Administrative Segregation, Degrees of Isolation, and Incarceration: A National Overview of State and Federal Correctional Policies

Abstract

This report provides an overview of state and federal policies related to long-term isolation of inmates, a practice common in the United States and one that has drawn attention in recent years from many sectors. All jurisdictions in the United States provide for some form of separation of inmates from the general population. Prison administrators see the ability to separate inmates as central to protecting the safety of both inmates and staff. Yet many correctional systems are reviewing their use of segregated confinement; as controversy surrounds this form of control, its duration, and its effects.The debates about these practices are reflected in the terms used, with different audiences taking exceptions to each. Much of the recent public discussion calls the practice “solitary confinement” or “isolation.” In contrast, correctional facility policies use terms such as “segregation,” “restricted housing,” or “special management,” and some corrections leaders prefer the term “separation.” All agree that the practice entails separating inmates from the general population and restricting their participation in everyday activities; such as recreation, shared meals, and religious, educational, and other programs. The degree of contact permitted — with staff, other inmates, or volunteers — varies. Some jurisdictions provide single cells and others double; in some settings, inmates find ways to communicate with each other. The length of time spent in isolation can vary from a few days to many years.This report provides a window into these practices. This overview describes rules promulgated by prison officials to structure decisions on the placement of persons in “administrative segregation,” which is one form of separation of inmates from the general population. Working with the Association of State Correctional Administrators (ASCA), the Arthur Liman Program at Yale Law School launched an effort to review the written policies related to administrative segregation promulgated by correctional systems in the United States. With ASCA’s assistance, we obtained policies from 47 jurisdictions, including 46 states and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. This overview provides a national portrait of policies governing administrative segregation for individuals in prisons, outlines the commonalities and variations among jurisdictions, facilitates comparisons across jurisdictions, and enables consideration of how and when administrative segregation is and should be used. Because this review is of written policies, it raises many questions for research – about whether the policies are implemented as written, achieve the goals for which they are crafted, and at what costs. Information is needed on the demographic data on the populations held in various forms of segregated custody, the reasons for placement of individuals in and the duration of such confinement, the views of inmates, of staff on site, and of central office personnel; and the long-term effects of administrative segregation on prison management and on individuals. Without such insights, one cannot assess the experiences of segregation from the perspectives of those who run, those who work in, and those who live in these institutions.

Full text

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final
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AdministrativeSegregation,
DegreesofIsolation,andIncarceration:
ANationalOverviewofStateand
FederalCorrectionalPolicies
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June2013
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HopeMetcalf,JameliaMorgan,SamuelOliker‐
Friedland,JudithResnik,JuliaSpiegel,HaranTae,
AlyssaWork,andBrianHolbrook*
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AProjectoftheLimanPublicInterestProgramat
YaleLawSchool

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final
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Theviewsandconclusionsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthors
andarenottobeattributedtoYaleLawSchoolortotheindividualsand
organizationsthatprovidedassistanceforthiswork.
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Copyright©2013,LimanPublicInterestProgram.
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Formoreinformation,contactHopeMetcalf,hope.metcalf@yale.edu.

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final
TableofContents
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TheProjectandItsGoals......................................................................................................................................................................1
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TheScopeoftheResearch..................................................................................................................................................................2
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TheResearchMethodology................................................................................................................................................................3
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OverviewofFindings...............................................................................................................................................................................4
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CriteriaforPlacementinAdministrativeSegregation.....................................................................................................5
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TheProceduresandProcessesforPlacement...................................................................................................................11
Initial(Non‐Emergency)Placement......................................................................................................................................11
NoticeandHearings...........................................................................................................................................11
Decision‐makers....................................................................................................................................................12
Evidence......................................................................................................................................................................12
Assistanceof/RepresentativesforInmates.......................................................................................12
Review/AppealofInitial(Non‐Emergency)Placements..........................................................13
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PeriodicReview........................................................................................................................................................................................14
InitialPost‐AssignmentReview...............................................................................................................................................15
PeriodicReviewThereafter........................................................................................................................................................15
ProceduresforPeriodicReview..............................................................................................................................................16
Decision‐makers....................................................................................................................................................16
HearingsandAppeals.......................................................................................................................................16
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Conditions,Step‐DownPrograms,Visitation,andDegreesofIsolation.........................................................17
Structured(“Step‐Down”)Programs...................................................................................................................................17
VisitationDuringSegregation...................................................................................................................................................18
CategoriesofVisitors........................................................................................................................................18
Contact/Non‐ContactVisits..........................................................................................................................19
AdditionalRequirementsandRestrictions.........................................................................................19
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AdditionalResearchAgendas.........................................................................................................................................................20
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Endnotes............................................................................................................................... .........................................................................23
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Appendices: A.SummaryoftheReport
B.SummaryofPeriodicReviewProcesses
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LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final
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ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES
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LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 1
TheProjectandItsGoals
Thisreportprovidesanoverviewofstateandfederalpoliciesrelatedtolong‐term
isolationofinmates,apracticecommonintheUnitedStatesandonethathasdrawnattention
inrecentyearsfrommanysectors.AlljurisdictionsintheUnitedStatesprovideforsomeform
ofseparationofinmatesfromthegeneralpopulation.Ascorrectionalpoliciesexplain,prison
administratorsunderstandtheabilitytoseparateinmatesascentraltoprotectingthesafetyof
bothinmatesandstaff.Yetmanycorrectionalsystemsarereviewingtheiruseofsegregated
confinement,ascontroversysurroundsthisformofcontrol,itsduration,anditseffects.
Thedebatesaboutthesepracticesarereflectedinthetermsused,withdifferent
audiencestakingexceptionstoeach.Muchoftherecentpublicdiscussioncallsthepractice
“solitaryconfinement”or“isolation.”Forexample,inJuneof2012,theSubcommitteeonthe
Constitution,CivilRights,andHumanRightsoftheUnitedStatesSenate’sJudiciaryCommittee
heldahearing,“ReassessingSolitaryConfinement:TheHumanRights,Fiscal,andPublicSafety
Consequences.”1AreportfromtheNewYorkCivilLibertiesUnionofferedamoredramatic
description:“BoxedIn:TheTrueCostofExtremeIsolationinNewYork’sPrisons.”2Some
commentatorsusetheshorthandof“23/7.”Incontrast,correctionalfacilitypoliciesuseterms
suchas“segregation,”“restrictedhousing,”or“specialmanagement,”3andsomecorrections
leadersprefertheterm“separation.”A2013reviewoftheFederalBureauofPrisons’policies,
forexample,calledfor“improvements”inthe“monitoringandevaluation”oftheeffectsof
“segregatedhousing.”4
Allagreethatthepracticeentailsseparatinginmatesfromthegeneralpopulationand
restrictingtheirparticipationineverydayactivitiessuchasrecreation,sharedmeals,and
religious,educational,andotherprograms.Thedegreeofcontactpermitted—withstaff,other
inmates,orvolunteers—varies.Somejurisdictionsprovidesinglecellsandothersdouble;in
somesettings,inmatesfindwaystocommunicatewitheachother.Inotherinstances,the
isolationcanbeprofound.AsJusticeAnthonyKennedydescribedonesystemin2005,it
structuredplacementtomakeit“morerestrictivethananyotherform”ofincarceration
availableinthatstate.5Thecellshad“solidmetaldoorswithmetalstrips...whichprevent
conversationorcommunicationwithotherinmates.Itisfairtosay[thatinmatesinthatfacility]
aredeprivedofalmostallenvironmentalorsensorystimuliandofalmostallhumancontact...
foranindefiniteperiodoftime,limitedonlybyaninmate’ssentence.”6Asreflectedinthis
quote,thelengthoftimespentinisolationcanvaryfromafewdaystomanyyears.Onthe
otherhand,somecorrectionssystemsaimtoseparateinmateswhileenablingthemtohave
regularcontactwithavarietyofindividualsandtoreducethedegreeofisolationentailed.
Thisreportprovidesawindowintothesepractices.Thisoverviewdescribesrules
promulgatedbyprisonofficialstostructuredecisionsontheplacementofpersonsin
“administrativesegregation,”whichisoneformofseparationofinmatesfromthegeneral
population.WorkingwiththeAssociationofStateCorrectionalAdministrators(ASCA),the
ArthurLimanProgramatYaleLawSchoollaunchedanefforttoreviewthewrittenpolicies
relatedtoadministrativesegregationpromulgatedbycorrectionalsystemsintheUnitedStates.

THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final2
WithASCA’sassistance,weobtainedadministrativesegregationpoliciesfrom47jurisdictions,
including46statesandtheFederalBureauofPrisons.
Thisoverviewhasfourgoals.First,itprovidesanationalportraitofpoliciesgoverning
administrativesegregationforindividualsinprisons.Second,byoutliningthecommonalities
andvariationsamongjurisdictions,thereportfacilitatescomparisonsacrossjurisdictions.Third,
thecomparisonsenableconsiderationofhowandwhenadministrativesegregationisand
shouldbeused.Fourth,thereportinvitesadiversegroupofreaders,comingfromdifferent
perspectives,toexchangeviewsonhowtocreatedetentionthatissafeandthatfacilitatesthe
reentryofincarceratedindividualsintotheircommunities.
Asthepoliciesdetailedbelowmakeplain,correctionalofficialsbelievethatprotection
ofinmatesandstaffisenhancedthroughlong‐termseparationpolicies.Whatcannotbeknown
fromthisreviewiswhetherthepoliciesareimplementedaswritten,achievethegoalsfor
whichtheyarecrafted,andatwhatcosts.Aswediscussintheconclusion,moredetailed
informationisneeded,includinganalysisofadditionalfacetsofthepolicies;demographicdata
onthepopulationsheldinvariousformsofsegregatedcustody;reviewofthereasonsfor
placementofindividualsinandthedurationofsuchconfinement;surveysandinterviewsof
inmates,ofstaffonsite,andofcentralofficepersonnel;examinationofthedegreeofisolation
attendanttothevariousformsofadministrativesegregation;andassessmentsofthelong‐term
effectsofadministrativesegregationonprisonmanagementandonindividuals.Withoutsuch
insights,onecannotassesstheexperiencesofsegregationfromtheperspectivesofthosewho
run,thosewhoworkin,andthosewholiveintheseinstitutions.
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TheScopeoftheResearch
Severalpreliminarycommentsaboutthescopeofthisoverviewareinorder.
First,mostsystemsseparateprisonersforthreebasicpurposes:toprotectanindividual
fromparticularthreats(generallytermedprotectivecustody);toimposeasanctionfora
discreteact(punitiveordisciplinarysegregation);ortocontrolanindividualperceivedtoposea
currentorfuturerisk(administrativesegregation).Overlapexistsamongthedifferentkindsof
segregation.Forexample,afewpolicieslistaninmate’sownprotectionasareasontoputhim
orherintoadministrativesegregation.
Uponreviewingthepoliciesin48jurisdictionsregardingvariousformsofsegregation,
allbutoneexpresslyaddresssomeformofadministrativesegregation.7Therefore,this
overviewfocusesonthe47jurisdictions’policiesgoverninglong‐termadministrative
segregation,definedastheplacementofinmatesinacell(eitheraloneorwithacellmate)for
approximately23hoursaday,andwhichcanlastforthirtydaysormore.
Thepoliciesreviewedanddetailedheresharethesamebasicfeatures:anon‐punitive
purpose,open‐endedduration,closeconfinement,andrestrictedactivitiesandsocialcontact.

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES
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LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 3
Insomeinstances,statepoliciesaddressmorethanoneversionofadministrativesegregation
andcreatedifferentrulesshapingdifferentkindsofadministrativesegregation.
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Despitetheirsimilarities,thepoliciesarenotuniformintheirnomenclatureandrelyon
avarietyofterms:“administrativeclosesupervision,”“administrativeconfinement,”
“administrativemaximum,”“administrativesegregation,”“behaviormodification,”
“departmentalsegregation,”“inmatesegregation,”“intensivemanagement,”“lockedunit,”
“maximumcontrolunit,”“restrictedhousing,”“securitycontrol,”“securityhousingunit,”
“segregatedhousing,”“specialhousingunit,”and“specialmanagement.”Unlikepopular
commentary,thepoliciesdonotusetheterms“solitary”or“isolation.”
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Second,ourfocushasbeenoninstitutionsrunbythegovernment,manyofwhich
providetheirpoliciesthroughpublicdatabases.Privateprisonsarebecominganincreasingly
largepercentageofthedetentionfacilitiesintheUnitedStates,buttheirpracticesareless
readilyavailable.Thisoverviewdoesnotincludepoliciesfromprivateprisons.
Third,thechallengesincompilingandcomparingpoliciesaresignificant.Asnoted,
correctionalsystemsdonotstandardizethetermsrelatedtosegregation,norprovidethesame
levelsofdetail,andmanyjurisdictionsemploymorethanonekindofadministrative
segregation.Becauseofthedifferentformsofadministrativesegregation,thedivergent
criteria,thearrayofprocessesfortheinitialandforongoingplacement,andthevarying
conditionsanddegreesofisolation,thisoverviewnecessarilygeneralizesandexcludessome
detailsofpolicies.
Fourth,weselectedcertainaspectsofpoliciestocompare.Welookedatthecriteriafor
entry;theprocessforplacement;theopportunitiesforreviewovertime;andtheavailabilityof
visitors.Manymorefacetsoftherulesneedtobeexplored,includingregulationsrelatedto
physicalandmentalhealth;thespacesinwhichindividualsareconfined;whetheranypersonal
effectsandmaterialsarepermitted;therangeofopportunitiestobeinvolvedinprogramming
whilesegregated;andthedegreeofcontactwithpeopleoutsideprisons.
Fifth,becausewefocusedonstate‐wideregulations,thisoverviewdoesnotinclude
institution‐levelpoliciesordailypostordersandspecialdirectives.Jurisdictionstypicallyhave
severalfacilities,andmanyjurisdictionsseparateindividualsbygenderandage.Thisreport
doesnotprovideinformationondistinctionsattheinstitutionallevelandinfacilitiesformen,
women,oryoungerinmates.Further,wedidnotcollectdatafromeachjurisdictiononthe
actualuseofthepolicies,nordidweobtainthenumbersofindividualsinsegregation,the
demographicsofthepopulationsegregated,orthedurationoftimespentinsegregation.
TheResearchMethodology
Theinformationinthisreportcomesfromtwowavesofresearch.First,workingwith
studentsandfacultyatColumbiaLawSchool,wereviewedpoliciesthatwereavailablebyway
ofDepartmentsofCorrections’websitesandonWestlaw,aswellastwopoliciesobtained
throughFreedomofInformationActrequests.Thateffortresultedinadraftreportdiscussing

THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final4
43jurisdictions,includingtheFederalBureauofPrisons,buthadthelimitationsofalessthan
fullsetofandvaryingdegreesofdetailsinpolicies.Thosematerialswerepresentedata
conferenceconvenedbyColumbiaLawSchoolinApril2012,atwhichcorrections
administrators,researchers,mentalhealthexperts,practitioners,andscholarsgatheredto
discusssegregationandisolationinprisons.8

Second,workingwiththeAssociationofStateCorrectionsAdministrators(ASCA),we
requestedmaterialsfromallfiftystates.ThroughtheeffortsofASCAanditsresponding
members,41statesprovidedcurrentpoliciesrelatedtosegregation;onepolicywasadraft.9
Therefore,wewereabletoaddanalysesforthosestatesonwhichwehadhadnoprior
information.Inall,thisoverviewreportsonpoliciesfrom47jurisdictions,including46states
andtheFederalBureauofPrisons.10Asnoted,inafewinstances,weanalyzedpoliciesthat
statesreportedwereunderrevision.
InJanuaryof2013,wereportedthefindingsatanannualmeetingofASCA,andin
Februaryof2013,wecirculated—withASCA’sassistance—adraftreporttostatecorrectional
leadersandaskedeachjurisdictiontoreviewthedraftandtosubmitcomments,corrections,or
supplementalinformation.Bythecloseofthecommentperiod,wehadreceivedcomments
from18states.Theresponsesincludedcorrections,clarifications,andsuggestionsthat
improvedthisreport.

OverviewofFindings
Provisionstoplaceinmatesintoadministrativesegregationorotherwisetoseparate
inmatesandtoisolatethemtosomedegreeexistinallofthepolicieswereviewed.Belowwe
detailtheircommonfeatures,whicharealsosummarizedinAppendixA.
Thepoliciesallexplainthattheirpurposeistoensurethesafetyandsecurityofinmates
andstaff.Inotherwords,aprimarygoalofadministrativesegregationisincapacitation.Many
jurisdictionsalsoemployadditionalgroundsforplacement,suchasthekindofoffensefor
whichapersonisincarcerated,thenumberofinfractionsapersonhashad,orapending
investigation.Afewpolicieslimitthosecriteriabyrequiring,forexample,evidenceofspecific
harms,suchasevidenceoftheimpositionofseriousbodilyharmorattemptsatescape.
Readingthemanypoliciesmakesplainthedegreeofdiscretionaccordedtocorrectional
officials.Attheformalpolicylevel,mostpermitplacementinsegregationbasedonawide
rangeofrationales.Theelasticitysuggeststhatadministrativesegregationmaybeusedfor
goalsotherthanincapacitation.Inexchangesaboutourinquiryintoadministrativesegregation,
severalcommentatorsreferredtothepotentialforitsoverusebasedonwhatiscolloquially
knownasbeing“mad”ataprisoner,ascontrastedwithbeing“scared”ofthatindividual.
Intermsoftheprocessesfordecision‐making,allthepoliciesauthorizeanimmediate
temporaryplacementinsegregation.Thereafter,somebutnotalljurisdictionsprovidefor

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 5
noticeofthegroundsfortheplacementandanopportunityforahearingtocontinuethe
segregateddetention.Thekindofnoticeandhearingvariessubstantially,asdothedecision‐
makers.Somesystemsleavedecision‐makingattheunit‐level,othersplaceauthorityin
committees,andothersrequireoversightbythewardenorthecentraloffice.
Further,allpoliciesprovideforsomeformofongoingreview,butagain,withagreat
dealofdiversityintermsoftiming,levelofoversight,andcriteria.Moreover,giventhebreadth
ofdiscretion,whetherreviewandoversightimposesconstraintscannotbeknownfromthe
policies.
Jurisdictionsvaryconsiderablyintermsofthedetailprovidedregardingtherestrictions
placeduponindividualsonceinsegregation,intermsoftheconditionsoftheconfinement,
accesstoprogramsandtovisitors,andthecriteriaforreturntothegeneralpopulation
(sometimestermed“step‐down”programs).Ourreviewofonefacet—visiting—documents
thatinmatesinsegregationhavemorerestrictedopportunitiesforvisitsintermsofwhether
contactispermittedandthefrequencyandduration.Further,opportunitiesdependon
inmates’behavior,andinstitutional‐levelactorshavediscretiontolimitvisits.Lawyersare
generallytreateddistinctivelytoenablevisitsbut,likeothervisitors,encounterthechallenges
thatadministrativesegregationimposes,suchasneedingspecialpermissiontovisitclients.
Insum,awidenetofauthoritypermitsinmatestobeplacedinsegregation.Policiesall
outlineprocedurestodoso,andafewjurisdictionsmakeplacementsmoredifficultby
imposingspecificcontrolsonsuchdecisions.Thecriteriaforkeepingindividualsinsegregation
andthedirectivesonhowtoenableinmatestoexitsegregationarelesswell‐defined.The
findingsdetailedinthisreportneedtobeaugmentedbyresearchabouthowthewritten
policiesareimplementedattheinstitutionalandsystemlevels,howthesepoliciesare
experiencedbyinmatesandstaff,thecostsandeffects,andthealternatives.

CriteriaforPlacementinAdministrativeSegregation
Wefoundagreatdealofoverlapinpolicy‐basedreasonsforsegregation.Manystates
defineadministrativesegregationasaformofseparationfromthegeneralpopulationforan
inmatewhorequiresahigherdegreeofsupervisionbecausetheinmateposes“athreat”or“a
seriousthreat”to“thelife,property,security,ororderlyoperationoftheinstitution.”11Many
jurisdictionsalsoprovideauthoritytoseparateaninmatebecauseheorsheposesadangerto
“self,staff,orotherinmates”12orto“protectthepublic.”13Severalstatesfurtherspecifythat
thepurposeofadministrativesegregationisnotpunitive.14

Awindowintothepolicycriteriaforplacement,theirgenerality,andvariabilitycomes
fromlookingfirstatthepolicyofonestate—Nebraska.Thereafter,wehavecompiledspecific
criteriausedinotherpolicies.Wealsoprovideexamplesofgeneralmandatesforplacementin
segregation,ofpoliciestyingplacementtotheapprovalbyawardenortheDirectorofa
department,andofpoliciesaimingtonarrowthebasesforplacement.

THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final6
IllustrativePolicies
AdministrativeSegregation—CriteriaforPlacement:Nebraska
DepartmentofCorrectionalServices

“Whenconsideringtheassignmentto,continuationof,orremovalfrom
AdministrativeSegregation,thedecisionmaker(s)mustconsider,butisnotlimited
to:
1.Thethreatpotentialtostaffand/orinmatesposedbytheinmate.
2.Thebehaviorsleadingtotheinmate'sreferralorplacementonAdministrative
Segregationstatus.
3.Theinmate'shistoryoforlackofpredatorybehavior.
4.Theinmate'shistoryoforlackofassaultivebehavior.
5.Theinmate'shistoryoforlackofescape/attemptedescapes.
6.Theinmate'shistoryoforlackofmembershipinacriminalthreatgroup.
7.Theinjuriestheinmatemayhavecausedtoothers.
8.Theinmate'suseofweapon(s)inthisorpriorincidents.
9.Theinmate'sdocumentedmentalhealthissues.
10.Theinmate'spriorcriminalhistory.
11.Theinmate'spriordisciplinaryrecord(misconductreports,etc.).
12.Theinmate'shistoryoforlackofillicitdrugusewithintheNebraskaDepartment
ofCorrectionalServices.
13.Theprogrammingthattheinmatehasorhasnotcompleted.
14.Thepriorclassificationdecisionsinvolvingtheinmate’sstatus.
15.Theinmate'sdocumentedbehavior(incidentreports,etc.)andinteractionswith
staffandotherinmates.
16.TheprofessionaljudgmentandrecommendationsofNebraskaDepartmentof
CorrectionalServicesstaffregardingtheclassificationoftheinmate.
17.Therealorperceivedthreatofharmtotheinmatefromotherinmates.
18.Theinmate'sstatementsregardingadmissionofprioractions,acommitmentto
changingbehavior,andaccountabilityforprioracts.
19.Anyotherinformationregardingtheinmatethattheclassificationauthority
deemsappropriate.”
- Nebraska,Admin.Reg.201.05(V)(A)

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 7
ExamplesofAdditionalEnumeratedFactors

“[P]endinginvestigationfortrial...orpendingtransfer.”
- Alaska,DOCPolicy804.01(V)


“[D]isruptivegeographicalgroupand/organg‐relatedactivity.”
- FederalBureauofPrisons,P5217.01(2)(SMUs)


“[J]eopardizestheintegrityofaninvestigationofanallegedseriousmisconductor
criminalactivity.”
– California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3335(a)


“Aconvictionofacrimerepugnanttotheinmatepopulation.”
– Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐
602.220(3)(c)(3)(e)


“Otherfactorssuchasphysicalsize,buildandageproducingariskfromthegeneral
inmatepopulation.”
– Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐
602.220(c)(3)(g)


“[Inmaterequests]admission.”
- Georgia,SOPIIB09‐0001‐1.D(manypolicies
addressthisunderprotectivecustody)


“[T]hosewhoreceivedunusualpublicitybecauseofthenatureoftheircrime,arrest,or
trial,orwhoareinvolvedincriminalactivityofasophisticatednature,suchasorganized
crime.”
– Montana,MSP4.2.1(IV)(C)(d)


“[T]hosewithspecialneeds,includingthosedefinedbyage,infirmity,mentalillness,
developmentaldisabilities,addictivedisorders,andmedicalproblems.”
– Montana,MSP4.2.1(IV)(C)(f);seealsoKentucky
CPP10.2(II)(g)(3)(i)(mentalillness);Maryland,
CaseManagementManual,DOC.100.002‐
18B(§18)(B)(2)(e)(medicalormentalhealth)


THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final8

“PrisonertestspositiveforHIVinfectionandissubsequentlyfoundguiltyofamajor
misconductforbehaviorwhichcouldtransmitHIVinfection.”
- Montana,04.05120L(6)


“[A]sa'coolingoffmeasure.'”
– NorthCarolina,C.1201(A)(4)(e)


“[N]orecordsand/oressentialinformationareavailabletodeterminetheinmate’s
custodylevelorhousingneeds.”
– Pennsylvania,DC–ADM802.1(A)(1)(j)


“Thereisahistoryofunresponsivenesstocounselingorconventionaldisciplinary
sanctionsandtheinmateisflagrantlyorchronicallydisruptivetothesecurityand/or
disciplinedoperationoftheinstitution.”
– SouthDakota,1.3.D.4(B)(5)


“[Inmateis]pendingprosecutionanddispositionincriminalcourtforfelonycharges
incurredduringincarceration.”
– Tennessee,404.10(VI)(A)(d);seealsoMiss.
SOP19‐01‐01(77)


“Theinmateisendingconfinementindisciplinarysegregationstatus,andreturntothe
generalpopulationwouldthreatenthesafety,security,andorderlyoperationofa
correctionalfacility,orpublicsafety.”
- FederalBureauofPrisons,BOP541.23.



ExamplesofPolicieswithFewEnumeratedFactorsandGeneralAuthority

“Non‐punitiveplacementofaninmateinacellwhosecontinuedpresenceinthegeneral
populationposesaseriousthreattolife,property,securityortheorderlyoperationof
theinstitution.”
- Alabama,AR436(III)(A)

“Anyothercircumstanceswhere,inthejudgmentofstaff,theoffendermayposea
threattothesecurityofthefacility.”
- Arkansas,AR836DOC(VI)(A)(6)

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 9

“[T]heoffender’scontinuedpresenceinthegeneralpopulationposesathreattolife,
property,self,staff,otheroffenders,ortothesafety/securityororderlyoperationof
thefacility.”
- Delaware,DOCPolicy4.3(IV)(A);seealso
Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802(III);Oklahoma,OP‐
040204(1)(A)

“[T]hecontinuedpresenceoftheinmateingeneralpopulationwouldposeaserious
threattothecommunity,property,self,staff,otherinmates,orthesecurityorthegood
governmentofthefacility.”
- Hawaii,COR.11.01.2.2(a)(2);seealsoNorth
Dakota,DOC5A‐20(2)(A);Vermont,DOC
410.03(1)(e)

“...[B]asedon:1)thethreatanoffender’scontinuedpresenceinthegeneral
populationposestolife,self,staff,otheroffenders,orproperty;2)threatposedbythe
offendertotheorderlyoperationandsecurityofthefacility;and3)regulationofan
offender’sbehaviorwhichwasnotwithinacceptablelimitswhileinthegeneraloffender
population.”
- Indiana,DOC02‐01‐111(II)

“Administrativesegregationadmissionresultsfromadeterminationbythefacilitythat
theinmate’spresenceingeneralpopulationwouldposeathreattothesafetyand
securityofthefacility.” 
- NewYork,7NYCRR301.4(b)

“[W]hentheirpatternofconductdemonstratesachronicinabilitytoadjusttothe
generalpopulation;indicatesmaximumpersonalprotectionisrequired;orconstitutesa
seriousthreattotheAdultCorrectionalInstitutions.”
- RhodeIsland,15.11‐3.DOC



ExamplesofDiscretionTiedtoApprovalbyWarden,Director,orCommissioner

“Othercircumstancesmaywarrantplacementinadministrativesegregation.Such
placementwillrequireapprovalbytheDirectorofPrisons.”
– Colorado,AR650‐03(IV)(b)(6)

“TheWatchCommander,orhigherauthority,mayorderimmediateAdministrative
Segregationwhenitisnecessarytoprotecttheoffenderorothers.Thisactionis
reviewedwithin72hoursbythefacilityWarden.”
- Delaware,DOCPolicy4.3(VI)(A)

THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final10

“AninmatemaybeplacedorretainedinaDSU[DepartmentalSegregationUnit]only
afterafindingbytheCommissionerbasedonsubstantialevidencethat,ifconfinedin
thegeneralpopulationofanystatecorrectionalfacility:(1)Theinmateposesa
substantialthreattothesafetyofothers;or(2)Theinmateposesasubstantialthreatof
damagingordestroyingproperty;or(3)Theinmateposesasubstantialthreattothe
operationofastatecorrectionalfacility.”
– Massachusetts,103CMR421.09

AnExampleofNarrowedPlacementCriteria
Virginiareviseditscriteriain2012tonarrowthebasesforplacementinadministrative
segregation.Tocapturethechanges,wehavepreservedtheversionwithtrackchangesthat
showthecriteriathatwereaddedordeleted.
ThefollowingSegregationQualifiersindicatethattheoffendershouldbeconsideredfor
assignmenttoSecurityLevelS:
S‐1–AggravatedAssaultonstaff
S‐2–AggravatedAssaultonInmatew/weaponorResultinginSeriousInjuryw/o
weapon
S‐3–RepeatedorContinuousRefusaltoenterGPataSecurityLevel4or5facility
for12monthsNotUsed
S‐4‐SeriousEscapeRisk‐requiringmaximumsecuritysupervision
S‐5‐CommissionofCrimeofExceptionalViolenceand/orNotoriety
S‐6‐ExcessiveViolentDisciplinaryCharges–reflectinginabilitytoadjusttoalower
levelofsupervision
S‐7‐SettingFireResultinginInjurytoPersonsorExtensiveDamagetoState
Property
S‐8‐RiotingresultinginInjurytoPersonsorExtensiveDamagetoStateProperty
S‐9‐SeizingorHoldingHostages
S‐10‐PossessionofFirearms,Ammunition,Explosives,Weapons
S‐11‐KnowinglyTransferringHIVorotherDiseasetoAnotherPersonorRefusalto
SubmittoTesting
S‐12‐GangActivityRelatedtoanyCategoryIOffenseoraDocumentedGang
LeadershipRole
S‐13–StaffManipulator/Predator
S‐14–Behaviorthatrepresentsathreatleveltoogreatforthesafetyandsecurityof
alowerlevelinstitution.
- Virginia,OperatingProcedure830.2,Security
LevelClassification.


ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 11
______________

Tosummarize,theadmissioncriteriainmostsystemspermitdiscretiontodecision‐
makersonthebehaviorsthattriggerplacement.Acommonfeatureacrossjurisdictionsisthat
thesubstantivecriteriaforplacementincludeaninvocationofthesafetyofinmatesandstaffas
wellasofinstitutionalsecurity.Incapacitationistheleitmotif.Manyjurisdictionsalsoemploy
moreparticularizedgroundsforplacement,suchasthekindofoffenseforwhichapersonis
incarceratedorthenumberofinfractionsapersonhasincurred,butthesecriteriaaretypically
inadditiontoratherthaninlieuofthemoregeneralsafetyandsecurityjustifications.In
jurisdictionsseekingtomonitormorecloselytheuseofadministrativesegregation,suchas
Colorado,policiesmayberevisedtorequireashowingofseriousbodilyharmorotherdiscrete
acts.15Virginiaisanexampleofasystemthatreviseditspolicytorequirespecificpredicate
actsforadmissiontolong‐termsegregation.16

TheProceduresandProcessesforPlacement
Inadditiontoreviewingcriteriaforentry,welookedathowplacementdecisionswere
madebyexaminingpoliciesattwojunctures—thefirst(non‐emergency)placementandthen
whatisgenerallytermed“periodicreview.”Ourquestionsincludedwhetherjurisdictions
providedaprocessthatgavetheinmatenoticeofthereasonsforplacement,anin‐person
hearingtoassessinformation,andotherproceduresforreviewandreconsideration.
Whenreadingpolicies,itwassometimesdifficulttodecidewhattoclassifyasa
“hearing.”Somepoliciesappeartoincludeformalopportunitiesforpresentationsbyinmates,
whileotherpoliciesmentionthepossibilityofinmatestatementsbutwereunclearabout
whethersuchinformationwasprovideddirectlytothedecision‐makers.Inthesummarybelow,
wetakeanexpansiveviewofwhatconstitutesa“hearing”and“evidence.”Specifically,as
“hearing”weincludeprocessesbywhichinmatesareaffordedtheopportunitytogivea
statementandtoheartheallegedgroundsforthesegregation.“Evidence”forthesepurposes
includesallformsofdocumentaryortestimonialsubmissions.Becauseourreviewislimitedto
policies,wecannotreportonwhetherthepractices—forexample,thetimingofhearingsand
theinformationreliedupon—comportwiththespecificationsinthepolicies.


Initial(Non‐Emergency)Placement
NoticeandHearings
Thirty‐eightjurisdictionsspecifyahearinguponinitialplacement.17Allbutsevenof
thesejurisdictionsalsorequirethatsomeformofwrittennoticebeprovidedtotheinmatein
advanceofthehearing.Amongstatesthatprovidehearings,nearlyallprovideforhearingsto
beheldwithin14daysofplacement.ConnecticutandOhiocallforhearingswithin30days,18

THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final12
andIowaspecifiesthatafirsthearingbeheldat60days.19Wyomingrequiresschedulinga
hearingwithinfivebusinessdaysofplacement.20Ninejurisdictionshavepoliciesthatauthorize
administrativesegregationanddonotmentionhearings.21

Decision‐Makers
Mostofthepoliciesexaminedprovidethatadiversesetofinstitutionalauthorities—
staff,shiftcommanders,deputywardens,wardens—couldmakeaninitialdecisiontoplacea
personimmediatelyinsegregation.Policiesthencallforadditionalproceduresthereafter.

Thirty‐onejurisdictionsauthorizedecision‐makingbyacommittee.Thesestatesare:
Alabama,Arkansas,Colorado,Florida,Georgia,Idaho,Indiana,Iowa,Kansas,Maryland,
Massachusetts,Maine,Minnesota,Missouri,Montana,Nebraska,Nevada,NewHampshire,
NewJersey,NewMexico,NewYork,NorthCarolina,NorthDakota,Oklahoma,Pennsylvania,
RhodeIsland,SouthDakota,Virginia,Washington,Wisconsin,andWyoming.22Insome
instances,asinNewJerseyandVirginia,ahearingofficermakesaninitialrecommendationto
thecommittee.
Intwelvejurisdictions,ahearingofficer(oranotherindividualofficial)decideswhether
toplananinmateinadministrativesegregation.Theyare:Alaska,Arizona,California,
Connecticut,Delaware,theFederalBureauofPrisons,Illinois,Michigan,Mississippi,Ohio,
Oregon,andVermont.23Inthreejurisdictions,Hawaii,Kentucky,andTennessee,thewardenor
his/herdesigneeisresponsibleformakinginitialdeterminations.24WestVirginia’spolicydoes
notspecifythedecidingauthority.25

Evidence
Ofthe38jurisdictionsthatspecifyhearingprocedures,30jurisdictionsauthorize
inmateseithertopresentevidence(byoralstatements,writtensubmissions,ordocuments)
and/ortocallwitnesses,subjecttosecurityconsiderations.Thosestatesare:Alaska,Arkansas,
California,Colorado,theFederalBureauofPrisons,Florida,Georgia,Hawaii,Indiana,Iowa,
Kansas,Kentucky,Massachusetts,Michigan,Missouri,Montana,Nebraska,NewJersey,North
Carolina,Ohio,Oregon,Pennsylvania,RhodeIsland,SouthDakota,Tennessee,Vermont,
Virginia,Washington,Wisconsin,andWyoming.26
Eightstatepoliciesdonotspecifythatinmatescanpresentevidence.ThoseareArizona,
Connecticut,Idaho,Maine,Mississippi,Nevada,NewMexico,andNewYork.27

Assistanceof/RepresentativesforInmates
Ofthe38jurisdictionsthatspecifyhearingprocedures,eightjurisdictionsauthorize
inmatestohavearepresentative,advocate,assistant,orcounselortoassistwithhearing
proceedings.ThosestatesareAlaska,Georgia,Iowa,Massachusetts,SouthDakota,Vermont, 
Virginia,andWisconsin.28


ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 13
Nineadditionaljurisdictionsprovideforassistanceorappointrepresentativesin
specifiedcircumstances—suchaslanguagebarriers,illiteracy,ormentalillness—soastohelp
inpreparationforthehearingortoexplaintherightsand/ortheproceedings.Theyare:
California,Colorado,Idaho,Michigan,Nebraska,Nevada,Oregon,Washington,andWyoming.29
TheFederalBureauofPrisonsprovidesthata“non‐probationarystaffmemberwillbeavailable
tohelptheinmatecompiledocumentaryevidenceandwrittenwitnessstatementstopresent
atthehearing,”andtheresponsibilityis“limited”tohelpingobtainrelevantcopiesof
documents.30
Twentyjurisdictionsdonotspecifythatinmatescanberepresentedbyindividualssuch
asanadvocate,assistant,orcounselorathearings.Theyare:Arizona,Arkansas,Connecticut,
Florida,Hawaii,Indiana,Kansas,Kentucky,Maine,Mississippi,Missouri,Montana,NewJersey,
NewMexico,NewYork,NorthCarolina,Ohio,Pennsylvania,RhodeIsland,andTennessee.31
Mostpoliciesdonotmentionlawyersasparticipants.Onestate,Vermont,expressly
banslawyers;twoothers,AlaskaandMassachusetts,expresslypermitattendancebylawyers.32

Review/AppealofInitial(Non‐Emergency)Placements
Inanalyzingopportunitiesforreview,weconsideredspecificpoliciesrelatedto
administrativesegregation,andwedonotexaminegeneralproceduresthatinmatescanuseto
filegrievances.
Statesemployseveralmeanstoreviewtheinitialdecisiontoplaceinmatesin
administrativesegregation.Inadditionto“periodicreview,”discussedinthenextsection,many
statesprovideforpromptreview(requiredasaninstitutionalpolicymatter)orforanoptional
appealbytheinmate.Belowwedistinguishbetweenautomaticreviewandinmateappeals,as
wellasbetweenreviewattheinstitutionallevelandthatdoneatthejurisdiction’scentral
office.Asreflectedbelow,thepoliciesvaryagooddeal,andambiguitiesmakesomedifficultto
categorize.Aswiththediscussionsofnotice,evidence,andhearings,wereportonthepolicy
provisions,andnotonhowoftentheyareusedinpracticeoronwhatoutcomesresultwhen
reviewsareundertaken.

Fifteenjurisdictionsauthorizeautomaticreviewbythewarden(ordesignee):Alaska,
Colorado,Delaware,Idaho,Indiana,Maryland,Missouri,NewHampshire,NorthCarolina,
Nebraska,Ohio,Vermont,Washington,Wisconsin,andWyoming.33Forexample,inOhio,a
hearingofficerissuesareporttothewarden,whodecideswhetherplacementisappropriate.34
Sixofthesestates(Alaska,Colorado,Nebraska,Ohio,Vermont,andWashington)providefor
anotherlevelofreview,typicallyatthecentraloffice.35Ninejurisdictionsprovideforautomatic
reviewbythecentraloffice:Arizona,theFederalBureauofPrisons,Maine,Massachusetts,
Minnesota,Mississippi,NewMexico,RhodeIsland,andVirginia.36NorthDakotaandOklahoma
statethatreviewswillbedoneby“theappropriateauthority.”37
Forstatesemployingstructuredor“step‐down”programs,initialdecisionsbyhearing
officersorclassificationcommitteestypicallymustbeapprovedbythewardenorcentral

THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final14
office.38Forexample,Washingtonreliesonatwo‐tieredsystemforshort‐ andlong‐term
separations.39Washingtonhasalsocometouseadistinctivenomenclature—intensive
managementandintensivetreatment—coupledwithdistinctiveprocedures.Forplacementin
administrativesegregationforperiodsupto47days,amulti‐disciplinaryclassificationteam
reviewstheplacementandcontinuation.40After47days,theclassificationteammusteither
returntheinmatetogeneralpopulationorreferhimorherfor“IntensiveManagementStatus”
(IMS)or“IntensiveTreatmentStatus,”(ITS)wheretheinmatewouldstayforaminimumperiod
of6months.Followingahearing,theclassificationmayrecommendtransfertoITS/IMS;any
suchtransfermustbeapprovedbytheAssistantSecretaryforPrisons(orhisorherdesignee).41
Afewernumberofstatesspecifyanappealprocessthatinmatesmayinitiateto
challengeplacementinadministrativesegregation.Fivestatespermitinmatestoappeal
placementdecisionstothewarden:Kansas,Maine,Mississippi,Pennsylvania,andSouth
Dakota.42Twoofthosestates,PennsylvaniaandSouthDakota,provideforanotherlevelof
review.43Arkansasprovidesforadditionalreviewbythewarden,butitisunclearwhetherthat
processisrequiredorinmate‐initiated.44Fourjurisdictions,Arizona,Michigan,NewYork,and
Oregon,permitinmatestoappealtothecentraloffice.45TheFederalBureauofPrisonspermits
aninmatetoappealplacementsintheSpecialManagementUnit(SMU)totheBureau’sOffice
ofGeneralCounsel.46Severaljurisdictions,includingMississippi,Virginia,andNorthCarolina,
specifythatinmatesmayseekreviewofplacementdecisionsthroughregulargrievance
channels.47
Ninejurisdictionsdonotspecifythatrevieworappealoftheinitialplacementdecision
isavailable.Theyare:California,Connecticut,Georgia,Hawaii,Illinois,Kansas,NewMexico,
Tennessee,andWestVirginia.

PeriodicReview
Inallofthepoliciesexamined,someformofongoingevaluationisrequiredtocontinue
housinganinmateinadministrativesegregation.“Periodicreview”isthegeneralterm,andit
entailsanautomaticreviewatspecifiedintervalsofthecontinuingplacement.Theintervals
rangefromweeklytoyearlyreviews.Thelocationoftheauthoritytocontinuetoholdan
individuallikewisevaries—fromtheunititselftothecentraloffice,andinafewinstances,the
Commissioner.Insomejurisdictions,inmatesmayappealperiodicreviewdecisions.
Theprovisionsforperiodicreviewprovideinsightintohowjurisdictionsuse
administrativesegregation.Somestatesstructurethetimeinadministrativesegregationand
imposeobligationsoninmatestocompleteparticularprograms,whileotherstatesdonot
detailstructuredcriteriafordeterminingwhether,uponperiodicreview,totransferinmates
outofsegregation.Thelessstructuredprogramstendtocorrelatewithobligationsformore
frequentperiodicreviews.Whetherandhowthefrequencyofreviewsandthestructureofthe
programscorrelatewiththelengthoftimespentinsegregationareadditionalquestionsin
needofresearch.

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 15

InitialPost‐AssignmentReview
Allofthejurisdictionsanalyzedspecifyprocessesforperiodicreviewofplacementsin
administrativesegregation.Thejurisdictionsvariedconsiderablywithrespecttothetimeframe
forthefirstperiodicreview.

SevenDaysorLess:Themajorityofjurisdictions(30)requireaninitialreviewwithin
sevendays.48Sixstatesrequireaninitialreviewoftheplacementdecisioninthreedaysor
less.49
ThirtytoNinetyDays:Ninestatesrequireaninitialreviewofadministrativesegregation
placementwithin30days.50NewYorkandNewJerseyconductthefirstreviewafter60days,51
andsixstatesreviewplacementeach90‐dayinterval.52
SixMonthsorMore:Statesthatemploystructuredprograms(variouslycalled
“intensivetreatment,”“specialmanagement,”or,simply,“administrativesegregation”)
typicallyattachanobligationforreviewtocompletionofaparticularprogramoraftera
minimumperiodofconfinement.Arizonaconductsaninitialreviewofadministrative
segregationaftersixmonths.53
Somejurisdictions(California,Colorado,Connecticut,Connecticut,theFederalBureau
ofPrisons,Indiana,Kentucky,Minnesota,Mississippi,NewJersey,NewMexico,Oklahoma,
Virginia,Washington,andWisconsin)employtwoormorelevelsofadministrativesegregation:
short‐termsegregationatasegregationunit(oftenreferredtoas“administrativesegregation”
or“facilitysegregation”)andlong‐termsegregationatadedicatedfacility(sometimesreferred
toas“departmentalsegregation,”“administrativecontrol,”“intensivemanagement,”and
colloquiallyknownas“supermax”).54Insuchinstances,periodicreviewforthesecondcategory
isoftensignificantlylater,typicallyaftersixmonthstooneyearofconfinement.InConnecticut,
forexample,inmatesmustcompletea10‐monthprogram;monthlyreviewsaredoneoncethe
inmatehascompletedaminimumtime(90‐120days)ineachphase.55

PeriodicReviewThereafter
Followinganinitialperiodofcloserscrutiny(rangingfromsevento90days),many
statesincreasethetimeintervalsforsubsequentreviews.Themostcommonarrangement
(foundin18states)requiresperiodicreviewofadministrativesegregationstatuseveryseven
daysforthefirsttwomonthsandatintervalsofevery30daysthereafter.

Statesusinganinitialreviewperiodof60daysormoreeitherkeepthesameinterval56
forsubsequentreviewsorincreaseit.57NewJerseyisunusualinusing60‐dayintervalsforthe
firstyearandreviewingeverysixmonthsthereafter.58Washingtonmakesafinaldecision
aboutassignmentstoadministrativesegregationat47days,soonafterwhichtheinmateis
transferredtoanIntensiveManagementUnit(IMU),toanotherfacility,orisreleasedinto

THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final16
generalpopulation;upontransfertotheIMU,reviewsareheldevery180days.59Thechartin
AppendixBsummarizestheperiodicreviewprocessesinthe47jurisdictionsweanalyzed.

ProceduresforPeriodicReview
Decision‐Makers
Allbuttwojurisdictionsthathaveperiodicreviewspecifytheofficialsresponsiblefor
thereview.60Thoseofficialsfallintofourgroups:

(1)staffatafacility,suchasunitmanagers,casemanagers,counselors,and,
occasionally,mentalhealthprofessionals;
(2)warden/superintendent;
(3)classificationteam/committee,generallyincludingsomepersonnelfrom
centraloffice;and
(4)high‐leveladministrators,e.g.,thecommissioner,director,deputy
commissioner,ordeputydirectorofcorrections.
Decisionsaremadeinmanyjurisdictionsbyfacilitystafforbyaspeciallydesignated
committee.Somestatesemployingunit‐levelreviewsprovideforadditionalreviewbyeither
thewardenorcentralclassificationpersonnel.

Ingeneral,thelongeraninmateisinadministrativesegregation,thehigherthelevelof
authoritythatisinvolvedinperiodicreview.FivestatesrequireapprovalbytheCommissioner
forplacementinadministrativesegregationlongerthansixmonths(Maine,NewHampshire,
andOhio)orlongerthanoneyear(MarylandandNorthDakota).61Coloradomandatesthatfor
placementsoveroneyear,thedeputydirectormustmeetpersonallywiththeinmate.62In
Missouri,placementinadministrativesegregationforlongerthan12monthsrequiresapproval
bythedeputydivisiondirector.63TheFederalBureauofPrisonsrequiresapprovalbythe
RegionalDirectorforallcontinuingplacementsintheSMU.64

Fourstatesrequirethatthewardenpersonallyreview(includingaface‐to‐facemeeting
withtheinmate)longerperiodsofsegregation,typicallydefinedassixmonthstooneyear.
Specifically,Arkansas,Colorado,andKansasprovidethatthatnoinmateshallremainin
segregationformorethanayearunlessthewardenhaspersonallyinterviewedtheinmateand
approvedtheclassification.65InMichigan,thewardenmustprovidewrittenapprovalafter30
daysandmustpersonallyinterviewaninmateeverysixmonths.66Ifaninmateisinsegregation
for12months,theMichiganRegionalPrisonAdministratormustprovideapprovalfollowinga
personalinterview,andthatprocessoccursyearlythereafter.67

HearingsandAppeals
Detailsinpoliciesvaryabouthowinformationisgatheredandevaluatedforperiodic
review.Twenty‐ninejurisdictionsauthorizesometypeofhearing,withvaryinglevelsof
formality.68Moststatesdonotspecifythattheinmateistobenotifiedinadvanceofthe
hearing;fourteenstatesrequiresomekindofnotice—rangingfrom24hoursto72hoursin

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 17
advanceofthehearing.69Afewstatesspecificallypermitaninmatetobepresentatahearing
—withthecaveatthatexclusionispermissibleifaninmateisseentoposeathreattosafety
andsecurity.70Manypoliciesdonotdetailthesourcesofinformationused,theinmate’s
opportunitiestosubmitinformation,whetherreasonsareprovided,orhowsubsequent
decision‐makersevaluatethedecisionsmade.

Variationexistsastowhetherandhowperiodicreviewdecisionsarethemselveseither
reviewedorappealed.Twenty‐fourstatesprovidespecificmethodsforrevieworappealsof
decisionsaboutcontinuedplacement,71whileotherstatespermitappealsthroughregular
grievanceprocesses.72Jurisdictionsthatmakeappealsavailablemaylimitappealstoonlythose
inmateswhohaveservedlongerperiodsinsegregation.Forexample,Kentuckyprovides
appealsforcontinuedassignmenttoadministrativecontrolbutnotadministrativesegregation,
whichtendstobeshorter‐term.73Inseveralstates,aninmate’sappealgoestothewarden,and
thosepoliciesdonotspecifyifanycentralizedauthorityreviewsthedecision.



Conditions,Step‐DownPrograms,Visitation,andDegreesofIsolation
Thepoliciesvariedwidelyintheamountofinformationcontainedabouttheday‐to‐day
experiencesoflong‐termconfinementinasegregationunit.Forexample,somepoliciessetout
specificconditionssuchasminimumsquarefootage,74standardsforamountandtypeoflight
(artificialornatural),75thenumberandtypeofpersonaleffectspermitted,76accesstolibrary
services,77andphoneprivileges.78Anotherapproach,takenbyanumberofstates(Floridaisan
example),providesthat“administrativeconfinementstatusmaylimitconditionsandprivileges
...[but]treatmentofinmates...shallbeasneartothatofthegeneralpopulation”asthe
separation“shallpermit.”79

Howisolatingsegregationisdependsinpartonwhetherandunderwhatcircumstances
personssoconfinedcanspeakwithandinteractwithotherpeople.Ingeneral,policiesdidnot
detailthedegreeofsocialinteractionpermitted,eitherwithotherinmatesand/orwithstaffor
thirdparties.
Structured(“Step‐Down”)Programs
Reflectiveofconcernsabouttheeffectsoflong‐termconfinementinsegregationunits,
somestatesareseekingtoreducethenumberdetainedinsuchsettings.Inaddition,some
effortsareunderwaytoincreaseopportunitiesforcontact.Commonlyreferredtoas“Step‐
Down,”“IntensiveManagement,”or“BehavioralManagement”programs,thesesystemstiean
inmate’sdeparturefromsegregationtothecompletionofcertaingoals,suchasbehavioral
plansorclasses.Generallyspeaking,thesesystemsusefairlyrobustentryproceduresbut
requirethatinmatesstayforaminimumofsixmonthstoayear.Somesystemsexplicitlystate
thatdisciplinaryinfractions,ofanykind,canextendthelengththetimeinsegregation.80


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LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final18
Severalstates,includingConnecticut,Massachusetts,Mississippi,NewJersey,New
Mexico,Virginia,havedevisedstructuredprogramsdescribedtotargetbehaviorissuesinsome
way.81Forexample,NewMexicohasa“behavior‐drivenprogressiveincentivesystemconsisting
ofstepsthatencouragesappropriatebehavior."82Mississippi’sprogramisunusualinthatit
focusesoninmateswhoarecurrentlyinadministrativesegregationandwhowillbereleased
withinsixmonths.Thoseinmatesreceivereentry‐focusedprogramminginasegregated
setting.83

Washingtonisamongseveralstates,includingColorado,Massachusetts,Mississippi,and
Virginia,thatareexploringwaystoseparateprisonerssafelyincombinationwithgreater
opportunitiesforgroupactivitiesandfortherapy.84WorkinginconjunctionwithDisability
RightsWashingtonandtheVeraInstitute,Washingtonhasdevelopedwhatitterms“intensive
management”or“intensivetreatment”toprovidestructuredgroupactivitiesand/orvarious
therapiesforthoseinsegregation.85Staffassigninmatestospecificprogramsbasedon
individualassessments,intermsofmentalhealthandbehavior.86Toreturntogeneral
population,inmatesarerequiredtoparticipate.87

VisitationDuringSegregation
Contactwithpersonsoutsidethefacilitiesisanotheraspectofsociability,andvisitation
isaddressedbyallthepolicieswereviewed.88Thepoliciesvariedwithrespecttothetypesof
visitorspermitted,whethervisitscouldbecontactornot,whatdiscretiontolimitvisitation
existed,andthefrequencyanddurationofthevisitsallowed.Somepoliciesnotedthatwardens
haddiscretionaboutvisiting,orthatvisitscanbelimitedbasedonsecurityconcernsorin
relationshiptoperformancebyinmates,includingthoseinstep‐downprograms.Asidefrom
suchprovisions,state‐widepoliciesdidnotaddressthecriteriatobeusedtolimitvisitsasa
disciplinarymatter.Inthisarenaasinothers,decisionsatthefacility‐levelbothfillgapsand
maycreatesite‐specificpractices.

CategoriesofVisitors
Thepoliciesvaryagooddealintermsofdetailingvisitationrules.Allappeartoassume
lawyeraccesstoclients,butafewspecifyrequirementsornoteopportunitiesforcontactvisits.
Forexample,severalstatesrequireattorneystoobtainadvanceapprovalfroma
superintendentorwarden.89Mainepermits“professionalvisits”ifapprovedbytheUnit
ManagementTeam.90Tenstatesprovidethatlimitationsoncontactvisitsinsegregationdonot
applytolegalcounsel.91

Twentystatesspecificallyprovideinmatesinadministrativesegregationunitswith
accesstoreligiouspersonnel.92Insomeinstances,thefocusisoninstitutionalemployees,such
aschaplains.Arkansas,forexample,specifiesthatchaplainsvisit“regularlyandonrequest.”93
Iowaprovidesthatreligiouspersonnelmayvisit“uponrequest.”94Illinois,Indiana,Kentucky,
Maine,andNewYorkadvisethatthechaplainistovisitatleastonceaweek.95Minnesota

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 19
authorizesafacility’sreligiouscoordinatortomakevisitsonceamonth.96Nevadaprovidesthat
visitationbyreligiouspersonnel“willbeencouragedandallowed.”97
Allofthejurisdictionsreviewedalsoprovideforinmatestohavepersonalvisitswhilein
administrativesegregation.Ahandfulofjurisdictionsprovidethatvisitationregulationsarethe
sameforprisonersinadministrativesegregationasforthoseingeneralpopulation.98
Intermsofthetypeornumberofvisitorsforinmatesinadministrativesegregation,a
fewstatesspecifycategoriesofpermissiblevisitors.Connecticut,NewJersey,Tennessee,and
Washingtonlimitvisitors,forsomekindsofsegregation,to“immediatefamily”or“relatives.”99
Oregonlimitsaninmatetotwopeopleonthevisitationlistatanygiventime,whileMississippi
limitsaninmatetotenvisitors.100
Twostateshavespecialprovisionsforvisitsbetweeninmatesandtheirchildren.In
Oregon,aninmate’schildrenareexemptfromthetotalofthetwolistedvisitorspermitted,a
setwhosecompositioncanchangeatsix‐monthintervals.101InNewHampshire,inmateswho
givebirthareallowedtwoadditionalvisitsperweekwiththeirnewbornchildrenforaperiodof
timeafterthebirth.102

Contact/Non‐ContactVisits
Seventeenjurisdictionsdonotspecifywhethervisitsarecontactornon‐contact.103
Twenty‐twostatesbarcontactvisitsforallorpartoftheadministrativesegregation
population.104CaliforniaandNebraskabarcontactvisitsforinmatesinthe“SecuredHousing
Unit”or“IntensiveManagementUnit”butprovideforcontactvisitsinotherformsof
administrativesegregation.105

Elevenstatespermitpersonalcontactvisitsforinmatesinadministrativesegregation.106
Tenofthosestatesauthorizethewardenordesigneetodeterminewhetherthevisitiscontact
ornon‐contact.107Vermonttiescontactvisitstoprogressionthroughthephasesofastep‐down
programforthoseinadministrativesegregation.108Minnesota’sAdministrativeControlUnit
conductsvisitsoveraclosed‐circuittelevisionmonitorforaminimumoffourhoursper
month.109

AdditionalRequirementsandRestrictions
Manystatessetoutpossiblerestrictionsonvisitationbasedonbroadinstitutional
concerns.Aformulationfoundinsixstatesisthat“offendershaveopportunitiesforvisitation
unlesstherearesubstantialreasonsforwithholdingsuchprivileges.”110InFlorida,“those
inmateswhoareathreattothesecurityoftheinstitutionshallbedeniedvisitingprivileges.”111
Massachusettsprovidesthat“thelengthandnumberofvisitsmaybelimitedduetospace,
schedules,personnelconstraints,orwhenthereisasubstantialreasontojustifylimitation."112
Twenty‐fivejurisdictionsexpresslyauthorizethesuperintendent,warden,orother
designeetolimitvisitationathis/herdiscretionoruponadeterminationthatvisitswouldbea

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securityrisk.113Twelveofthosestatesfurtherrequirethat,forinmatesinadministrative
segregation,advancepermissionforpersonalvisitsberequestedfromthewarden,
superintendent,orothercorrectionalofficer.114Thosepoliciestypicallydonotprovide
guidelinesformakingsuchdecisions.

Somepoliciesfocusoninmatebehaviorasacriterionforvisiting,andsomespecify
presumptionsforvisits.InAlaska,forexample,thewardenmayrestrictaccesstovisitation
“onlyifanindividualizeddeterminationismadethataninmate’sparticipationthreatensthe
orderandsecurityofthefacility.”115Kentuckyprovidesthatinmateswhoposeasecuritythreat
mayberequiredtohavevisitsinadifferentandmoresecurevisitingarea.116
Allpoliciesaddressthefrequencyofvisits.Twenty‐sevenstatesleavethatdecisionto
thefacilityand,typically,thewarden,sometimesunderguidelines.117Forexample,Indiana
authorizesindividualfacilitiestoreducethefrequencyofvisitation,butnotbelowtwovisitsper
month.118Fivestatesexpresslyprovidethatinmatesinadministrativesegregationshallhave
thesamenumberofvisitsasthegeneralpopulation.119Whenvisitationisrestricted,most
policiesprovidesomewherebetweenoneandtwovisits,lastingonetotwohours,eachmonth.
InHawaii’sMaximumControlUnit,one45‐minutenon‐contactvisitevery14daysis
permitted.120NorthCarolinapermitstwonon‐contactvisitseverythirtydays.121Pennsylvania
permitsonevisit,foradurationofonehour,everythirtydays.122
Fivestatespermitincreasingthefrequencyandintervalsofvisitsbasedoninmate
behaviorandasotherrestrictionsaredecreased.123Forexample,inColorado,inmatesinthe
mostrestrictiveplacement,LevelI,mayhaveonehour‐and‐a‐halfnon‐contactvisitper
month.124ForLevelII,visitationaccessincreasestotwohour‐and‐a‐halfnon‐contactvisits,and
soonuptoLevelIV,inwhichinmatesmayhavesixtwo‐hournon‐contactvisitspermonth.125In
Connecticut,phasedvisitationaccessrangesfromone30‐minutenon‐contactvisitperweekfor
PhaseItothree30‐minutenon‐contactvisitsperweekforPhaseIII.126NewJerseypermitsone
60‐minutenon‐contactvisitpermonthinLevel1,andone60‐minutenon‐contactvisitper
weekinLevel2.127

Onestate—Indiana—mentionstheroleofvisitsinrelationtoleavingprison.Indiana
providesthat“considerationshallbeextendedforadditionalvisitingprivilegestoaidinthe
offender’sRe‐Entryplanningandprogramming.”128



AdditionalResearchAgendas
Anyreviewofformalpoliciesalwaysraisesquestionsofimplementationandvariation.
Writtenrulesareoftenimplementeddifferently,andthecontextinwhichtheyoperateinforms
theirmeaning.Thus,ourdiscussioncannotcapturetheexperiencesofinmatessubjectedto
rules,staffchargedwithadministeringandimplementingtherules,andtheinstitutional
contextsinwhichtheseindividualsoperate.Ourhopeisthatthisoverviewinvitesmore
analysesofsegregationinprisons.

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES
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Wethoughtithelpful,bywayofconclusion,tosketchafewofthemanyresearchareas
thatremaintobeexplored.First,researchisneededtoanalyzetwoothercommonformsof
segregation—disciplinary/punitivesegregationandprotectivecustody.Inthematerials
currentlyavailabletous,some30jurisdictionsprovidedpoliciesaddressing
punitive/disciplinarysegregation,andaboutadozenspecifiedrulesonprotectivecustody.
Oncesuchinformationiscompiled,onecouldlearnwhetherthevariousformsofsegregation
aregoverneddifferentlyattheformallevel.

Second,questionsaboundaboutthecostsoflong‐termsegregation,thedegreesto
whichitisolatesindividuals,anditsutilities.Dollarsandcentsareonefacet.Howmuch
investmentbycorrectionalinstitutionsisrequiredtomaintainsegregationfacilities,andhow
doesthesizeandscaleaffecttheexpense?Whateffectdoesworkinginsegregationunitshave
onstaff?Howdoesstaffunderstandtheutilityofsegregation,thedegreeofisolationentailed,
thekindsoftrainingneeded,andtheeffectofsuchenvironmentsonprisonmanagement?

Otherareastoexplorearetheeffectsofsegregationoninmatesandoninstitutions.For
example,howdoindividualsfunctioninsegregation?Howisolatingisit?Whatlevelsof
stimulation,contact,andformsofsociabilityareprovided,whatcontactisnecessarytoprevent
deterioration,andwhatactivitiesfacilitatereentrytothepopulationand/orthecommunity?
Doessegregationofsomeinmatesmakeaninstitutionsaferforothers,servetoheighten
tensions,orboth?Whatimpactongeneralinstitutionalbehaviordoesthepracticeof
segregationhave?Doconditionsinthegeneralpopulation,suchasovercrowding,produce
over‐relianceonsegregationasameansofcontrol?Further,whatimpactdoessegregation
haveoninmates’subsequentperformanceingeneralpopulation,onreentrytothecommunity,
andonrecidivism?

Third,wedonotknowthedistributionoftheuseofsegregationbyage,ethnicity,
genderidentity,race,andreligion.Givenwide‐spreadappreciationofracialdisparitiesinthe
criminaljusticesystemandtheongoingeffortsbycorrectionalauthorities(suchastheRacial
DisparityCommitteeofASCA),understandingthedemographicsisanimportantaspectof
evaluatingtheimpactofsegregation.

Fourth,wealsodonotknowthenumbersofinmateswithidentifiedcognitiveormental
healthissues,orphysicalhealthissues,whoareinsegregation.Theinteractionofmentalhealth
andofsegregationpoliciesisanimportantareaforfurtherevaluation,and,asnoted,some
jurisdictions,suchasMassachusetts,aredevisingspecialprogramstoprovidetreatmentin
settingsthataresafeforinmatesandforstaff.

Fifth,thepoliciescannotbeunderstoodwithoutgaininginformationontheir
implementation.Gapsareinevitablebetweenpoliciesandactualpractice.Somepolicy
directivesmaybemorereadilyimplementablethanothers.Theuseofsegregationisaffected
bymanyfactors—theinstitutionalsetting,thepopulationdensityofafacility,thestaff‐to‐
inmateratio,themakeupoftheinmatepopulation,andthephysicalplantanditsproximityto
outsideservices.Manydocumentsreportthatsomeindividualsarekeptinsegregationfor

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decades.Whatisnotknowniswhethersuchlongperiodsofsegregationarecommonandwhat
thedegreeofisolationinsuchconditionsis.Nordoweknowhowsystemsmonitortheirown
programs,bothtoensurethatinmatesreceivebasicservices,nutrition,andexerciseandto
evaluatetheimpactoftheirprograms.

Casestudiesareneededtolearnabouttheactualwaysinwhichsegregationfunctions.
Specificquestionsincludethebasesinpracticeforplacement,duration,actualconditionsof
confinement(i.e.,space,singleordoublecells,personaleffects,accesstocontactvia
telephones,thekindandnatureofprogramsavailable),degreesofisolation,transferand
return,releaseopportunities,andsupportforreentry,allofwhichwouldneedtobeanalyzed
inrelationshiptothedemographicvariationofprisonpopulations.Alsorequiredisinformation
onthemanydimensionsofconditionswithinsegregationaswellasaccesstoprogrammingand
provisionsrelatedtomentalhealth.

Further,aswenotedattheoutset,thisreviewhasfocusedonpoliciesprovidedbystate
andfederalgovernments.Theshiftofmanyprisonerstothecustodyofprivatecorporations
providingservicesundercontractsrequiresanothersetofinquiries,focusedonprivateprison
management.Thequestionsincludewhetherrulesaredifferentwhenaprisonismanaged
privately,whetherrulesoughttovarybasedonwhethertheinstitutionispubliclyorprivately
run,andhowrulesofeitherthepublicorprivatesectorsinfluenceeachother.

Inshort,wehavemuchmoretolearn. 

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES
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LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 23
Endnotes

*Allrightsreserved,June2013.TheprojectandreportonisolationissponsoredbytheArthur
LimanPublicInterestProgramatYaleLawSchool.HopeMetcalfisDirectoroftheLiman
ProgramandLectureratYaleLawSchool.JudithResnikistheArthurLimanProfessorofLawat
YaleLawSchool.YaleLawstudentco‐authorsareJameliaMorgan(classof2013),Samuel
Oliker‐Friedland(classof2014),JuliaSpiegel(classof2013),HaranTae(classof2014),Alyssa
Work(classof2013),andBrianHolbrook(classof2012).
 Foundedin1997,theLimanProgramatYaleLawSchoolwascreatedtoforwardthe
commitmentsofArthurLimanasanexemplarylawyerdedicatedtopublicserviceinthe
furtheranceofjustice.TheProgramsupportstheworkoflawstudents,lawschoolgraduates,
andstudentsfromsixuniversities,allofwhomworktorespondtoproblemsofinequalityand
toimproveaccesstojusticeforthosewithoutresources.TheProgramoffersfellowshipsfor
YaleLawSchoolgraduatestospendayearworkingonissuessuchaswelfarerights,elderlaw,
indigentcriminaldefense,immigration,andjuvenilejustice.TheProgramawardssummer
fellowshipstostudentsatBarnard,Brown,Harvard,Princeton,Spelman,andYaletopursue
publicinterest‐themedprojectsatorganizationsacrossthecountry.
AparticularfocusoftheLimanProgramisresearchonthelawandpolicyofdetention,and
theLimanProgramhasworkedwithAssociationofStateCorrectionalAdministrators(ASCA)on
projectsofmutualinterest.Forexample,in2010‐2011,theLimanProgramexamined
correctionalpoliciesonvisitationinstatefacilities.SeeChesaBoudin,AaronLittman,and
TrevorStutz,PrisonVisitationPolicies:A50StateSurvey(2012),availableat
http://www.law.yale.edu/intellectuallife/limanpubs.htm.
ThanksareduetoA.T.Wall,GeorgeCamp,WayneChoinski,andPatriciaHardymanof
ASCA;toBrettDignamandJeffFaganofColumbiaLawSchool;andtoDennisE.Curtis,Nina
Rabin,andTomTylerofYaleLawSchool,aswellastocurrentandpastYaleLawstudents
AndrewHammond,AaronLittman,ChesaBoudin,andTrevorStutz.Wealsobenefittedfrom
theguidanceandinputofSiaSanneh,SeniorLimanFellow,andthegroupofstudentswho
beganthisresearchin2011‐12:DanielleLang,AlbertMonroe,EsterMurdukhayeva,Katherine
Oberembt,YamanSalahi,andJoanneWright.

1SeeSubcommitteeontheConstitution,CivilRights,andHumanRightsoftheUnitedStates
SenateJudiciaryCommittee,HearingonReassessingSolitaryConfinement:TheHumanRights,
Fiscal,andPublicSafetyConsequences,158CONG.REC.D617‐01,2012WL2326847(Cong.Rec.)
(June19,2012),availableat
http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/hearing.cfm?id=6517e7d97c06eac4ce9f60b09625eb
e8.

2NewYorkCivilLibertiesUnion,BoxedIn:TheTrueCostofExtremeIsolationinNewYork’s
Prisons(2012),http://www.boxedinny.org/.

3See,e.g.,California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3335(a)(“administrativesegregation”);Kansas,
501KAR6:020(“specialmanagement”);Massachusetts,103CMR423(“specialmanagement”);
Vermont,DOC410.03(“restrictedhousing”).

THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final24


4U.S.GovernmentAccountingOffice,BureauofPrisons:ImprovementsNeededinMonitoring
andEvaluationofImpactofSegregatedHousing,GAO13‐13‐429(May2013).

5Wilkinsonv.Austin,545U.S.209,214‐15(2005).

6Wilkinson,545U.Sat214‐15.

7Utahprovidedpoliciesspecificallyonsegregationthatdidnotclearlyaddressadministrative
segregation.Utahappearstorelyprimarilyuponclassificationprocedurestodetermineinmate
placementsaswelldisciplinarysegregation.Utah,DIOGO09‐020.Theclassificationprocess,
whichconsidersarangeoffactorssuchasoffense,lengthofsentence,criminalhistory,and
mentalhealthneeds,isperformedatintakeandatleastyearlythereafter.Utah,FC04/04.01,
FC04/06.04.Thesystempermits“overrides”forspecifiedreasons,suchaswhatistermed
“severemanagement.”Thatoverride,whichmayresultinrestrictedhousingplacement,
includesposing“anunduethreattoselforothers.”FC04/05.03.Thepolicydoesnotreference
ahearingfororopportunitytoappealsuchdecisions.Inpracticethe“severemanagement”
policymaysharecommonfeatureswithadministrativesegregationpoliciesinotherstates.
Giventheapparentdivergenceindefinitionsandprocedures,wehaveexcludedUtahfromthis
study.Seealsonote10,aboutthethreeotherstatesnotincludedinthisanalysis.

8TheLimanProgramjoinedProfessorsBrettDignamandJeffreyFaganatColumbiaLawSchool
inconveningthesession,entitled“IncarcerationandIsolation,AColloquium.”

9ThepolicywereceivedfromIowawaslabeled“draft.”

10WedidnothavesufficientinformationonadministrativesegregationpoliciesforLouisiana,
SouthCarolina,Texas,andUtah.SouthCarolinaneitherprovidedpoliciesinresponsetoASCA’s
requestnormakesthemavailablepublicly.Texasmakespublicwhatittermsaninmate
“handbook,”whichreferencesan“administrativesegregationplan”thatwasnotavailable.
Louisiana’sprovisionofpoliciestoASCAfocusedondisciplinebutwithoutspecifying
administrativesegregationpolicies,whichappeartobemadeatthefacility‐level.Utah’spolicy
doesnotspecifythatitgovernsadministrativesegregationand,asnotedabove(seenote7),
wedidnotincludeit.

11See,e.g.,Alaska,DOC804.01(v);Alabama,AR436;Arizona,DO801.09.1.2.3;California,Cal.
CodeRegs.tit.15§3335(a);Colorado,AR650‐03(IV)(A);Connecticut,AD9.4(3)(B);Delaware,
DOCPolicy4.3;Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220;Hawaii,COR.11.01.2.2(a)(2);Idaho,
DOC319.02.01.001;Illinois,20Ill.Admin.Code§504.660(b)(2);Iowa,IO‐HO‐05(IV)(A)(3)(b);
Indiana,DOC02‐01‐111;Kentucky,PP10.2;Maryland,DOC.100.0002;Massachusetts,103CMR
421;Michigan,DOC04.05.120;Minnesota,DD301.085;Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01;New
Mexico,CD‐143.000.A;NewYork,7NYCRR301.4(6);NorthDakota,DOC5A‐20;Ohio,DOC
5120:1‐10‐15;Oklahoma,OP040204;Oregon,DOC291‐046‐0030;Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802;

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 25


RhodeIsland,DOC15.11‐3;Tennessee,DOC404‐10(VI)(A)(1);Vermont,DOC410.03(1)(e);
Wisconsin,Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§308.04(2);Wyoming,P&P3.302(II)(A).

12See,e.g.,Alaska,DOC804.01(v);Arizona,DOC804.01(1.1.1);California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15
§3335(a);Delaware,DOCPolicy4.3(IV)(A);Hawaii,COR.11.01.2.2(a)(2);Idaho,DOC
319.02.01.001;Indiana,DOC02‐01‐111;Kentucky,PP10.2;Maine,DOC15.1;Maryland,
DOC.100.0002;Minnesota,DD301.085;Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01;NorthDakota,DOC5A‐20;
Oklahoma,OP040204;Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802;RhodeIsland,DOC15.11‐3;Vermont,DOC
410.03(1)(d);Washington,DOC320.200;Wisconsin,Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§308.04(2).

13FederalBureauofPrisons,BOP541.23.

14See,e.g.,Alabama,AR436(III)(A);Colorado,AR650‐03(II);KSIMPP20‐103;Hawaii,
COR.11.01.2.2(a)(2);Iowa,IA‐HO‐05(IV)(A);Illinois,Ill.Admin.Codetit.20,§504;
Massachusetts,103CMR421.09;Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01;Nebraska,AR201.05(II)(E);
Nevada,AR507.01(I)(D);SouthDakota,DOCI.3.D.4(III);Wisconsin,DOC308.04,Note;
Wyoming,P&P3.302(II)(A).

15Colorado650‐03.IV.B.

16Virginia,OperatingProcedure830.2,SecurityLevelClassification.

17Alaska,DOC804.01(VII)(B)(1)(c);Arizona,DO801.10;Arkansas,AS11‐42(III)(A)(1);California,
Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3338(a);Colorado,AR650.03(4)(D);Connecticut(within30days),AD
9.4(12)(A);FederalBureauofPrisons,BOP541.439(b);Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐
601.800(3)(g);Georgia,SOPIIB09‐0001(VI)(B);Hawaii,COR.11.01(3)(1)(b);Idaho,DOC
319.02.01.001(13);Indiana,DOC02‐01‐111(VI)(B)(1)(onlyfordepartment‐wideadministrative
segregation);Iowa,IA‐HO‐05(IV)(A)(after2months);Kansas,IMPP20‐105(I);Kentucky,PP
10.2(H)(3);Maine,DOC15.1.1(VI)(C);Massachusetts,103CMR421.10;Michigan,DOC
04.05.120(O);Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01(k);Missouri,IS21‐1.2(III)(A);Montana,DOC
4.2.1(IV)(E);Nebraska,AR201.05(VII)(B);Nevada,AR507.01(2)(C);NewJersey,
IMM.012.001(III);NewMexico,CD‐143.001.4(J);NewYork,7NYCRR301.4(a);NorthCarolina,
DOC.0302(c);Ohio(localcontrol),DOC5120:1‐10‐15(D);Oregon(after30days),OARDOC291‐
046‐0030;Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802(2);RhodeIsland,ProcedureforClassificationtoCategory
C;SouthDakota,DOC1.3.D.4(IV);Tennessee,DOC404.10(2)(c);Vermont,DOC410.03(3);
Virginia,OP861.3(IV);Washington,DOC320.200(III);Wisconsin,Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§
308.04(3);WyomingP&P3.302(IV)(B)(4).

18Connecticut,AD9.4(12)(A);OhioAdmin.Code5120‐9‐13.1(localcontrol);55SPC‐02(special
management).

19Iowa,IA‐HO‐05(IV)(A)(8)(aftertwomonths).


THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final26

20Wyoming,P&P3.302(IV)(B)(4).

21Alabama,AR436;Delaware,DOCPolicy4.3(VI)(A);Illinois,20Ill.Admin.Code§504.660;
Maryland,DOC.100.0002(18)(B)(2);Minnesota,DD301.085;NewHampshire,DOC5.89,7.49;
NorthDakota,DOC5A‐20;Oklahoma,OP‐040204;WestVirginia,PD326.00.Anotherprovision
ofIllinoislaw,Ill.Admin.Code§505.60,outlinesprocessesfortransferstotheTamms
CorrectionalCenter;sincewebeganthisresearch,Illinoishasclosedthatfacility.Thus,wedo
notincludethatprovisioninthisreport.

22Arkansas,AR11‐42(II);Colorado,AR650‐03(B)(2)(e);FloridaAdmin.Coder.33.602.220(2)(c);
Georgia,SOPIIB09‐001(IV)(B);Idaho,319.02.01.001(15);Indiana,Policy02‐01‐0111(VIII);Iowa,
IA‐HO‐05(IV)(A);Kansas,IMPP20‐106;Massachusetts,103C.M.R.421.07;Maine,DOC15.1;
Missouri,MOIS21‐1.2(III)(B);Nebraska,AR201.05(IV)(A);Nevada,AR507.01(2)(E);NewJersey,
IMM.012.001;NewMexico,CD143001.4(J)(3)(a);NewYork,7NYCRR301.4(a);NorthCarolina,
C.0302(d)(facility‐levelcommitteereviewsplacementsupto60days);NorthCarolina,
C.0302(d)(“Director’sClassificationCommittee”reviewslonger‐termreferralstointensive
control);Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802(3)(A)(1);SouthDakota,DOC1.3.D.4(iii);Virginia,OP
830.2(G)(3);Washington,DOC320.220(I)(A);Wisconsin,DOC308.04(3);Wyoming,P&P3.302.

23Alaska,DOC804.01(VII)(C);Arizona,DO801.10;California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3337;
Connecticut,AD9.4(12)(A);Delaware,DOCPolicy4.3(VI)(A);FederalBureauofPrisons,BOP
541.23(administrativedetention);Michigan,Mich.Admin.CodeR.791.3315(5)(F);Mississippi,
SOP19‐01‐01;Oregon,DOC291‐046‐0030;andVermont,DOC410.03(3).

24Hawaii,COR.11.01(3)(1);Kentucky,PP10.2(H)(3);andTennessee,DOC404‐10‐(VI)(A)2).

25WestVirginia,PD326.00.

26Alaska,DOC804.01(VII)(C);Arkansas,AD11‐42;FederalBureauofPrisons,BOP
541.439(B)(1);California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3337(b);Colorado,AR600.02(IV)(K)(2);
Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐601.800(3)(g);Georgia,SOPIIB09‐001(IV)(B);Hawaii,
COR.11.01(3)(1);Idaho,319.02.01.001;Indiana,02‐01‐111(VI)(B)(allowshearingbutdoesnot
specifyadmissionofevidence);Iowa,IA‐HO‐05(IV)(A);Kansas,IMPP2‐106;Kentucky,PP
10.2(H)(3);Massachusetts,103C.M.R.421.07;Michigan,Mich.Admin.CodeR.791.3315(1)(c);
Missouri,IS21‐1.2(III)(B)(4)(a);Montana,DOC4.2.1(IV)(E);Nebraska,AR201.05(VII)(B);New
Jersey,IMM.012.ADSEG.001;NorthCarolina,C.302(d);Ohio,Admin.Code.5120‐9‐13.1(C);
OregonDOC291‐046‐0030;Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802(2)(6);RhodeIsland,Procedurefor
ClassificationtoCategoryC;SouthDakota,DOC1.3.D.4(iii);Tennessee,DOC404‐10‐(VI)(A)2);
Vermont,DOC410.03;Virginia,OP830.1(V);Washington,DOC320.200(III)(I);Wisconsin,DOC
30604(4)(e);Wyoming,P&P3.302(5).


ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 27


27Connecticut,AD9.4(12);Idaho,319.02.01.001(3)(Table3‐13);Maine,DOC15.1;Mississippi,
SOP19‐01‐01,19‐01‐03;NewMexico,CS143001.4(J);Nevada,AR507.01(2)(E);NewYork,7
NYCRR301.4(a).

28Alaska,DOC804.01(VII)(C);Georgia,SOPIIB09‐001(IV)(B);Iowa,IA‐HO‐05(IV)(A);
Massachusetts,103C.M.R.421.10;SouthDakota,DOC1.3.D.4(iii);Vermont,DOC410.03(3)(d);
Virginia,OP830.1(V);Wisconsin,DOC30604(4)(e).

29California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3336(b);Colorado,AR600.02(IV)(K)(2);Idaho,
319.02.01.001(13);Michigan,Mich.Admin.CodeR.791.3315(1)(c);Nebraska,AR
201.05(VII)(B)(5);Nevada,AR507.01(2)(E)(4);Oregon,DOC291‐046‐0045;Washington,DOC
320.200(III);Wyoming,P&P3.302(5)(VII).

30FederalBureauofPrisons,P5217.01(3)(b)(1).

31Arizona,DO801.10;Arkansas,AD11‐42;Connecticut,AD9.4(12);Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.
33‐601.800(3);Hawaii,COR.11.01;Indiana,DOCPolicy02.01.111;Kansas,IMPP2‐106;
Kentucky,PP10.2(H);Maine,DOC15‐1.1;Missouri,IS21‐1.2(III)(B);Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐
01(k);Missouri,IS21‐1.2(III)(B)(4)(a);Montana,DOC4.2.1(IV)(E);NewJersey,
IMM.012.ADSEG.001;NewMexico,CD‐143.001.4(J);NewYork,7NYCRR301.4(a);North
Carolina,DOC0.0302;OhioAdmin.Code5120:1‐10‐15;Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802(2);Rhode
Island,ProcedureforClassificationtoCategoryC;Tennessee,DOC404.10.

32Alaska,DOC804.01;Massachusetts,103C.M.R.421.16;Vermont,DOC410.03(3)(d)(i).
33Alaska,DOC804.01(VII)(C);Colorado,AR650‐03(IV)(D)(2)(3);Delaware,DOCPolicy4.3(VI)(A);
Idaho,319.02.01.001(3)(Table3‐13);Indiana,02‐01‐111(VI)(B);Maryland,
DOC.100.0002(18)(B)(2);Missouri,IS21.1.2(III)(B)(9);NorthCarolina,C.0302(b);Nebraska,AR
201.05(VII)(C);NewHampshire,DOC5.89,7.49;OhioAdmin.Code5120‐9‐13.1(B);Oregon,
DOC291‐046‐0075;Vermont,410.03(2)(c);Virginia,OP830.1(V);Washington,DOC
320.200(I)(B);Wisconsin,DOC308.04(8)(c)(onlyifcommittee’srulingisnotunanimous);
Wyoming,P&P3302(5)(IV).

34OhioAdmin.Code5120‐9‐13.1(B).

35Alaska,DOC804.01(VII)(C);Colorado,AR650‐03(IV)(D)(2)(3);Nebraska,AR201.05(VII)(B)(5);
OhioAdmin.Code5120‐9‐13(D);Vermont,410.03(2)(c);andWashington,DOC320.200(I)(B).

36Arizona,DO801.10;FederalBureauofPrisons,BOP541.23(forplacementinspecial
managementunits—SMUs—only);Maine,DOC15.1(B);Massachusetts,103CMR421.10;
Minnesota,DD301.087(forplacementinadministrativecontrolonly);Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐
03;NewMexico,CD‐143001.4(J)(4)(forplacementinLevelVandVIonly);RhodeIsland,

THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final28

ProcedureforClassificationtoCategoryC;Virginia,OP830.1(V)(forplacementinsegregation
facility).

37NorthDakota,DOC5A‐20;Oklahoma,OP‐040204.

38See,e.g.,California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3341.5(2);Colorado,650‐03.IV;Connecticut,AD
9.4,Connecticut,NorthernCorrectionalInstitutionAdministrativeSegregationProgram;
FederalBureauofPrisons,BOPBOP541.439B;FederalBureauofPrisons,InmateHandbook
FlorenceADX;Indiana,02‐01‐111;Kentucky,CPP10.2;Minnesota,DD301.083and301.087;
Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01(“AdministrativeSegregationStep‐DownUnit”);NewJersey,
IMM.012.001;NewMexico,CD‐143002.3;Oklahoma,OP‐04204(B);Virginia,OP830.2;
Washington,DOC320.255;Wisconsin,Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§308.04(10).

39Washington,DOC320.220(I)(10).

40Id.

41Id.

42Kansas,IMPP2‐106;Maine,DOC15‐1.1;Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐03;Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM
802(2)(C);SouthDakota,DOC1.3.D.4(iii).

43Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802(2);SouthDakota,DOC1.3.D.4.

44Arkansas,AD11‐42(III)(D).

45Arizona,DO801.11;Michigan,Mich.Admin.CodeR.791.3315(1);NewYork,7NYCRR
301.4(d);Oregon,DOC291‐046‐0100.

46FederalBureauofPrisons,BOP541.439B.

47See,e.g.,Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐03;Virginia,OP830.1(X).

48Alabama,AR436(V)(A)(1);Arkansas,AD11‐42;FederalBureauofPrisons,BOP541.26;
Colorado,AR650.03(VI)(J)(2);Connecticut,AD9.4(12);Delaware,DOCPolicy4.3(VI)(A);
Georgia,SOPIIB09‐0001(VI)(H);Hawaii,COR.11.01(3);Iowa,IO‐HO‐05(IV)(A);Kansas,IMPP20‐
106(I)(A);Kentucky,DOC10.2(II)(H);Maine,DOC15‐1.1(VI)(C);Massachusetts,103CMR
421.10;Michigan,DOC04.05.120(O);Minnesota,DD301.085;Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01(k);
Nebraska,AR201.05(VI);NewHampshire,DOC7.49(III);NewMexico,CD‐143001.4.5;North
Carolina,DOC0.0302;NorthDakota,DOC5A‐20(3)(B);OhioAdmin.Code5120:1‐10‐15(D);
Oklahoma,OP040204(III);Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802(A);Tennessee,DOC404.10(VI)(A)(2);
Vermont,DOC410.03;Washington,DOC320.200(II)(B);WestVirginia,PD326.00(V)(B).


ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 29


49Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220(c);Indiana,02.01.111(V)(A);Maine,DOC15‐1.1(VI)(C)
(72hours);Minnesota,DD301.085(24hours);Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01(k)(72hours);Nevada,
AR507.01(2)(72hours).

50Arkansas,AD11‐42(III)(D);Idaho,DOC319.02.01.001(15);Maryland,DOC.100.0002(18)(B);
Missouri,DOC1521‐1.2(III)(B);Minnesota,DD301.085;Oregon,DOC291‐046‐0030;Rhode
Island,ProcedureforClassificationtoCategoryC;Wyoming,P&P3.302(IV)(E)(4).

51NewYork,7NYCRR301.4(d);NewJersey,DOCIMM.012.001(III).

52California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3335(d);Illinois,Ill.Admin.Codetit.20,§504.660;
Massachusetts,103CMR421.10;RhodeIsland,ProcedureforClassificationtoCategoryC;
SouthDakota,DOC1.3.D.4(IV)(reviewsmustoccurwithin90daysorsooner);Virginia,OP
861.3(9).

53AZDO801.10.1.8.

54California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3341.5(2);Colorado,650‐03.IV;Connecticut,AD9.4,
Connecticut,NorthernCorrectionalInstitutionAdministrativeSegregationProgram;Federal
BureauofPrisons,BOP541.439B;FederalBureauofPrisons,InmateHandbookFlorenceADX;
Indiana,02‐01‐111;Kentucky,CPP10.2;Minnesota,DD301.083and301.087;Mississippi,SOP
19‐01‐01(“AdministrativeSegregationStep‐DownUnit”);NewJersey,IMM.012.001;New
Mexico,CD‐143002.3;Oklahoma,OP‐04204(B);Virginia,OP830.2;Washington,DOC320.255;
Wisconsin,Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§308.04(10).

55Connecticut,NorthernCorrectionalInstitutionAdministrativeSegregationProgram;seealso
NewJersey,IMM.012.ADSEG.001(providingforreviewonsixmonthincrementsifassignment
toadministrativesegregationisforaperiodgreaterthanoneyear).

56California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3335(d);Illinois,Ill.Admin.Codetit.20,§504.660(c);
Massachusetts,103CMR421.18;NewYork,7NYCRR301.4(d);RhodeIsland,Procedurefor
ClassificationtoCategoryC;SouthDakota,DOCpolicy1.3.D.4;Virginia,OP861.3;Washington,
DOC320.250(V)(B)(forIntensiveManagementandTreatmentUnits).

57NewJersey,IMM.012.ADSEG.02(IV)(5).

58NewJersey,IMM.012.ADSEG.001.

59Washington,DOC320.200(III)(C).

60Thetwothatdonotspecifytheofficialsresponsibleforperiodicrevieware:Minnesota,DD
301.085(C)(UnitAd.Seg.);andMontana,MSP3.5.1(H)(1).


THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final30

61Maine,DOC15.1;Maryland,DOC.100.0002(5)(F)(9);NewHampshire,PPD7.14;North
Dakota,5A‐20(3)(E);Ohio,AR55‐SPC‐02(IV),(VI)(B)(4).

62Colorado,AR650‐03(IV)(J)(4).

63Missouri,IS21‐1.2(III)(A).

64FederalBureauofPrisons,P5217.01.

65Arkansas,AD11‐42(III)(D)(3);Colorado,AR650‐03(IV)(J)(4)(DeputyDirectorofPrison
Operationsmustinterviewandapprove);Kansas,IMPP20‐106(IV).

66Michigan,04.05.120(GGG).

67Michigan,PD04.05.120(GGG).

68Alaska,DOC804.01(VII)(D),Arizona,DO801.10;California,Cal.CodeRegs.Tit.15§3338;
Connecticut,AD9.4(12);Idaho,SOP319.02.01.001(15);Illinois,Iowa,IO‐HO‐05(IV)(A)(8);
Kentucky,DOC10.2(II)(H)(3);Maine,DOC15‐1.1(VI);Maryland,DOC100.0002(18)(B)(2);
Massachusetts,103CMR421.18;Michigan,PD04.05.120(EEE)‐(FFF);Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐
01(k),at3;Missouri,IS21‐1.2(III)(B);Minnesota,DD301.085;Nebraska,AR201.05(VI)(C);
Nevada,AR507.01(2)(E);NewHampshire,PPD7.14(III)(M);NewYork,7NYCRR301.4(d)(2);
NorthCarolina,C.0302;NorthDakota;5A‐20(3)(F);Oklahoma,OP‐O40204(III)(A)(13);Oregon,
AR291‐046‐0025;Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802,Sec.2(D);SouthDakota,DOCPolicy1.3.D.4(IV);
Tennessee,DOCPolicy404.10(VI)(B)(3);Vermont,410.03(6);Virginia,OP861.3(V)(B)(3);
Washington,DOC320.200(III);Wyoming,P&P3.302(IV)(E).Somestates,suchasWestVirginia,
provideforreview,butnotahearing.WestVirginia,PD326.00(V)(B)(4).

69Arizona,DO801.10.1.1;California,Cal.CodeRegs.Tit.15§3339(b)(1)(48hours);Kentucky,
CPP10.2(II)(H)(3)(A)(48hours);Maine,DOCPolicy15.1(VII)(48hours);Maryland,
DOC.100.0002(18)(B)(2)(a)(24hours);Massachusetts,103CMR421.10(2)(72hours);Michigan,
Mich.Admin.Code.R.791.3315(1)(24hours);Missouri,IS21‐1.2(III)(B)(24hours);Minnesota,
DD301.087(B)(2)(48hoursforadministrativecontrol);Nebraska,AR201.05(VII)(A)(3)(48
hours);NewHampshire,PPD7.14(III)(M)(48hours);Oklahoma,(III)(A)(13)(48hours);South
Dakota,DOCPolicy1.3.D.4(24hours);Washington,DOC320.200(III)(C)(2)(48hours).

70See,e.g.,Alabama,AR436;Maine,DOCPolicy15.1;Missouri,IS21‐1.2(III)(B)(4)(c);Montana,
DOCPolicy4.2.1(IV)(E)(3).

71Alaska,DOC804.01(VII)(E);Arizona,DO801.10;Georgia,SOPIIB09‐0001(VI)(I);Iowa,IO‐HO‐
05(IV)(A)(12);Kentucky,CPP10.2(II)(H)(3);Maine,DOC15‐1.1(VI),at7;Massachusetts,103
CMR421.18;Michigan,PD04.05.120(T);Minnesota,DD301.085;Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01(k);
Nebraska,AR201.05(VI)(C);NewHampshire,PPDb7.14(III)(O);NewJersey,

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 31


IMM.012.ADSEG.03(IV)(B);NewYork,7NYCRR301.4(d);Nevada,AR507.01(2)(H)‐(I);Oregon,
AR291‐046‐0030;Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802,Sec.2(D);SouthDakota,DOCPolicy1.3.D.4(IV);
Tennessee,DOCPolicy404.10(IV)(B)(3);Vermont,410.03(6);Wisconsin,Wis.Admin.CodeDOC
§308.04(9);Wyoming,P&P3.302(VI)(E).Includedinthislistarestatesthatprovideautomatic
reviewofplacementinadministrativesegregationafterspecifiedintervalsofperiodicreview
notedabove.Forexample,inWyomingautomaticreviewbysupervisingofficerswithinthe
facilityispermitted,butsuchreviewisnotspecificallycalledan"appeal."SeeWyoming,P&P
3.302(VI)(E).SeealsoIdaho,SOP319.02.01.001;Tennessee,DOCPolicy404.10.

72VirginiaandNorthCarolinaaretwoexamplesofsystemsthatpermittheappealof
classificationdecisionsthroughregulargrievancechannels.See,e.g.,Virginia,OP830.1(X).

73Kentuckyprovidesappealsforadministrativecontrolstatus,butdoesnotspecifywhether
appealsarerequiredforadministrativesegregation.SeeKentucky,CPP10.2(G)(1).

74ThesizeofcellsisdetailedinNewMexico,CD14‐3000(H)(requiring80squarefeet,ofwhich
35mustbeunencumbered)andWyoming,P&P5.302at20(2011)(same).

75StateswithpoliciesthatspecifiedaccesstolightwereConnecticut,AD9.4(4)(A)(requiring
thatcellsbe“adequatelylighted”);Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220(4)(d)(providingthat
“whensufficientnaturallightisunavailable,interiorcelllightsshallbeleftonduringdayand
eveninghours”);Georgia,SOPIIB09‐0001(VI)(E)(1)(requiringcellbe“adequatelylighted”);
Hawaii,MaximumControlUnitHandbookII(d)(mandatingthatlightandairfixturesshallnotbe
obstructed);Illinois,20Ill.AdminCode§504.620(b)(4)(“Adequatelightingforreadingand
observationpurposes”);Maine,DOC15.1(VI)(specifying“livingconditionsthatapproximate
thoseofgeneralpopulationprisoners”regardinglight,amongotherconditions);Mississippi,
SOP19‐01‐01(k),at11(requiring20CandlePowersoflightingineveryadministrative
segregationcell);Montana,DOC3.5.1(III)(C)(2)(requiringthatlockedhousingcellsbe
“adequatelylighted”);Ohio,AR55‐SPC‐02(IV)(12)(requiringadequatelightingforreading);
Tennessee,DOCPolicy506.16(IV)(B)(1)(requiring“adequatelighting”);Virginia,OP861.3
(requiringspecialhousingunitstobe“adequatelylighted”);Washington,DOC320.260(I)(e)(1)
(requiringan“adequatelylighted”environment).

76Alaska,DOC804.1(G);Arizona,DO909;Arkansas,AD11‐42;California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15
§3343;Colorado,AR650‐03(F);Connecticut,AD9.4(4);Delaware,DOCPolicy4.3(VI)(C);
Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220(8);Georgia,SOPIIB0901‐0001(VI)(E);Hawaii,Maximum
ControlUnitHandbook;Idaho,319.02.01.001;Illinois,20Ill.AdminCode§504.620(b)(4);
Indiana,Policy02‐01‐111;Iowa,IA‐HO‐05(IV)(H)(2)(f);Kansas,IMPP12‐133;Maine,DOC
15.1(VI);Maryland,DOC100.0002(18)(F);Massachusetts,103CMR421.20;Michigan,PD
04.05.120;Minnesota,DD301.083;Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01(k);Missouri,IS21‐1.2(III)(E);
Montana,DOC3.5.1(III)(C)(4);Nebraska,AR210.01(III)(C);Nevada,AR507.01(4)(F)&(H);New
Hampshire,PPD7.49(IV)(D)(4);NewJersey,ACSUAdministrationSegregationHandbook;New
Mexico,CD14‐3001.A(R);NorthCarolina,C.1210,C.1212;NorthDakota,DOC5A‐20(G);Ohio,

THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final32

55‐SPC‐02;Oklahoma,OP‐040204(V);Oregon,AR291‐011‐0005;Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802;
RhodeIsland,PP15.11‐3;Tennessee,DOCPolicy506.16(VI(D)(1);Vermont,DOCPolicy410.06
(Attachment1);Virginia,OP802.1;Washington,DOC320.260(IV)(D)(3);WestVirginia,OP
326.00(I)(V)(B)(12);Wisconsin,Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§308.04(1)(12)(a);Wyoming,P&P
3.302.

77Alaska,DOC804.1(F);Arizona,ADC909;Arkansas,AD11‐42(C);California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.
15§3343(i);Colorado,AR650‐03(IV)(F);Delaware,DOCPolicy4.3(VI)(B)(12);Florida,Fla.
Admin.Coder.33‐602.220;Hawaii,COR.11.01(3)(l)(h);Idaho,SOP319.01.01.001;Illinois,20Ill.
AdminCode§504.620(s);Indiana,Policy02‐01‐111;Iowa,IA‐HO‐05(IV)(H)(2)(i);;Kansas,IMPP
12‐133;Maine,DOCPolicy15.1(VI);Maryland,DOC.100.0002(18)(F);Massachusetts,103CMR
421.20;Michigan,PD04.05.120(5);Minnesota,DD301.085;Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01(k);
Missouri,IS21‐1.2(III)(E)(12);Montana,MSP3.5.1;Nebraska,AR210.01(III)(M);Nevada,AR
507(4)(J)‐(L);NewHampshire,PPD7.49(IV)(D)(13);NewJersey,ACSUAdministrative
SegregationHandbook;NewMexico,CD14‐3000.A(Y);NorthCarolina,C.1221;NorthDakota,
DOC5A‐20(G);Ohio,AR55‐SPC‐02(IV);Oklahoma,OP‐040204(V);Oregon,AR291‐11‐0005;
Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802;RhodeIsland,PP15.11‐3;SouthDakota,DOCPolicy1.3.D.4(IV);
Tennessee,TDOC506.16(VI)(E)(B);Vermont,DOC410.06(Attachment1);Virginia,OP861.3;
WestVirginia,PD326.00(1)(B)(2));Wyoming,P&P3.304(II)(A).

78Alabama,AR431;Alaska,DOC804.1(F);Arizona,DO809(AttachmentB:IncentiveMatrix–
Store,PhoneandVisitation);Arkansas,AD11‐42(c)(18);California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§
3343(j);Colorado,AR650‐03(IV(F);Connecticut,NorthernCorrectionalInstitution
AdministrativeSegregationProgramDescription;Delaware,DOC4.3(VI)(D)(5);Florida,Fla.
Admin.Coder.33‐602.220;Georgia,SOPIIBO901‐001;Hawaii,COR.11.01(3)(1);Idaho,SOP
319.02.01.001(18);Illinois,20Ill.AdminCode§504.620(g);Indiana,IN02‐01‐111(IX)(F);Iowa,
IA‐HO‐05(IV)(H)(2);Kansas,KSIMPP12‐133;Kentucky,CPP10.2(I)(7);Maine,DOC15.1;
Massachusetts,103CMR423.09;Michigan,PD04.05.120;Minnesota,DD301.083;Mississippi,
SOP19‐01‐01(k);Missouri,IS21‐1.2(III)(E)(11);Montana,MSP3.5.1(III)(G);Nebraska,AR
205.03(IV)(B);Nevada,AR507.01(4)(I);NewHampshire,PPD7.49;NewMexico,CD14‐
3000.A(AA);NorthCarolina,C.1214(b);NorthDakota,DOC5A‐20(G);Oklahoma,OP‐040204(V);
Oregon,AR291‐130‐0016;Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802,818;RhodeIsland,PP15.11‐3;South
Dakota,DOC1.5.D.1(IV);Tennessee,DOCPolicy506.16(VI)(E)(3);Vermont,DOC410.06
(Attachment1);Virginia,OP861.3;Washington,DOC320.060(I)(B)(6);WestVirginia,PD
326.00(I)(V)(B)(22);Wisconsin,Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§309.39;Wyoming,P&P5.402.

79Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220(2)(a).

80NewJersey,IMM.012.ADSEG.03.

81California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3341.5(2);Colorado,650‐03.IV;Connecticut,AD9.4,
Connecticut,NorthernCorrectionalInstitutionAdministrativeSegregationProgram;Federal
BureauofPrisons,BOPBOP541.439B;FederalBureauofPrisons,InmateHandbookFlorence

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 33


ADX;Indiana,02‐01‐111;Kentucky,CPP10.2;Minnesota,DD301.083and301.087;Mississippi,
SOP19‐01‐01(“AdministrativeSegregationStep‐DownUnit”);NewJersey,IMM.012.001;New
Mexico,CD‐143002.3;Oklahoma,OP‐04204(B);Virginia,OP830.2;Washington,DOC320.255;
Wisconsin,Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§308.04(10).

82NewMexico,CD‐143002.3;seealso,NewJersey,IMM.012.ADSEG.03(“Thistwo‐levelsystem
isdesignedtoencourageinmatestoimprovetheirpatternsofbehaviorthroughgradual
reductionofrestrictions”).

83Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01.

84See,e.g.,Colorado,650‐03.IV;Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01(“AdministrativeSegregationStep‐
DownUnit”);Virginia,OP830.2;Washington,DOC320.255.

85Thediscussionoftheseprogramscomesfrommaterialsinadditiontothepoliciesofthe
state.SeeWashington,DOC320.200,DOC320.255;seealso,WashingtonState,Departmentof
Corrections,ProgramOverview,
http://www.asca.net/system/assets/attachments/5452/Secretary_Warner_ASCA%203.pdf?136
0688604.

86Id.

87Id.

88InstitutionalprovisionsforvisitingingeneralaresummarizedinPrisonVisitationPolicies:A
50StateSurvey.ChesaBoudin,AaronLittman,andTrevorStutz,PrisonVisitationPolicies:A50
StateSurvey(2012),availableathttp://www.law.yale.edu/intellectuallife/limanpubs.htm.The
specificrulesforindividualsinadministrativesegregationarefoundinAlaska,DOC
804.01(VII)(F)(1)(accesstovisitationrestrictedonlyafterindividualizeddeterminationthat
participationthreatensorderandsecurity);Arizona,DO804.01.1.2.13(non‐contactvisitation
exceptwhenprecludedbydisciplinarysanctions);Arkansas,AD11‐42(III)(C)(7)‐(8)(stipulating
visitsinaseparatevisitingroomandinthepresenceofanofficer);FederalBureauofPrisons,
BOP540.50(permittingvisitingprivilegesasingeneralpopulationunlessindividualized
disciplinaryfinding);California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3343(f)(inmatesassignedtosegregated
housingpermittedsamevisitationasgeneralpopulation,exceptforinmatesinsecurityhousing
unitswhoarerestrictedtonon‐contactvisitation);Colorado,AR650‐03(IV)(F)(1)(j)(permitting
opportunitiesfornon‐contactandattorneyvisitingunlesstherearedocumentedsubstantial
reasonsforwithholdingsuchprivileges);Connecticut,NorthernCorrectionalInstitution
AdministrativeSegregationProgramDescription(describingvisitingprivilegesaccordingto
privilegelevel);Delaware,DOCPolicy4.3(VI)(D)(1)(“AdministrativeSegregationoffendershave
opportunitiesforvisitation,unlesstherearesubstantialreasonsforwithholdingsuch
privileges”);Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220(5)(i)(permittingvisitationuponadvance
approvalbywardenordesignee,andallowingwardenordesigneetodeterminewhethersuch

THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
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
visitwillbecontactornon‐contact;visitationdeniedtoinmates“whoareathreattothe
securityoftheinstitution”)andFla.Admin.Coder.33‐601.820(5)(e)(onlyspecifyinglegalvisits
forinmatesinmaximummanagement);Georgia,SOPIIB09‐0001(VI)(E)(5)(“visitingand
correspondenceprivilegesaccordedthegeneralpopulationshallbeallowedtoinmatesin
AdministrativeSegregation”);Hawaii,MaximumControlUnitFunctions(allowingone45‐
minutepersonalnon‐contactvisitevery14daysformaximumcustodyinmates)and
COR.11.01(3.1)(f)(allowingnon‐contactpersonalvisitsbutcontactofficialvisits);Idaho,SOP
319.02.01.001(18)(allowingonevisitpermonthuponrequest,excludingattorneyvisits,after
twentydaysofdetention);Illinois,Ill.Admin.Codetit.20§505.80(permittingnon‐contact
visitsuponadvanceapprovalforallnon‐attorneyvisitors);Indiana,DOCPolicy02‐01‐111(IX)(E)
(allowingaminimumoftwovisitspermonth,withopportunityforcontactdeterminedby
facility);Iowa,IO‐HO‐05(IV)(H)(2)(o)(i)(specifying“opportunitiesforvisitationunlessthereare
substantialreasonsforwithholdingprivileges”);Kansas,IMPP20‐101(III)(B)(“visitationshallbe
allowedonarestrictedbasisunlesstherearesubstantialreasonsforwithholdingthe
privilege”);Kentucky,CPP10.2(II)(I)(6)(providingvisitation“unlessadocumentedreasonfor
withholdingexists”),16.1(II)(G)(2)(“inmatesinSpecialManagementmaybeallowednormal
visitinghoursbutmayberestrictedtoamoresecurevisitingarea”ifathreattosecurityor
orderexists);Maine,DOC15.1(VI)(E)(2)(C)(allowingnon‐contactregularvisitsonceperweek
andprofessionalvisitsaspermitted);Maryland,DOC.100.0002(18)(F)(12)(permittingsame
numberanddurationofvisitsasgeneralpopulation,preferablyinseparatevisitingroom,
“consistentwithsecuritystaffingandinstitutionalneeds”);Massachusetts,103CMR421.20(7)
(“inmatesinsegregationshallbeaffordedvisitingprivilegeswhichare,asmuchaspracticable,
thesameasthoseavailabletoinmatesinthegeneralpopulation”);Michigan,PD05.03.140(CC)
(permittingnon‐contactvisitsonlyexceptforwithanattorney);Minnesota,DD301.087(E)(11)
(requiringthatinmatesinadministrativesegregationstatushaveaccesstovisiting,and
specifyingCCTVvisitsfourhourspermonthforOakParkHeightsAdministrativeControlUnit,
withincreasedvisitationopportunitiesatwarden’sdiscretion);Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01
(permittingnon‐contactvisitsbytenvisitorsunlesstherearesubstantialreasonsfor
withholding);Missouri,IS21‐1.2(III)(E)(10)(a)(permittingtwohournon‐contactvisitswith
possibilityofadditionalprivileges);Montana,MSP3.5.1(III)(G)(2)(l)(socialandlegalvisitsmust
bepermitted“providedtheinmateisnotunderaproperlyimposedvisitingrestriction”);
Nebraska,AR210.01(III)(J)(allowingnon‐contactvisitsforinmatesinintensivemanagement,
contactforadministrativeconfinementunlessinaunitwithtelevisitingcapability);Nevada,AR
507(4)(E)(“administrativesegregationinmateswillbeallowedcontactvisitsunlesssecurityof
theinstitutiondictatesotherwise”);NewHampshire,PPD7.09(IV)(D)(9)(permittingtwovisits
perweekbesidesattorneyandclergyvisits);NewJersey,ACSUAdministrativeSegregation
InmateHandbook(defininglevelsofprogramandcorrespondingnon‐contactvisitprivileges);
NewMexico,CD‐143000(X)(“inmatesinsegregationshallhaveopportunitiesforvisitation
unlesstherearesubstantialreasonsforwithholdingsuchprivileges”);NewYork,7NYCRR
1704.7(d)(permittingonenon‐legalvisitperweek,subjecttofurtherrestriction);North
Carolina,C.1215(permittingtwonon‐contactvisitseverythirtydays);NorthDakota,5A‐
20(3)(H)(2)(permittingadministrativesegregationinmatesonehourofvisitingtimeoneach
authorizeddayandupto10hourspermonth);Ohio,AR55‐SPC‐02(VI)(A)(14)(permitting

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 35


“sameaccesstovisitationasgeneralpopulationunlesssecurityorsafetyconsiderationsdictate
otherwise”);Oklahoma,OP‐040204(V)(A)(12)(permittingvisitingprivilegesinaccordancewith
levelassignment);Oregon,OAR291‐127‐0260(6)(permittingonenon‐contactone‐hour
visit/weekwithtwovisitors);Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802(§3)(A)(2)(d)(“allvisitsarenon‐
contact”andgovernedbyprogramphases);RhodeIsland,12.02‐2DOC(III)(E)(2)(onevisitper
week,ifdetainee’sbehaviorpermits,excludingvisitwithattorney);SouthDakota,DOCPolicy
1.3.D.4&1.5.D.1(permittingnon‐contactvisits);Tennessee,DOCPolicy506.16(IV)(E)(1)&
507.01.1(allowingvisitsbyfamily,attorney,andministeronly;opportunityforcontactvisits
determinedbyfacility);Vermont,DOCPolicy410.06(permittingonevisitperweek,non‐
contactorcontactaccordingtofacilityandstep‐downstatus);Virginia,OP861.3(V)(D)(16)
(establishingnon‐contactvisitation,oneone‐hourvisitperweekwithnomorethanfive
persons);Washington,DOC320.260(III)(A)(2)(providingforno‐contactvisitswithimmediate
familymembers);WestVirginia,PD326.00(V)(B)(18)(“inmatesinsegregationshallhave
opportunitiesforvisitationunlesstherearesubstantialreasonsforwithholdingsuch
privileges”);Wisconsin,Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§§309.09(4)&DOC309.11(1)(allowingone
hourperweek,permittingwardentoimposenon‐contactvisitingoninmatesinadministrative
segregation);Wyoming,P&P#5.400(IV)(K)(1)(iv)(requiringpre‐arrangedvisitsforinmatesin
long‐termadministrativesegregationandvaryinghoursofnon‐contactvisitationpermonth
dependingonlevelofisolation).

89Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220(5)(i);Maine,DOC15.1(VI)(E)(2)(C);Oregon,OAR291‐
127‐0260;Washington,DOC320.260(III)(A)(2).

90Maine,DOCPolicy15.1(VI)(E).

91Georgia,SOPIIB09‐0001(VI)(E)(5);Hawaii,COR.11.01(3.1)(f);Idaho,SOP319.02.01.001(18);
Illinois,Ill.Admin.Codetit.20,§505.80;Iowa,HO‐05(H)(2)(h)(i),Kansas,IMPP20‐101(II)(b);
NewHampshire,PPD7.09(IV)(A)(1);NewYork,7NYCRR302.2(i)(1)(i);RhodeIsland,12.02‐
2(III)(E)(2);Tennessee,DOC506.16(VI)(E)(1).

92Alaska,DOCPolicy804.01(VII)(G)(2)(b)(4);Arizona,AR911.05.1.4;Arkansas,AD11‐
42(III)(C)(7)‐(8);Iowa,HO‐05(H)(2)(o)(i);Kansas,IMPP10‐110;Kentucky,CPP10.2(II)(O);Maine,
DOC15.1(VI)(E)(2)(O);Maryland,DOC.100.0002(18)(F)(13)(a);Massachusetts,103CMR
421.20(7);Minnesota,DD301.087(E)(18),301.085(E);Missouri,IS21‐1.2(E)10)(a);Nevada,AR
5074(Q);NewHampshire,PPD7.09(IV)(L);NewJersey,ACSUAdministrativeSegregation
InmateHandbook;NewMexico,CD‐143005(A)(CC);NorthDakota,5A‐20(I)(2);RhodeIsland,
12.02‐2(III)(E)(7);SouthDakota,DOCPolicy1.3.D.4(IV);Tennessee,DOC506.16(VI)(E)(12);
Virginia,OP861.3(V)(D)(22)(a).

93Arkansas,AD11‐42(III)(C)(7).

94Iowa,IADOCHO‐05((IV)(F)(7).


THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final36

95Illinois,20Ill.AdminCode§504.620(m);Indiana,DOCPolicy02‐01‐111(IX)(N);Kentucky,CPP
10.2(II)(O);Maine,DOC15.1(E)(2)(C);NewYork,NYCRR304.9.

96Minnesota,DD301.087(E)(8).

97Nevada,AR5074(Q).

98FederalBureauofPrisons,BOP540.50;Georgia,SOPIIB09‐0001(VI)(E)(5);Massachusetts,
103CMR421.20(7);Maryland,DOC.100.0002(18)(F)(12).

99Connecticut,NorthernCorrectionalInstitutionAdministrativeSegregationProgram
Description;NewJersey,ACSUAdministrativeSegregationInmateHandbook;Tennessee,DOC
506.16(VI)(E)(1);Washington,DOC320.260(III)(A)(2).

100Oregon,OAR291‐127‐0260(6);Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01.

101Oregon,OAR291‐127‐0260.

102NewHampshire,PPD7.09(IV)(A)(2).

103Alabama,AR303(V)(C);FederalBureauofPrisons,P5217.01(5)(a)(10)(“inmatesmaybe
providednon‐contactvisits,throughtheuseofvideoconferencingorothertechnology”);
Delaware,DOCPolicy4.3(VI)(D);Georgia,SOPIIB09‐0001(VI)(E)(5);Idaho,SOP
319.02.01.001(18);Kansas,IMPP20‐101(III)(B);Kentucky,CPP10.2(II)(I)(6),16.1(II)(G)(2);
Massachusetts,103CMR421.20(7);Maryland,DOC.100.0002(18)(F)(12);Montana,MSP
3.5.1(III)(G)(2)(l);NewHampshire,PPD7.09&PPD7.49(IV)(Q);NorthDakota,5A‐20(H)(2);
Ohio,AR55‐SPC‐02(VI)(A)(14);Oklahoma,OP‐040204(V)(A)(12);RhodeIsland,12.02‐2(III)(E)(2);
WestVirginia,PD326.00(V)(B)(18).

104Arizona,DO911.05.1.3.1;California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3343(f)(SHUonly);Colorado,AR
650‐03(IV)(F)(1)(j);Connecticut,NorthernCorrectionalInstitutionAdministrativeSegregation
ProgramDescription;Hawaii,MaximumControlUnitFunctions;Illinois,Ill.Admin.Codetit.20,
§505.80;Maine,DOC15.1(VI)(E)(2)(C);Michigan,PD05.03.140(CC);Minnesota,DD
301.087(E)(11);Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01;Missouri,IS21‐1.2(III)(E)(10)(a);Nebraska,AR
210.01(J)(intensivemanagementonly);NewJersey,ACSUAdministrativeSegregationInmate
Handbook;NewMexico,CD‐143005(D)(5)(A);NorthCarolina,C.1215;NewYork,7NYCRR
1704.7(d);Oregon,OAR291‐127‐0260(6);Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802(§3)(A)(2)(d);Rhode
Island,15.11‐3DOC(III)(D)(CategoryCinmates);SouthDakota,DOCPolicy1.3.D.4&1.5.D.1;
Virginia,OP861.3(V)(D)(16);Vermont,DOC410.06(PhaseI,”wherefacilitydesignallows”);
Washington,DOC320.260(III)(A)(2);Wyoming,P&P5.400(IV)(K)(1)(iv).

105California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3343(f);Nebraska,AR210.01(J)


ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES
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LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final 37


106Alaska,DOC810.02(VII)(C)(2);California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§3343(f)(unlessSHU);
Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220(5)(i);Indiana,DOCPolicy02‐01‐111(IX)(E);Iowa,IO‐HO‐
05(IV)(H)(2)(o)(ii);Kentucky,CPP16.1;Nebraska,AR210.01(J)(unlessintensive
management/SMU);Nevada,AR507(4)(E);Tennessee,DOCPolicy506.16(Procedures)(E)(1)&
507.01.1;Vermont,DOC410.06(PhaseII,atfacilitieswithnon‐contactcapability);Wisconsin,
Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§§309.09(4)&DOC309.11(1).

107Alaska,DOC810.02(VII)(C)(2);Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220(5)(i);Indiana,DOC
Policy02‐01‐111(IX)(E);Iowa,IO‐HO‐05(IV)(H)(2)(o)(ii);NewYork,7NYCRR302.2(i)(1)(ii);
Nevada,AR507(4)(E);Tennessee,DOCPolicy506.16(E)(1)&507.01.1;Vermont,DOCPolicy
410.06(PhaseIIonly);Wisconsin,Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§§309.09(4)&DOC309.11(1).

108Vermont,DOC410.06(Attachment1).

109Minnesota,DD301.087(E)(11).

110Delaware,DOC4.3(VI)(D)(1);Iowa,IA‐HO‐05(IV)(H)(2)(o)(i);Kansas,IMPP20‐101(III)(B);
NewMexico,CD‐143000(X);Virginia,OP861.3(16)(a);Wyoming,P&P5.400(IV)(K).

111Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220(5)(i).

112Massachusetts,MA423.09(1)(e).

113Alaska,DOC804.1(VII)(F)(1);FederalBureauofPrisons,BOP540.50(c);Arizona,DOC
911.04.1.2.1;Colorado,COAR650‐3(F)(1)(j);Connecticut,NorthernCorrectionalInstitution
AdministrativeSegregationProgramDescription;Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220(5)(i);
Illinois,Ill.Admin.Codetit.20,§525.20;Indiana,DOC02‐01‐111(IX)(E);Iowa,DOCHO‐
05(IV)(H)(2)(o);Kansas,IMPP20‐101(III)(B);Kentucky,CPP16.1(G)(2);Louisiana,VisitorsCode
ofConductandGeneralInformation;Massachusetts,103CMR421.20(7);Maryland,
DOC.100.0002(18)(F)(12);Michigan,PD05.03.140(CC)‐(EE);Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01(k);
Montana,DOC3.3.8(IV)(A);Nevada,AR5074(E);NewYork,7NYCRR1704.7(d);Oregon,OAR
291‐127‐0260(3)(c)RhodeIsland,12.02‐2(E)(2);TennesseeDOC507.1(VI)(B)(6)(h);Virginia,
DOCOP861.3(16);WestVirginia,PD326.00(V)(B)(18);Wyoming,P&P5.400(IV)(B)(1).

114Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220(5)(i);Indiana,DOC02‐01‐111(IX)(E);Illinois,Ill.
Admin.Codetit.20,§505.80;Maine,DOC15.1(E)(2)(C);Minnesota,DD301.087(11)&
301.085(E);Mississippi,MSSOP19‐01‐01(k);NewHampshire,PPD7.09(IV)(I);NewJersey,
IMM.012.001(IV)(I);NewMexico,CD‐143000(X);Oregon,OAR291‐127‐0260;Washington,DOC
320.260(III)(A)(2);Wyoming,DOC5.400(IV)(K).

115Alaska,DOC804.1(VII)(F).

116Kentucky,CPP16.1(G)(2).

THEARTHURLIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOLJUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationJune25,2013final38


117Alabama,AR303(V)(A)(4);Alaska,DOC804.1(VII)(F);Arizona,DOC911.04.1.12;Arkansas,AD
11‐42(III)(C)(8);FederalBureauofPrisons,BOP540.50(c);California,Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15§
3343(f);Delaware,DOC4.3(VI)(D)(1);Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220(5)(i);Georgia,SOP
IIB01‐0005(IV)(c);Illinois,Ill.Admin.Codetit.20,§505.80;Iowa,IA‐HO‐05(H)(2)(o)(i);Indiana,
DOC02‐01‐111(IX)(E);Kansas,IMPP20‐101(III)(B);Kentucky,CPP16.1(G);Maryland,
DOC.100.0002(18)(F)(12);Massachusetts,103CMR421.20(7);Michigan,PD05.03.140;
Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01(k);Montana,MSP3.5.1(III)(G)(2)(1);Nebraska,AR210.01(J);Nevada,
AR507(4)(E);Ohio,AR55‐SPC‐02(IV);Oklahoma,OP040204(IV)(A)(12);SouthDakota,DOC
1.5.D.1;Tennessee,507.1,506(16)(E);Wisconsin,Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§309.11(1);Wyoming,
P&P5.400(Wyominghasnotedthatinpractice,inmatesareaffordedvisitationperthelimitsin
thepolicyassuminggoodbehavior.Thepolicy,however,doesnotrequirethefacilitytoallow
visitation.)

118Indiana,INDOC02‐01‐111(IX)(E).

119Maryland,DOC.100.0002(18)(F)(12);Mississippi,MSSOP19‐01‐01(k);Montana,MTDOC
3.3.8;NewHampshire,PPD7.09(IV)(D)(9),Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§308.04(12)(c).

120HawaiiMaximumControlUnitHandbook,at5.

121NorthCarolina,C.1215.

122Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM812(1‐4);DC‐ADM801(6).

123Colorado,AR650‐3(H);Connecticut,NorthernCorrectionalInstitutionAdministrative
SegregationProgramDescription;NewJersey,IMM.012.001(IV)(I);NewMexico,CD‐143000,
AttachmentCD‐143002.AandCD‐143002.B;Washington,DOC320.255,Attachment1.

124Colorado,AR650‐03(VI)(H).

125Colorado,AR650‐03(VI)(H)(AdministrativeSegregationPrivilegeLevels).

126Connecticut,NorthernCorrectionalInstitutionAdministrativeSegregationProgram
Description.

127NewJersey,IMM.012.001(IV)(I).

128Indiana,DOC02‐01‐111(IX)(E).


ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES
LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixAJune25,2013 AppendixApage1
AppendixA

SummaryoftheReport

AdministrativeSegregation,DegreesofIsolation,and
Incarceration:ANationalOverviewofStateandFederal
CorrectionalPoliciesintheUnitedStates


TheGoals
Provideanationalportraitofpoliciesontheusesofadministrativesegregation

Understandcommonalitiesandvariationsacrossjurisdictions

Inviteconsiderationabouthow,when,andwhethertouseisolatingsettings

Encourageconversationsacrossperspectivesonthesepractices


Methodology:CollectingPolicies
PhaseI:Reviewpubliclyavailablepolicies
43reviewed,includingviaFOIA

PhaseII:SolicitpoliciesviaASCA;
42receivedasofDecember31,2012

CurrentStatus:
Policiesfrom50jurisdictions,includingFederalBoP
47policiesonadministrativesegregation


ChallengesofComparisons
Var iousterms:
administrativeclosesupervision,administrativeconfinement,administrativesegregation,
behaviormodification,departmentalsegregation,inmatesegregation,intensive
management,lockedunit,maximumcontrolunit,restrictedhousing,securitycontrol,
securityhousingunit,segregatedhousing,specialhousingunit,andspecialmanagement

Differinglevelsofspecificity

Interstateandintra‐jurisdictionvariation

THELIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOL JUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixAJune25,2013 AppendixApage2
DefiningAdministrativeSegregation
Separationofprisonersfromgeneralpopulationtypicallyinacell(doubleorsingle),for23
hours/day
Generallylong‐term:notfixed,eitherindefiniteorrenewable,and30daysormore
Notpunitive,disciplinary,orprotective


PolicieswithGeneralAuthority/FewEnumeratedFactors
“Non‐punitiveplacementofaninmateinacellwhosecontinuedpresenceinthegeneral
populationposesaseriousthreattolife,property,securityortheorderlyoperationofthe
institution.”
‐Alabama,AR436.3A

“Anyothercircumstanceswhere,inthejudgmentofstaff,theoffendermayposeathreatto
thesecurityofthefacility.”
⁸Arkansas,AR836DOC4.6

“Continuedpresenceinthegeneralpopulationposesathreattolife,property,self,staff,other
offendersortothesafety/securityororderlyoperationofthefacility.”
‐Delaware,DOCIV.24A;seealsoPennsylvania,DC‐ADM802,III;
Oklahoma,OP‐040204.1

“Presenceoftheinmateingeneralpopulationwouldposeaseriousthreattothecommunity,
property,self,staff,otherinmates,orthesecurityorthegoodgovernmentofthefacility.”
‐Hawaii,COR.11.01.2.2.a.2;seealsoNorthDakota,DOC
5A‐20.2.a;Vermont,DOC410.03

“Basedon:1)threatanoffender’scontinuedpresenceinthegeneralpopulationposestolife,
self,staff,otheroffenders,orproperty;2)threatposedbytheoffendertotheorderly
operationandsecurityofthefacility;and3)regulationofanoffender’sbehaviorwhich
wasnotwithinacceptablelimitswhileinthegeneraloffenderpopulation.”
‐Indiana,DOC02‐01‐111–II

“Administrativesegregationadmissionresultsfromadeterminationbythefacilitythatthe
inmate’spresenceingeneralpopulationwouldposeathreattothesafetyandsecurityof
thefacility.”
‐NewYork,7NYCRR301.4(b)



ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES
LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixAJune25,2013 AppendixApage3
ExampleofEnumeratedCriteria
NebraskaDepartmentofCorrectionalServices,Admin.Reg.201.05

1.Thethreatpotentialtostaffand/orinmatesposedbytheinmate.
2.Thebehaviorsleadingtotheinmate'sreferralorplacementonAdministrative
Segregationstatus.
3.Theinmate'shistoryoforlackofpredatorybehavior.
4.Theinmate'shistoryoforlackofassaultivebehavior.
5.Theinmate'shistoryoforlackofescape/attemptedescapes.
6.Theinmate'shistoryoforlackofmembershipinacriminalthreatgroup.
7.Theinjuriestheinmatemayhavecausedtoothers.
8.Theinmate'suseofweapon(s)inthisorpriorincidents.
9.Theinmate'sdocumentedmentalhealthissues.
10.Theinmate'spriorcriminalhistory.
11.Theinmate'spriordisciplinaryrecord(misconductreports,etc.).
12.Theinmate'shistoryoforlackofillicitdrugusewithintheNebraskaDepartmentof
CorrectionalServices.
13.Theprogrammingthattheinmatehasorhasnotcompleted.
14.Thepriorclassificationdecisionsinvolvingtheinmate’sstatus.
15.Theinmate'sdocumentedbehavior(incidentreports,etc.)andinteractionswithstaff
andotherinmates.
16.TheprofessionaljudgmentandrecommendationsofNebraskaDepartmentof
CorrectionalServicesstaffregardingtheclassificationoftheinmate.
17.Therealorperceivedthreatofharmtotheinmatefromotherinmates.
18.Theinmate'sstatementsregardingadmissionofprioractions,acommitmenttochanging
behavior,andaccountabilityforprioracts.
19.Anyotherinformationregardingtheinmatethattheclassificationauthoritydeems
appropriate.


ExamplesofAdditionalCriteria
“Pendinginvestigationfortrial...orapendingtransfer.”
‐Alaska,804.01

“Disruptivegeographicalgroupand/organg‐relatedactivity.”
‐BureauofPrisons,P5217.01(2)

“Jeopardizestheintegrityofaninvestigationofanallegedseriousmisconductorcriminal
activity.”
‐California,Article7,3335(a)

“Aconvictionofacrimerepugnanttotheinmatepopulation.”
‐Florida,Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220(3)(e)

THELIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOL JUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixAJune25,2013 AppendixApage4
“Thosewhoreceivedunusualpublicitybecauseofthenatureoftheircrime,arrest,ortrial,or
whoareinvolvedincriminalactivityofasophisticatednature,suchasorganizedcrime.”
‐Montana,04.05120C(d)

“Thosewithspecialneeds,includingthosedefinedbyage,infirmity,mentalillness,
developmentaldisabilities,addictivedisorders,andmedicalproblems.”
‐Montana,04.05120C(f);seealsoKentucky,501KAR6:020;
MarylandDOC.100.002‐18B(2)(e)

“PrisonertestspositiveforHIVinfectionandissubsequentlyfoundguiltyofamajormisconduct
forbehaviorwhichcouldtransmitHIVinfection.”
‐Montana,04.05120L(6)

“Asa‘coolingoff’measure.”
‐NorthCarolina,DOCCh.C.1201(A)(4)(e)

“Thereisahistoryofunresponsivenesstocounselingorconventionaldisciplinarysanctionsand
theinmateisflagrantlyorchronicallydisruptivetothesecurityand/ordisciplined
operationoftheinstitution.”
‐SouthDakota,1.3.D.4(B)(5)

“Pendingprosecutionanddispositionincriminalcourtforfelonychargesincurredduring
incarceration.”
‐Tennessee,VI(d);seealsoMiss.,19‐01‐01(77)

“Norecordsand/oressentialinformationareavailabletodeterminetheinmate’scustodylevel
orhousingneeds.”
‐Pennsylvania,DC–ADM802,Sec.1(A)(1)(j)





ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES
LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixAJune25,2013 AppendixApage5
DiscretionTiedtoApprovalbyWarden,Director,orCommissioner
“Othercircumstancesmaywarrantplacementinadministrativesegregation.Suchplacement
willrequireapprovalbytheDirectorofPrisons.”
‐Colorado,Admin.Reg.650‐03(IV)(b)(6)

“TheWatchCommander,orhigherauthority,mayorderimmediateAdministrativeSegregation
whenitisnecessarytoprotecttheoffenderorothers.Thisactionisreviewedwithin72
hoursbythefacilityWarden.”
‐Delaware,PolicyNo.4.3(VI)(A)

“AninmatemaybeplacedorretainedinaDSU[DepartmentalSegregationUnit]onlyaftera
findingbytheCommissionerbasedonsubstantialevidencethat,ifconfinedinthegeneral
populationofanystatecorrectionalfacility:(1)Theinmateposesasubstantialthreatto
thesafetyofothers;or(2)Theinmateposesasubstantialthreatofdamagingor
destroyingproperty;or(3)Theinmateposesasubstantialthreattotheoperationofa
statecorrectionalfacility.”
‐Massachusetts,PolicyNo.421.09

ExampleofNarrowedCriteria
Virginiareviseditscriteriain2012tonarrowthebasesforplacementinadministrative
segregation.Additionsanddeletionsareshownbelowintrackchanges.
ThefollowingSegregationQualifiersindicatethattheoffendershouldbeconsideredfor
assignmenttoSecurityLevelS:
S‐1–AggravatedAssaultonstaff
S‐2–AggravatedAssaultonInmatew/weaponorResultinginSeriousInjuryw/oweapon
S‐3–RepeatedorContinuousRefusaltoenterGPataSecurityLevel4or5facilityfor12
monthsNotUsed
S‐4‐SeriousEscapeRisk‐requiringmaximumsecuritysupervision
S‐5‐CommissionofCrimeofExceptionalViolenceand/orNotoriety
S‐6‐ExcessiveViolentDisciplinaryCharges–reflectinginabilitytoadjusttoalowerlevelof
supervision
S‐7‐SettingFireResultinginInjurytoPersonsorExtensiveDamagetoStateProperty
S‐8‐RiotingresultinginInjurytoPersonsorExtensiveDamagetoStateProperty
S‐9‐SeizingorHoldingHostages
S‐10‐PossessionofFirearms,Ammunition,Explosives,Weapons
S‐11‐KnowinglyTransferringHIVorotherDiseasetoAnotherPersonorRefusaltoSubmitto
Test i ng
S‐12‐GangActivityRelatedtoanyCategoryIOffenseoraDocumentedGangLeadership
Role
S‐13–StaffManipulator/Predator
S‐14–Behaviorthatrepresentsathreatleveltoogreatforthesafetyandsecurityofalower
levelinstitution.
 ‐‐Virginia,OperatingProcedure830.2,SecurityLevelClassification.

THELIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOL JUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixAJune25,2013 AppendixApage6
InitialPlacementinAdministrativeSegregation

ProcessesforPlacement
Decision‐Makers
Committee:  31jurisdictions
Hearingofficer: 12jurisdictions
Warden/designee: 3jurisdictions

NoticeandHearings(broadlydefined)
38jurisdictionsspecifyhearings
29jurisdictionsrequirehearingswithin14days
9jurisdictionsdonotspecifythathearingsaretobeprovided

Evidence(broadlydefined)
30jurisdictionsauthorizeinmatepresentationofevidence
8jurisdictionsdonotspecify


InmateAssistance/Representatives
8 jurisdictionsauthorizeassistanceorrepresentatives
10 additionaljurisdictionsprovideforassistanceinspecifiedcircumstances
20 jurisdictionsdonotspecifythatinmatescanhaveassistance
2 jurisdictionsauthorizelawyers/1prohibitslawyers


ReviewandAppeal
Review
Automaticreviewbywarden: 15jurisdictions
Automaticreviewbycentraloffice:9jurisdictions

Appeal–inmateinitiation
9jurisdictions:inmatesappealeithertocentralofficeortowarden

7jurisdictionsdonotspecifyappealorreviewprocessesspecifictoadministrativesegregation

Somejurisdictionsuseregulargrievanceprocedures

Rateofapproval/reversalunknown

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES
LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixAJune25,2013 AppendixApage7
PeriodicReview
Everyjurisdictionprovidesperiodicreview

Firstperiodicreview
27jurisdictions:28daysorless 
14jurisdictions:30‐90daysorless
6jurisdictions:6months‐1yearorless 

SubsequentReviews
4jurisdictions:28daysorless 
37jurisdictions:30‐90daysorless 
6jurisdictions:6months‐1yearorless
2jurisdictions:minimumtimebeforeperiodicreview(120days‐1year)

6jurisdictionsrequireapprovalbycommissioner/deputyfor6months‐1year
4jurisdictionsrequireapprovalbywardenforlongerthan1year

Unknownwhetherthetimingandfrequencyofreviewscorrelatewithdurationin
administrativesegregation

Visitation
Manydecisionsareatfacilitylevel

LegalVisits
Alljurisdictionspermit
10jurisdictionsprovidethatnolimitationsmaybeplacedoncontactwithlawyers

Religiousvisits
20statesexpresslyprovidevisits

PersonalVisits
Alljurisdictionspermitpersonalvisits
4stateslimittoimmediatefamily/relatives

Degreeofcontact:
22barcontactvisits(dependingonkindofsegregation)
11permitcontactvisits
10requirepermissionfromwarden
14policiesdonotspecify
1statetiestoprogressioninprogram
1stateallowsvisitsonlyviaclosedcircuitvideo

THELIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOL JUNE2013
LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixAJune25,2013 AppendixApage8
ResearchQuestionsRaised

Implementation
Basesforplacement
Programopportunities
Durationofsegregation
Degreesofisolation
Mentalhealthimplications
Transferandreturn
Releaseopportunities
Supportforreentry
Recidivism

Demographicdata:age,ethnicity,gender,LGBT,race,religion
Inmates’perspectivesonandexperiencesofisolation
Staffperspectiveson,trainingfor,andexperiencesofimplementingisolation
Utilitiesandcosts
Alternatives

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune252013 AppendixBpage1
AppendixB
SummaryofPeriodicReviewProcesses

AdministrativeSegregation,DegreesofIsolation,and
Incarceration:ANationalOverviewofStateandFederal
CorrectionalPoliciesintheUnitedStates

Theintervalslistedbelowarethemaximumdurationspermitted;reviewsmayhappensooner.
StateInterval
No.1
Interval
No.2
Interval
No.3
ReviewingAuthorityReview/
Appeal
AlabamaWeeklyWeekly Weekly InstitutionalSegregation
ReviewBoard,comprisedof
Warden,Chaplain,and
ClassificationSupervisor.1
No
AlaskaMonthlyMonthly Monthly InstitutionalProbation
Officermakesinitial
recommendationto
Superintendent.2
Yes
ArizonaSixmonthsYearly Yearly CorrectionalOfficer,Unit’s
DeputyWarden,and
Warden.Central
ClassificationAdministrator
makesfinaldecision.3
Yes
ArkansasWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly “ClassificationCommitteeor
authorizedstaff”.4
No

THELIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOL JUNE2013

LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune25,2013 AppendixBpage2
StateInterval
No.1
Interval
No.2
Interval
No.3
ReviewingAuthorityReview/
Appeal
California180days180days 180days InstitutionalClassification
CommitteeorClassification
StaffRepresentative5
(indeterminateSHU)
No
180days180days 180days InstitutionalClassification
Committee6
(administrativesegregation
toinvestigategang
affiliation)
No
90days90days 90days InstitutionalClassification
Committee;Departmental
ReviewBoardcangrant
release.7
(administrativesegregation
pendinginvestigationof
“non‐disciplinaryreasonsfor
segregation”)
No
ColoradoWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly InternalClassification
CommitteeandAppointing
Authority,subjectto
approvalfromtheDeputy
DirectorandCentral
ClassificationCommittee8

No
Connecticut Weekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly UnitManager,Classification
CounselorSupervisor,Major
ofProgramsandServices,
andendorsedbytheUnit
No

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune252013 AppendixBpage3
StateInterval
No.1
Interval
No.2
Interval
No.3
ReviewingAuthorityReview/
Appeal
10month
minimum
program
MonthlyMonthly Administrator.Removal
mustbeapprovedbythe
DirectorofOffender
ClassificationandPopulation
Management.9

No
Delaware7days30days 30days Warden(beyond30days);
Commissioner(beyond1
year).10
No
FederalBureauof
Prisons

Weekly
(first
month)
Monthly Monthly SegregationReviewOfficer
(AdministrativeDetention)11
Yes
28days90days 90days DisciplinaryHearingOfficer;
mustbeapprovedby
RegionalDirector.12
(SpecialManagementUnit)
Note:entireprogram
expectedtotake18‐24
months
Yes
FloridaWeeklyMonthly Monthly Weeklyinitialreviewsby
InstitutionalClassification
Team;monthlyreviewsby
StateClassificationOffice.13
No
GeorgiaWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly Counselorinformallyreviews
andreportstowardenthe
inmate’swell‐beingforfirst
twomonths,while
ClassificationCommittee
reviewseverythirtydays.14

Yes

THELIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOL JUNE2013

LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune25,2013 AppendixBpage4
StateInterval
No.1
Interval
No.2
Interval
No.3
ReviewingAuthorityReview/
Appeal
HawaiiWeeklyWeekly Weekly Wardenwithinfirstfive
days,thenFacility
ClassificationCommittee
thereafter.15
No
IdahoMonthly
(first90
days)
120days 120days RestrictiveHousingReview
Committee,normallythe
CaseManagementTeam.16
No
Illinois90days90days 90days ChiefAdministrative
Officer.17
No
IndianaWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly ClassificationCommittee
(facility‐levelsegregation
unit)or“staffdesignatedby
theFacilityHead.”18
No
Unspecifiedfor“Department‐WideSegregation”
IowaWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly Committee,definedas“Unit
ManagementTeam,
ClassificationTeam,
TreatmentTeam,or
SegregationReviewTeam.”19
Yes

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune252013 AppendixBpage5
StateInterval
No.1
Interval
No.2
Interval
No.3
ReviewingAuthorityReview/
Appeal
KansasWeekly
(first
month)
Monthly Monthly AdministrativeSegregation
ReviewBoard(oneclinical
staffmember,onesecurity
staffmember,andone
classificationstaffmember).
ProgramManagement
Committeewillreview
inmatesinAdministrative
Segregationevery180days.
Wardensubmitsreporton
allinmatesinAdministrative
Segregationformorethan1
year.20
Yes
(placements
over1year)
KentuckyWeekly

Weekly Weekly ClassificationCommittee.21

(AdministrativeSegregation)
No
90days 30days 30days ClassificationCommittee.22

(AdministrativeControl)
Yes
Maine72hoursWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly ChiefAdministrativeOfficer
(initialreview);Unit
ManagementTeam
(monthlyreviews);
Commissioner(after6
months).23
Yes
MarylandMonthlyMonthly Monthly CaseManagementTeam
recommendation,and
approvalbymanaging
officialordesignee;
commissioner(morethan1
year).24
No

THELIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOL JUNE2013

LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune25,2013 AppendixBpage6
StateInterval
No.1
Interval
No.2
Interval
No.3
ReviewingAuthorityReview/
Appeal
MassachusettsWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly CorrectionalProgram
Officer,approvedby
DirectorofClassification.
(SpecialManagementUnit)25
Yes
90days90days 90days DepartmentalSegregation
Unit(DSU)Boardand
approvalbyCommissioner.26
Yes
MichiganWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly SecurityClassification
Committee(includes
consultationwithmental
healthprofessional);
Warden(writtenapproval30
daysormore;personal
interview,6monthsor
more);RegionalPrison
Administrator(personal
interview12monthsor
more).27
Yes
Minnesota24hours
(unitad.
seg.)
Weekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Unspecified28 Yes
6months
(admin.
control
status)
6months 6months AdministrativeControlUnit
QuarterlyReviewCommittee
(includesProgramDirector,
UnitLieutenant,case
manager,mentalhealth
professional,educationstaff
member).29
Yes

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune252013 AppendixBpage7
StateInterval
No.1
Interval
No.2
Interval
No.3
ReviewingAuthorityReview/
Appeal
Mississippi72hoursWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly ClassificationHearing
Officer;30maybeappealedto
Warden
(Segregation)
Yes
90days90days 90days UnitReviewTeam(Warden,
DeputyWarden,Case
Manager,Unit
Administrator)makes
recommendationstoDeputy
Administrator(retention);
Administrator(release).31
(Long‐termSegregation)
Yes
Missouri30days90days 90days AdministrativeSegregation
Committee(chairedbythe
FunctionalUnitManager
withacaseworkerand
correctionsofficers);12
monthsormore,Deputy
Director.32
No
MontanaMonthlyMonthly Monthly Notspecified.33Yes
NebraskaWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
14days 14days Warden.34 Yes
Nevada72hoursMonthly Monthly ClassificationCommittee.35No
NewHampshireWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly SHUUnitTeam;Warden(3
months);Commissioner(6
months).36
No

THELIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOL JUNE2013

LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune25,2013 AppendixBpage8
StateInterval
No.1
Interval
No.2
Interval
No.3
ReviewingAuthorityReview/
Appeal
NewJerseyEvery2
months
(firstyear)
6months 6months SpecialAdministrative
SegregationReview
Committee.37
No
NewMexicoWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly ReviewbyClassification
Committee(Classification
BureauChief,Deputy
ClassificationBureauChief,
andUnitManagement
Team).38
No
NewYork60days60days 60days Committeeconsistingof“a
memberoffacilityexecutive
staff,asecuritysupervisor,
andamemberofthe
guidanceandcounseling
staff.”39
Yes
NorthCarolina7days 30days 60 days CaseManager(7‐and30‐
dayreviews);Facility
ClassificationCommittee
(60‐dayreview).After60
daysmaybereferredto
Director’sClassification
Committeefor“intensive
controlassignment.”40

Yes
(standard
grievance
process)
NorthDakotaWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Four
Months
AdministrativeSegregation
Committee;Warden(four
months);Director(yearly).41
No

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune252013 AppendixBpage9
StateInterval
No.1
Interval
No.2
Interval
No.3
ReviewingAuthorityReview/
Appeal
OhioWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly 180days UnitTeam(unitmanager,
casemanagers,and
correctionalcounselors
(sergeants));mayconsistof
justonemember.Director
mustapprovepast180
days.42
No
OklahomaWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly ClassificationCommittee.43No
OregonMonthlyMonthly Monthly SpecialPopulation
ManagementCommittee
(SPM)(atleastthree
departmentstaffmembers,
toincludearepresentative
fromInstitutionOperations,
BehavioralHealthServices,
andtheOfficeofPopulation
Management)(afterfirst30
days),thenSpecialNeeds
InmateEvaluation
Committee.44
No
PennsylvaniaWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly Counselor(interviews
weekly);ProgramReview
Committee(firsttwo
months);UnitManagement
Team(monthly).45
Yes
RhodeIsland90days90days 90days ClassificationBoard.
ClassCinmates46
No

THELIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOL JUNE2013

LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune25,2013 AppendixBpage10
StateInterval
No.1
Interval
No.2
Interval
No.3
ReviewingAuthorityReview/
Appeal
SouthDakota90days90days 90days AdministrativeSegregation
HearingBoard(generallya
Captainandtwounit
managers).47

Yes
TennesseeWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly AdministrativeReviewPanel,
approvedbyWarden;
DirectorofClassificationand
AssistantCommissionerof
OperationsreviewifWarden
continuessegregation
againstPanel’s
recommendationforfour
consecutivemonths.48
No
VermontWeekly 30days

60days SegregationReview
Committee,approvedby
Superintendent;approved
byDeputyCommissioner
(after60days).49
No
VirginiaWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly SpecialHousingUnit
Supervisor.50
Yes
(standard
grievance
process)
90days90days 90days InstitutionalClassification
Authority.51

(formalreview)





Yes
(standard
grievance
process)

ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune252013 AppendixBpage11
StateInterval
No.1
Interval
No.2
Interval
No.3
ReviewingAuthorityReview/
Appeal
Washington2days 14days 30days ClassificationTeam.
(AdministrativeSegregation;
limitof47days,thenmaybe
transferredtoIMU)
No
180days180days 180days ClassificationTeam;release
fromIMU/ITUmustbe
approvedbyAssistant
Secretary.
(Intensive
Management/Treatment
Unit)52
No
WestVirginiaWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly ClassificationCommittee“or
otherauthorizedstaff
group.”53
No
WisconsinWeeklyMonthly Monthly AdministrativeConfinement
ReviewCommittee;Warden
(morethan12months).54
Yes
WyomingWeekly
(firsttwo
months)
Monthly Monthly UnitManagementTeam,
approvedordeniedby
Warden.CentralOffice
Teamreviewconducted
every180days.55
Yes



THELIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOL JUNE2013

LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune25,2013 AppendixBpage12
APPENDIXB—ENDNOTES


1Alabama,AR436(V)(A)(2).

2Alaska,AKDOC804.01(VII)(D).

3Arizona,AZDO801.10.

4Arkansas,AD11‐42(III)(D)(1).

5Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15,§3335(e).

6Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15,§§3335(d)(2),3341.5(c)(5).

7Cal.CodeRegs.tit.15,§3335(d)(3).

8Colorado,AR650‐03,(IV)(J)(2).

9NorthernCorrectionalInstitutionAdministrativeSegregationProgram.

10Delaware,DOCPolicyNo.4.3(VI)(A)(3).

11FederalBureauofPrisons,BOP541.23.

12FederalBureauofPrisons,P5217.01.

13Fla.Admin.Coder.33‐602.220.8.

14Georgia,SOPIIB09‐0001(VI)(H)‐(I).

15Hawaii,COR.11.01(3.0)(b);COR.11.04(4.0)(5)(e).

16Idaho,SOP319.02.01.001(10),(15).

17Ill.Admin.Codetit.20,§504.660(c).

18Indiana,Policy02‐01‐111(VII).

19Iowa,IO‐HO‐05(III);IO‐HO‐05(IV)(A)(7).

20Kansas,IMPP20‐106.


ADMINISTRATIVESEGREGATION,DEGREESOFISOLATION,ANDINCARCERATION:ANATIONALOVERVIEWOFPOLICIES

LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune252013 AppendixBpage13
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21Kentucky,CPP10.2(II)(M)(2)(d).
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22Kentucky,CPP10.2(II)(M)(3)(a)(5).
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23Maine,DOC15.1.
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24Maryland,DOC.100.0002(5)(D)‐(F);DOC.100.0002(18)(B).
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25Massachusetts,103CMR423.08;103CMR420.09.
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26Massachusetts,103CMR421.15‐421.18.
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27Michigan,PD04.05.120(BBB)‐(GGG).
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28Minnesota,DD301.085(C).
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29Minnesota,DD301.087(G).
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30Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐01.
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31Mississippi,SOP19‐01‐03.
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32Missouri,IS21.‐1.2(III)(B).
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33Montana,DOC3.5.1(III)(H)(1).
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34Nebraska,AR201.05(IV)(C),(VI)(A&B).
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35Nevada,AR507.01(2)(I).
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36NewHampshire,PPD7.14(III)(1)(H)(1),(VI)(2).
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37NewJersey,IMM.012.ADSEG.02(IV).
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38NewMexico,CD‐143000.5(I)‐(J).
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397NYCRR301.4(d)(1).
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40NorthCarolina,C.0302.Thetextstatesthata“designatedstaffmember”willconductthe
reviews;representativesfromNorthCarolinaDOCinformedusthatcasemanagerstypically
performthesereviews.
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41NorthDakota,5A‐20(3)(E).

THELIMANPUBLICINTERESTPROGRAMATYALELAWSCHOOL JUNE2013
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LimanoverviewsegregationAppendixBJune25,2013 AppendixBpage14
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42OhioAdmin.Code5120‐9‐13.1(H,I);55‐SPC‐02(IV),(VI)(B)(4).
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43Oklahoma,OP‐O40204(III)(A)(7).
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44Oregon,AR291‐046‐0005;291‐046‐0025;291‐046‐0090.
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45Pennsylvania,DC‐ADM802(2)(D).
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46RhodeIsland,ProcedureforClassificationtoCategoryC.
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47SouthDakota,DOCPolicy1.3.D.4.
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48Tennessee,DOCPolicy404.10(VI)(B).
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49Vermont,410.03(6).
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50Virginia,OP861.3(V)(B)(3).
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51Virginia,OP861.3(IX)(A)(5).
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52Washington,DOC320.200(III)(C);DOC320.250.
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53WestVirginia,DOC326.00(V)(B)(4).
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54Wisconsin,Wis.Admin.CodeDOC§308.04(10)‐(11).Inmatesmayappealtheirplacement
aftersixmonths.Thetwelve‐monthreviewbytheWardenisautomatic.
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55Wyoming,P&P3.302(IV)(E)‐(F).NotealsothatincaseswheretheUnitManagementTeam
recommendsreleasebuttheWardendisagrees,thatdisagreementgivestheinmatetherightto
appealtotheWyomingDOCPrisonDivisionAdministrator.Wyoming,P&P3.302(IV)(E)(5)(ii).