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Effect of storage on bacteriological quality of borehole water
Abstract
The effect of storage on the bacteriological quality of water from a borehole was investigated. Water samples drawn from the borehole were stored in covered tap-fitted buckets of different colours at room temperature. Physicochemical parameters (pH and suspended solids contents) as well as bacteriological parameters (total bacterial and total coliform counts) were monitored over 12 days of storage. Generally, there was an increase in pH during storage. Their suspended solid content reduced by 75.0%, 92.3% and 40.0% during storage in the purple, blue and transparent buckets respectively. A total of eleven bacterial species were isolated at onset but only three of them: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris survived till the twelfth day of storage. There was also reduction in the total bacteria count by 82.5%, 83.35%, and 58.82% from an initial 17 x 104 CFU/ml during storage in the purple, blue and transparent buckets respectively. The total coliform count decreased by 99.18%, 82.35% and 91.36% in purple, blue and transparent buckets respectively from an initial 1100 MPN/100ml during the period of storage. The significance of storage as a means of enhancing water purification was discussed and suggestion provided on proper storage of water intended for drinking.African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology Vol. 6 (3) 2005: 213-218
... Maggy et al. (2003) indicated that the duration of storage affected the microbiological quality of stored ground water. Similarly, Olayemi et al. (2005) and Eniola et al. (2006) highlighted the importance of a few days of indoor storage in improving the physical and microbiological quality of water. In many communities in Nigeria, it is common to pump ground water into overhead storage-tanks. ...
... The observed increases in pH during storage could be due to the activities of the resident flora and or their death, which results in the release of inorganic substances such as ammonia (Rogbesan et al., 2002). The progressive reduction in suspended solid content is similar to the observations of Olayemi et al. (2005) and Eniola et al. (2006). It has been attributed to gravitational pull, which causes suspended materials to settle out of the water over time. ...
... The reduction in population of total bacteria as the day of storage increased in similar to the observation by Payment et al (1985). Decline in the bacterial population can be attributed to death of the resident bacteria during the storage period due to depletion of nutrients (Olayemi et al., 2005). Reduction in the bacterial load was more prominent in buckets stored outdoor. ...
Water from a borehole was collected into tap-fitted plastic buckets of different colours. A set of the buckets were stored indoor while duplicate were stored outdoor. The atmospheric conditions as indicated by sky condition, relative humidity, total radiation and aerosol optical depth were monitored during the storage period. The effects of colour of the container and storage conditions on the bacteriological quality of the stored water were studied by examining physicochemical (pH, temperature and total suspended solids) and bacteriological parameters (total bacterial count and total coliform count) indicative of water quality during the storage period. The atmosphere was generally cloudy with high relative humidity, while total radiation and aerosol optical depth were low; hence temperatures indoor and outdoor were not significantly different. The total suspended solid content and total heterotrophic bacterial counts declined with storage; decrease in bacterial counts was more pronounced in the transparent buckets stored outdoor. Eight bacterial species: Bacillus subtilis, Citrobacter diversus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated; three of them survived the indoor and outdoor storage. [Nature and Science. 2007;5(4):1-6].
... The reduction in bacterial count in all the samples is consistent with observations that storage for 10 to 12 days improves the bacteriological quality of water (Maggy et al., 2003;Olayemi et al., 2005 andEniola et al., 2006). This has been attributed to gravitational sedimentation and depletion of nutrients among others. ...
The effectiveness of salting as an intervention to make well water safe was assessed. Water from a covered, ringed well was collected into coloured tap-fitted buckets with lid and salt-NaCl (1% w/v) was added. The pH and bacteriological qualities (total bacterial and coliform counts) of the water samples were monitored under indoor and outdoor storage. Atmospheric conditions: Aerosol optical depths (AOD), relative humidity (RH), sky condition (SC) and total radiation (TR) were also monitored. The pH values ranged between 6.1 and 9.3; it increased during storage. The population of heterotrophic bacteria reduced by 77.53%; while coliform count reduced by 74.74%. Among the eight bacterial species initially isolated only E. coli, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomnas aeruginosa survived through the 15 days. The bacteriological quality of the water improved but still fell short of the WHO standard for drinking water. The study showed that salting of well water was not an effective point of use intervention to make water safe. Catchment protection, observance of the minimum safe distance (MSD) and regular surveillance would be useful in guarantying safety of well water.
... Water stored in black plastic (BKP) tanks for both water sources had slightly higher temperatures than those stored in blue plastic (BLP) and green plastic (GRP) tanks. This observation was earlier noted by Eniola (2013). The reason why water stored in black plastic tanks recorded temperatures higher than those stored in blue and green plastic tanks is because black body is a good absorbers of heat since its emissivity is one (1). ...
The lack of water mostly in the arid regions of the world has triggered water users to store water in different container materials. The situation is more pronounced in countries having epileptic power supply since pumping of groundwater whenever needed could not be guaranteed due to poor power supply. However, most water users bothered not about the quality of the water during storage. Hence, this paper investigated the chemistry of stored water especially in the arid regions which are usually known to have high solar heating during the dry season. In order to achieve this aim, two sources of potable water (tap and borehole water) were stored in twelve water storage containers (six for each water source) for a period of six weeks. The containers include black plastic tank, blue plastic tank, green plastic tank, coated steel metal tank, uncoated steel metal tank and clay pot. However, the water quality parameters examined were temperature, colour, total solids, dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorine content, pH, total hardness, and total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) which were all analyzed at a sampling frequency of seven days interval. Results showed that the colour of both water sources stored in uncoated steel metal tanks stretched from 5 TCU – 20 TCU, which indicates that the colour of water stored in these tanks were above the limit set by WHO (15 TCU) during certain period of storage. Similarly, values/concentrations of pH and THB in all the storage containers were found to exceed the limits set by WHO standard during certain periods (weeks) of retention for both water sources. This is because the pH value ranged from 5.8 - 8.7 while THB concentration ranged from 2.0×102 CFU/100ml - 1.56×104 CFU/100ml which are contrary to their allowable permissible limits (6.5 - 8.5 and 0.00 CFU/100ml - 1.0×104 CFU/100ml respectively). Nevertheless, the remaining water quality parameters were within the WHO permissible limits in all the storage vessels during the retention period. Hence, it was concluded that most water quality parameters of potable water stored in hygienic condition remain fresh during the first week of storage thereafter, the quality cannot be guaranteed.
... Also, among the plastic tanks, total bacteria recorded in water stored in green and blue tanks were lesser than those recorded in black tanks. This is due to the fact that the penetration of ultra violet rays through the coloured (green and blue) plastic tanks (Eniola, 2007;Kareem et al., 2014) might have destroyed some of the bacteria in these tanks. The high level of bacterial contamination recorded in water stored in clay pots can be as a result of the fact that the clay pots were stored indoor hence; the pots were not exposed to the direct effect of the ultra-violet rays which would have destroyed some of the bacteria. ...
Water storage is a necessity especially in developing countries where there is lack of constant water supply. However, the quality of water in storage after some period of time becomes questionable. This study therefore is aimed at determining the quality of both tap and borehole water during storage in different container materials for a period of six weeks. The container materials used were plastic tank (black, blue and green colours), steel metal tank (coated and uncoated) and clay pot. Water quality parameters examined were Temperature, Colour, Total solids, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH, Manganese (Mn) and Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB). Samples were taken at 7days interval and the results obtained showed that black plastic tank preserved water quality of both tap and borehole water better than the other container materials. The maximum retention period for storing water in all the container materials studied as inferred from the water quality was 3 weeks except for clay pot which the study showed that its retention period should not exceed 6 days, while uncoated steel metal tank was not recommended. It was concluded that black plastic container better preserved water quality during storage compared to coloured plastic container, galvanized or coated steel container as well as clay pot.
... Many reports have pointed out the importance of a few days of indoor storage in improving the physical and microbiological quality of water. The duration of storage is also known to affect the microbiological quality of stored ground water (Olayemi et al., 2005;Eniola et al., 2006). Storage acts in three ways; sedimentation, equalization and devitalisation (Graham et al., 1984). ...
The evaluation of the effectiveness of storage as a point-of-use means for improving the bacteriological quality of drinking water was carried out using a completely randomized block design. Total plate and total coliform counts were enumerated for day 0 -10 samples using Nutrient Agar (NA) and multiple tube techniques respectively. Physicochemical analyses of water samples were carried out using standard procedures including titrimetric methods. Ten bacteria species including Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freundil, Salmonella typhymurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Arizona spp., Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter aerogenes were isolated from water samples obtained from borehole, well and sachet water samples in the study area. For day zero samples, it was found that the total bacteria counts ranged from 1.01x10 2 to 4.38 x10 2 CFU/mL for borehole, 0.57x10 2 to 2.13x10 2 CFU/mL for well and 0.54x10 2 to 0.92x10 2 CFU/mL for sachet water. A significant reduction in bacteria load was recorded for all samples from day 2 to day 7 when the water samples were monitored over a period of ten days. The results reveal that water storage for 2-7 days is a viable point-of-use method of household level drinking water disinfection. © 2013 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved . Keywords: Nigerian Institute of Standards, Coliforms, water storage, E.coli.
This study examined the impact of Bisphenol A (BPA) on the physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of water in storage tanks in Salem University Lokoja. Borehole water samples were collected from three (3) locations within the University environment and stored in a jerry can for analysis. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria Count (THBC) in water samples ranged from 1.00± 0.30 x104 at week 0 to 8.95±1.00 x104 cfu/ml at week 3, while the total coliform count (TCC) also ranged from 1.30±0.15 x104 to 7.11±0.82 x104 cfu/ml. TCC and THBC were found to be higher than the NSDWQ Standard. The identified isolates from the borehole samples were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Serretia spp. Bisphenol A (BPA) was not detected in week 0, after week 3, components of Bisphenol A detected were methyl chloride, Benzene and Dichlorobenzene and their highest values were 0.054±0.033, 0.021±0.020 and 0.055±0.062 mg/l respectively. The pH, Turbidity, Total suspended solids, BOD and conductivity reduced as storage increased. Magnesium and calcium for sample B were found to have the highest value of 0.31 and 1.73 mg/l respectively. Storage of water for a long period of time should be discouraged as it could trigger increased leaching of BPA into the water which will affect its physicochemical and microbiologically quality. Keywords: Bacteria, Bisphenol A, Storage Water Tanks, Drinking Water Quality.
In this study, we evaluated the physicochemical and microbial qualities of source and tored household waters in some communities in Southwestern Nigeria using standard methods. Compared parameters include: physicochemical constituents; Temperature (T), pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Magnesium ion (Mg²⁺) and Calcium ion (Ca²⁺) and microbiological parameters included Total Coliform Counts (TC), Faecal Coliform Counts (FC), Fungal Counts (Fung C), Heterotrophic Plate Counts (HPC).Comparing Stored and Source samples, the mean values of some physicochemical parameters of most of the stored water samples significantly (p < 0.05) exceeded that of Sources and ranged in the following order: T (15.3 ± 0.3 °C-28.3 ± 0.5 °C), pH (6.4 ± 0.1-7.6 ± 0.1), TDS (192.1 ± 11.1 ppm-473.7 ± 27.9 ppm), TH (10.6 ± 1.7 mg/L-248.6 ± 18.6 mg/L), BOD (0.5 ± 0.0 mg/L-3.2 ± 0.3 mg/L), Mg²⁺ (6.5 ± 2.4 mg/L-29.1 ± 3.2 mg/L) and Ca²⁺ (6.5 ± 2.4 mg/L-51.6 ± 4.4 mg/L). The mean microbial counts obtained from microbial comparison of different points (Stored and Source) of collection showed that most of the stored water had counts significantly exceeding (p < 0.05) those of the source water samples (cfu/100 mL) which ranged as follows: TC (3.1 ± 1.5-156.8 ± 42.9), FC (0.0 ± 0.0-64.3 ± 14.2) and HPC (47.8 ± 12.1-266.1 ± 12.2) across all sampled communities. Also, the predominant isolates recovered from the samples were identified as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp. and Candida spp. The presence of these pathogenic and potentially pathogenic organisms in the waters and the high counts of the indicator organisms suggest the waters to be a threat to public health.
This study assessed the effectivenessofimproved storage containersonhousehold drinking water quality in four low-income urban communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. Three hundred randomly selected respondents were interviewed, while 44 house holds were selected and randomly assigned to four improved container treatment groups: Covered Buckets with Taps (CBT), Covered Buckets without Taps (CB), Covered Kegs with Taps (CKT) and Covered Kegs without Taps (CK). Water samples from springs, regular storage containers (RSC), and improved containers were analysed for total coliform (TC), total viable bacteria (TVB) and Escherichia coli for 2 weeks. About 96% reported using the same containers for cooking and drinking water, while only 23.3% used a form of water treatment. TC count for RSC and CB exceeded the recommended limit. Only 3 (6.8%) of the samples from RSC contained E. coli. A statistically significant difference was observed between the mean TC counts of samples from the improved containers. Percentage reduction in TC count from RSC, and the improved containers (CB, CBT, CK and CKT) were 25.4%, 37.3%, 45.0%, 56.8% and 53.8% respectively. Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus and Pseudomonas were isolated from the water samples.CKproduced the best result. Hygiene education on use of appropriate storage containers for drinking water is recommended at the household level.
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