and watermelon purees to evaluate their potential in food formulations and post-harvest loss reduction. Key findings revealed that watermelon puree exhibited the highest total phenolic content (559.03 mg/100 g), tannins (60.85 mg/100 g), and water holding capacity (93.03%), while mango puree had the highest bulk density (1.11 g/cm³), viscosity (3.84 cP), and oil holding capacity (27.01%). Orange puree contained the highest levels of flavonoids (37.78 mg/100 g) and alkaloids (22.52 mg/100 g). The results for bulk density recorded 1.11g/cm3 for mango, 0.89g/cm3 for watermelon and 0.93g/cm3 for orange. Specific gravity recorded higher value for mango 1.13 followed by orange 1.05 then watermelon 0.92. Viscosity also recorded higher value for mango (3.84cP) then orange 2.04cP and least for watermelon (1.53cP). Water holding capacity took a different trajectory as it recorded higher in watermelon (93.03%), followed by orange (84.49%) then mango (83.74%). Oil holding capacity had mango with the highest (27.01%), orange with 23.01% then the least was watermelon with 18.03%. The results suggest that these fruit purees can be effectively utilized in various food products, contributing to both nutritional diversity and reduced food wastage in regions with high fruit production.
... Heat the mixture and evaporate it until a constant weight is achieved. The saponin content can then be calculated as a percentage (Obadoni and Ochuko, 2002). ...
This study aims to determine the phytochemical contents and the antioxidant activity of the white truffle Tirmania nivea (Desf.) Trappe, and its host plant Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum. Cours. Standard procedures were applied for phytochemical analysis, including the determination of proximate compositions, mineral elements, and various secondary metabolites. The antioxidant activities were assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, azinobis benzo thiazoline sulphonic, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrate content, which has the highest value in the truffle and its host plant. The carbohydrate content is the highest in T. nivea compared with H. lippii. Crude lipids showed the lowest value in T. nivea and H. lippii. Potassium is the highest concentration of a macro-element in the truffle and the host plant. Iron is the highest concentration of micro-element in the truffle and host plant. Phenolics had the highest concentration of secondary metabolisms, but tannins had the lowest value in the truffle and its host plant. Concerning the antioxidant activity, we found that hexane extract of T. nivea and H. lippii has high inhibitory percentages equivalent to IC50 134.8 and 119.9 μg/mL, respectively for DPPH, 128.84, 111.21 μmol Fe2+/mg, respectively for FRAP, and 121.39 and 107.22 μg/mL, respectively for ABTS. The study proved that the aqueous extract of the truffle is much richer than the host plant in proximate constituents, minerals elements, and secondary metabolites; in addition, the truffle has a tremendous antioxidant capacity than the host plant, which leads us forward to introduce it for medical use.
... The precipitate was dried and weight until constant weight was observed. Then the saponin value was estimated by calculation [10]. ...
Numerous biologically active compounds exist in form of phytochemicals in plants which are generally employed as traditional plants by natives to aid in curing infection, disorders , and diseases and genetically inherited medical conditions. The research on phytochemicals is believed to be potentially beneficial for examining the application of plants for therapeutic uses. In this review we have shortlisted five plants which are native of Chhattisgarh and screen them to examine the bioactive constituents of the plants. The plants which were selected for this particular study are Aegle marmelos (bengal quince), Asparagus racemosus (Bottlebrush Asparagus), Curcuma amada, Euphorbia hirta (asthma plant), Semecarpus anacardium (Oriental cashew). The botanical, phytochemical, and pharmacology of the plants were studies in detail and presented in this review. We have also reviewed on the medical properties and their applications for numerous medical conditions. We have reviewed how the plants can be advantageous for improving the health of human beings and aid to combat disorders.
... For the investigation of total saponins, we followed the method of Obadoni and Ochuko [31] with minor modifications. One gram of dry extract was initially suspended in distilled water, and defatting was carried out twice with diethyl ether (20 mL each) in a separating funnel, followed by discarding the ether layer. ...
Methanolic extract from Salsola imbricata was investigated for its phytochemical content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponin, tannins, and alkaloids with 1.25%, 18.8 mg catechin/g of extract, and 9.12%, respectively. Total flavonoid content was 20.8 mg quercetin equivalent/g while total phenolic content was 202 mg gallic acid equivalent/g. Antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay resulted in an IC50 value of 48.61 µg/mL, while the phosphomolybdenum method yielded a value of 215.43 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g of extract. The highest phenolic acids detected in the extract were gallic acid (712.97 µg/g), syringic acid (742.7 µg/g), and caffeic acid (474.70 µg/g) according to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Palmitic acid (28.38%) dominated the fatty acids identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, while stigmasterol (8.34%) was the most abundant steroid. At a concentration of 3 mg/mL, the extract showed strong antibacterial activity against Pectobacterium carotovorum (10.50 mm), Ralstonia solanacearum (9.93 mm), and Pectobacterium atrosepticum (8.37 mm). Additionally, the extract significantly suppressed fungal growth of Rhizoctonia solani (38.22%) and Fusarium oxysporum (33.56%) but showed lower activity toward Botrytis cinerea (13.33%) at 5 mg/mL. In conclusion, S. imbricata extract exhibited promising antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, making it a potential candidate for further exploration in agricultural applications.
... A 20 g sample was extracted with 100 ml of 20% aqueous ethanol, and heated for 4 hours, and the combined extract was purified with n-butanol (Obadoni and Ochuko, 2001). ...
The use of artificial ripening agents, particularly calcium carbide, in fruits such as bananas has raised concerns about their impact on nutritional quality. This study compared the phytochemical composition, proximate analysis, and heavy metal contamination of naturally ripened (NR) and calcium carbide-ripened (CR) bananas and analysed the adverse risk associated with the consumption of calcium carbide -ripened bananas. Mature unripe bananas obtained from the Institute of Agricultural Research and Development (IARD) were divided into two groups: one ripened naturally (NR) at room temperature and the other ripened using calcium carbide (CR). Phytochemical analysis detected phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids in both groups, but with significant differences in concentration. Notably, cyanogenic glycoside and oxalate levels were higher in CR bananas (7.0 × 10⁻⁴% and 1.82%, respectively) compared to NR bananas (6.0 × 10⁻⁴% and 0.50%). Additionally, NR bananas showed higher concentrations of flavonoids (11.64%), alkaloids (4.50%), saponins (9.84%), and tannins (7.5 × 10⁻4%), indicative of high antioxidant properties. In contrast, CR bananas had reduced levels of these compounds (10.22%, 4.2%, 6.41%, and 3.16 × 10⁻4% respectively), suggesting decreased antioxidant potential. Proximate analysis revealed that CR bananas had higher moisture content (82.05%) compared to NR bananas (79.83%). However, NR bananas contained higher levels of protein (1.88%), carbohydrate (19.68%), and fiber (2.40%). Heavy metal analysis identified elevated phosphorus levels in CR bananas (184.5 ppm), exceeding the FAO's permissible limits (80–120 ppm). In conclusion, our findings highlight the potential nutritional compromises and safety risks associated with calcium carbide-ripened bananas. The study emphasizes the need for strict regulation of artificial ripening agents to protect consumer health.
... Saponin quantitative determination was carried out using the method reported by Ejikeme et al. (2014), and Obadoni and Ochuko (2002). Exactly 100 cm 3 of 20% aqueous ethanol was added to 5 grams of each wood powder sample in a 250 cm 3 conical flask. ...
S. torvum (Solanum torvum) and S. nigrum (Solanum nigrum) are native to tropical and subtropical nations including Japan, Brazil, Mexico and Ghana. S. torvum and S. nigrum locally referred to Ekwanho nsusua and nsusua respectively are rich in minerals and vitamins. Apart from being used in the preparation of stews and soups, they also have medicinal properties. Such properties include antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antiplatelet aggregation and cardiovascular protection. There is limited information on the bioaccessibility of phytochemicals present in S. torvum and S. nigrum. In addition, there is limited use of these Solanum species in the human diet. This study therefore characterized S. torvum and S. nigrum and assessed their bioavailability and utilization in functional foods. Specifically the proximate composition, minerals, heavy metals, total phenols and antioxidant activity of the berries and leaves of the two Solanum species were investigated. Furthermore, the aqueous extracts of S. torvum and S. nigrum were evaluated for safety and anti-diabetic activity. Herbal tea products were developed from S. nigrum. In addition spice powder from S. torvum and S. nigrum has been developed. Consumer acceptability tests, anti-nutrients profile and antioxidant prolife were conducted on the products. Through this study, it was discovered that both Solanum species contained crude fibre, crude protein and crude fat in addition to Na, Mn, K, Zn and Fe at varying concentrations. Iron was more abundant in the leaves as compared to the berries. Potassium was the most abundant mineral in the berries whilst iron formed the highest component of minerals in the leaves for both species. In this study, Fe, Mn and Zn in S. torvum fruits were determined to be 16.49 mg/kg, 10.42 mg/kg and 1.58 mg/kg. The current study found that the aqueous and ethanolic extract of S. torvum and S. nigrum demonstrated promising in vitro antioxidant activity. The three major fatty acid esters identified in Solanum nigrum leaves (SNL), Solanum torvum berries (STF) and Solanum nigrum berries (SNF) were methyl stearate, Docosanoic acid methyl ester and Eicosanoic acid methyl ester. Other biologically active compounds identified included squalene and palmitic acid which was found in Solanum nigrum leaves and Solanum torvum leaves (STL) while methyl palmitoleate and palmitic acid methyl ester were fatty acid esters identified in Solanum nigrum berries. Palmitic acid (98.38%, RT: 8.13 min) a fatty acid was found in the leaves of S. torvum. Methyl stearate (99.68 %, RT: 9.86 min), Docosanoic acid, methyl ester (99.56%, RT: 15.04 min), and Eicosanoic acid methyl ester (99.78 %, RT: 12.35 min) were some fatty acid esters identified in STL. Other compounds identified included squalene. However, Sitosterol (94.93 %, RT: 26.82 min), a phytosterol was found in the (Solanum nigrum boiled fruits) SNB. Results demonstrated that irrespective of the dosage, all extracts led to a reduction in rat body weight. Notably, the body weight of the normal control group significantly increased on days 14, 21, and 28 compared to day 7. The glucose inhibitory effect of the 500 mg/kg extract wasn't significant compared to the 100 mg/kg dose after 120 minutes. Results from the safety test showed that the two plants are safe on the liver, kidneys, spleen, heart and blood. Boiled extract of S. nigrum at 1000 mg showed an anti-diabetic effect similar to a standard anti-hyperglycaemic drug, Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg). The anti-hyperglycaemic activity of S. torvum and S. nigrum extract may be due to the presence of several bioactive anti-diabetic factors. Both Solanum nigrum and Solanum torvum spices were found to possess catechins (0.255 to 0.756 mg/g), saponins, flavonoids, oxalates, phytates and tannins. The antioxidant activity of the various herbal tea samples ranged from 66.37±0.24 to 78.53±0.18 µg/mL GAE as determined by the DPPH free radical assay. The Solanum nigrum fermented herbal tea had superior antioxidant properties in comparison to the Solanum nigrum unfermented herbal tea. Solanum nigrum unripe unfermented herbal tea exhibited the highest average score for overall acceptability with exceptional sensory characteristics. The collective findings of this study underscore the therapeutic potential of S. torvum and S. nigrum. The developed herbal tea and spice products promise health benefits and present novel culinary resources for contemporary diets.
... The alkaloid, tannins, saponins and flavonoid were determined by the method described by Obadoni & Ochuko. [10] ...
Intake of a combination of Kolaviron and herbal alcohol may increase intestinal motility and transit
... As described by Obadoni and Ochuko [7]. 100g of the powdered sample was weighed and transferred into a clean conical flask. ...
This study evaluated the foaming characteristics of crude saponins extracted from the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca and compared them with commercially available detergents, Tween 80 and Triton-X-100, across concentrations ranging from 0.2% to 1.0%. Foam heights were measured at 0, 1, and 5 minutes, and total foaming times (T, hours) were recorded. The results showed that foam height increased with concentration for all substances, indicating improved foaming capacity. Crude saponins demonstrated a highest foam height of 3.35 ± 0.13 cm at a 1.0% concentration with a foaming time of 4.68 ± 0.32 hours, suggesting moderate foam stability. In comparison, Tween 80 and Triton-X-100 exhibited superior foaming properties, with maximum foam heights of 8.60 ± 0.24 cm and 12.35 ± 0.09 cm, and foaming times of 20.70 ± 0.49 hours and 41.27 ± 0.33 hours, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in foam heights among the three solutions (p > 0.05). However, foam stability, indicated by foam retention percentage (R5%), was highest for Triton-X (90.8%), followed by Tween 80 (85.3%) and crude saponins (54.5%). These findings suggest that while crude saponins have lower foam power and stability compared to synthetic detergents, they still demonstrate significant foaming properties, making them a potential eco-friendly alternative in applications where moderate foam stability is adequate. The study highlights the importance of concentration in determining foam performance, particularly for natural saponin-based foaming agents.
... The explained approach by Obadoni et al [24] was followed with minor adjustments to evaluate the overall saponin content. ...
... The saponin content was determined using the procedure outlined by Obadoni and Ochuko (2001). Briefly, 100 mL of 20% aqueous ethanol (64-17-5; 99% purity; Merck) was added to 5 g of the flour sample in a 250 cm 3 conical flask. ...
This study evaluated the variation in chemical and functional properties, antinutritional factors, and in vitro digestibility during the natural fermentation of white lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) at different fermentation periods of 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h using standard methods. The results showed that an increase in the fermentation period resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in protein and ash content, while fiber and fat content decreased with the length of fermentation. Also, there was an optimum increase by 92%, 56.39%, and 58.16% in β‐carotene, vitamin B2, and vitamin B3 at 24 h fermentation. Results showed that the fermentation period increased the mineral composition except for sodium which had a slight reduction though no significant (p < 0.05) difference was observed in the fermented samples. The antinutritional factors decreased linearly as fermentation progresses from 19.05–13.26 mg/100 g, 35.29–19.05 mg/100 g, 18.00–7.15 mg/100 g, and 3.09–1.35 mg/100 g for phytate, tannins, alkaloids, and oxalate, respectively. Fermentation significantly decreased the bulk densities, and swelling index, while water and oil absorption capacity, foaming properties, and emulsion capacities increased as fermentation progresses. Furthermore, protein digestibility improved from 50.33% to 58.50% and the glycemic index (GI) increased significantly (p < 0.05) with GI values of 57.18, 62.36, 62.67, and 62.82 for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. This implies that these are all intermediate GI foods. This study showed that fermentation periods influence the quality of lima beans and this can be used to improve nutrition especially in the rural communities and find applications in food product development.
Practical Application
Lima beans are underutilized crops in comparison with other legumes. This is attributed to problems associated with digestion on consumption and its long hours in cooking described as “hard to cook” phenomenon which is reported to be attributed to the presence of significant amount of antinutrients such as tannins and phytates. The nutritional value of lima beans will be increased, along with their acceptance and consumption as food, by the reduction or inactivation of these antinutritional factors.
This study focuses on the formulation of an herbal toothpaste utilizing three botanically derived ingredients Karanj, Miswak, and Banana Peel recognized for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. The goal is to create a natural, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative to conventional oral hygiene products that supports oral health. The selected botanicals Karanj (Milletia pinnata), Miswak (Salvadora persica), and Banana Peel (Musa spp.) were chosen due to their well-established therapeutic properties. Active constituents were extracted and analyzed before being incorporated into a toothpaste base. The formulation was then refined for texture, pH compatibility, and stability. Its antimicrobial effectiveness was evaluated against key oral pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and other gram-positive bacteria. The experimental toothpaste exhibited notable antimicrobial activity. The extracts from Karanj, Miswak, and Banana Peel contributed to a formulation that demonstrated antimicrobial performance on par with some commercial toothpaste products. The study supports the potential of a toothpaste containing Karanj, Miswak, and Banana Peel as a natural and sustainable oral care option. Offering both environmental benefits and proven antimicrobial efficacy, this formulation presents a promising, affordable alternative for maintaining oral hygiene.
This study examines the genotypic and phytochemical diversity of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), an underutilised legume with potential applications in sustainable agriculture and nutrition. Phytochemical profiles of seeds from five distinct landraces, sourced from Cross River, Abia, Benue, Ogun, and Niger States in Nigeria, were analysed using qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative analysis revealed significant variability in phytochemical compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, across the landraces. Alkaloids were consistently present in moderate concentrations across all accessions, suggesting genetic stability in their synthesis. Conversely, flavonoid levels were highest in the Benue landrace, indicating potential region-specific environmental or genetic factors influencing their production. Saponins were most abundant in the Cross River and Abia landraces, while tannins were uniformly high, with the Benue landrace showing the greatest concentration. Terpenoid levels were generally low but reached moderate peaks in the Niger landrace. Quantitative analysis confirmed these patterns but found no significant differences (P> 0.05) in phytochemical concentrations among the landraces, highlighting a general consistency in their distribution. The findings emphasise the nutritional and agronomic potential of African yam beans, particularly the Benue and Cross River landraces, which demonstrate promising phytochemical profiles. This research underscores the importance of conserving African yam bean genetic diversity and utilising its phytochemical traits for breeding programmes aimed at enhancing food security, addressing malnutrition, and exploring industrial applications.
Study’s Excerpt:• S. occidentalis and S. longepedunculata showed strong activity against T. vaginalis at 50 mg/ml.• S. longepedunculata achieved up to 99.15% inhibition of T. vaginalis parasite growth.• Acute toxicity at 3000 mg/kg of S. longepedunculata caused severe effects and one rat death.• Extracts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, confirming their medicinal potential.• Findings support traditional use of these plants for genital infections in northern Nigerian tribes.Full Abstract:A parasite protozoa called Trichomonas vaginalisis is responsible for trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection. Given the abundance of anti-parasitic compounds found in medicinal plants, looking into more complementary, secure, and efficient treatments is critical. The research aimed to ascertain how well S. longepedunculata and S. occidentalis plants worked to cure the vigina and male genital tract infections among the northern Nigerian tribes. Ethanol and the maceration process were used to create the plant extracts. Acute toxicity and phytochemical investigations were carried out according to standard procedures. Experimental rats administered an acute dose of 3000 mg/kg body weight of S. longepedunculata root extract demonstrated observable changes in physical activity, eye color, and external bleeding from their mouths and noses, indicating acute toxicity. One death was also reported 24 hours later. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts contained phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, penol, reducing sugar saponins, and tannins. In vitro tests were conducted to assess the anti-parasitic effects of the two plant extracts against Trichomonasvaginalis. In the study, the plants' aqueous root extracts were employed for the acute toxicity test, against the test organisms. The anti-parasitic properties of the extracts from the two plants varied. The extracts exhibited the greatest growth inhibitory activity at 50 and 25 mg/ml concentrations, while the lowest activity was observed at a lower concentration of 3.125 mg/ml. At 50 mg/ml, the root extract of Securidac longepedunculata and Senna occidentalis exhibited the highest anti-parasitic activity onT. vaginalis, with 99.15% growth inhibition (GI).The statistical analysis results showed that S. longepedunculata and S. occidentalis differed significantly (P<0.05). In comparison to the negative control, the results showed a significant difference (P<0.001) between the groups of aqueous root extracts. The outcome outlines the rationale behind the traditional medical use of these plants to treat Trichomonas vaginalis infections. Further on station and field studies are required, according to this research, and should concentrate on other STIs of medical significance like gonorrhea, syphilis, etc. Conservation of S. longepedunculata and S. occidentalis should also be a key component to guarantee the plant's availability and sustainability.
The ethanolic extract of white oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms was examined their macro-agronomic features, chemical compound properties and antioxidant activities. Additionally, P. ostreatus was found to be an excellent decomposer of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) because it was able to tear down an LDPE film, which was a surprise. The mushroom exhibited a considerable 23% reduction in the weight of the film after 30 days of its growth on LDPE, showing its good biodegradation ability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed the chemical bonding as O-H, C-H, C=C, C-N, etc., and functional groups as alkane, aklene, amine etc., of P. ostreatus. X-ray diffraction of the treated LDPE films showed a clear crystalline structure, which showed that the mushroom changed the structure of the plastic. This study aimed to explore the biodegradation potential of P. ostreatus, highlighting its promising application in environmental plastic waste management. The findings suggest further research is necessary to understand the specific enzymes or processes involved in LDPE degradation, potentially leading to the development of novel eco-friendly technologies.
African Trypanosomiasis continues to be a significant health risk in developing and underdeveloped nations. This is a lethal illness that is spread by the tse-tse fly of the glossina species, which is a carrier of parasitic diseases transmitted through vectors. The effectiveness of chemotherapy, which is the primary method of regulating the condition, is restricted because of the resistance of parasites to the current anti-trypanosoma medications and their toxicity. The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro antitrypanosoma efficacy of methanol extracts derived from Blighia sapida seeds. The phytochemical components in Blighia sapida seed were analysed using qualitative analysis. The seed was then examined for its in vitro anti-trypanosomal properties. Through qualitative photochemistry analysis, it was determined that all phytochemicals were present in the extracts and fractions, with the exception of anthraquinones, which were not detected. The estimated acute toxicity was equal to or greater than 2000 mg/Kg (v/v). Complete inhibition of parasite movement was seen at a concentration of 5mg/dl in methanol extracts, and at intervals of 30 minutes in the in vitro experiment. Nevertheless, these compounds have the potential to be effective in treating and controlling trypanosomal infection and infestation.
A wide variety of plants with economic values are rich in natural colours. These coloured plants contain phytochemicals that are believed to have many pharmacological activities including anti-oxidant properties. In this study, five plants with known characteristic colours in any of their parts were selected for comparison of their anti-oxidant potentials. Rhizomes of turmeric, tubers of beetroot, leaves of star cucumber, barks of camwood, and flowers of hibiscus were collected and carefully dried, powdered, extracted and subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical studies, as well as in vitro antioxidant assessments using FRAP and DPPH scavenging activities protocols. The best performing coloured extract (turmeric) was thereafter subjected to in vivo anti-oxidant studies employing catalase and lipid peroxidase (MDA) protocols and using jackfruit concentrate in various proportions as vehicle for oral delivery. The phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of various valuable secondary and primary metabolites, including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, and proteins. The antioxidant activity/reactive oxygen scavenging abilities comparison of plant extracts showed that turmeric on the overall, exhibited the best scavenging activity. The admixture of the jackfruit concentrate and turmeric extract of 8:2 gave the best anti-oxidant performance which is comparable to the positive control (ascorbic acid). Significantly, the jackfruit concentrate used as vehicle, gave very promising in vivo anti-oxidant activity. Invariably, an 8 : 2 admixture of jackfruit concentrate and turmeric extract will serve as a promising extemporaneous nutraceutical for reactive oxygen scavenging.
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of phytoadditive mixtures containing equal proportions of Curcuma longa & Allium sativum (PAM-1) and Curcuma longa & Ocimum sanctum (PAM-2) on live weight, blood parameters, hormonal profile and reproductive performance in Black Bengal goats. A total of 21 post weaned female kids of 3–4 months age and similar body weights maintained at Goat Research Unit of Eastern Regional Station (ERS), National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Kalyani, India during the year 2021–2022 were randomly distributed in three groups namely, Control, PAM-1 and PAM-2 for 10 months. Blood parameters i.e. glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, ALP, total lipids, cholesterol, and Triglycerides, WBC, RBC, Hb and PCV %; NEFA levels and hormones i.e. prolactin, cortisol, T3 and T4 were estimated in all three experimental groups. Higher (P < 0.001) live weights were investigated in supplemented goats. Blood parameters including glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, ALP, WBC, RBC, Hb and PCV% were similar (P > 0.05) in all groups. Lower (P < 0.001) blood lipids were found in supplemented groups. Higher Prolactin, T3 and T4 levels and lower Cortisol levels were reported in PAM-1 and PAM-2 groups (P < 0.001) than control group. Age at first estrus, first conception, first kidding and post kidding first estrus days were lower (P < 0.001) in supplemented groups. Therefore, it was concluded that supplementation of PAM-1 and PAM-2 improved reproductive performance, hormonal profile and lipid profile through improved live weights in Black Bengal goats.
From ancient times, traditional medicines have been
used in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani. Numerous
illnesses are amenable to Ficus palmata treatment
belonging to the Moraceae family. The goal of this
work is to identify the chemical components through
water, petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol and methanol
extracts of Ficus palmata stems using basic
phytochemical analysis, HPLC and FTIR
spectroscopy. The existence of phenols, tannins,
flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, saponins
and terpenoids was demonstrated by the results of the
phytochemical study. A C18-150 4.6 mm column, 10μ
injection volume and 80:20 v/v (methanol: acetonitrile)
mobile phase at 30°C were used to conduct a reversed-
phase HPLC study.
The UV detector was used to record the detection at
210 and 290 nm. FTIR analysis of stem extracts in
methanol and petroleum ether indicated the presence
of aliphatic amine compounds with significant peaks
along with peaks of primary amines, alcohols, amides,
aldehydes, alkanes, alkyl halides, ethers, aromatics
and alkenes. The assay for 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl-
hydrazyl “DPPH” and the test for hydrogen peroxide
were used to quantify the free radical scavenging
activity.
Background and Objective: Cassiinae is the largest subtribe that constitutes the tribe Cassieae (Caesalpiniodeae) in the Fabaceae family. The autonomy and classification of the generic categories (Cassia, Senna and Chamaecrista) in the subtribe were established in this work using multiple character variations obtained from anatomical, morphological and phytochemical evidence to determine the taxonomic relationship among 10 studied taxa. This has led to the production of a reliable identification key. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 vegetative and reproductive characters, 13 anatomical and 13 phytochemical characters were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated. The characters obtained were subjected to numerical and principal component analysis following Sokal and Sneath principles. The phenetic relationship among the groups was determined by hierarchical cluster analysis using the R programme. Results: A dendrogram containing three groups and a few subgroups representing the 10 taxa was produced. Cluster 1 comprises Cassia fistula and Cassia sieberiana. Cluster 2 contains only Chamaecrista rotundifolia while cluster 3 includes Senna alata, Senna hirsuta, Senna occidentalis, Senna siamea, Senna polyphylla, Senna obtusifolia and Senna surattensis. The resultant delimitation into 3 groups is a result of the combination of OTU of gross morphological and phytochemical characters during numerical analysis. The two-dimensional model of principal component analysis used highlighted shared characters of taxonomic significance that support delimitation of members of the group. Conclusion: This study affirms that morphological features are not sufficient enough but indispensable in the identification and classification of a clade.
Aim of study: The study carried out a phytochemical analysis for tannin, flavonoid, saponins, phenol, alkaloids, terpenoids and anti-nutrient compounds – Oxalate and phytate. Materials and method: These were carried out on powdered leaf methanolic extract of five endemic Pterocarpus species viz; P. osun, P. mildbraedii, P. soyauxii, P. erinaceus and P. santaloides using standard procedure. Main results: Both qualitative and quantitative analysis indicated that the leaves sample contained similar phytochemical/secondary metabolites with variation in mean concentration value (mg/100g); Tannins (1.06 - 2.89 mg/100g); flavonoid (2.17-5.46 mg/100g); saponins (2.78¬¬-9.38 mg/100g), phenol (1.13-2.56 mg/100g), Alkaloids (3.06-6.28 mg/100g), Terpenoids (1.32-2.46 mg/100g); Oxalate (0.34-1.14 mg/100g) and Phytate (0.16-0.46 mg/100g). These differed significantly (p≥0.05) amongst the examined taxa. Research highlights: The highest concentration of saponins, phenol, tannin and phytate was found in leaves of P. mildbraedii while P. erinaceus contained the highest concentration of flavonoid, alkaloid and oxalate. However, terpenoid was found highest in leaves of P. soyauxii. Generally, the studied Pterocarpus species contained low level of anti-nutrient compound making them safe for consumption. Thus, the study revealed the rich phytochemical content in leaves of this genus to justify their ethnobotanical usage for leafy vegetable and ethnomedicine. Furthermore, findings provided additional information in support of the taxonomic placement and classification of members of the genus on the basis of their phytochemistry.
Background and Objective: Two well-known sources of healthy nutrients for humans are sweet melon fruit (Cucumis melo L.) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). Sweet melons have a limited shelf life and are quite perishable, making them prone to postharvest waste. To preserve or make use of the fruit's content, turning them into other forms like wine would be beneficial. The study investigated locally produced wine's nutritional and biochemical content from sweet melon and sugarcane blends. Materials and Methods: Sugarcane and sweet melon were both obtained at the school gate of Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria and processed. The 200 mL of the Cucumis melo L. wine sample used for this project work was fermented using yeast extract in the Microbiology Laboratory at Federal University Wukari, Taraba State. The wine sample was locally prepared and stored in a refrigerator. Proximate composition, mineral composition, physicochemical, phytochemical constituents and amino acid content of the wine were analyzed. Results: The sugarcane-sweet melon wine, according to the results of the physicochemical examination, has an alcohol content of 3.2%, a pH of 4.60 and a temperature of 28.1EC. With a moisture content of 96.73%, ash content of 0.17 %, fat content of 0.5%, total carbohydrate content of 0.07 %, fiber content of 0.3% and protein content of 0.12%, the sugarcane-sweet melon wine was also found to have a high proximate composition. The essential amino acids include; methionine (6.179 µL), phenylalanine (60.055 µL) and leucine (234.281 µL). The nonessential amino acids revealed in the study are; asparagine (82.357 µL), proline (87.365 µL), glutamic acid (225.686 µL), cysteine (52.923 µL) and glutamine (167.338 µL). Conclusion: It can be concluded that tropically available fruit in Nigeria like Cucumis melo L. fruit and the perennial grass sugarcane are suitable for fruit wine production with high nutritional quality and good biochemical standards.
Exploring the type and amounts of the secondary metabolites (SMs) in a given fodder species was considered as a meaningful act for safe and profitable utilization of that particular feedstuff in the livestock industry. This study was conducted in the Konso zone, southern Ethiopia, to explore the secondary metabolite composition of Commelina species in two seasons and at two different altitudes. Samples were collected from the two altitudes and seasons. A completely randomized design was used in a factorial arrangement (five species (C. benghalensis, C. imberbis, C. diffusa, C. albescens, and C. africana), two altitudes, and two seasons) with three repetitions per treatment. The SM contents of the Commelina species were reasonably influenced by both seasonal and altitudinal changes. The mean alkaloid (3.67%), total phenols (9.76 mg GAE/g), flavonoid (3.81 mg CE/g) and condensed tannin (1.10 mg CE/g) values for the herb species in wet season inclined (p < 0.001) to 7.02%, 14.07 mg GAE/g, 7.68 mg CE/g and 2.38 mg CE/g, respectively, in dry season. The wet season saponin concentration of the species (2.65 g/Kg) significantly decreased (p < 0.001) to 1.28 g/Kg in the dry season. Similarly, the lowland saponin (2.26 g/Kg), alkaloid (3.70%), total phenols (10.89 mg GAE/g), flavonoid (4.71 mg CE/g), and condensed tannin (0.98 mg CE/g) contents were increased (p < 0.01) to 3.03 g/Kg, 5.47%, 13.61 mg GAE/g, 6.37 mg CE/g, and 1.81 mg CE/g, respectively, in the midlands. Alkaloids, total phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannin concentrations showed positive correlations with each other (P<0.05) and with seasonal (P<0.001) and altitudinal changes (P<0.001) as well. The findings of this study suggested that the SM concentrations of Commelina species were within the limits tolerable for ruminants. In conclusion, Commelina species could serve as a safe and beneficial forage herb to boost nutrient intake, improve nutrient use efficiency and hinder methane emissions, for animals consuming them, in areas where they are available in abundance.
Ground-level ozone (O3) is well recognized as a secondary air pollutant with detrimental effects on plant growth and biochemistry. In a field study, Andrographis paniculata (King of Bitter) was exposed to ambient O3 and elevated O3 (AO + 20 ppb) at three growth stages [45, 90, and 135 days after treatment, (DAT)] using open-top chambers. Elevated O3 stress negatively impacted plant growth, increased cell damage, and induced foliar injuries. However, elevated O3 also boosted antioxidant production such as proline, phenol, and enzymatic antioxidants, as well as certain secondary metabolites such as tannins, phytosterols, saponins, and alkaloids. This may enhance the plant's medicinal properties, including compounds limonene dioxide, phytol, palmitic acid, and androstadiene. While, certain metabolites like Citronellol, Khusenol, and tocopherol displayed an adverse reaction under elevated O3 exposure. The novel detection of acrodiene, squalene, and neophytadiene under O3 stress emphasizes their medicinal significance. Notably, an important bioactive compound andrographolide in A. paniculata showed increased synthesis under elevated O3 at 45 and 90 DAT, suggesting that O3 exposure could enhance the plant's pharmaceutical value.
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