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The Chemical Composition of Argan Oil
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The present study assessed the chemical composition (such fatty acids, triglycerides, tocopherols) of argan oil from plants growing in two regions of Algeria (Tindouf and Mostaganem). The extraction of oil was carried out by solvent using soxhlet apparatus. The oil yield obtained was 55.9 % for Tindouf oil (TO) and 66.5 % for Mostaganem oil (MO). The fatty acid composition was determined by GC-FID, the triglycerides and tocopherols by HPLC. The results showed that the unsaturated fatty acids were 79.88 % and 82.58 % with the predominant components were oleic acid 45.02 % and 50.3 % followed by linoleic acid 29 % and 36.8 %. The major triglycerides were dilinoleoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (LLO) 12 % and 15 %, dioleoyl-llinoleoyl-glycerol (OOL) 15.5 % and 18.8 %, palmitoyl-oleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (POL) 12.6 % and 14.3 %, palmitoyl-dioleoyl-glycerol (POO) 15.8 % and 16.8 % then triolein (OOO) 11.3 % and 12.1 %. The unsaponifiable fraction was 1.6 % and 1.71 %. The tocopherols showed a high amount 657. 424 and 749.38 mg/kg with the gamma tocopherol as main compound 555.827 and 689.49 mg/kg.
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... According to Table 4, the tocopherol composition of AO was found to be significant to that of LO, and its total tocopherol content was 786.710 ± 0.806 mg/kg, close to 749.38 mg/kg and 768.93 ± 0.05 g mg/kg respectively (El Idrissi et al., 2023;Kouidri, Saadi, Noui, & Medjahed, 2015) and very high than that found in the literature 236.86 ± 3.16 mg/ kg (Pan et al., 2020;Zhou et al., 2017). LO's tocopherol content profiles appear impressive compared to the bibliography, even its high total content of 582.638 ± 0.693 mg/kg, which exceeds 73.65 mg/kg (Oomah, Kenaschuk, & Mazza, 1997), but lower compared to 1065.2 ± 1.14 mg/kg (Mikołajczak et al., 2023), 34,700 ± 0.28 mg/kg (Khattab & Zeitoun, 2013). ...
... γ-tocopherols is the major compounds identified for LO (570.927 ± 0.2 mg/kg) and AO (687.485 ± 0.785 mg/kg) followed by δ-tocopherols (6.733 ± 0.033 mg/kg) and (51.035 ± 0.163 mg/kg) then α-tocopherols (5.421 ± 0.1 mg/kg) and (48.190 ± 0.184 mg/kg) respectively, as already proven in the literature (El Kharrassi et al., 2018;Kouidri et al., 2015;Mikołajczak et al., 2023;Zeng et al., 2022). ...
Identification of the chemical compositions of fatty acids and tocopherols shows the high content of linum usitatissimum oil (LO) by linolenic acid 55.3735% and γ-tocopherol 570.927 mg/kg, while argania spinosa oil (AO) is known by the dominance of oleic acid 47.77% followed by linoleic acid 31.08% as well as tocopherols by γ-tocopherols 687.485 mg/kg and δ-tocopherols 51.035 mg/kg. This difference in compositions enables us to enrich the low-stability oil and monitor its behavior during storage at a specific time and under specific conditions. In this study, pure linum usitatissimum and argania spinosa oils extracted by cold pressing as well as their formulations at proportions of (LO: AO) respectively: (80:20; 60:40, 50:50; 40:60; 20: 80) were oxidized at 60 °C for 28 days of storage, during which time the pure oils and blends were assessed for oxidative stability by studying their different fatty acid and tocopherol profiles and physicochemical characteristics such as acidity, peroxide value and chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, as well as nutritional indexes such as the atherogenic index (AI), the thrombogenic index (TI), and the hypocholesterolemic: hypercholesterolemic ratio (HH), ω3:ω6 ratio, also the oxidative susceptibility (OS), and oxidazability value (Cox), and total phenolic compounds (TPC).
... The seeds oil of Argania spinosa L., traditionally used as a kidneyprotective agent (Lizard et al., 2017), contains significant levels of sterols, tocopherol, polyphenols, and carotenoids, which may have therapeutic implications for kidney disorders (Kouidri et al., 2015). Furthermore, argan oil exhibits a range of pharmacological effects including antioxidant (Drissi et al., 2004), antihypertensive (Berrougui et al., 2004), antidiabetic Bellahcen et al. 2013;Daoudi, et al. 2020a), hypocholesterolemic, hypolipidemic (Berrougui et al., 2003), antiplatelet and antiobesity (Adlouni et al., 2008) properties. ...
Background: Argania spinosa seeds oil is an important endemic product of Morocco that is used traditionally as nephroprotective agent. Aim: Our study aims to compare the chemical compositions of unroasted (UnRoil) and roasted (Roil) Argania spi-nosa seed oils and their nephroprotective activity against gentamicin-induced kidney damage in Wistar rats. Experimental procedure: The chemical contents of argan oil samples were analyzed by GC/MS analysis and the nephroprotective activity was assessed by administering gentamicin to Wistar rats. Biochemical and histo-pathological examinations were performed on the kidneys and the blood samples. Results: The results illustrate the presence of four shared fatty acids, namely palmitic, stearic, linoleic, and oleic acids in both Roil and UnRoil, with comparable amounts. Additionally, the findings revealed that Roil contains a specific compound, heptadecane, 2,6-dimethyl-. Both the animals in Roil + Gentamicin and UnRoil + Gentamicin groups exhibited significant reductions in water intake, urinary volumes, food intake, and serum levels of creatinine, urea, urine sodium, and MDA compared to the gentamicin-treated group. However, urine urea, urinary creatinine, catalase, and glutathione levels exhibited significant increases. Moreover, the oils maintained normal left kidney weights compared to the gentamicin-treated group. Histo-pathological analysis supported these results, indicating that administering 2 ml/kg/day of UnRoil or Roil prevented significantly gentamicin-induced alterations in the glomerulus. Conclusion: Our findings confirm favorably the use of Argania spinosa in traditional Moroccan medicine as a nephroprotective agent. Interestingly, we observed that the roasting process of its seeds did not affect this pharmacological effect. This suggests a novel approach to harness the beneficial effects of a phytomedicine tailored for renal issues.
... Furthermore, olive oil had the highest level of palmitic acid compared with other oils, while the major compound was (Z)-oleic acid, and a study from Greece by Revelou et al. on four different cultivars of olive oil showed a comparable result for the Megaritiki cultivar [68]. Similarly, in argan oil, (Z)-oleic acid was the predominant compound followed by linoleic acid and palmitic acid; this result was very much comparable to the argan oil growing in the Tindouf region of Algeria as reported by Kouidri et al. [69]. While moringa oil had the lowest content of linoleic acid and highest (Z)-oleic acid in this study, a study of M. oleifera oil by Zhao et al. from China showed 70.2% of (Z)-oleic acid, which was much higher than this study, and other FAs like arachidic acid and behenic acid were in low percentages compared with this study [70]. ...
The fatty acid (FA) compositions of thirty-nine vegetable oils and fats, including nangai nut, pili nut, shea butter, tamanu oil, baobab, sea buckthorn berry, Brazil nut, grape seed, black seed, evening primrose, passion fruit, milk thistle, sunflower, pumpkin seed, sesame, soybean, flax seed, kukui, red raspberry seed, walnut, chia seed, hemp seed, rosehip, almond, avocado, carrot seed, moringa, apricot kernel, camellia seed, macadamia, olive, marula, argan, castor, jojoba, pomegranate seed, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) coconut, roasted coconut, canola, and mustard oil, were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Vegetable oils and fats have different profiles in terms of their fatty acid composition, and their major constituents vary significantly. However, we categorized them into different classes based on the percentages of different fatty acids they contain. The saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid and stearic acid, and the unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid, are the main categories. Among them, roasted coconut oil contained the greatest amount of saturated fatty acids followed by nangai nut (45.61%). Passion fruit oil contained the largest amount of linoleic acid (66.23%), while chia seed oil had the highest content of linolenic acid (58.25%). Oleic acid was exclusively present in camellia seed oil, constituting 78.57% of its composition. Notably, mustard oil had a significant presence of erucic acid (54.32%), while pomegranate seed oil exclusively contained punicic acid (74.77%). Jojoba oil primarily consisted of (Z)-11-eicosenoic acid (29.55%) and (Z)-docos-13-en-1-ol (27.96%). The major constituent in castor oil was ricinoleic acid (89.89%). Compared with other vegetable oils and fats, pili nut oil contained a significant amount of (E)-FA (20.62%), followed by sea buckthorn berry oil with a content of 9.60%. FA compositions from sources may be problematic in the human diet due to no labeling or the absence of essential components. Therefore, consumers must cast an eye over some essential components consumed in their dietary intake.
... The primary fatty acids that makeup acylglycerides are oleic and linoleic acid, which account for 43-49% and 29-36%, respectively. Saturated fatty acids stearic acid and palmitic acid are present in concentrations of 4-7% and 11-15% respectively 35 . Argan oil's high amount of unsaturated fatty acids are the cause of some of its pharmacological characteristics. ...
Medicinal plants exemplify an infinite source of effective remedies and traditional thanks to the various active components they contain. Secondary metabolites current in plant extracts, for instance, essential oils, have significant pharmacological properties, including antimicrobic effects. This experimental investigation aims to determine Argan oil’s volatile compounds and exanimate their in vitro antimicrobial properties. In silico simulations, molecular docking and pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) and drug-likeness prediction revealed the processes underlying the in vitro biological possessions. Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) was used for chemical screening of the main components of Argan oil. In silico molecular docking studies were applied as an attempt to investigate the ability of selected bioactive constituents of extra argan oil to act as effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa ) and Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) isolated from ear Infections, aiming to study their ability to interact with protease protein of S. aureus (PDB id: 5MM8) and P. aeruginosa (PDB id: 7M1M) essential therapeutic target protein. GC/MS analysis showed that Argan oil components were 21 compounds such as Oleic Acid, Ethyl Oleate, 10-Octadecenoic acid, and methyl ester. All compounds docked with protease protein of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa , the docking result values ranged from − 5 to -9.4 kcal/mol for protease protein of S. aureus and from − 5.7 to -9.7 kcal/mol for protease protein of P. aeruginosa compared with reference ligands. On the other hand, the studied Gram-positive bacteria were more influenced by the oil extracts under study than the Gram-negative bacteria. MIC illustrated that Argan seed oil inhibits S. aureus and P. aeruginosa . MBC ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 mg/ml. These outcomes afford scientific authentication of the traditional usages of this plant and recommend its impending application as natural medications.
Skin diseases are numerous and a frequently occurring health problem affecting all ages from the neonates to the elderly and cause harm in number of ways. If the cracks in the heels are deep, they can be painful, hurting when a person stands up, and they may sometimes bleed. Some wild plants and their parts are frequently used to treat these diseases. Herbal crack cream contains the extracts of the plantconsists of five ingredients viz., extract of Daruharida (Berberisaristata DC.), Pashanbheda (Bergenialigulata (Wall.) Engl.), Jivanti (Leptadeniareticulata W. & A.), kampilak (Mallotusphilippensis Muell.-Arg.), Manjistha (Rubiacordifolia Linn.) were used to prepare Herbal crack cream. The main objective of the research work was to prepare and evaluate Herbal crack cream and the results showed that Herbal crack cream passeall Parameters related to cream and TLC of formulated cream and extract showed that the tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids were found to be present in mentioned medicinal plants. These days, skin conditions are a major cause of illness for people of all ages. If someone has a crack in their foot's heel, it hurts and is quite uncomfortable. Environmental factors contribute to the growth of germs and fungi on human skin. This factor is taken into account when creating HERBALFOOTCREAM. That cream's function is to hydrate the heel, and its emulsion is w/o type (cold cream). Cold cream works by producing an oily coating on the skin that aids in reducing water loss from the skin to the environment. Water serves to hydrate and refresh the skin while beeswax and cocoa butter work as emollients, which aid to soften and smooth the skin. The key ingredient in these formulations is argan oil, which has vitamin E and is healthy for the skin since it hydrates. Neem extract also has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Lemongrass essential oil is used in fragrances. This cream is homogeneous, spread sreadily, and is naturally fatty. This is W/O emulsion and with anacidic pH (within the range of skin pH). There was no phase separation in this cream. • The main aim of our research was to develop on anti-cracked heels cream formulation consisting of hedychium spicatum, aleo bar, badensis azodirachta indica for the treatment of cracked heels. Skin diseases are numerous and frequently occurring health problem affecting all age from neonate to the elderly and cause harm in number of ways. • The skin is external exposure of the body. The ageing is most visible on the skin. Nowadays, premature ageing is a big complication in the world because of the changes in an environment. Feet is important part of body; they suffer from many frictions. The lack of oil gland in the feet skin which results into very dry skin. External penetration of dirt, fungus, bacteria cause cuts and wounds. Bacterial decomposition is also occurred in foot give bad odour. For these purpose herbal foot cream is prepared. • This herbal foot cream is prepared from Argan oil (good for dry skin), Neem extract (antibacterial & antifungal effects), Aloe vera extract (for hydration) and lemongrass oil (fragrance). Other than synthetic compound, herbs have more effective, low cost, more availability, and less side effects. Here, ARGAN OIL have good property which give protection to the skin and lemongrass oil is having a good fragrance. Argan oil contains vitamin E which is known as anti-inflammatory agent in skin and several studies proves that vit E is good in seal up the cracks caused by dryness..
Carrier oils are used with essential oils to dilute and enhance skin penetration. They are composed of fatty acids, triglycerides, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes and are added to reduce potency and odor. Carrier oils have pharmaceutical applications and reduce cytotoxicity. Solvent extraction is a common practice in the production of industrial-scale carrier oils, but harmful to the environment, so new eco-friendly methods are being researched. This review documents the available characteristics of various carrier oils and identifies knowledge gaps for future studies.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease and has been studied extensively in recent years as no promising therapy available so far for its treatment and remains a great challenge for health care specialists. Although the identification of some major mechanisms that contribute to this disease suggests a plethora of bioactive agents in tackling the associated complications yet OA's pathophysiology is still poorly understood owing to complex mechanistic changes observed. Experimental research is now exploring a wide range of therapeutically effective agents in an effort to find a way to repair OA-related joint degeneration and halt it from getting worse. Data was acquired and reviewed from most relevant and recent studies. This review summarizes the studies that are currently available and focuses on how various unconventional functional oils affect osteoarthritis and the affected joint tissues. An analysis of the recent scientific literature allowed us to highlight the potential anti-arthritic properties of edible oils and their main constituents, which seems to suggest an interesting new potential therapeutic application. Due to eccentric nature of OA, it is necessary to concentrate initially on the management of symptoms. The evidence supporting functional oils chondroprotective potential is still accumulating, underpinning a global need for more sustainable natural sources of treatment. More clinical research that focuses on the consequences of long-term treatment, possible negative effects, and epigenetic implications is necessary to get optimistic results. However, different animal or clinical studies suggest that linolenic and linoleic fatty acids decreased chondrocyte oxidative stress, cartilage breakdown, and expression of inflammatory markers. Distinct fatty acids along with minor components of oils also reduced the generation of prostaglandins and decreased oxidative stress. Furthermore, the potential roles of the main components of edible oils and possible negative results (if any) are also reported. While no severe side effects have been reported for any edible oils. Overall, these studies identify and support the use of functional oils as an adjuvant therapy for the management of OA and as a means of symptomatic alleviation for OA patients. However, to prove the effectiveness or to draw precise conclusions, high-quality clinical trials are required.
Argania spinosa (L.) is one of the most economically and culturally important indigenous species in Morocco. Its seeds
contain a vegetable oil, internationally known as argan oil, which is widely used in edible, cosmetic and pharmaceutical
sectors. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of variation in oil content and fatty acid composition of eighteen
trees to identify genotypes with desirable traits in terms of oil quantity, quality and industrial utilization. Oil yield of
eighteen genotypes was determined after mechanical pressing, and fatty acid methyl ester analysis was carried out using
gas liquid chromatography. Obtained results show that oil yields ranged between 37.2 to 43.8% and major fatty acids in
the extracted oil were oleic (47.15%), followed by linoleic (31.57%), palmitic (14.24%) and stearic (5.8%) acid. Fatty acids
composition was significantly different among genotypes tested. Significant correlations, both positive and negative
were located between some fatty acids. The high variability observed between genotypes represents a very promising
base to develop a new argan variety with high oil quality.
The article provides an overview of the world experience in obtaining and food use of the oil of Argania spinosa. The relationship between technological methods of oil extraction and purification and the composition of its biologically active components: polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, phenolic compounds is considered. The main directions of the usage of argan oil in dietary nutrition are analyzed and the results of international clinical studies based on the inclusion of argan oil in diet therapy for metabolic disorders and psycho-neurological disorders of various nature are summarized. The effectiveness of argan oil components in gene expression and remodulation of steroid and hormone metabolism has been noted. It has been shown that, with regular inclusion in the diet, the components of argan oil provide choleretic, cardio-, hepato- and chemoprotective effects, exhibit neuroprotective effects in relation to the causes of cognitive impairments and neuropsychiatric disorders. Along with the high nutritional value of argan oil, the geographical area of growth of Argania spinosa is very limited, the species does not lend itself well to introduction, which is the leading reason for the overestimated market value of the oil, its falsification and the limited circle of real consumers. In this regard, it is advisable to search for technological solutions that make it possible to include argan oil in the diet of a larger number of consumers and, at the same time, make the very idea of falsifying this product senseless. Such a solution, according to the authors of the article, can be achieved by scientifically grounded combination of argan oil with other edible vegetable oils that have a different composition of fatty acids and associated biologically active components. Promising directions for blending vegetable oils are proposed.
Palm oil, the most oil consumed in the world, because of its high saturated fatty acid content, is nowadays recognized to enhance Cardiovascular disease risk (CVD). In this study, we sought to propose Cucurbitaceae seeds oils (CSO) as reducing CVD risk and a good source of income. Then, physicochemical parameters, composition and nutritional value of Citrullus lanatus seeds oil (HCL), Lagenaria siceraria seeds oil (HLS), Cucumeropsis mannii seeds oil (HCM) were compared to that of Refined palm oil (RPO) and among them. Four diets, conformed to that proposed by AIN-93G but differing to the oil, were formulated by using one of the CSO extracted or RPO. These diets served to feed four homogeneous groups of young rats (six per group) during 45 days. Diets consumption and efficacy were evaluated. Blood sample, collected at the end of the experimentation, were used to measure out heamatological parameters, glyceamia, urea, creatinine, lipids parameters, Aspartate Aminotransferase, Alanine Aminine Transferase, sodium and calicium. Peroxide index and specific gravity were in accordance to the norm. Free fatty acid content of RPO and HLS were in the norm but acid values of the fourth oils were lower than the safe limit for consumption. Grading of most unsaturated fatty acid content was HCL, HCM, RPO and HLS respectively. Plasma parameters, organ weight and the coefficients calculated were not different (p > 0.05) to each other, but according to atherogenicity index, the grading of high inducing cardiovascular disease was HCM, RPO, HCL and HLS respectively. Without no technological treatment CSO compete with RPO. There are possibility that refined CSO reduced CDV than RPO.
The Argania spinosa (L. Skeels) is an endemic tree of the south-west morocco. It gives a fruit that contains a seed oleaginous. The mode of obtaining of oil is very artisan and family. This work has for objective to determine the quantity of exact oil contained in the almond, to estimate the output of the artisan extraction and to study parameters influencing the extraction of organ oil by press.
The argan tree (Argania spinosa L. Skeels) is native to Morocco, where after the Holly oak it constitutes the second most common tree in the country. Recent studies suggest that dietary argan oil, an endemic seed oil from argan fruits, may have a relevant role in disease prevention, and its consumption could protect against atherosclerosis and cancer. Unfortunately, in less than a century, more than a third of the forest has disappeared. It is therefore imperative to improve the tree's production potential so that it can regain its key position in the agricultural systems of the region. On the basis of ethnobotanical knowledge, researchers are screening metabolites of this rare plant to identify bioactive compounds for the development of new therapeutic agents and food supplements. This includes studies on secondary metabolites with chemopreventive activities. In this review, a complete outline of components (triglycerides, unsaponifiable, phenolic antioxidants and aroma constituents) are described. Finally, a discussion of the biological functions of the polar and non-polar A. spinosa products which have been evaluated using a range of in vitro bioassays are described.