Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Newboulda Laevis on Blood Glucose Levels of Diabetic Rats

Effect of Ethanoic Leaf Extracts of Carica Papaya and New Bouldia Laevis on Lipid Profile of Diabetic Wistar Rats

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Full-text available

Jan 2022

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the ethanolic leaf extracts of Carica papaya (C. papaya) and Newbouldia laevis (N. laevis) on the lipid profile of alloxan-induced Wistar rats. Methodology: Forty (40) male wistar rats weighing 130-150g were procured and acclimatized for two weeks, after which they were divided into eight (8) groups of five (5) rats each, and were housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. Groups B - H were induced with diabetes using alloxan. Group A served as the control group and received only distilled water; group B diabetic received only distilled water only, while groups C – H diabetic received 400mg/kg of C. papaya, 600mg/kg of C. papaya, 400mg/kg of N. laevis, 600mg/kg of N. laevis, 200mg/kg of C. papaya + 200mg/kg of N. laevis and 300mg/kg of C. papaya + 300mg/kg of N. laevis respectively for 21 days through oral route with the aid of oral gastric tube. On the 22nd day, the animals were sacrificed by chloroform inhalation, and blood samples were obtained through cardiac puncture for lipid profile parameters’ assays. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 25 and (P<0.05) was considered significant. Result: There was significant increase in the plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) with a decrease in plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) of the animals in group B when compared with the control group. These effects were ameliorated in Groups C - H that received the variable doses of the ethanolic leaf extracts C. papaya and N. laevis with more positive effects on the groups that received the combined ethanolic leaf extracts. Conclusion: The leaf extracts of C. papaya and N. laevis have ameliorative effects on the lipid profile alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats.

Ameliorative activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of carica papaya and newbouldia laevis on kidney of alloxan-induced diabetic rats

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Full-text available

Jul 2019

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the ethanolic leaf extracts of Carica papaya (C. papaya) and Newbouldia laevis (N. laevis) on the histology of the kidney of alloxan-induced rats. Methodology: Forty male Wistar rats weighing between 160g-200g were randomly assigned to eight Groups A-H of 5 rats each. Group A served as the control group and was not induced with diabetes, while Groups B-H were induced. Groups A and B received distilled water only, while Groups C-H received 200mg/kg of C. papaya, 400mg/kg of C. papaya, 200mg/kg of N. laevis, 400mg/kg of N. laevis, 200mg/kg of C. papaya + 200mg/kg of N. laevis and 400mg/kg of C. papaya + 400mg/kg of N. laevis respectively for 28 days. On day 29 of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and kidney of each rat was harvested for histological study. Results: There were severely damaged renal tissue with severe tubular necrosis, glomerular atrophy and coagulative necrosis of glomeruli which leads to the closure of the malpighian layer of the animals in group B when compared with the control group. These effects were ameliorated in Groups C-H which received the variable doses of the ethanolic leaf extracts with more positive effects on the groups that received the combined ethanolic leaf extracts. Conclusion: The leaf extracts of C. papaya and N. laevis have ameliorative effect on the histology of kidney of alloxan-induced rats.

COMBINED EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF CARICA PAPAYA AND NEWBOULDIA LAEVS ON THE CEREBELLUM OF ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC MALE WISTAR RAT

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Dec 2021

HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS LEAVE EXTRACT OF Newbouldia. laevis ON ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETES IN MALE ALBINO RATS

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Jan 2016

Medicinal plants have great usefulness in the management of chronic diseases. The aqueous extract of Newbouldia. laevis was administered to male albino rats in which diabetes had been induced using alloxan (120mg/kg body weight). After oral administration at a dose of 200mg/kg body weight for two weeks, the result revealed reduction in the elevated blood glucose level by 30.40%. Treatment with known antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide (5mg/kg body weight) lowered the blood glucose by 28.70% indicating significant improvement in the activity of the extract.

IJRSI) |Volume IX, Issue III

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Full-text available

Apr 2022

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of C. papaya and N. laevis on hematological parameters and sperm quality of alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats. Methodology: Forty male rats weighing 130-180g were procured, acclimatized for two weeks, after which, were divided into eight groups of five rats each, and were housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A-H. Group A served as the control group and received distilled water only. Groups B-H were induced with diabetes using alloxan. Group B did not receive any treatment, while the groups C-H received 400mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 600mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 400mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 600mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 200mg/kg of C. papaya + 200mg/kg of N. laevis, and 300mg/kg of C. papaya + 300mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract respectively for 21 days orally with oral gastric tube. On the 22 nd day, the animals were sacrificed via chloroform inhalation and blood samples were collected through ocular puncture for hematological analyses, and epididymis were collected for sperm quality study. All data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Result: The levels of WBC, RBC, HGB, PCV, sperm motility and sperm count were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in group B (48..01) and (80.92 ± 0.26) (for sperm motility and count), groups D, F, G and H (for WBC, HGB, PCV) and groups DEFGH (for RBC) when compared to the control group A. However, there was no significant difference on the levels of WBC, RBC, HGB, and PCV, sperm motility and sperm count for groups C and E when compared with the control group A. Conclusion: C. papaya and N. laevis leaf extracts have ameliorating effects on diabetes and increased serum levels of hematological parameters and sperm quality. The ameliorating effects of the combined doses to the diabetic rats were better at lower dosages than when the individual leaf extracts were administered.

Combined Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Carica Papaya and Newbouldia Laevis on Hematological Parameters and Sperm Quality of Alloxan-Induced Rats

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of C. papaya and N. laevis on hematological parameters and sperm quality of alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats. Methodology: Forty male rats weighing 130-180g were procured, acclimatized for two weeks, after which, were divided into eight groups of five rats each, and were housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A – H. Group A served as the control group and received distilled water only. Groups B – H were induced with diabetes using alloxan. Group B did not receive any treatment, while the groups C – H received 400mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 600mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 400mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 600mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 200mg/kg of C. papaya + 200mg/kg of N. laevis, and 300mg/kg of C. papaya + 300mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract respectively for 21 days orally with oral gastric tube. On the 22nd day, the animals were sacrificed via chloroform inhalation and blood samples were collected through ocular puncture for hematological analyses, and epididymis were collected for sperm quality study. All data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Result: The levels of WBC, RBC, HGB, PCV, sperm motility and sperm count were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in group B (48.0 ± 2.25) (28.0 ± 2.25) (24.0 ± 1.87) and (50.86 ± 3.18), and D (44.0 ± 3.39) (30.0 ± 2.92) (26.0 ± 2.0) and (42.44 ± 2.17) (for sperm motility and count) when compared to group A (71.0 ± 2.25) (15.0 ± 1.58) (14.0 ± 1.87) and (68.74 ± 2.30), and significantly (P<0.05) increased in groups F (89.0 ± 1.0) (6.0 ± 1.0) (5.0 ± 0.01) and (82.74 ± 3.19), G (91.0 ± 3.30) (5.0 ± 2.81) (4.0 ± 1.8) and (88.78 ± 2.50), and H (88.0 ± 1.60) (7.0 ± 0.80) (5.0 ± 0.01) and (80.92 ± 0.26) ( for sperm motility and count), groups D, F, G and H (for WBC, HGB, PCV) and groups DEFGH (for RBC) when compared to the control group A. However, there was no significant difference on the levels of WBC, RBC, HGB, and PCV, sperm motility and sperm count for groups C and E when compared with the control group A. Conclusion: C. papaya and N. laevis leaf extracts have ameliorating effects on diabetes and increased serum levels of hematological parameters and sperm quality. The ameliorating effects of the combined doses to the diabetic rats were better at lower dosages than when the individual leaf extracts were administered

EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACTS OF CARICA PAPAYA AND NEWBOULDIA LAEVIS ON KIDNEY ENZYMES OF ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR RATS

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Njoku Oji Ifegwu

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the ethanolic lea f extracts of C. papaya and N. laevis on kidney enzymes of alloxan-induced Wistar rats. Methodology: Forty male Wistar rats weighing between 160g – 200g were randomly assigned to eight Groups A - H of 5 rats each. Group A served as the control group and was not induced with diabetes, while Groups B – H were induced. Groups A and B received distilled water only, while Groups C - H received 200mg/kg of C. papaya , 400mg/kg of C. papaya, 200mg/kg of N. laevis, 400mg/kg of N. laevis, 200mg/kg of C. papaya + 200mg/kg of N. laevis and 400mg/kg of C. papaya + 400mg/kg of N. laevis respectively for 28 days. On day 29 of the experiment, the final weights of the animals were determined and they were sacrificed; blood samples were collected from each of the animals for serum analysis. Results: There were significant (P˂0.05) increase in serum levels of urea and creatinine of the animals in group B when compared with the control group. These effects were ameliorated in Groups C - H which received the variable doses of the ethanolic leaf extracts with more positive effects on the Groups that received the combined ethanolic leaf extracts. Conclusion: This study has revealed that ethanolic leaf extracts of C. papaya and N. laevis have ameliorative effects on the body weight and serum levels of urea and creatinine on alloxan-induced Wistar rats.

Anti-diabetic effect of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis on low dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed on a high-fat diet

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Dec 2021

Introduction This study evaluates the anti-diabetic effect of ethanol extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaf on streptozotocin (STZ) - induced diabetic rats fed on high-fat diet (HFD). Methods Sets of male albino rats of the Wistar strain weighing between 180 and 250 g were exposed to high fat diet (margarine and oil from vegetable sources in a ratio of 2:1 w/v) for 3 weeks. Then the animals were fasted overnight; hyperglycemic state was induced using reduced dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) and animals were randomly divided into five groups (n = 7); group A received the HFD + STZ (35 mg/kg i.p.); group B received HFD + STZ + gliberclamide (10 mg/kg; i.p); groups C, D and E were administered the HFD + streptozotocin with different doses of the ethanol extract (30, 35 and 100 mg/kg p.o., respectively). Results Results showed significant (p < 0.05) decrease in blood glucose concentration of the rats treated with different doses of S. jamaicensis extract and those treated with gliberclamide compared to the untreated diabetic rats (negative control). Significant (p < 0.05) reductions in activities of serum AST, ALP, total protein and bilirubin were noticed in the groups in contrast to the control. Levels of urea, creatinine, potassium and chloride were considerably (p < 0.05) low while sodium and bicarbonate levels were high in the groups except the control. Lipid profile revealed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL, VLDL while HDL levels were high in the groups compared to the control. The extract significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated weight loss. Histopathology of the liver, kidney and pancreas showed ameliorative effect of the extract against the deleterious changes occasioned by the HFD and STZ induced diabetic state. Conclusion These findings have provided scientific basis for the use of S. jamaicensis in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in ethnomedicinal practices in Nigeria.

Anti-diuretic and anti-glycemic properties of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. leave extract on wistar rats

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Dec 2021

Background Jatropha gossypiifolia L. is a widespread plant in tropical and sub-tropical countries used in traditional medicine. This study investigated the anti-diuretic and anti-hyperglycemia activities of J. gossypiifolia leave extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods The leaves was shade dried, pulverized and prepared into extract. 30, 50 and 100 mg/kg of the leaves extracts of J. gossypiifolia was subject to diuretics and hyperglycemic properties using established protocol of diuretic and diabetes test on the rat bladders emptied via mild compression in the pelvic region and gently pulling of their tails. 0.5 ml/kg normal saline, reference drug and the tested were administered with a single dose of the various drugs, and Streptozotocin (STZ) was freshly prepared in 0.1 M citrate buffer with pH 4.5 prior to induction, animals were fasted 24 h and single dose of 45 mg STZ per kg body weight was administered intraperitoneally. Urine and blood samples were isolated from rats and centrifuged for the determination of renal function test. Diuretic and antidiabetic indexes where evaluated using adopted method. Results This study showed that, graded doses of the extract significantly increased diuretic effect, specifically at 100 mg/kg increased diuretic index at 4.29 and urine volume 5.06 and 10 mg/kg Hydrochlorothiazide with 6.23 ml when compared untreated group (1.18 ml) ( p < 0.0001). Also, it regulated renal function in homeostatic state. Graded doses at (30, 50 and 100 mg/kg) of the extract significantly reduced streptozotocine induced increased blood glucose level at day 14 (84.00, 60.67 and 42.00 IU/mL) when compared with 20 mg/kg glibenclamide and diabetics control (81.67 and 463.00 IU/mL) ( p > 0.05). Also, the extract maintained a normal body mass indexes, biochemical and anatomical structure. Conclusion The effect associated with J. gossypiifolia potentiated its anti-diuretic and anti-hyperglycemic properties as early stated in the ethnomedicinal reports.

In vitro Antioxidant and In vivo Hepatocurative and Nephrocurative Activities of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Newbouldia laevis in Albino Rats

Article

Sep 2021

The in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo hepatocurative and nephrocurative potential of Newbouldia laevis aqueous leaf extract (NLALE) was evaluated. The study used 30 male, albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing 180 ± 20 g, of which 25 were intoxicated by oral administration of a single dose of diclofenac (100 mg/kg b. wt.). Animals were treated by oral administration of silymarin (200 mg/kg b. wt.), furosemide (1.5 mg/kg b. wt.) and NLALE (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b. wt.) for seven consecutive days before animals were sacrificed on the 8th day and serum/plasma was analyzed for biochemical markers of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Phytochemical screening of NLALE revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, steroids and tannins. The extract scavenged DPPH radical, reduced Fe3+ and inhibited TBARs in comparable manner to ascorbic acid in vitro. NLALE also attenuated diclofenac-induced liver and kidney intoxication as indicated by the significantly (p<0.05) reduced levels of serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity: ALT, AST, bilirubin, but increased total protein levels and nephrotoxicity: urea, creatinine, Na+ and K+. The observed effects are dose dependent as the 400 mg/kg b. wt. appeared to be more potent than the 200 mg/kg b. wt. dose. It may be concluded from this study that Newbouldia laevis leaf has ameliorative effect against diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity probably through antioxidative mechanism and the curative claim and the folkloric use of the plant in the treatment of liver and kidney diseases have been scientifically validated

Comparative Anti-diabetic Activities of Methanol and n-Hexane Extracts of Anthocleista vogelii (Gentianaceae) Stem Bark in Normoglycemic and Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

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Full-text available

May 2017

The aim of the study was to evaluate comparatively the potential anti-diabetic activity of the methanol and n-hexane extracts of the stem bark of Anthocleista vogelii in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated orally with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the methanol extract (ME) and n-hexane extract (HE); 0.2 mg/kg of glibenclamide (positive control for both extracts), 2 mL/kg of normal saline and 2 mL/kg of olive oil (negative controls for ME and HE respectively).The normoglycemic rats received 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of ME, 0.2 mg/kg of glibenclamide and 2 mL/kg of normal saline. The FBGL were monitored at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 h for the two categories and the results were statistically analysed. The phytochemical analyses of ME and HE were also carried out by standard procedures. The extracts showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) anti-diabetic activity. The percentage reductions of blood glucose level after 12 h treatment with ME were 83.2% (400 mg/kg) and 79.5% (200 mg/kg) in alloxan-induced group and were higher compared to the n-hexane extract (HE); 56.5% (200 mg/kg), 43.6% (400 mg/kg) and the glibenclamide 75.9% (0.2 mg/kg). In the normal rats 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of ME gave 43.8% and 58.9% respectively compared to glibenclamide (37.7 %.) Their phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, terpenoids. The methanol extract of the stem bark of A. vogelii has greater potential hypoglycemic effects compared to n-hexane extract

Anti-diabetic Effect of Anthocleista vogelii Ethanolic Root Extract and Fractions in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Albino Rats

Article

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Jan 2017

Comparative Anti-diabetic Activities of Methanol and n-Hexane Extracts of Anthocleista vogelii (Gentianaceae) Stem Bark in Normoglycemic and Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Article

Full-text available

May 2017

Peculiar Feenna Onyekere

The aim of the study was to evaluate comparatively the potential anti-diabetic activity of the methanol and n-hexane extracts of the stem bark of Anthocleista vogelii in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated orally with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the methanol extract (ME) and n-hexane extract (HE); 0.2 mg/kg of glibenclamide (positive control for both extracts), 2 mL/kg of normal saline and 2 mL/kg of olive oil (negative controls for ME and HE respectively).The normoglycemic rats received 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of ME, 0.2 mg/kg of glibenclamide and 2 mL/kg of normal saline. The FBGL were monitored at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 h for the two categories and the results were statistically analysed. The phytochemical analyses of ME and HE were also carried out by standard procedures. The extracts showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) anti-diabetic activity. The percentage reductions of blood glucose level after 12 h treatment with ME were 83.2% (400 mg/kg) and 79.5% (200 mg/kg) in alloxan-induced group and were higher compared to the n-hexane extract (HE); 56.5% (200 mg/kg), 43.6% (400 mg/kg) and the glibenclamide 75.9% (0.2 mg/kg). In the normal rats 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of ME gave 43.8% and 58.9% respectively compared to glibenclamide (37.7 %.) Their phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, terpenoids. The methanol extract of the stem bark of A. vogelii has greater potential hypoglycemic effects compared to n-hexane extract Keywords: Anthocleista vogelii, phytochemical analysis, hypoglycemia, alloxan, anti-diabetic

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF NEWBOULDIA LAEVIS IN DIABETIC RATS

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Jun 2014

This study was designed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials of ethanolic extract of leaves of Newbouldia laevis in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in rats by intravenous injection of freshly prepared solution of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight). Diabetic rats were then treated with extract of the leaves of N. laevis (500 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days after which serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin -1 beta (IL-1β) were estimated using ELISA kit while serum concentration of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by Griess assay. The activities of catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also estimated. Free radical scavenging activity of the extract was measured by decrease in the absorbance of methanol solution of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The extract significantly reduced (P < 0.05) serum levels of nitric oxide, IL-1β as well as TNF-α in diabetic rats. The activities of CAT, GSH, GPx and SOD were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in treated diabetic rats compared to diabetic control. The extract also possesses free radical scavenging activity against DPPH with IC50 of 7.2 µg/ml. The study showed that ethanolic extract of N. laevis leaves possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Anticonvulsant and Sedative Activities of Extracts of Erythrophleum Ivorenses Stem Bark in Mice

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Jan 2014

Erythrophleum ivorense is used traditionally for many ailments such as convulsion, swellings, pain and emesis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anticonvulsant and sedative activities of extracts of Erythrophleum ivorense stem bark in mice. Anticonvulsant effect of the extracts was assessed using picrotoxin, pentylenetetrazole and strychnine-induced convulsion and sedative effect was evaluated using pentobarbitone-induced hypnotic method. The results of this study showed that, crude methanolic extract and ethyl acetate extract significantly (p < 0.05) delayed the onset, shortened the duration and offered protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion. The extracts also antagonized picrotoxin-induced convulsion profoundly but did not antagonize strychnine-induced convulsion. Crude methanolic extract and ethyl acetate extract significantly (p < 0.05) prolonged the time of sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the crude methanolic extract was found to be 87 mg/kg. In conclusion, crude methanolic extract and ethyl acetate extract of Erythrophleum ivorense possessed anticonvulsant and CNS depressant properties.

GC-MS Analysis And Phytochemical Constituents In Anthocleista Vogelli And Leuceana Leucocephala obtained from Calabar, Cross River State, Southern Nigeria

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Aug 2023

Antiplasmodial Properties of Ethanol Stem-Bark Extract of Newbouldia Laevis (P. Beauv) Seem in P. Berghei Infected Mice

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Jan 2024
Afr J Health Sci

Background: Despite substantial improvement in the management of malaria infection over the last centuries, it remains a significant public threat especially to those in the tropical and subtropical African regions due to the emergence of drug-resistant P. falciparum strains, delayed diagnosis, high cost as well as contraindications of some available antimalarial medications. Hence, the need for necessary measures in terms of alternative therapeutic approaches to counter this threat is of utmost importance. The present study was aimed at determining the antimalarial potential of ethanol stem-bark extract of Newbouldia laevis in P. berghei (NK65) infected mice. Methodology: The antimalarial activity of Newbouldia laevis stem-bark at 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg was investigated in mice infected with 1 x 107 parasitized erythrocytes using three experimental animal models: Peter's 4-day suppressive, curative and prophylactic models. Phytochemical screening of the stem bark was also conducted. Results: The extract at all tested doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/ kg showed significant (p<0.01) and dose-dependent reductions in the parasitemia levels of the treated rats with percentage chemosuppresion of 90.7, 91.8 and 94% respectively in the Peters 4-day suppressive test. There were also significant (p<0.01) dose- dependent reductions in parasitemia density of the treated rats at all doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg in the curative and prophylactic studies compared to the distilled water group. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids and anthraquinones in the crude extract. Conclusion: The results suggest that ethanol stem-bark extract of Newbouldia laevis possesses antimalarial activity and this justifies the traditional use of the stem-bark of the plant in antimalarial herbal remedy.

FERTILITY ENHANCING EFFICACY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Newbouldia laevis (Boundary Tree) IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE ALBINO RATS

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Full-text available

Jun 2023

Background: The gradual shift to herbal therapy for reproductive health has prompted the need to search for plants with fertility enhancement potentials. Hence the fertility enhancing efficacy of ethanol leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis in both male and female rats was investigated. Materials and methods: In this research, a total of forty albino rats (19 males and 21 females) were used and grouped into eight groups of five rats each. Group A and B were controls, while groups C, D, E, F, G and H were administered different daily doses of the ethanol extract for 30 days. The quantity of phytochemical constituents was assessed using calorimetric method, ELISA technique was used to determine the levels of reproductive hormones and its effect on the liver was also investigated. Results: The result of the phytochemical screening showed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, hydrogen cyanide, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, phenol and glycosides. The results of serum concentrations of testosterone, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) showed significant increase (p<0.05) in the treatment groups when compared to the control and the increase was dose dependent. The result also showed excellent hepatoprotective effect due to the significant decrease in the levels of liver enzymes assayed. Conclusion: This study has shown clearly that N.laevis has secondary metabolites which can inhibit or promote hormonal imbalances in males and females at certain dosages and are not toxic to the liver. The increase in the levels of reproductive hormones of the treated animals especially at high doses shows a possible fertility enhancing activity of Newbouldia laevis.

Assessment of Median Lethal Dose and Target Organ Toxicity of Oral Sub-chronic Administration of Newbouldia laevis in Mice and Rat Model of Toxicity

Article

May 2023

The acute and sub-chronic toxicities of the leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis, an ethnomedicinal herb use in the management of diabetes mellitus was investigated. For the acute toxicity study, 10 – 5000 mg/kg of the extract were administered orally to mice and obvious signs of toxic symptoms and mortality monitored for 24 h post extract administration. In the sub-chronic study, 302 and 604 mg/kg of the extract were orally administered daily for 90 days. Body weight changes as well as haematological and biochemical parameters were determined periodically. Qualitative phytochemistry was also conducted. Presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugar, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids and glycosides phytocompounds in the extract were detected. The oral LD50 was estimated to be above 5,000 mg/kg in mice. Ninety days oral administration of ethanol extract of N. laevis produced a significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weight at 604 mg/kg on the 31st day and at both 302 and 604 mg/kg on the 61st and 91st days compared to 5% Tween 20 vehicle control group. For liver function enzymes, the extract at both doses (302 and 604 mg/kg) produced significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum ALT enzyme activity at the 91st day with non-significant reduction in other liver function enzymes compared to vehicle control group. Non-significant changes were also recorded for haematological and kidney function markers. The results from this study provide evidence for safety profile of the ethanol leaves extract of N. laevis thus supportive of its validity in the use for treatment of chronic diseases like diabetes.

Identification of potential human pancreatic α-amylase inhibitors from natural products by molecular docking, MM/GBSA calculations, MD simulations, and ADMET analysis

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Mar 2023
PLOS ONE

Human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA), which works as a catalyst for carbohydrate hydrolysis, is one of the viable targets to control type 2 diabetes. The inhibition of α-amylase lowers blood glucose levels and helps to alleviate hyperglycemia complications. Herein, we systematically screened the potential HPA inhibitors from a library of natural products by molecular modeling. The modeling encompasses molecular docking, MM/GBSA binding energy calculations, MD simulations, and ADMET analysis. This research identified newboulaside B, newboulaside A, quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside, and sasastilboside A as the top four potential HPA inhibitors from the library of natural products, whose Glide docking scores and MM/GBSA binding energies range from -9.191 to -11.366 kcal/mol and -19.38 to -77.95 kcal/mol, respectively. Based on the simulation, among them, newboulaside B was found as the best HPA inhibitor. Throughout the simulation, with the deviation of 3Å (acarbose = 3Å), it interacted with ASP356, ASP300, ASP197, THR163, ARG161, ASP147, ALA106, and GLN63 via hydrogen bonding. Additionally, the comprehensive ADMET analysis revealed that it has good pharmacokinetic properties having not acutely toxic, moderately bioavailable, and non-inhibitor nature toward cytochrome P450. All the results suggest that newboulaside B might be a promising candidate for drug discovery against type 2 diabetes.

Combined effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of Carica papaya and Newbouldia laevis on the histology of testes of Alloxan-induced diabetic rats

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Full-text available

Jan 2023

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the combined effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of C. papaya and N. laevis on the histology of testes of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methodology: Forty male wistar rats weighing 150 -180 g were procured, acclimatized for two weeks, after which were divided into eight groups of five rats each, and housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A - H. Group A served as the control group, and received distilled water only. Animals in groups B – H were induced with diabetes using alloxan. Diabetic group B received no treatment throughout the experiment, while the diabetic groups C - H received 400 mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 600 mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 400 mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 600 mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 200 mg/kg of C. papaya + 200 mg/kg of N. laevis , 300 mg/kg of C. papaya + 300 mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract respectively for 21 days via oral route with the aid of oral gastric tube. On the 22nd day, the animals were sacrificed via chloroform inhalation, and testes were harvested for histological studies. Result: Histopathological findings showed moderate spermatogenic arrest with interstitial hemorrhage (H) within the basal layer; mild regeneration with moderate spermatogenic arrest (SA), moderate vacoulation (V) of the sertoli cells and interstitial hemorrhage (IH); moderate regeneration with mild spermatogenic arrest (SA), mild vacoulation (V) of the sertoli cells and moderate interstitial hemorrhage (IH); moderate regeneration with active seminiferous tubules, and well enhanced spermatogenesis though there were mild pyknotic (P) appearance of the sertolli cells in some areas and interstitial hemorrhage; mild regeneration with moderate atrophy (A) of the seminiferous tubules, mild arrest of the spermatogenesis (SA) and interstitial hemorrhage (IH); moderate healing with disorganization of the seminiferous tubules and interstitial fibrosis (IF); and moderate healing with distortion (D) of the seminiferous tubules, interstitial fibrosis (IF) and mild arrest of the spermatogenesis (AS) on the histology of testes in groups B - H that received variable doses of C. papaya and N. laevis leaf extracts respectively. Conclusion: Combined leaf extracts of Carica papaya and Newbouldia laevis leaf extracts have antidiabetic and ameliorating effects on the histology of testes of alloxan induced wistar rats.

The effect of Ethanol Extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria on Hematological Parameters of Chloroform Intoxicated Albino Wistar Rats

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Medicinal plants are important sources of new chemical compounds with potential therapeutic effects. Medicinal plants are the richest bioresource of drugs of traditional systems of medicine, modern medicines, nutraceuticals, food supplements, folk medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates, and chemical entities for synthetic drugs. Rauwolfia vomitoria is one of the medicinal plants that have served all through the ages as the mainstay in the treatment and preservation of human health. This research is designed to determine the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria on HB, PCV, WBC, RBC levels of chloroform intoxicated wistar albino rats. The results indicated that, HB, PCV and RBC levels of rats in groups 2, 3 and 4 treated with graded doses of 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria increased significantly (p<0.05) when compared with group 5 (positive control) rats. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) when Hb levels of rats in group 4 were compared to groups 1 and 6. The results also indicated that, WBC levels of rats in groups 2, 3 and 4 treated with graded doses of 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria decreased significantly (p<0.05) when compared with group 5 (positive control) rats (fig. 5). In conclusion, ethanol leaf extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria boosted the level of HB, PCV, WBC and RBC in the chloroform intoxicated rats. This explains why it has been used in tradomedicinal practicises to treat toxicity because of its blood boosting effects.

Identification of potential human pancreatic α-amylase inhibitors from natural products by molecular docking, MM/GBSA calculations, MD simulations, and ADMET analysis

Preprint

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Human pancreatic α -amylase (HPA), which works as a catalyst for carbohydrate hydrolysis, is one of the viable targets to control type 2 diabetes. The inhibition of α -amylase lowers blood glucose levels and helps to alleviate hyperglycemia complications. Herein, we systematically screened the potential HPA inhibitors from an in-house library of natural products by molecular modeling. The modeling encompasses molecular docking, MM/GBSA binding energy calculations, MD simulations, and ADMET analysis. This research identified newboulaside B, newboulaside A, quercetin-3-O- β -glucoside, and sasastilboside A as the top four potential HPA inhibitors from the library of natural products, whose Glide docking scores and MM/GBSA binding energies range from −9.191 to −11.366 kcal/mol and −19.38 to −50.29 kcal/mol, respectively. Based on the simulation, among them, newboulaside B was found as the best HPA inhibitor. Throughout the simulation, with the deviation of 3Å (acarbose = 3Å), it interacted with ASP356, ASP300, ASP197, THR163, ARG161, ASP147, ALA106, and GLN63 via hydrogen bonding. Additionally, the comprehensive ADMET analysis revealed that it has good pharmacokinetic properties having not acutely toxic, moderately bioavailable, and non-inhibitor nature toward cytochrome P450. All the results suggest that newboulaside B might be a promising candidate for drug discovery against type 2 diabetes. Graphical Abstract

Effect of Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass) on the Expression of Insulin sensitive and Proinflammatory Genes in the Pancreas of Diabetic Rats

Article

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Aug 2022

Inflammation may result from chronic hyperglycemia, a disease of macromolecule metabolism disorder caused by diabetes mellitus due to insulin malfunction. Although Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass) has long been used as an anti-diabetic, not much is known about the mechanisms involved. The goal of this study was to see how C. citratus leaf extract modulates genes related to insulin sensitivity and inflammation in alloxan-induced diabetic rats' pancreas. Control, diabetic control, metformin (100 mg/kg), and C. citratus (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) were the six groups of experimental rats. Alloxan (150 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to five groups. ACCU-CHEK glucometer and glucose test strips were used to measure fasting blood glucose at three-day intervals. Treatments were given for fourteen (14) days after which the animals were sacrificed and the pancreas removed for RT-PCR analysis. Image J software and graph pad prism software were respectively used to quantify and present the results. Diabetes induction by alloxan significantly (p>0.05) increased fasting blood glucose level compared to non-induced control after 3 days. Administration of C. citratus aqueous extract (14 days) reduced the blood glucose of diabetic rats significantly (p<0.05). C. citratus up-regulated the expression of TGR5, PPAR-γ, GLUT2, and Glucokinase genes relative to diabetic control respectively. It also down-regulated IL-6 and TNF-α genes expression relative to diabetic control rats. The antidiabetic effect of C. citratus could be via its ability to up-regulate the expression of genes associated with insulin sensitivity and down-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory genes.

Phytochemical and vitamin content Newbouldia leaf

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022

This study analyzed and identified the concentrations of secondary metabolites present in Newbouldia laevis. The results showed the Newbouldia laevis contains various secondary metabolites in the following concentrations: saponin (1.0410±0.13294 mg/g), tannin (1.4665 ± 0.06152 mg/g), glycosides (0.8240 ± 0.1838 mg/g), alkaloid (1.8995 ± 0.2333m g/g), phenol (0.3980 ± 0.03253 mg/g) and flavonoid (1.6170 ± 0.06505 mg/g). The concentration of vitamins were vitamin A (0.0040 ± 0.00436 mg/g), vitamin B1 (0.3700 ± 0.05369 mg/g), vitamin B2 (0.3067 ± 0.00252 mg/g), vitamin B6 (0.0257 ± 0.00503 mg/g), vitamin B9 (0.0677± 0.00351 mg/g), vitamin C (0.1170 ± 0.02272 mg/g), vitamin D (0.2420± 0.01082 mg/g), vitamin E (0.7767 ± 0.02043 mg/g) and vitamin K (0.1147 ± 0.00115 mg/g) and β–carotene (0.0587 ± 0.00252g/g). Thus, the leave extracts of Newbouldia laevis could be used for medicinal purposes.

IJRSI) |Volume VIII, Issue XII

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of C. papaya and N. laevis on hormone profile of alloxan-induced diabetic male wistar rats. Methodology: Forty (40) male wistar rats weighing 150-180g were procured and acclimatized for two weeks, after which, they were divided into eight (8) groups of five (5) rats each, and were housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A-H. Group A served as the control group, and received distilled water only. Animals in groups B-H were induced with diabetes using alloxan. The diabetic group B did not receive any treatment throughout the experiment, while the diabetic groups C-H received 400mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 600mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 400mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 600mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 200mg/kg of C. papaya + 200mg/kg of N. laevis, and 300mg/kg of C. papaya + 300mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract respectively for 21 days through oral route with the aid of oral gastric tube. On the 22 nd day, the animals were sacrificed via chloroform inhalation and blood samples were then collected through ocular puncture for hormonal assay. All data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Result: Levels of FSH, LH and Testosterone were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in groups B and D when compared to the control group A; and significantly (P<0.05) increased in groups F, G, and H when compared to the control group A. However, there was no significant difference on the levels of FSH, LH and Testosterone in groups C and E when compared to the control group A. Conclusion: Combined leaf extracts of Carica papaya and Newbouldia laevis have ameliorating effect on the levels of FSH, LH and Testosterone of alloxan-induced male wistar rats.

Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Carica Papaya and New bouldia Laevis on Hormone Profile of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rat

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of C. papaya and N. laevis on hormone profile of alloxan-induced diabetic male wistar rats. Methodology: Forty (40) male wistar rats weighing 150-180g were procured and acclimatized for two weeks, after which, they were divided into eight (8) groups of five (5) rats each, and were housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A - H. Group A served as the control group, and received distilled water only. Animals in groups B – H were induced with diabetes using alloxan. The diabetic group B did not receive any treatment throughout the experiment, while the diabetic groups C - H received 400mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 600mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 400mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 600mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 200mg/kg of C. papaya + 200mg/kg of N. laevis, and 300mg/kg of C. papaya + 300mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract respectively for 21 days through oral route with the aid of oral gastric tube. On the 22nd day, the animals were sacrificed via chloroform inhalation and blood samples were then collected through ocular puncture for hormonal assay. All data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Result: Levels of FSH, LH and Testosterone were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in groups B and D when compared to the control group A; and significantly (P<0.05) increased in groups F, G, and H when compared to the control group A. However, there was no significant difference on the levels of FSH, LH and Testosterone in groups C and E when compared to the control group A. Conclusion: Combined leaf extracts of Carica papaya and Newbouldia laevis have ameliorating effect on the levels of FSH, LH and Testosterone of alloxan-induced male wistar rats.

Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Activity of Extract and Fractions of Sida acuta Burm. f. Leaves in Mice and GC-MS Analysis of n- Hexane Fraction

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

The leaves of Sida acuta Burm. f. (Malvaceae) has been reported to possess potent anti- inflammatory, anti- plasmodial and anti-microbial activities. The relationship of these bioactivities and immune responses lead to the evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of Sida acuta Burm. f. leave extract and fractions. This our study was done to determine the immunomodulatory activity and chemical study of methanol leave extract and fractions of Sida acuta Burm. f. The immunomodulatory evaluation was done by invivo Delay Type Hypersensitivity reaction (DTHR) in the body and in vitro measurement of phagocytosis of killed Candida albicans by the phagocyte polymorphonuclear leucocytes using slide method. Acute toxicity, phytochemical and GC-MS analysis were also performed. The DTHR tested in the blood with T-cells in mice showed that the extract and its fractions caused a delayed hypersensitivity response in 24hrs which was very significant (P ? 0.05) in the n- hexane fraction of the extract when compared to the control group at the dose of 100mg/kg. The in vitro studies showed a very significant difference (P ? 0.05) in the positive control group (LEVA) at concentration of 50, 100 and 200µg/ml, in crude extract (SrE) at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200µg/ml, n- hexane fraction 50, 100 and 200µg/ml, Ethyl acetate fraction at 200µg/ml and Absolute methanol fraction at 100µg/ml and also have high percentage phagocytic stimulation (PPS). The acute toxicity test did not cause clinical signs or death within 24hours post treatment in all doses tested and highest dose of 5000mg/kg. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, tannins, steroids and cardiac glycosides. GC-MS analysis of fraction with highest activity was carried out on n-hexane fraction which showed the presence of some compounds like hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1 (hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, 3,4-seco-5alpha-cholestan-3-oic acid,4-hydroxy-4-methyl epsilon-lacto

Methanol Leaf Extract of Desmodium Velutinum (Wild.) D.C. and Acarbose Exhibit Additive Pharmacological Effects in Diabetic Wistar Rats Copy Right@ Idakwoji P A

Article

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Sep 2021

Abstract This study investigated the pharmacological effects of methanol extract of Desmodium velutinum leaves (DVE) administered alone and when co-administered with Acarbose (ACA) in diabetic Wistar rats. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity study were carried out on DVE using standard methods. In the pharmacological study, diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of 150 mg alloxan/kg b.w. Seven groups (6 groups of diabetic rats and 1 group of normoglycemic rats) of four rats each were used for the study. Groups I and II served as normoglycemic (NDC) and diabetic controls (DC) respectively and received 1ml distilled water/kg b.w. Groups III and IV were administered 400 and 800 mg DVE/kg respectively while groups V and VI were administered the same doses (400 and 800 mg/kg respectively) but co- administered with a fixed dose of ACA (150 mg/kg b.w.). Group VII was administered 150 mg ACA/ kg b.w. alone. Weekly fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels and body weight changes were estimated for 28 days. After the 28-day treatment regimen, rats were euthanized, and blood samples collected for serum biochemical analysis. Phytochemical analysis of DVE revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and terpenoids in varying proportions. Treatment with DVE alone and its co-administration with ACA significantly (p< 0.05) reduced FBS and serum biochemicals parameters of rats compared with diabetic control. DVE alone and its co-administration with ACA also significantly (p< 0.05) increased the serum total protein of rats compared with diabetic control. However, the pharmacological effects of DVE and ACA co-administration were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of DVE or ACA administered alone. It was concluded that DVE and ACA exhibited additive pharmacological effects in diabetic Wistar rats and as such could be useful in the management of diabetes. Keywords: Acarbose; Pharmacological; Hyperglycemia; Desmodium velutinum; Wistar Rats

ANTIDIABETIC PROPERTIES OF CONBINED METHANOL EXTRACTS OF PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM, MUCUNA PURIENS AND NEWBOLDIA LAEVIS (PMN) IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETES IN RATS

Article

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Jan 2021

ANTIDIABETIC PROPERTIES OF CONBINED METHANOL EXTRACTS OF PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM, MUCUNA PURIENS AND NEWBOLDIA LAEVIS (PMN) IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETES IN RATS

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2021
WJPR

The study of natural products has played a major role in the development of novel therapeutic substance with high efficacy. Mucuna puriens, Newboldia laevis and Pteridium aquilinum are known medicinal plants used in the treatment of many diseases. In this study, the use Mucuna puriens, Neuboldia laevis and Pteridium aquilinum as combined graded doses in the treatment of diabetes were evaluated. Diabetes was induced in wistar albino rats using intraperitoneal injection of 140mg/kg of alloxan. Thirty (30) albino rats were randomly divided in 5 groups of 6 rats each (n=6). 5mg/kg of glabenclamide was used as the standard control while different graded doses of the formulation at 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg were administered to the other groups with one untreated group serving as the diabetic control. The study lasted for a period of 21 days. The formulation significantly (p<0.05) lowered the elevated blood glucose level. The % reduction of the 400mg/kg of the combined dose was 59.19% compared to the standard drug 56.45%. There was also significant (p<0.05) decrease in the lipid, hematology indices and markers of cellular toxicity compared to the diabetic control (untreated group). The combined extracts showed more efficacy the glabenclamide. This suggested that the polyherbal formulation enhances therapeutic action and is effective in the treatment diabetes.

Phramacotherapeutic Evaluation of Parmentiera Cereifera Seem. (Family Bignoniaceae) Cultivated in Egypt on Albino Rats

Article

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Jan 2021

Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-diabetic Activity of Leaf extract of Psydrax horizontalis Schum. & Thonn (Rubiaceae)

Article

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Feb 2020

Introduction: Rubiacaeae is a large family of flowering plants of 630 genera with over 13000 species widely distributed in the tropical and warm regions of the world. The Psydrax genus has been reported to have various pharmacological activities. Based on ethno-pharmacological information, Psydrax horizontalis Schum. & Thonn. (Bridson) locally known as “Akata-ike” in Nsukka is used in the management of diabetes in South-eastern Nigeria. However as at the time of this research, no previous work has been done to investigate its phytochemical constituents and anti-diabetic activity. Methods: The methanol extract (ME) obtained by maceration was analysed for phytochemicals present using standard procedures. Alloxan monohydrate at 150 mg/Kg was used to induce diabetes. Acute toxicity test was done using the Lorke’s method. The normoglycemic and alloxan-induced groups of twenty animals each were treated orally with 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg of ME; 5 mg/Kg of glibenclamide and 2 mL/kg of 3% Tween 80 as the controls. The fasting blood glucose concentrations were monitored at 0, 1, 3 and 6 h, as well as 1st, 3rd and 5th day. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and terpenoids. Median lethal dose was greater than 5000 mg/kg. In the alloxan-induced diabetic rats, significant activity at p<0.01 on the 6th hour was recorded at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg ME on day 3. Conclusion: The ME of Psydrax horizontalis possesses significant anti-diabetic activity in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The results obtained validate its traditional use in management of diabetes. Key words: Diabetes, Alloxan monohydrate, Extraction, Flavonoids.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening, GCMS Studies and In-Vitro Anti-Oxidative Properties of Aqeuous Leaf Extract of Gnetum africanum

Article

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Jan 2020

This study aimed at carrying out a qualitative phytochemical screening, GC-MS studies and in-vitro antioxidant properties of aqueous leaf extract of Gnetum africanum. The qualitative phytochemical screening of the aqueous leaf extract of Gnetum africanum was done using standard procedures and revealed the presence of terpenoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides and phenols. The GC-MS screening revealed the presence of 14 compounds, 6 out of the 14 compounds were most prominent. The compound with the highest percentage peak area was caffeine with peak area of 96.9%, followed by n-Hexadacanotic acid with peak area of 60.9%, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol with peak area of 55.9%, tetradacanoic acid with peak area of 50.3%, cyclopentaneundecanoic acid with peak area of 47.8% and 2-cyclo-penten-1-2-hydroxy with peak area of 43.6% respectively. In-vitro determination of antioxidant property of leaf extract of Gnetum africanum was done photometrically using 2,2-dyhenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The DPPH scavenging ability of the leaf extract (43.2, 60.5, 68.8, and 75.7) was statistically significant at p<0.05 when compared with the standard drug ascorbic acid (81.1, 82.6, 85.1, and 90.4) % at 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/l. In conclusion, the leaf extract of Gnetum africanum is loaded with a host of important phytochemicals and has antioxidant properties which increase in potency with increase dose. Keywords: Phytochemical Screening, GCMS Studies, Anti-Oxidant, Gnetum africanum

Ameliorative potentials of aqueous extracts of leaf and stem of Ipomoea involucrata on selected biochemicals in experimental diabetic rats

Article

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Dec 2019

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by derangements in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolisms, due to deficiency in insulin secretion and action. This research evaluates the ameliorative potentials of aqueous extracts of leaves and stem of Ipomoea involucorata on selected biochemicals in experimental diabetic rats.Methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and the animals were orally administered with gilanil (4 mg/kg) for positive control, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg bw aqueous extract of leaves (groups 4-6) and stem (groups 7-9) of Ipomoea involucrata once daily for 21 days. Biochemical parameters were analysed using standard methods.Results: The median lethal dose was established at 648 mg/kg (leaves) and 547 mg/kg (stem). The negative group (untreated) showed significant increase in glucose concentration compared to the other groups. After 2 to 3 weeks there was significant (p<0.05) decrease in glucose concentration of the extract and glibenclamide (positive group) treated groups when compared with the negative group. Diabetes control rats showed significant (p<0.05) high serum lipid profile (except for high density lipoprotein), liver enzymes/ indices and renal indices when compared with non-diabetic control rats. However, these alternations were reversed with the positive group and the groups treated with aqueous extracts of both samples. The differences observed in the electrolytes were not significant in all groups.Conclusions: The results suggest that aqueous extract of leaves and stem of I. involucrata is considerably safe and a potential therapy for management of complications associated with diabetes mellitus.

AMELIORATING EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACTS OF CARICA PAPAYA AND NEWBOULDIA LAEVIS ON LIVER OF ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR RATS

Article

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Oct 2019

Chike Anibeze

Evaluation of the Hypoglycemic Potentials and Glycemic Index of Ready-to-eat Breakfast Products Using Animal Bioassay

Article

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Jul 2019

AMELIORATING EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACTS OF CARICA PAPAYA AND NEWBOULDIA LAEVIS ON LIVER OF ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR RATS

Article

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May 2019

Julia Opara

Biochemical and Haematological Effects of the Leaf Extract of Newbouldia laevis in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Article

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Jan 2017

ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF ANTHOCLEISTA VOGELII AQUEOUS ROOT EXTRACT IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS.

Article

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Oct 2015

Anthocleista vogelii is one of the major constituents of herbal preparations traditionally used in the management of diabetes mellitus in the South western part Nigeria. This study was carried out to evaluate the potential antidiabetic effect of Anthocleista vogelii aqueous root extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with a view of scientifically validating its ethno-medicinal properties. Albino rats of both sexes were randomly divided into five groups in glucose loaded (GL) rats (10 g/kg glucose p.o); Group 1 (control) diabetic untreated rats (10 ml/kg distilled water), group 2-4 diabetic treated rats (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg A. vogelii aqueous root extract [AVR]) and group 5 (5 mg/kg glibenclamide [GB]) while in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (60 mg/kg; i.p.), Albino rats were randomly divided into three groups; Group 1 (control) diabetic untreated rats (10 ml/kg distilled water), group 2 diabetic treated rats (200 mg/kg AVR) and group 3 diabetic treated rats (5 mg/kg GB). Fasting blood glucose levels (FBGL) of the diabetic rats were determined at intervals of 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes in GL rats and on days 4, 7, 10 and 14 in STZ-induced diabetic rats. After two weeks, the levels of serum cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TRIG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine (CRT) of STZ-induced diabetic rats were analyzed. The LD of AVR was ≥ 5000 mg/kg in rats (p.o.). 200 mg/kg exerted a more 50 significant reduction in FBGL in GL rats when compared with the control; hence only 200 mg/kg of AVR was used in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The extract exerted a significant (P<0.05) reduction in FBGL, CHOL, TRIG, LDL, ALT, AST and CRT levels and an increase in serum HDL when compared to the control in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The photomicrograph of the pancreatic tissues of the control group showed general distortion of the pancreatic histoarchitecture while in the treatment group the photomicrograph showed interlobular connective tissue septa with normal serous acini and zymogen cells. The study concluded that AVR is safe when administered orally. It has anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipideamic effect when administered for fourteen days in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Inhibition of oxidative stress and gastric emptying as additional mechanisms of antidiabetic activity of Newbouldia laevis

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

The quest to fill the gap in knowledge about the antidiabetic activity of the leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis has inspired further exploration of its possible mechanisms of antidiabetic action. This study investigated inhibitions of oxidative stress and gastric emptying as additional mechanisms of antidiabetic activity of N. laevis. Antidiabetic activity of the ethanol extract was authenticated using a Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic model. In vitro antioxidant potentials of the extract and fraction were evaluated using the total phenolic content and DPPH test while in vivo effect determined in CCL 4 induced oxidative stress model using Silymarin as standard. The effect of the extracts and fractions on gastric emptying was determined using the extent of non-absorbable phenol red transit through the stomach. Treatment with 400 mg/kg of the extract produced significant (p < 0.05) reduction in blood glucose at the 6 th h compared to 0 h, while at 800 mg/kg, significant (p < 0.05) reduction occurred from 4th h post-treatment. Ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) had the best inhibitory effect with IC 50 of 35.3 μg/ml and highest phenolic content of 337.9 mg/GAE followed closely by butanol fraction (BF) with IC 50 of 51.8 μg/ml and total phenolic content of 331.8 mg/GAE. EAF and BF produced marked inhibition of lipid peroxidation and increase in catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity at 302 and 604 mg/kg. The butanol fraction elicited the highest GE inhibition. Based on these findings, inhibitions of oxidative stress and gastric emptying may be additional mechanisms of antidiabetic activity of N. laevis leaf extract.

Newbouldia’s Laevis biological effects against metabolic syndrome components: A review

Article

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Nov 2022

This study focused on a review of existing data on Newbouldia laevis and its potential effects on metabolic syndrome. Progressive changes in lifestyle that promote sedentary lifestyle, nutritional imbalances associated with excessive levels of refined sugars and fat that promote excess calories, and genetic factors have contributed significantly to the increase in cardiovascular disease, diabetes and the emergence of the concept of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome refers to an aggregation of factors that intervene, most often together, it is defined as a set of biological and clinical disorders whose metabolic aberrations are mainly: Insulin resistance and dysglycemia, obesity (general and abdominal), atherogenic dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic states. The management of metabolic syndrome is very complex, because the components are associated differently in each patient due to the genetic susceptibility of each to develop one component over another, and the many environmental factors influencing the development of the pathology. The African continent is full of a great diversity of plant species, most of which are used by people as medicines to solve their health problems, because they are readily available. The African hyssop or Newbouldia laevis is a plant in the family Bignoniaceae. The qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenes, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides anthraquinones in Newbouldia laevis leaf extract. Several therapeutic properties have been attributed to the plant Newbouldia laevis including anti-hyperglycemic, cardio-protective and hypotensive activity, body weight reduction, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, hepato-protective, antiparasitic, antibiotic. Herbal medicine is an alternative way to treat metabolic syndrome, and its importance is growing.

Trado-Medical Uses, Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Newbouldia laevis (Bignoniaceae): A Review

Article

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Feb 2022

Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seem. (Family, Bignoniaceae), commonly known as tree of life, is a purple-flowering plant that is widely distributed in many parts of Africa. Different parts of the plant, including the leaves, flower, stems and roots are prevalently used in African traditional medicine for the management of many diseases and conditions like diabetes, hypertension, skin diseases, ulcer, tumors, pains, infectious diseases, inflammation, dysentery, sickle cell disease and impotency. This review discusses the trado-medical uses, chemical constituents, and biological activities of N. laevis. Based on information generated from scientific investigations deposited in PubMed and SCOPUS, the chemical constituents of the plant include glycosides, anthraquinolones, volatile oils, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and sterols. Extracts prepared from different parts of the plant of the plant and compounds isolated from them have been reported to have several health-promoting potentials such as antioxidant, antimalarial, trypanocidal, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-arthritic, anti-thrombotic, cytoprotective, anti-hypertensive, central nervous system modulatory, male reproduction enhancing and oxytocic properties. These scientific investigations have led credence to the ethnobotanical uses of the plant in folkloric practice. In addition, the presence of phytochemical constituents in the plant might be responsible for the wide biological potentials.

Effects of methanolic leaf extract of Kigelia africana on hemodynamic parameters and redox status of normotensive wistar rats

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

Kigelia Africana has a rich history of ethnobotanical usage in the treatment of a wide range of illnesses andcomplications like hypertension, cancer and microbial infections in south western Nigeria. The present work sought to investigate the effects of methanolic leaf extract of Kigelia Africana on the blood pressure and biochemical indices of normotensive albino rats. Twenty five male albino Wistar rats, weighing between 180-200g, and divided into five groups (I-V) of five animals each were used for the experiment. GroupsII – V were administered 1mg/kg b.w ramipril, 25-, 50- and 100mg/kg b.wKigelia Africana respectively by oral gavage for 14 consecutive days. Group I received vehicle (1 mg/kg distilled water) only throughout the duration of the experiment and served as control. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, the blood pressure was determined before sacrificing the animals following anesthesia. The activities of serum biomarkers (aspartate aminotransferase AST, total protein TP, alanine aminotransferase ALT, alkaline phosphatase ALP), serum lipid profile; (cholesterol TC, low/very low density lipoprotein LDL-c/VLDL-c, high density lipoprotein HDL and triglyceride TG) and cardiac antioxidant indices (catalase CAT, superoxide dismutase SOD and glutathione GSH) were determined. Administration of ramipril (1mg/kg b.w) and all dosages of Kigelia africana (25, 50 and 100mg/kg b.w) caused significant (P<0.05) decrease in the blood pressure of the animals when compared to the control. The values obtained further showed that ramipril and the extract (at all dosages) caused significant reduction in TC, TG, LDL-c and VLDL-c and coronary risk index, CRI while there was significant increase in the level of HDL when compared to the control. All dosages of Kigelia africana extract resulted in significant (P<0.05) decrease in serum activities of AST, ALT and ALP when compared with the control. The significant (P<0.05) increases in cardiac catalase activity and GSH concentration recorded in rats treated with Kigelia africana (25, 50 and 100mg/kg b.w.) were comparable with those administered the reference drug, ramipril (1 mg/kg). Cardiac SOD activity was however decreased in rats administered extract (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg b.wt) and ramipril (1mg/kg bw). The results suggest the hypolipidemic, hypotensive and antioxidant properties and of methanolic extract of Kigelia africana leaf and lend support to the ethnobotanical usage of the leaf in the treatment of hypertension.

Inhibition of Oxidative stress and Gastric Emptying as Additional Mechanisms of Antidiabetic Activity of Newbouldia laevis.

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

The quest to fill the gap in knowledge about the antidiabetic activity of the leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis has inspired further exploration of its possible mechanisms of antidiabetic action. This study investigated inhibitions of oxidative stress and gastric emptying as additional mechanisms of antidiabetic activity of N. laevis. Antidiabetic activity of the ethanol extract was authenticated using a Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic model. In vitro antioxidant potentials of the extract and fraction were evaluated using the total phenolic content and DPPH test while in vivo effect determined in CCL4 induced oxidative stress model using Silymarin as standard. The effect of the extracts and fractions on gastric emptying was determined using the extent of non-absorbable phenol red transit through the stomach. Treatment with 400 mg/kg of the extract produced significant (p< 0.05) reduction in blood glucose at the 6th h compared to 0 h, while at 800 mg/kg, significant (p< 0.05) reduction occurred from 4th h post-treatment. Ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) had the best inhibitory effect with IC50 of 35.3 µg/ml and highest phenolic content of 337.9 mg/GAE followed closely by butanol fraction (BF) with IC50 of 51.8 µg/ml and total phenolic content of 331.8 mg/GAE. EAF and BF produced marked inhibition of lipid peroxidation and increase in catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity at 302 and 604 mg/kg. The butanol fraction elicited the highest GE inhibition. Based on these findings, inhibitions of oxidative stress and gastric emptying may be additional mechanisms of antidiabetic activity of N. laevis leaf extract.

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf mitigates ER-stress induced by streptozotocin in rats via down-regulation of GRP78 and up-regulation of Nrf2 signaling

Article

Jul 2020
J ETHNOPHARMACOL

Ethnopharmacological relevance Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, contributing to pancreatic dysfunction and insulin resistance. Ameliorating ER stress may be a viable therapeutic approach in the proper management of diabetes mellitus. Cymbopogon citratus (C.citratus) has been used in traditional medicine in the management of diabetes mellitus. Although well known for its anti-diabetic effect, the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. Aim of the study This study was designed to investigate the effect of C. citratus methanolic leaves extract on ER stress induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in wistar rats. Materials and methods STZ (60mg/kg) was used to induce ER stress in the pancreas of rats. The rats were administered C. citratus methanolic leaves extract via gastric gavage at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg for two weeks while metformin (100 mg/kg) was used as positive control. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), expression of ER-stress related genes (GRP78, CHOP, ATF4, TRB3, PERK, IRE1), antioxidant (Nrf2 and AhR) and pro-inflammatory (TNF-α) genes were determined. Possible compounds responsible for this effect were also predicted through molecular docking. Results Induction of ER stress using STZ significantly increased FBG while administration of C. citratus methanolic extract restored it to normal control level (p<0.05). Significant down-regulation of ER stress genes was observed upon treatment of ER stress induced rats with C. citratus methanolic extract when compared to ER-stress untreated rats. Significant up-regulation (p<0.05) of genes coding for Nrf2 and AhR was also noticed upon treatment of ER stress induced rats with C. citratus methanolic extract. Molecular docking suggests that apigenin targets GRP78 with binding affinity of -9.3 kcal/mol while kaempferol and quercetin target Keap1 with binding affinity of -9.5 kcal/mol and may be responsible for this ameliorative effect on ER stress. Conclusion These observations suggest that C. citratus mitigate ER stress induced by STZ via its down-regulative effect on GRP78 and up-regulative effect on NRF2 signaling.

The possible role of Saponin in Type-II Diabetes- A review

Article

May 2020

Background The possible role of secondary metabolites in the management of diabetes is a great concern and constant discussion. This characteristic seems relevant and should be the subject of thorough discussion with respect to saponin. Objective Current data mainly focus on the impact of saponin in the treatment of type-II diabetes. The majority of studies emphasis on other secondary metabolites such as alkaloids and flavonoids but very few papers are there representing the possible role of saponin as these papers express the narrow perspective of saponin phytoconstituents but lacking in providing the complete information on various saponin plants. The aim of the study was to summarize all available data concerning the saponin containing plant in the management of type-II diabetes. Methods All relevant papers on saponin were selected. This review summarizes the saponins isolation method, mechanism of action, clinical significance, medicinal plants and phytoconstituents responsible for producing a therapeutic effect in the management of diabetes. Results The saponin is of high potential with structural diversity and inhibits diabetic complications along with reducing the hyperglycemia through different mechanisms thereby providing scope for improving the existing therapy and developing the novel medicinal agents for curing diabetes. Conclusion Saponins having potential therapeutic benefits and are theorized as an alternative medication in decreasing serum blood glucose levels in the patient suffering from diabetes.

EVALUATION OF WOUND HEALING EFFECT OF EXTRACT AND FRACTIONS OF Newbouldia leavis ROOT BARK IN 5-FLOUROURACIL IMMUNOCOMPROMISED RATS

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Full-text available

Jul 2019

Dougnon Ethnopharm60 def

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2018

Les fièvres typhoïdes et paratyphoïdes sont des maladies infectieuses causées par des entérobactéries du genre Salmonella. La contamination résulte le plus souvent de l'ingestion d'eau ou d'aliments contaminés. En l'absence de traitement, l'infection peut s'avérer mortelle. Les herboristes de marché constituent l’un des principaux recours en soins de santé primaires pour les populations des pays en voie de développement. Ils contribuent à la conservation des plantes et du savoir endogène. La présente étude vise à établir les potentialités de la flore béninoise pour le traitement de la fièvre typhoïde. Elle a été réalisée grâce à une étude ethnopharmacologique auprès de 90 herboristes localisés dans 30 marchés du Sud-Bénin. La méthode utilisée est l’Achat en Triplet de Recettes Médicinales (ATRM) qui consiste à rendre visite au même herboriste, trois fois de suite, suivant un intervalle hebdomadaire. Ces visites permettent d’acheter des plantes indiquées dans le traitement de la fièvre typhoïde. A chaque visite, il est précisé à l’herboriste que son traitement est efficace mais très difficile pour le patient. La technique permet alors de vérifier la concordance dans les recettes proposées par ces herboristes au fil des trois visites et à identifier les plantes qui reviennent le plus dans ces recettes. Au cours de cette étude, 57 espèces de plantes vendues par les herboristes ont été recensées et parmi elles, les plus vendues sont : Senna siamea (8,3%), Phyllantus amarus (4,2%), Uvaria chamae (3,6%), Vachellia sieberiana (3%), Heterotis rotundifolia (3%), Crateva adansonii (2,8%), Citrus aurantiifolia (2,8%), Acanthospermum hispidum (2,6%), Corchorus olitorius (2,6%). Ces résultats constituent la base d’études ultérieures visant à évaluer expérimentalement les potentialités de ces plantes. Sous réserve d’explorations biologiques de leurs activités, les extraits de ces plantes pourraient constituer une source de Médicaments Traditionnels Améliorés (MTA) pour le traitement de la fièvre typhoide.

Utilisation des plantes du Sud-Bénin dans le traitement de la fièvre typhoïde : rôle des herboristes

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2018

Victorien Tamègnon Dougnon

Les fièvres typhoïdes et paratyphoïdes sont des maladies infectieuses causées par des entérobactéries du genre Salmonella. La contamination résulte le plus souvent de l'ingestion d'eau ou d'aliments contaminés. En l'absence de traitement, l'infection peut s'avérer mortelle. Les herboristes de marché constituent l’un des principaux recours en soins de santé primaires pour les populations des pays en voie de développement. Ils contribuent à la conservation des plantes et du savoir endogène. La présente étude vise à établir les potentialités de la flore béninoise pour le traitement de la fièvre typhoïde. Elle a été réalisée grâce à une étude ethnopharmacologique auprès de 90 herboristes localisés dans 30 marchés du Sud-Bénin. La méthode utilisée est l’Achat en Triplet de Recettes Médicinales (ATRM) qui consiste à rendre visite au même herboriste, trois fois de suite, suivant un intervalle hebdomadaire. Ces visites permettent d’acheter des plantes indiquées dans le traitement de la fièvre typhoïde. A chaque visite, il est précisé à l’herboriste que son traitement est efficace mais très difficile pour le patient. La technique permet alors de vérifier la concordance dans les recettes proposées par ces herboristes au fil des trois visites et à identifier les plantes qui reviennent le plus dans ces recettes. Au cours de cette étude, 57 espèces de plantes vendues par les herboristes ont été recensées et parmi elles, les plus vendues sont : Senna siamea (8,3%), Phyllantus amarus (4,2%), Uvaria chamae (3,6%), Vachellia sieberiana (3%), Heterotis rotundifolia (3%), Crateva adansonii (2,8%), Citrus aurantiifolia (2,8%), Acanthospermum hispidum (2,6%), Corchorus olitorius (2,6%). Ces résultats constituent la base d’études ultérieures visant à évaluer expérimentalement les potentialités de ces plantes. Sous réserve d’explorations biologiques de leurs activités, les extraits de ces plantes pourraient constituer une source de Médicaments Traditionnels Améliorés (MTA) pour le traitement de la fièvre typhoide.