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Quality and management of wastewater in sugar industry
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Wastewater from sugar industries is one that has complex characteristics and is considered a challenge for environmental engineers in terms of treatment as well as utilization. Before treatment and recycling, determination of physicochemical parameter is an important mechanism. Many different types of techniques are introduced and modified for the purpose, but depend upon the water quality parameters. The main aim of this study is to determine the physicochemical characteristics of sugar industry waste water by the standard method and minimize the fresh water consumption in sugar industry by water pinch methodology.
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... At every time of sample collection, the effluent appeared as a dense milky white liquid with a bad odour, as the effluent was loaded with organic substances and their anaerobic oxidizing nature, a general phenomenon with the food industry effluents [17,52]. Colour removal from the effluent and its appearance like natural water was achieved when the effluent was recycled using EM in this experiment. ...
... [61], on cheese industrial effluent, treated using Choricystis-based microbial consortium. The functional role of enduring microbes with their modified biochemical reactions are tend to be modified with the pH of the aquatic environment [52]. and hence possibly, a conducive environment is developed to the aquatic life. ...
A considerable volume of effluent released from the food processing industries, after the extensive use in the products manufacturing and industrial process. Effluents, either without treatment or with improper treatment, released out from the industries would severely damage the environment and human health. An investigation was done by recycling the effluent samples, collected from the wet grinding industry, Madurai, India, which was determined with an acidic pH (5.93), high turbidity (160.78 NTU), high BOD (62.4 mg/l) and COD (274.38 mg/l) and a significantly higher quantity of starch (115.81 mg/l). Biological wastewater treatment method was chosen in this experiment on the basis of the biodegradability index of effluent (3.21–10.75). The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of wastewater treatment in a prototype STP utilizing the Effective Micro-organisms™ Consortium application. The US EPA International Water Quality Standards and the Water Quality Index were used to compare the water quality of the recycled effluent with and without the EM application. The effluent from the EM consortium treatment was found to have acceptable levels of pH (7.38), salinity (1.94 ppt) and Conductivity (4.05 mS); and a declining trend found in TDS (1.81 ppt), BOD (24.4 mg/l) and COD (148.83 mg/l) level when the effluent treated using EM. Removal effectiveness of EM significant reduce in the treated effluents starch (85.15%), sulphate (78.42), phosphate (79.60), nitrogen (65.54%), and turbidity (82.73%) level were observed. Which was shown to be comparatively better than employing without EM treatment. This research substantially intends to the best practices, towards sustainable industries through Cleaner Production Mechanism.
... India is second largest sugar producing country after Brazil. As approximately 1 m 3 wastewater is generated in the processing of 1 ton of sugarcane [4,5]. So, huge quantity of wastewater is generated from Indian sugar mill. ...
This paper demonstrates the use of copper electrode for the treatment of sugar processing industry wastewater (SPIW) in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) by applying electrocoagulation (EC) method. EC process was carried out in batch mode with electrode effective area of 0.0112 m2, supplied current intensity (CI) of 44.64 A/m2 - 223.21 A/m2, electrode gap (EG) of 0.5–2.5 cm, electrolyte (NaCl) dose (ED) of 0.5–2.5 g/L to treat SPIW with initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 6000 mg/L. The maximum COD removal 73% of SPIW is achieved at optimized condition of SPIW pH: 7, CI: 89.28 A/m2, EG: 1.5 cm & ED: 1.5 g/L. Sludge and scum generated during EC process were characterized by FTIR, TGA/DTA/DTG, proximate & ultimate analysis to find its applicability and their disposal. Additionally, economic study of EC treatment process at optimum condition suggest treatment cost was 11.2 US$/m3 and it indicate economic results as comparison to other available treatment processes.
... Sugar is produced approximately in one hundred fifteen countries within the global. Brazil and India are holding the primary and 2 nd in sugarcane manufacturing nations, respectively (Poddar & Sahu, 2017). India is the second one biggest manufacturer of sugar within the world. ...
Microalga Chlorella vulgaris was cultured in different concentrations of normal molasses medium (NMM0.5 g/l, NMM1.0 g/l, and NMM1.5 g/l) to evaluate growth performance of the sugar mill byproduct as a low cost culture media and Bold basal medium (BBM) as control. Maximum growth of Chlorella vulgaris was found in NMM 1.0 g/l on 8th day of the culture followed by BBM, NMM 0.5 g/l and NMM 1.5 g/l. Similar findings were also observed in determining chlorophyll a content and optical density of C. vulgaris. Maximum cell growths 191.88 (Χ 105)/mL, chlorophyll a content 10.60 (mg/l) and optical density 2.15 were recorded in NMM1.0 g/l. Maximum SGR of cell was determined 0.56 (mg/day) grown in NMM1.0 g/l followed by 0.52, 0.52 and 0.48 (mg/day) in BBM, NMM0.5 g/l and NMM1.5 g/l, respectively. Chlorophyll a content and total biomass of Chlorella vulgaris followed the similar trend. Protein (46.49%) and lipid (14.18%) of C. vulgaris was detected significantly higher (P<0.01) in NMM1.0 g/l than that grown in BBM and other concentrations of NMM. The growth performance of the investigating molasses medium (NMM1.0 g/l) indicates that the molasses may be a good low cost culture medium ingredient source for C. vulgaris or any other microalga species.
... Results showed that alum can be used to effectively for removal of COD and TSS at high dosage. Polyaluminum chloride (PACl) allows formation of floc faster compared to other coagulant as it has high positive electrical charge so it can neutralize the charges of the colloidal easily and reduce the repellent between particles thus allows the particles to form larger flocs (Poddar and Sahu, 2017). By using PACl, percentage of COD that can be removed was much better and same for TSS removal (Aziz et al., 2017). ...
... Results showed that alum can be used to effectively for removal of COD and TSS at high dosage. Polyaluminum chloride (PACl) allows formation of floc faster compared to other coagulant as it has high positive electrical charge so it can neutralize the charges of the colloidal easily and reduce the repellent between particles thus allows the particles to form larger flocs (Poddar and Sahu, 2017). By using PACl, percentage of COD that can be removed was much better and same for TSS removal (Aziz et al., 2017). ...
Industrial sector is a backbone of the economy throughout the world. Despite that there are a lot of benefits; such as development of urbanization, major contributor in economy's growth is sign of industrial development. There are a lot of adverse effects on environment including depletion and damage of our natural and precious resources. Textile, cement, paper and pulp, sugarcane, food, pharmaceuticals, chemical, paint and other industries are largest consumers of the freshwater; for meeting the requirements of industrial production requirement for the industrial sector for their production. As a result the discharged huge amount of water in form of highly polluted water, this is a great threat to our ecosystem. The unplanned industrialization is a prime responsible for degradation of environment. If industrial wastewater is not properly treated instantly, it may create foulest and septic conditions in adjacent parts of the industrial areas. The discharges acute poisonous wastewater by different industries is responsible for reduction of penetration in crops, and severely affects aquatic life. There are many treatment techniques such as coagulation, adsorption, membrane, biological etc. by different research studies disclosed that coagulation with different chemicals alum, ferric chloride, lime, PACl, PVA and ferrous sulphate are very effective for remove of pollution. The industrial wastewater creates several problems such as health problems, aquatic life including water pollution. In this paper reviews the chemical coagulation treatment technologies for industrial wastewater.
Pabrik Gula Krebet disposes of liquid waste into the nearest river, which can pollute the aquatic and soil environment. However, sugar factory effluent contains nutrients N and P as well as organic matter that is beneficial to plants (within a certain maximum limit). The study aims to determine whether there is an effect of the content of nutrients and organic matter of sugar factory wastewater on the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the paddy fields Bululawang Malang. Parameters of soil properties that were analyzed included pH, CEC, N-Total, P2O5, Potassium, C-Organic, bulk density, soil porosity, and specific gravity, while water parameters included pH, PO4, and Potassium. Based on the results of soil analysis, it is known that the porosity value on the shaft criteria is in the range of 63-72%, pH on the acid criteria with a value of 5.8-6.4, CEC on low to moderate criteria with a value of 5.5-21.2 cmol/kg, organic matter on high criteria with a value of 4.3-6.2%, P2O5 on the high criteria of 52.6-70.0 ppm, bulk density is on the medium criteria of 0.66-0.96 gr/cm3, the total N value on the medium criteria of 0.23-0.28%, and potassium on the moderate criteria of 168.5-256.2 mg K/kg. The results of the water analysis showed that PO4 was within the quality standard limit of 0.51-0.83 me/l, the potassium content was within the water quality standard limit value of 0.25-0.28 me/l, for pH parameters is above the quality standard limit of 5.93-6.23. The coefficient of determination test results showed that the difference in distance from the waste source affected the bulk density, soil porosity, organic matter, pH, CEC, total N, soil potassium. While on pH, PO4 and potassium water had no effect on soil P2O5 parameters. The results of the correlation coefficient test showed that distance differences were positively correlated with porosity, organic matter, CEC, total N, soil potassium, but negatively correlated with bulk density, soil pH and water pH. Keywords:sugar factory liquid waste, nutrients, soil properties
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Sudanese sugar manufacture waste on the communities surrounding the industries. The study employed across-sectional survey approach comprising of 311 respondents living around factories areas. The selected sugar industries included; Kenana, Guneid, Halfa, Sinnar, Assalaya and White-Nile. Data were analysed by using SPSS version 19; the descriptive statistics, nonparametric statistics and logistic regression were employed. The results showed that the wastewater discharge has a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the community health. The respondents indicated that the waste creates suitable environment for the reproduction of parasites, off-odor development and finally contaminates the drinking water. The multinomial logistic regression model showed that the wastewater (i.e. creates off-odor and mosquito) have significant (P < 0.05) influences on causing health risks (i.e. malaria) to the people residing around the sugar factories areas. The study was also revealed that the lack of the sugar industry wastewater management has significantly affected the crop and animal production. The suspending particles and bagasse fly were found significantly (P < 0.05) caused high rate of occurrence of eye and respiratory systems diseases in the region. The health services provided by the industries were found significantly (P < 0.05) affected the community satisfaction. It is therefore, the study designed a framework for enhance handling the industrial waste to be adopted by the Sudanese sugar industries decision makers. The framework focused on decreasing the impact of waste to the lowest level through sufficient improvement of the management strategies.
This study demonstrates the optimization of treatment option, an integrated advanced-oxidation process (AOP) based approach where integration of two processes, ultrasonication (US) and electrocoagulation (EC), were applied for sugar industry wastewater (SIW) treatment. Experimental results confirm that the individual US and EC processes for SIW treatment are found to be inefficient, as only 16% COD removal (equivalent to COD removal: 268 mg/L) is achieved with US process in 20 min, while 68% COD removal (equivalent to COD removal: 1,142 mg/L) is achieved in 60 min operation time with EC process. Encouraging results were obtained after integration of US (10.6% COD removal in 20 min equivalent to COD removal from 1,680 mg/L to 1,502 mg/L) with EC (82% COD removal in 30 min equivalent to COD removal from 1,502 mg/L to 270 mg/L) process, which is collectively classified as ultrasonication-electrochemical (US+EC) process. Overall integration of US and EC process ultimately increased the COD removal up to ~84% (equivalent to COD removal from 1,680 mg/L to 270 mg/L) in comparatively shorter operating time (US+EC=30 min). Calorific value of sludge and scum obtained after EC treatment was determined as 3.69 and 2.87 MJ/kg, respectively. Treatment cost of sono-electrochemical is estimated based on 1 kg COD removal or 1 m3 wastewater as 1.40 or 1.974$, respectively, which is found on lower ends when compared with the many other available treatment technologies.
Salequzzaman M., Tariqul Islam S. M., Tasnuva A., Kashem M. A. and Mahedi Al Masud M. 2008. Environmental Impact of Sugar Industry-A Case Study on Kushtia Sugar Mills in Bangladesh. j. innov.dev.strategy 2(3): 31-35 The study was conducted at the adjacent area of Kushtia Sugar Mill to determine the physico-chemical properties of effluent of Kushtia sugar Mills and Gorai Khal water to know the pollution load on environment. For the present study, sampling of water effluents was conducted before and after starting the sugar mill at different stations. The samples were then analyzed and it is found that the effluent of Kushtia Sugar Mills does not maintain the Department of Environment (DoE) Standard and Surface Water Quality Standard. A wide variation is found in the water quality of before and after starting the mill. The EC and TDS values of the effluent and the neighboring water vary from 612 to 1306 µS/cm and 430 to 927ppm respectively. High TDS, low DO content, high BOD, COD and conductivity values with high Cl-, K + , Ca + , Mg + , SO 4 2-, PO 4 3-, NO 3-content indicates a highly polluted condition of water. It is true that sugar mill plays an important role but adversely affect the environment simultaneously. Proper way of operation and imposing laws and regulations and maintaining those strictly, can reduce pollution level. Improving technology may be the best strategy in the context of reducing pollution level and environmental damage.
The sugar industrial effluent disposal causing water pollution of river Godavari, Pravara, Mula, lake and wells of Ahmednagar Dist. in Maharastra. It is perishing the edible aquatic animals like Prawns, Crabs, Snails and fishes. It is also detrimental to human health, where polluted water consumed by the majority of the people. Therefore, the efforts were made to study of sugar industrial effluents in order to assess it's toxicity to aquatic fauna and human health. The advisable limit of pH in natural water is 6.5 to 8.5. The pH of the effluent is 4.00. Therefore, it is highly acidic in nature. The desirable limit of B.O.D. in natural water is 100 mg/l and C.O.D. limit is 250 mg/l, whereas the observed concentration is 43000 mg/l for B.O.D. and 89760 mg/l for C.O.D. These are beyond the tolerance limit of the water causing shifting of the Algal forms towards more tolerant zone leading to decrease in Biodiversity. Total solids total dissolved solids and suspended solids were also considerably high. Generally 1.5 to 1.00 EC found suitable for cultivation of crops, the EC of 18-19 mnhos cm-1 obtained in the present study, which is extremely high and it is determined to biotic growth. The inorganic elements like chlorides, sulphates, iron, nitrite. Nitrate, ammonia and calcium were 100 to 1000 times more than the tolerance limit, when compared with Indian standard and specifications for drinking water, which are highly toxic to the aquatic fauna and human health.
The paper reports characteristics of untreated and treated waste of a tannery situated near Aurangabad, India. Even the Treated effluent was found to be considerably polluted and exceeded the state pollution control Board limits.
Physico-Chemical parameters and toxic metal contents in the effuents discharged from sugarmills have been studied. The study reveals most of the physico-chemical parameters such as colour, odour, Total Solids, COD, BOD, alkalinity, Fluoride have exceeded the ISI (Indian Standard Institution) prescribed permissible values while pH, phosphate, sulphate are found within the permissible limits. The concentration of toxic metals viz., Cd, Cu, Fe, HG, Mg., Mn, N, Pb and Zn was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn and Pb content exceeds the permissible limits, Cd, Cu, and Zn are within the permissible limits while Ni is found in traces only.
Effluent samples were collected from a sugar industry at Peshawar (Pakistan) in the sugar-cane season (Dec-March, 2002) and beat season (May-August 2002). The samples were chemically evaluated for different parameters. Total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) values were found higher than the threshold limits and can therefore create aquatic problems in the Kabul River. A treatment process (mainly physicochemical) has been developed to reduce the harmful effects of the sugar mills effluent and to safeguard the aquatic habitat of the Kabul River. The efficiency of the treatment process in terms of BOD and COD reduction was found to be 96% and 95% respectively, which signifies its suitability to be used as an appropriate process. The process has the potential to protect the water bodies from further deterioration.