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Discourse-level Prosody Produced by Korean Learners of English
Abstract
This study investigated (1) whether Korean learners of English use discourse-level prosody in L2 production as native speakers of English do, and (2) whether discourse-level prosody is also found in the Korean language, as is evident in the prosody of native speakers of English. The study compared the production of the same 15 sentences in two types of reading materials, sentence-level and discourse-level. This study analyzed the onset pitch, sentence mean pitch and pause length to examine the paratone (intonational paragraph) realization in discourse-level speech. The results showed that in L2 discourse-level prosody, the Korean speakers were limited in displaying paratone and did not made significant difference between sentence-level and discourse-level prosody. On the other hand, in L1 discourse-level text, both English and Korean participants demonstrated paratone using pitch. However, there were differences in using prosodic cues between two groups. In using pauses, the ES group paused longer before both the orthographically marked and not marked topic sentences. The KS group paused longer only before the orthographically marked topic sentence in both L1 and L2 text reading. In the comparison of sentence-level and discourse-level prosody, the topic sentences were marked by different prosodic cues. English participants used higher sentence mean pitch, and the Korean participants used higher onset pitch.
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The height of clause-peak fundamental frequency (normalized across speakers) was taken as the physical correlate of an observer's global impression of the relative pitch height of utterances embedded in a natural conversation. Normalized clause-peak fundamental frequency (F o) is shown to be a reflection (and is conjectured to be a signal) of discourse structure in a sample of over 1700 clauses taken from 16 laboratory-playroom parent-child conversations. The change in this parameter from the first to the second member of pairs of successive utterances was shown to be correlated with (nearly exhaustive) classification of these pairs into 11 discourse categories. Some of these categories are well recognized (e.g., Topic Change, Back-Channel, Wh-questions and their pragmatic equivalents) and others , were developed for this study (e.g., Aspect Change, Modulation Question, Consonant, Dissonant, Disagree). Overall, the discourse correlate of an increase in normalized clause-peak F o from the first to the second member of a pair appears to be summarizable under the pragmatic rubric of "degree of disturbance in discourse flow" occasioned by the second member of the pair. These findings are expected to generalize to other conversational settings; however, we conjecture that in general the discourse information carried by pitch may sometimes be at variance with that carried by text, and propose that further work be experimental rather than observational. The relation between discourse and "affective" pitch use is examined and potential neurolinguistic applications of this research are discussed.
Intentions in Communication brings together major theorists from artificial intelligence and computer science, linguistics, philosophy, and psychology whose work develops the foundations for an account of the role of intentions in a comprehensive theory of communication. It demonstrates, for the first time, the emerging cooperation among disciplines concerned with the fundamental role of intention in communication. The fourteen contributions in this book address central questions about the nature of intention as it is understood in theories of communication, the crucial role of intention recognition in understanding utterances, the use of principles of rational interaction in interpreting speech acts, the contribution of intonation contours to intention recognition, and the need for more general models of intention that support a view of dialogue as a collaborative activity.
Contributors
Michael E. Bratman, Philip R. Cohen, Hector J. Levesque, Martha E. Pollack, Henry Kautz, Andrew J. I. Jones, C. Raymond Perrault, Daniel Vanderveken, Janet Pierrehumbert, Julia Hirschberg, Richmond H. Thomason, Diane J Litman, James F. Allen, John R. Searle, Barbara J. Grosz, Candace L. Sidner, Herbert H. Clark and Deanna Wilkes-Gibbs. The book also includes commentaries by James F. Allen, W. A Woods, Jerry Morgan, Jerrold M. Sadock Jerry R. Hobbs, and Kent Bach.
Intentions in Communication is included in the System Development Foundation Benchmark Series.
Bradford Books imprint
Intonation, long thought to be a key to effectiveness in spoken language, is more and more commonly addressed in English language teaching through the use of speech visualization technology. While the use of visualization technology is a crucial advance in the teaching of intonation, such teaching can be further enhanced by connecting technology to an understanding of how intonation functions in discourse. This study examines the intonation of four readers reading out-of-context sentences and then the same sentences as part of coherent discourse-level texts. Two discourse-level uses of intonation, the use of intonational paragraph markers (paratones) and the distribution of tonal patterns, are discussed and implications for teaching intonation are addressed.
The world of business is a continuously evolving entity. For a person to be a good businessman, it is essential for him to know how to communicate in such a way that he is able to earn the trust and support of his clients. For this to happen, an entrepreneur should learn what we call Business English. A relatively new category of English, it can help an entrepreneur become better than what he is right now, thus increasing his chances of achieving success. Business is all about communication. It revolves around persuasion and assertiveness. These skills can be developed or upgraded only with the help of Business English. Moreover a good communicator will always be projected as a person who is more confident about himself; this will again increase his chances of success. This paper explains in detail how, with Business English on his side, an entrepreneur will be able to achieve much more success in his business endeavors.
Discourse markers have been observed to be an important component of language which perform a variety of functions in discourse (Schiffrin 1982, 1987). This study focuses on the form and function of a frequent but littlestudied discourse marker, anyway (Polanyi and Scha 1983; Prince 1982; Holiday and Hasan 1976), using a corpus of tape-recorded oral narratives from 167 different informants. Syntactic and semantic information along with evidence from computerized pitch tracking of intonation contours is used to differentiate three linguistic subtypes of anyway (two adverbial and one discourse marker). The discourse marker is found to function as a signal to the interlocutor on how to bracket discourse coherently into foreground/background or main structure/side structure. Two categories of triggers for use of anyway are proposed: teller-triggered and listener-triggered cases. Quantification reveals that teller-triggered occurrences predominate three-to-one, showing the function to be primarily self-digression management. A brief discussion of form variation, both historical and social, of the alternate forms anyway, anyways, anyhow, at any rate shows they are differently distributed in the population. Implications point the way to new areas of inquiry for discourse markers, such as historical evolution, role of prosody in their development, and social variation.
This paper reports the findings of a study on the intonation of second language speakers of English from three language groups: Spanish, Japanese, and Thai. The investigation focused on how non-native speakers use intonation to signal meaning in the structure of their discourse. Thirty adult speakers of English as a second language at the intermediate level and ten native speaker controls were tape recorded in both oral reading and free speech tasks. The speech data were analyzed on a Visipitch machine to measure how pitch and intensity were used contrastively to show relationships in discourse. Following a model of intonational meaning developed by Pierrehumbert and Hirschberg (1990), pitch accents, phrase accents, boundary tones, and paratones (Yule 1980) were measured. The study revealed that while the native speakers made significant use of pitch contrasts to signal meaning on the items measured, the non-native speakers did not consistently use pitch to signal meaningful contrasts in many of the same environments.
Intonation, rhythm, and general “melody” of language are among the first aspects of speech that infants attend to and produce themselves. Yet, these same features are among the last to be mastered by adult L2 learners. Why is this, and how can L2 learners be helped? This book first presents the latest linguistic theories of intonation, in particular, how intonation functions in discourse not only to signal sentence types and attitudinal meanings but also to provide turn-taking and other conversational cues. The second part of the book examines the research in applied linguistics on the acquisition of L2 phonology and intonation. The third section offers practical applications of how to incorporate the teaching of intonation into L2 instruction, with a focus on using new speech technologies. The accompanying CD-ROM makes a unique addition in allowing for simultaneous audio playback and visual display of the pitch contours of utterances contained in the book. Users can start or stop the playback at any point in the utterance and can observe first-hand how such visual and audio representations could be useful for L2 learners.
Katz-Postal hypothesis to kymograph
Intonation). Cambridge
- A Cruttenden
Tone sequences in English
- A Fox
Fox, A. 1973. "Tone sequences in English." Archivum
Linguisticum, 4: 17-26.
The question intonation in assertions
Ching. M. 1982. "The question intonation in assertions." American
Speech 57 (2).
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- Hasan
Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R 1976. Cohesion in English.
London: Longman
Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750 Korea Email: br_kim11@ewhain.net Areas of interest: Phonetics
- Kim
Kim, Boram
Department of English Language and Literature
Ewha Womans University
52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu,
Seoul 120-750 Korea
Email: br_kim11@ewhain.net
Areas of interest: Phonetics, Phonology, Psycholinguistics
Ongoing progress monitoring oral reading fluency grades 1-5
Florida Center for Reading Research and Just Read, Florida!. 2009.
"Ongoing progress monitoring oral reading fluency grades 1-5."
Florida Assessments for Instruction in Reading.