Participant Observation
... Förhållningssättet till insamling av data har varit inspirerat av etnografi där forskaren befinner sig i den studerade kontexten och använder sig av olika datainsamlingsmetoder på ett flexibelt sätt utifrån behov. Studiens upplägg utvecklades fortlöpande under processen, i enlighet med etnografisk tradition (Spradley, 1980). Jag visste alltså från början inte när jag skulle närvara och exakt vad jag skulle göra, vem jag skulle prata med och så vidare. ...
... Att under en längre tid befinna sig i den kontext som studeras underlättar för forskaren att förstå denna kontext på samma sätt som de människor som intervjuas och observeras förstår den. På så vis kan forskarens analyser bli mer djupgående än vad som är möjligt när data enbart samlas in genom enskilda intervjuer och observationer (Spradley, 1980). ...
... På så vis kunde jag etablera en mer symmetrisk relation till de medverkande och undvika att upplevas som någon som störde dem i deras arbete utan istället bidrog. Detta hjälpte mig även att sätta mig in i deras situation och i någon mån uppleva situationen så som de upplevde den, något som är en grundbult i deltagande observation som metod (se Spradley, 1980). En risk med detta är dock att man helt absorberas av det studerade sammanhanget och tappar sin kritiska distans, något som inom den antropologiska forskningen beskrivits som "going native" (O'Reilly, 2009). ...
... O investigador procura perspetivar essa vivência através de um olhar aberto, que pretende captar a complexidade e unicidade das interações sociais (re)construídas no cenário investigativo. Mayer (1995), Bourdieu (1997) Grand, 1988Grand, , 2000Spradley, 1979Spradley, , 1980Spradley, , 1997Wimpenny & Gass, 2000). Merriam (1988) considera que entrevista pode assumir várias formas e Patton Que os interlocutores não passem ao largo um do outro (...) É por isso (...) que a primeira condição da arte da conversação é nos assegurarmos de que o interlocutor nos acompanhe no mesmo passo, já que (...) aquele que fala é, sempre ele mesmo, aquele que se põe a falar até que apareça por fim a verdade daquilo de que se fala (Gadamer, 1998, p. 541). ...
... A relação próxima e cúmplice entre participantes e investigador, facilitada pelas conversas informais, permitiu ao investigador um olhar etnográfico sobre os fenómenos, possibilitando a descrição densa (Geertz, 1973(Geertz, /1989 Woods (1990Woods ( , 1996aWoods ( , 1996b, Punch (1998) ou Patton (1990) salientando o cariz etnográfico que configura determinados estudos interpretativos, realçam que a observação possibilita ao investigador contactar com as rotinas, com as regras formais e informais que configuram a cultura do caso a estudar, isto é, apreender os diversos modos como os membros de uma determinada cultura veem o mundo (Spradley, 1980(Spradley, , 1997, ...
... Em coerência com as opções metodológicas, bem como com as questões de investigação, o investigador decidiu-se pela observação participante, porque, como sublinha Patton (1990), possibilita observar "diretamente os fenómenos" no "contexto no qual o fenómeno opera (...), o que é essencial para que dele se tenha uma visão holística" (Patton, 1990, p. 203 Autores como Patton (1990) ou Spradley (1980) sublinham que, na observação participante, o investigador pode assumir um papel mais ativo ou mais passivo, consoante "o nível de envolvimento do investigador relativamente aos acontecimentos e aos pontos de vista dos indivíduos (Spradley, 1980, p. 178 (Erickson, 1986;Taylor & Bogdan, 1984;Yin, 1990Yin, , 2005. ...
https://repositorio.ul.pt/handle/10451/15837
... In the observation phase, the first author followed an ethnographically inspired approach to participant observation to immerse herself in the field of acute care [1,21,58,66]. She accompanied anesthesiologists, anesthetic nurses and supervising anesthesiologists in the University Hospital of Würzburg and took handwritten field notes on their daily work life from participant observation [1,21,66,70]. ...
... In the observation phase, the first author followed an ethnographically inspired approach to participant observation to immerse herself in the field of acute care [1,21,58,66]. She accompanied anesthesiologists, anesthetic nurses and supervising anesthesiologists in the University Hospital of Würzburg and took handwritten field notes on their daily work life from participant observation [1,21,66,70]. Over three months, we observed a broad spectrum of typical situations in acute care such as morning meetings, taking care of patients before, during and after routine operations or in emergencies, as well as more informal settings such as coffee and lunch breaks. ...
Technology use in acute care has so far been studied with a predominant focus on safety and efficiency rather than the experience of acute care staff. In the present paper, we report a qualitative study including 130 hours of participant observation on acute care teams and retrospective interviews with nine anesthesiologists on their experiences with technology. Our approach is theoretically guided by four modern HCI perspectives, namely psychological need satisfaction, activity theory, embodied interaction, and media equation theory. We analyzed the interview and observation data using a reflexive thematic analysis and identified four themes. Technology as necessary (evil) describes the pervasiveness of technology and how acute care teams depend on technology. While technology as second patient covers the additional load for anesthesiologists on a functional and emotional level, technology as problem solver and safety net highlights relieving aspects of technology use. Technology as artificial limb focuses on so-called transparent tools that extend the body and capabilities of users. We then discuss the identified themes concerning the previously presented theories. Based on our findings and theoretical perspectives, we report general insights for research and design in acute care, such as the benefits of mixed methods or the importance of the gut feelings of experts. Finally, we propose possible directions for future work, such as developing a UX questionnaire adapted to the context of safety-critical domains, such as acute care.
... A distinguishing attribute of ethnography is to travel further than observation to scrutinize the meaning of that performance and these activities (Spradley, 1979;2016a). Streubert and Carpenter (2011) summarises the idea of Spradley (1980;2016b) about ethnography in their words "human behaviour has meaning and ethnography is one way to discover that meaning" (p. 177). ...
... Duration: The frst author visited these six robot cafes between March 2022 and July 2022 and conducted participant observation. e followed Spradley's 3-step observation process [36] as outlined by Jacobs el al [16], starting from (1) descriptive observations, (2) focused observations, to (3) selective observations, resulting in the author visiting each cafe more than once, until data saturation was reached. Each visit lasted approximately 1 to 2 hours, and most cafes were visited 2-3 times during the study period. ...
... Focus on culture: ethnographers typically study groups or communities with an intention to reveal and analyse their common culture (Goodenough 1981;Spradley 1980;Heath 1982). This study centres on a community that has a distinct culture and clear boundaries. ...
This ethnographic study delineates the experiences of immigrant families living in London as they engage with local schools. The findings chapters of the dissertation explore issues of access, by following the parents as they enter London’s educational marketplace and as they choose a school for their children. The study portrays the process of educational choice from their perspective as newcomers, highlighting their positioning in the educational marketplace and the significance of their skills and resources as educational consumers.
The findings reveal eight types of capitals that these families draw on as they engage with the education market. These are: cultural properties, social resources, identities, symbolic assets, psychological empowerment, cognitive capacities, economic means and statutory positioning. The analyses highlight the development that occurred in the choosers’ consumerist skills over time, suggesting that there may be a way to empower disadvantaged choosers to obtain improved positions as educational consumers.
A central theme in this study is the occurrence of a communal pattern of schooling among this group of families. Searching for the factors that occasion segregation in education, the focus of the research shifted to explore the role of the choosers’ networks. The findings suggest that by using various control mechanisms, these networks engendered a continual pattern of schooling resulting in segregation and closure.
‘Choosing schools – choosing identities’ stands for the main argument of this study which states that the choice of school, as an act of consumerism, represents the choosers’ collective identities, and at the same time plays a significant role in reinventing these identities.
... We gained verbal consent from as many people as possible, and only took pictures of public acts of sporting competitions or people who had consented to our actions. According to Spradley (1980), no matter how unobtrusive, participant observation will always pry into participants' lives. We, therefore, tried to protect the privacy of participants as much as possible by keeping them anonymous throughout the research process. ...
Unisex sport-where males and females compete directly against each other with no form of differentiation-offers a radical challenge to the norms of sex segregation that contribute to ongoing gender inequality in sport. This article presents findings from an ethnographic study of horseracing events in rural Mexico as an example of the unisex model operating within a wider sociocultural context still characterised by machismo and traditional gender relations. Findings indicate that although horseracing remains a male-dominated sporting space, the presence of women as jockeys, spectators and veterinary professionals is beginning to challenge this. Women's acceptance is contingent on male support and authorisation, and women are often mar-ginalised symbolically and physically, yet their presence illustrates that the unisex model may be an important way of beginning to challenge the masculinisation of horseracing. The study highlights the importance of considering how the wider sociocultural context influences acceptance and experience of the unisex model and steps towards greater gender equality in horseracing and other unisex sports.
... 95) can support an understanding of emotional climate. Spradley (2016) also asserts that observation takes place in social situations which have nine dimensions: 1) Space: the physical place or places; 2) Actor: the people involved; 3) Activity: a set of related acts that people do; 4) Object: the physical things that are present; 5) Act: single actions that people do; 6) Event: a set of related activities that people carry out; 7) Time: the sequencing that takes place over time; 8) Goal: the things people are trying to accomplish; 9) Feeling: the emotions felt and expressed. Spradley suggests that these nine dimensions can frame qualitative data gathering. ...
Pre-digital organizations were established before the digital and collaborative economy. Faced with this new economy, they are carrying out organizational transformation projects that involve significant changes in tasks, working conditions and employee well-being. A positive emotional climate can support these digital transformations. Companies have therefore developed specific change management practices focusing on happiness at work to support these digital transformation programs of work practices. This research explores the role of happiness management as a change management practice for digital transformation. Using a multiple case study method it illustrates how happiness management practices are enacted in three French pre-digital organizations from different industries. It identifies characteristics of happiness management mobilized differently by each organization. Some combinations of these characteristics and employees’ control perceptions is shown to lead to a positive emotional climate which in turn affects the success of digital workplace transformations
... In general, this research will carry out the process of identifying and designing the model (Thiagarajan, Semmel & Semmel 1974). This study is qualitative-quantitative descriptive research, taking an educational and religious approach by collecting various themes, cultural focuses, values and symbols in each domain (Spradley 2016). The research model is an unbalanced mixed combination model or concurrent embedded. ...
Religious moderation is a crucial issue, along with religious and cultural values that develop in society. Religious moderation’s success will significantly determine millennial Muslim youth’s tolerant attitudes, mediated by intellectual humility. This study aimed to identify and design a model of religious moderation on tolerance by mediating intellectual humility. The research used mixed methods; data analysis used NVivo 12 Plus (software by QSR International), to compile variable nominations; and Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation (PLS-SEM) creates research models. There were 350 Indonesian youth informants in the study, which used interviews and focus group discussions. The results showed that religious moderation in youth, including national commitment, antiviolence and acceptance of local culture, can strengthen tolerance, mediated by intellectual humility. The tolerant attitude shows high and stable data and confirms the strengthening of religious moderation in young people. From the identification, a model of religious moderation in youth was designed and revised, and the results have met all the requirements for modelling so that it can be continued for testing.
Contribution: This research provides essential assistance in implementing religious moderation for young people, which is currently the most prevalent issue in Indonesia. The world needs a moderate religious attitude to become a middle ground for various religious and cultural differences among people globally.
... Whereas, data analysis in this study uses the James Spradley approach, which includes 4 steps; (1) domain analysis, (2) taxonomic analysis, (3) componential analysis, (4) theme analysis (Spradley, 1980;Sherman & Webb, 2005) ...
Gross motor encompasses all abilities of coordination, flexibelity, and balance. Children are given opportunities to play more energetically activities such us horse racing tradional game. Yet, the study aims to investigate the stages of early childhood Gross motor skill transition using traditional horse racing activities in the Dompu community of Indonesia. This research employs a qualitative approach by ethnographic methods. The research subjects consisted of six young jockeys aged 4-8 years old and seven horse owners. The data were gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using domain, taxonomic, compound and theme analysis techniques. The researchers found that the child jockeys go through three stages as their gross motor abilities improve and mature. The development of children's gross motor abilities begins with horse cleaning, river riding, and regular training in the horse racing arena. All of these stages are completed by youngsters with supervision of professionals or parents. Past research have shown that horseback riding may be used as a physical motor therapy intervention for children with special needs, such as autism and down syndrome.
... Dengan semangat interseksionalitas dalam feminisme, pemikiran dan gerakan para "feminis lokal" ini perlu disuarakan kembali demi mencapai feminisme yang relevan bagi setiap perempuan dalam bentang geografi politik tertentu. Penelitian etnografi pada tahapan akhir akan melalui suatu proses evaluasi, yang pertimbangannya didasarkan pada kontribusi substansial penelitian, tingkat estetika penulisan, tingkat faktualitas dan dampak yang bisa diberikan (Spradley, 1979(Spradley, , 1980 Perhatian ini tidak terlepas dari posisi Cianjur yang ketika itu merupakan pemasok salah satu komoditas kopi nomor satu di Jawa Barat 11 (Zakaria, 2011c (Breman, 2014;Herlina et al., 2018;Lasmiyati, 2015). 22 Uga merupakan suatu tradisi lisan di kalangan orang Sunda yang dipercaya sebagai "bisikan gaib" dari para karuhun (nenek moyang), yang mana biasanya muncul ketika terdapat perubahan-perubahan tertentu di kalangan orang Sunda (a new life movement). ...
Raden Ayu Tjitjih Wiarsih, also known as Juag Tjitjih, was a figure in the
early 20th century women's movement from Cianjur Regency, West Java. The
existence of this character in Cianjur cannot be separated from a cultural heritage
building called Bumi Ageung, where this house is the residence of Juag Tjitjih
and her family and descendants.
This research is generally carried out to answer problems, regarding the
form of collective memory that is still being taught by the inhabitants of Bumi
Ageung regarding Juag Tjitjih. The problem of this research is also related to
other problems that are trying to be answered, namely regarding the background
of the formation of the collective memory of Juag Tjitjih so that it is shaped in
such a way. The main objective of this research is to find out how the leaders of
the women's movement in Tatar Sunda are remembered by the community, in this
case one of them is Juag Tjitjih. This study thus uses a qualitative method, in
which the data collection method is carried out by participant observation and indepth interviews. At the analysis stage, this study adopts the deconstruction
analysis method initiated by Jacques Derrida.
The research ultimately found that Juag Tjitjih was remembered as a
different figure from mainstream identity in Tatar Sunda in the 20th century. This
negation between Juag Tjitjih and the soul of the Cianjur people's era is seen as
having several paradoxical aspects in the narration, so that it is suspected that
there has been a phenomenon called by Eric Hobsbawm as the invention of
tradition.
... Penggunaan skor pun diterapkan untuk membantu dalam proses analisis data yang menggunakan statistik deskriptif dengan aplikasi SPSS. Analisis data dilakukan bersamaan dengan proses pengumpulan data dilakukan analisis data dengan mereduksi dan membuat klasifikasi melalui analisis domain, taksonomi, dan komponensial, serta penemuan tema-tema untuk mendeskripsikan secara menyeluruh dan menampilkan makna dari fokus penelitian yang akhirnya memperhatikan interaksi dari perspektif emik-etik atau sebaliknya (Spradley, 1979;1980). Proses analisis data mencakupi tiga alur kegiatan sebagai suatu sistem, yaitu reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. ...
Abstrak. Dalam kurun waktu dua tahun terakhir proses pembelajaran di sekolah mengalami hambatan karena adanya Covid 19, sehingga pendidikan dan teknologi sangat dibutuhkan. Penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis guru terhadap inovasi model pembelajaran seni bagi anak usia dini di era digital. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu menggunakan metode survey dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah angket dan wawancara. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu guru pendidikan anak usia dini dengan menentukan sampel 21 guru. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa di era digital ini perlu adanya inovasi dalam pembelajaran seni yang menggunakan pembelajaran tari dengan media berbasis android yang dapat diterapkan pada anak usia dini. Untuk itu peneliti berasumsi bahwa inovasi model edumultimedia dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pembelajaran yang dapat digunakan oleh anak dan guru di sekolah. Inovasi model pembelajaran seni bagi anak usia dini yang telah di implementasikan dapat membantu anak dan guru dalam proses pembelajaran. Implikasi di masyarakat yaitu dengan penerapan inovasi model seni digital saat ini dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran yang bersifat blended learning. Kata kunci: inovasi; model pembelajaran seni; digital.
Abstract. In the last two years, the learning process in schools has experienced obstacles due to Covid 19, so education and technology are needed. The writing of this article aims to describe and analyze teachers on the innovation of art learning models for early childhood in the digital age. The research method used is to use the survey method with a quantitative approach. The data collection techniques used are questionnaires and interviews. The data collection techniques used are questionnaires and interviews. The population in this study was early childhood education teachers by determining a sample of 21 teachers. The results showed that in this digital era there is a need for innovation in art learning that uses dance learning with android-based media that can be applied to early childhood. For this reason, researchers assume that the innovation of the edumultimedia model can be used as an alternative to learning that can be used by children and teachers in schools. The innovation of art learning models for early childhood that have been implemented can help children and teachers in the learning process. The implication in society is that the application of digital art model innovations can currently be used in blended learning.
... Inspired by ethnographic studies, the walk-through observations were conducted in a participating/street user manner (Mehta, 2009;Spradley, 2016), aiming to empirically record the physical environments, social activities, and behaviours that take place in the study street. A series of 25 unstructured walk-through observations were made at a slow pace during May-September. ...
Urban streets are an integral part of the public realm. Streets are commonly planned following normative design principles focused on the connectivity of road networks and urban morphology. Beyond their function as mobility infrastructure, streetscapes’ aesthetic, social, and cultural qualities also have an important impact on the experience of the overall urban environment and human well-being. This study explores how urban design and planning can facilitate the design, management, and use of streetscapes that consider their role as social infrastructure. A paradigmatic case study of Hornsbergs Strand in the City of Stockholm is performed, incorporating spatial and temporal aspects. The case study area is chosen because it is both an attractive and “overcrowded” public space frequently discussed in the Swedish media. Data sources for the study include reviews of public documents such as Stockholm’s city planning strategies, local media reports, a report from a resident workgroup, as well as walk-through observations and semi-structured expert interviews. The results highlight the potential of urban design strategies to develop streetscapes as social infrastructure through both permanent design measures and temporary design interventions. The tendency of the change in people’s perception and attitude toward the place over time illustrates that design interventions are a continual process. The implications for public policy, urban development and investment in social infrastructure employing place strategies and design interventions are discussed.
... Esto quiere decir que se observarán los artefactos culturales para encontrar en ellos el comportamiento y el conocimiento culturales, aunque también se debe hacer la operación contraria y buscar los elementos del comportamiento y el conocimiento culturales que se plasmen en los artefactos, pero esto último sólo se hará como triangulación, pues podría forzarse la interpretación. Se han retomado a lo largo de este documento las categorías etnográficas del Modelo Secuencial de Investigación Etnográfica (Spradley, 1980), pero no su protocolo basado en la emergencia, debido a que se ha definido el objeto de estudio y sus dimensiones y operacionalización en una ficha de comunidad y un modelo operativo. Lo anterior nos permitirá hacer tanto las cédulas como los protocolos de observación y de entrevista para la recolección de datos. ...
La generación de este libro como herramienta metodológico-conceptual para los trabajos colaborativos del grupo colegiado de docentes y estudiantes, se ubica entre los proyectos que han sido impulsados, desde hace más de una década, a través de los posgrados del Centro de las Artes y la Cultura. De la Maestría en Arte nace la convocatoria que da origen a este libro y cuyo interés es el de plantear trabajos colaborativos a través de coautoría entre profeso- ras(es) investigadoras(es) y jóvenes estudiantes de posgrado, para involucrar de manera académica el seguimiento, las problematizaciones, las discusiones y los descubrimientos que, en conjunto, se elaboran desde proyectos específicos. El uso de la cartografía como requisito fundamental de los distintos capítulos obedece a una preocupación de territorialización del análisis del arte a través de una política de localización y a partir de ésta realizar un vínculo con la sociedad a la que se dirigen los proyectos desde el posgrado con orientación profesionalizante.
... Triangulasi sumber yaitu dilakukan dengan menggabungkan data hasil wawancara dari berbagai sumber. Spradley (1980) mengatakan bahwa tahap analisis data dalam penelitian ini meliputi analisis domain yaitu memperoleh gambaran umum mengenai makna tradisi barikan, analisis taksonomi yaitu mengetahui struktur internalnya dalam tradisi barikan diantaranya misalnya sesaji yang dibawa seperti kulub, jajan pasar, dan lainnya, analisis komponen yaitu mengontraskan antar elemen, dengan cara mencari perbedaan yang ada dalam tradisi barikan, analisis tema budaya yaitu mencari tema konseptual yang dipelajari masyarakat dan hubungan antara domain dan keseluruhan. Dalam hal ini peneliti terjun langsung ke masyarakat dan melakukan partisipasi dalam kegiatan atau kehidupan sosial budaya dalam tradisi barikan serta melakukan observasi, pencatatan, analisis, penafsiran dan penyimpulan. ...
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter yang terdapat dalam pelaksanaan tradisi barikan dan juga untuk mengetahui implementasi tradisi barikan pada proses pembelajaran. Penelitian ini membahas tentang nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter yang ada dalam tradisi barikan di Dukuh Karang Gempol diantaranya yaitu nilai religius, nilai jujur, nilai toleransi, nilai disiplin, nilai bersahabat, nilai peduli lingkungan, nilai peduli sosial, dan nilai tanggung jawab. Selain itu juga, penelitian ini membahas tentang mengimplementasikan tradisi barikan pada proses pembelajaran. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Dukuh Karang Gempol, RT 04 RW 05 Desa Kayen, Kecamatan Kayen Kabupaten Pati. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnografi. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data yang meliputi observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Sumber data primer diperoleh dari hasil observasi, wawancara dengan tokoh agama, tokoh masyarakat, sesepuh masyarakat, dan warga Dukuh Karang Gempol. Sedangkan sumber data sekunder diperoleh dari hasil dokumen pendukung. Pengujian keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi teknik dan triangulasi sumber. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter yang ada dalam pelaksanaan tradisi barikan diantaranya yaitu nilai religius, nilai jujur, nilai toleransi, nilai disiplin, nilai bersahabat, nilai peduli lingkungan, nilai peduli sosial, dan nilai tanggung jawab. Selain itu juga, implementasi dari tradisi barikan pada proses pembelajaran ini diantaranya yaitu dengan didokumentasikan melalui foto dan video lewat handphone dan dikemas dengan baik dan menarik, sehingga nantinya dapat diterapkan kepada anak bahwa di sekitar ada sebuah kebudayaan yang harus dijaga dan dilestarikan.
... tory will be tested by our human subject study. As reported in Table 1 (lower part), the semantic relations are all general purpose, can be applied across domains, and various subsets have been widely used in prior classification schemes (Bejar et al., 2012;Spradley, 2016). We leave to future work, the intra-rater stability of the scores over time, as well as a test over a wider demographic. ...
Recent advances in neural network language models have shown that it is possible to derive expressive meaning representations by leveraging linguistic associations in large-scale natural language data. These potentially Gestalt representations have enabled state-of-the-art performance for many practical applications. It would appear that we are on a pathway to empirically deriving a robust and expressive computable semantics. A key question that arises is how far can language data alone enable computers to understand the necessary truth about the physical world? Attention to this question is warranted because our future interactions with intelligent machines depends on how well our techniques correctly represent and process the concepts (objects, properties, and processes) that humans commonly observe to be true. After reviewing existing protocols, the objective of this work is to explore this question using a novel and tightly controlled reasoning test and to highlight what models might learn directly from pure linguistic data.
Background
Transdisciplinary research and knowledge translation are increasingly regarded as key concepts underpinning applied research across the health and social sciences, due to their presumed potential in addressing complex, “wicked” problems and improving the use of research in practice and policy, respectively. Despite sharing an impact mandate, the relationship between transdisciplinary research collaboration and knowledge translation remains unclear. In response, we examined the relationship between transdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge translation to generate these understandings with a view towards maximizing the impact of collaborative efforts.
Methods
We undertook a realist evaluation and longitudinal case study of a 5-year National Health and Medical Research Council-funded Centre of Research Excellence in Transdisciplinary Frailty Research. Data were collected between February 2017 and March 2020 over three rounds of theory development, refinement and testing using interviews, observation, document review and visual elicitation as data sources. The Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Adelaide approved this study.
Results
Iterative analysis of narrative interviews and visual data led to the development of three overarching programme theories explicating the reciprocal relationship between KT understandings and transdisciplinary team process. These programme theories revolve around the concept of a network, which we define in alignment with extant theoretical literature on network mechanisms and complex networks as graphically representable networks of agents/people (nodes) joined by social relationships (links). Our findings demonstrate that under the right contextual conditions, transdisciplinary team members respond through an improved ability to (1) navigate the network, (2) negotiate the network and (3) mobilize the network.
Conclusions
This research demonstrates the reciprocity and mutually supportive relationship between transdisciplinary research and knowledge translation. Our findings suggest that embedding a collaborative knowledge translation framework and providing resources such as facilitation and distributed leadership within a transdisciplinary team can improve collaboration and support transdisciplinary research objectives.
A study considered that professional traits for public and private school teachers are more important for the performance of students in the field of education. Considering this issue, this research has been done on professional traits of public and private school teachers in the district of Lodhran. The study sets its objectives to find out which sector performs best. The study collected primary data from public and private schools on 300 schools' teachers and principals. T-tests have been used to find out if there are significant differences in how teachers at private and public schools do their jobs. Results found that there is significant difference between professional traits of public and private school teachers. Further studies found that public school teachers are more skilled as compared to private school teachers in the Lodhran district. The study recommends working on an enhanced sample from Southern Punjab and then an overall large sample from the whole Punjab province. STUDY BACKGROUND A company's longevity and stability can be ensured, in part, by its leaders' commitment to maintaining a consistent approach at all times. One of the key indicators of organizational success is how well the organization maintains its integrity, which strengthens the human and social assets of the company by fostering employee interest, loyalty, and trust.
This research will focus on the learning environment and education system of the Madaris and how this environment will affect on student’s behavior. The study also meant to see that which type of learning environment Dini-Madaris provide to their students and is there intensity of Madaris learning environment input makes a difference in student's moral development? Thus, objective of the paper is to analytically discuss the environment of Madaris and compare this environment with other institute's learning environment. Also discuss that which environment will emphatically effect students to behave more disciplined and competent. This will bring forth that how reformative measures in order to pace shoulder to shoulder with modern world. Hence, this study will be an incentive in illuminating a contrastive study on madrassah educational environment which can help the graduate students in dealing effectively with the challenges of modern world.
This paper focuses on the needs of modification of environment in education system of the Madaris. A quantitative research plan will apply explore to target the results. The researchers himself collect all the data that will collected by 300 respondents. All questions in questionnaire is close-ended. The analyzed data will show in descriptive statistical table. However, some will mention in proceeding chapters.
The complexity and importance of environmental, societal, and other challenges require new forms of science and practice collaboration. We first describe the complementarity of method-driven, theory-based, and (to the extent possible) validated scientific knowledge in contrast to real-world, action-based, and contextualized experimental knowledge. We argue that a thorough integration of these two modes of knowing is necessary for developing ground-breaking innovations and transitions for sustainable development. To reorganize types of science–practice collaborations, we extend Stokes’s Pasteur’s quadrant with its dimensions for the relevance of (i) (generalized) fundamental knowledge and (ii) applications when introducing (iii) process ownership, i.e., who controls the science–practice collaboration process. Process ownership is a kind of umbrella variable which comprises leadership (with the inflexion point of equal footing or co-leadership) and mutuality (this is needed for knowledge integration and developing socially robust orientations) which are unique selling points of transdisciplinarity. The extreme positions of process ownership are applied research (science takes control) and consulting (practice takes process ownership). Ideal transdisciplinary processes include authentic co-definition, co-representation, co-design, and co-leadership of science and practice. We discuss and grade fifteen approaches on science–practice collaboration along the process ownership scale and reflect on the challenges to make transdisciplinarity real.
Narrative theory in translation studies has been mostly used to examine how translators (and more largely translation agents) mediate and refract meaning as they contribute to circulating political agendas across contexts and audiences. Building on this heritage but extending narrative theory beyond cross-language analysis, this paper proposes an ethnonarrative methodology to enquire and write about contemporary activist networks. It provides an epistemological-theoretical framework to explore identity, action and space in prefigurative transnational social movements, and a set of narrative methods and analytical techniques to conduct an ethnography of communication. Drawing on my on-site and online ethnography of Babels, the international network of volunteer interpreters, the paper first discusses the ethical and political questions raised by my practice in, and by my writing about Babels, in the interdisciplinary context of social movement studies and interpreting studies in the first decade of the 21 st century. It then exposes the ethnonarrative methodology developed in this context and illustrates its use through a detailed narrative account of how Babels constructs and negotiates its financial structure in and out of Babels.org. Finally, it discusses the extension of the methodology beyond 2.0 (so called participatory) web, as activist networks increasingly communicate through social media and videoconferencing platforms.
Digital curation is one of the most experimental areas of museum practice introduced by the digital revolution. A whole new generation of cultural experiences are emerging from the interaction with online spaces and social media platforms, encouraging museums to explore new curatorial approaches. In this paper, we will show how a digital experimental project led to the rethinking of the exhibition format into a more collaborative, interdisciplinary and laboratory approach to museum curation. The case study analysed is Laboratory of Stories, a dynamic participatory archive which was co-designed with a vibrant community of heritage professionals, local communities, and lovers of the Dolomites during a three-year project. An evaluation study combining different qualitative and quantitative methods was implemented to explore the nature of this curatorial practice. A series of key findings emerged from the study: the introduction of new narrative styles and interdisciplinary perspectives; the involvement of different communities in the curatorial process; the shift from a tangible, object-based, to a more intangible, open, and dialogic interpretation of heritage and of knowledge making. The findings show how the ‘laboratory’ metaphor can help museums to embrace the challenges of a participatory, post-digital society, suggesting a novel approach where the co-creation of narratives is at the heart of the curatorial practice.
The engagement of children in domestic work in third-party households is mostly conceived as a decision that benefits adult actors – employers, intermediaries and/or parents – at the expense of young people. Thus, child domestic workers are often depicted as victims of different kinds of exploitation – ranging from the nature of their recruitment to the work they do; and the conditions under which the work is done. This popular representation of children as ‘helpless victims’, however, undermines working children’s capacity to navigate the complexities that surround their living and working situations. Based on primary data gathered from fieldwork in South-West Nigeria, this paper examines how, with limited options, child domestic workers defy the victimhood narrative. It argues that even in the face of severe constraints, child domestic workers still find ways to exercise their agency. It concludes by highlighting the complexity of childhood work experiences; arguing for a more nuanced understanding of the same; and the need to rethink the frameworks and/or support networks for child domestic workers.
Based on long-term qualitative research with century-old business families in the German context, we emphasize the role of narratives. Understood as discursive social practices, they convey meaning, foster identification and establish particular images of the business family for themselves and outsiders. Examples discussed in the article include narratives about flexibility, cooperation and the particular cleverness of its members. In particular, we argue that narratives contribute to internal cohesion within the business family because processes of individualization, changed inheritance practices and lucrative opportunities outside the family business challenge the intent for transgenerational continuation. Thus we highlight a processual understanding of business families and draw on conceptions such as relatedness, kinning and doing family from anthropology and family sociology. Herewith we are better able to show how these self-images and narratives work and how they are used as mechanism for the production and reproduction of business families. Old business families in the German context, then, are no fixed entities but the outcome of processes where meaning, identification and sense-making are successfully transferred within and across generations.
This paper draws on data from the National Science Foundation (NSF) ADVANCE-funded LATTICE program (Launching Academics on the Tenure-Track: an Intentional Community in Engineering) to examine how a diverse group of women worked across social and professional identities to support early-career women in academic engineering. We used ethnography to elucidate the social dynamics and power relations involved in forming a coherent group identity for the LATTICE leadership team, and the boundaries we negotiated in running the LATTICE program. We identify the processes and behaviors through which we made boundaries between members salient yet porous to build a coherent community across various dimensions of difference. We offer three actionable strategies that impact change agents’ engagement and the group’s coherence across multiple dimensions of difference: (1) intentionally creating a socio-emotional culture in our group, one that spans across group members’ personal and professional identities; (2) validating other group members’ perspectives, and (3) striving to build consensus using storytelling. These strategies of the LATTICE leadership team provide guidelines for others who work across intersecting dimensions of difference.
Penelitan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran efek potensial terhadap guru-guru matematika di Palembang setelah mengikuti pelatihan PMRI, yang dilihat dari (1) Apa reaksi dan kepuasan peserta terhadap pelatihan PMRI? (2) Apakah peserta telah mengerti terhadap apa yang dipelajari selama pelatihan? Populasi dan sampel dari penelitian ini adalah: seluruh peserta pelatihan PMRI yang terdiri dari 100 orang guru dari 15 SD dan 2 MIN di Sumatera Selatan. Alat pengumpul data adalah Angket terbuka dan tertutup untuk mengukur reaksi dan kepuasan peserta pelatihan PMRI, tes untuk mengukur kemampuan kognitif peserta, serta simulasi di depan kelas. Dari analisis data dapat disimpulkan bahwa dari hasil angket terbuka dan tertutup yang dibagikan kepada peserta sebanyak 100 eksemplar sebagai sampel dapat diketahui 100% program pelatihan yang telah dilaksanakan relevan/sesuai dengan kebutuhan guru, 100% materi yang disajikan juga sesuai dengan kebutuhan dalam melaksanakan tugas guru di sekolah. 100% peserta pelatihan sangat puas terhadap pelatihan yang diberikan serta membutuhkan kelanjutan dari pelatihan PMRI, dan menyarankan untuk yang akan datang lebih banyak guru yang dilibatkan. Hasil evaluasi terhadap peserta diketahui bahwa seluruh peserta dinyatakan mampu menyelesaikan materi yang diberikan dengan baik, serta mampu mengajarkan materi di depan peserta pelatihan dengan baik. Keywords: Pelatihan PMRI, Potensial Efek
Objective:
The irrational use of antibiotics is a leading contributor to antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic stewardship (AS) interventions predominantly focus on prescribers. This study investigated the influence and participation of inpatients in infection-related care, including antibiotic decision-making, within and across two tertiary hospitals in South Africa (Cape Town) and India (Kerala).
Methods:
Through ethnographic enquiry of clinical practice in surgical pathways, including direct nonparticipant observation of clinical practices, healthcare worker (HCW), patient and carer interactions in surgical ward rounds and face-to-face interviews with participants (HCWs and patients), we sought to capture the implicit and explicit influence that patients and carers have in infection-related care. Field notes and interview transcripts were thematically coded, aided by NVivo 12® Pro software.
Results:
Whilst observational data revealed the nuanced roles that patients/carers play in antibiotic decision-making, HCWs did not recognize these roles. Patients and carers, though invested in patient care, are not routinely involved, nor are they aware of the opportunities for engagement in infection-related decision-making. Patients associated clinical improvement with antibiotic use and did not consider hospitalization to be associated with infection acquisition or transmission, highlighting a lack of understanding of the threat of infection and antibiotic resistance. Patients' economic and cultural positionalities may influence their infection-related behaviours. In the study site in India, cultural norms mean that carers play widespread but unrecognized roles in inpatient care, participating in infection prevention activities.
Conclusion:
For patients to have a valuable role in AS and make informed decisions regarding their infection-related care, a mutual understanding of their role in this process among HCWs and patients is crucial. The observed differences between the two study sites indicate the critical need for understanding and addressing the contextual drivers that impact effective patient-centred healthcare delivery.
Patient or public contribution:
Ethnographic observations and interviews conducted in this study involved patients as participants. Patients were recruited for interviews after obtaining signed informed consent forms. Patients' identities were completely anonymized when presenting the study findings.
Background
Abdominal examination is a routine procedure performed by midwives several times during pregnancy to monitor the growth and well-being of the baby. Literature and instructions regarding abdominal examination focus on the technical performance, with limited attention paid to the women’s experience of the examination or the bonding-related aspects between the mother and baby. The aim of the study was to explore how pregnant women experience the abdominal examination and how the examination affects maternal–fetal attachment.
Methods
Participant observation and semi-structured interviews with 10 pregnant women. We used thematic analysis to identify themes across the empirical material.
Results
We identified the following four central themes: an essential examination , the baby becomes real , the importance of being involved and different senses provide different experiences . These themes describe how the women regarded the abdominal examination as an essential part of the midwifery consultation and considered it the occasion when the baby became real and tangible. Being prepared and involved before and during the examination were pivotal for how the examination was experienced by the women. The abdominal examination was crucial to the pregnant women because it provided them with important sensory aspects that were not obtained from ultrasound examination.
Conclusion
The abdominal examination is regarded as essential in midwifery consultations and has the potential for supporting a woman’s bodily sensation of her baby, which is reinforced by the midwife’s manual palpation. Touch can be a way for a pregnant woman to become acquainted with her unborn child, which provides midwives a profound potential to facilitate the process of maternal–fetal attachment.
Contrary to previous studies, the present qualitative ethnographic study focuses on free play during primary school recess with an emphasis on the significance of the interaction between play and the socio-cultural environment and the active role of the children in their play. The aim of the study was to investigate children’s perspectives about play during school recess. The study took place in a primary school in Athens, Greece and the participants were 300 children and 21 educators. The data were collected through participant observation and informal interviews with the pupils at the school yard during a seven-month period. Data analysis showed that the necessary and desired conditions for satisfaction during primary school recess play included four contexts: (1) the human, (2) the moral, (3) the institutional, and (4) the material context. These findings provide a useful framework for recess play to contribute to the children’s development and education at school.
Background
The rising global population of older persons with chronic conditions demands new primary care models. Advanced practice nurses (APNs) can help meet that need. In Switzerland, APNs have only recently been introduced in primary care and little is known about their daily practice. This study aims to describe APNs’ activities and general roles at four sites with multi-professional primary care practices in the Swiss cantons of Bern and Solothurn.
Methods
To study the practices of APNs at the study sites, we adopted a social constructivist perspective, lending methods from ethnographic field research. We interviewed, observed and accompanied participants over five months, generating rich data on their daily practices. The analysis followed Braun and Clarke’s six-step thematic analysis process.
Results
The APNs’ daily practices cover three main themes. Their core activities are working with expanded clinical skills and being on-site specialists for patients and their relatives. These practices are surrounded by net activities, i.e., taking care of patients in tandem with the physicians and regular visits in residential long-term care facilities. The outer activity layer consists of cohesive activities, with which APNs anchor and facilitate their role and catalyze further development of the care model. APNs tailor their expanded medical knowledge and nursing practice to maximize the value they provide in patient care.
Conclusions
This study extends our knowledge of APNs’ daily practice within a Swiss multi-professional primary care practice. Our results indicate competencies that need to be integrated in APN education and point out the high potential of APN integration in such primary care practices.
The purpose of this research is to demonstrate how retailers have used the digital transformation to mitigate the negative effects of COVID-19. As this research aims to understand a real-life phenomenon for which there is very limited knowledge, we created the opportunity to empirically explore the digital transformation in the retail industry during COVID-19 pandemic. In general terms, the research follows a qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory case study design. The results have shown that retailers should focus on technological innovations, adapt their business models, manage their distribution channels, and strengthen their customer-centric strategy. Moreover, it is necessary to emphasize that while smart retail is gradually standing out in the sector, there are also some factors that have not been overcome, such as lack of digital culture, training, and digital leadership. Despite these identified difficulties, the adoption of a digital strategy will allow a differentiating, safe and secure shopping experience, which today is one of the decisive factors for the survival of companies. The COVID-19 pandemic had social and economic effects in all industries – retail was no exception. In turn, the digital technologies already used by companies began to contribute to retailers being able to respond more quickly to customer needs, having been fundamental in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is one of the first to explore this topic, bringing new contributions to theory and managerial practice.
Nähe ist ein Bestandteil sozialer Situationen, der im alltäglichen Erleben oftmals wenig explizite Aufmerksamkeit erfährt, aber während der COVID-19-Pandemie auf besondere Weise reflexiv wurde. Anhand von ethnografischen Daten lässt sich zeigen, wie sich das Herstellen und die Vermeidung von Nähe gestaltet, wenn Körper nicht nur als infektiös und damit vulnerabel kodiert werden, sondern darüber hinaus in dieser Verletzlichkeit erlebt werden. In Anlehnung an phänomenologische Konzepte von Maurice Merleau-Ponty und Hermann Schmitz wird diese Erlebensspur rekonstruiert, wobei der Leib im Zentrum der hermeneutischen Auslegungen steht. Das Feld der alltäglichen Transformationen durch die Pandemie dient aber auch einem allgemeineren Erkenntnisinteresse: Wie ist das Erfahren von Nähe in den leiblichen Zugang zur Welt eingebunden? Es wird ein verstehender Zugang zu diesem Erfahrungsaspekt vorgestellt. Mit der Verschränkung phänomenologischer Theorien und Beobachtungsdaten werden Leiblichkeit und Nähe aufeinander bezogen, um eine Perspektive auf soziale Situationen zu ermöglichen, die sich dem Erleben nachvollziehend annähert.
Aim
The aim was to (1) examine the feasibility aspect of a music intervention, (2) examine the association between music and pain, relaxation and well-being and (3) explore patients' experience of listening to music while waiting for acute surgery.
Design
The design was a mixed-method study.
Methods
Participants were offered a music pillow for 30 min. Before and after the intervention, participants reported their pain, relaxation and well-being using a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to10. The qualitative part was based on field observation followed by a semi-structured interview.
Results
The quantitative part included 30 participants. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed a positive significant association between music and pain, relaxation and well-being (p < 0.001). The qualitative part included 15 participants. Two themes derived from the analysis: (1) feelings of physical and mental well-being and (2) a break from the acute preoperative context.
Patient or Public Contribution
No patient or public contribution.
This study examines how digital technology is referred to as a discursive artifact in Norwegian teacher education policy. A discursive artifact is a representation of something larger than the physical object, such as a potential or a challenge. In this paper, 28 policy documents connected to teacher education are analysed. In five of these documents, technology is presented in ways that can be categorized as a discursive artifact and they are further presented as new opportunities, new challenges and new needs. The relevance of the discursive perspective on technology is discussed in relation to teacher education and it is problematised that relatively few documents mention digital technology in a discursive perspective.
Background:
Fatigue is an immense problem among patients undergoing haemodialysis and is associated with anxiety and depression. Live music used in different hospital settings has shown promising effects, but the feasibility and potential effectiveness of live music during haemodialysis are unknown.
Objectives:
To evaluate the feasibility, the participants' musical experience and potential effectiveness of live music on patients' levels of fatigue, relaxation, anxiety, depression, treatment satisfaction and work engagement among nurses.
Design:
A pilot randomised controlled trial evaluated with a multiple methods design.
Participants:
Two clusters of 12 patients were each randomised to receive either 30 min of live music once a week during haemodialysis or usual care over a period of 6 weeks.
Measurements:
The primary outcome was patients' immediate fatigue. Other outcomes were patients' long-term and post-dialysis fatigue, relaxation, anxiety, depression, treatment satisfaction and work engagement among nurses. Observations and semi-structured interviews with patients, nurses and musicians were conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of the musical experience as well as feasibility.
Results:
The study was feasible and detected significant differences on immediate fatigue (p < 0.001) and anxiety (p < 0.012) in the intervention group compared to controls. Among 17 nurses, a significant difference was found in Dedication (p < 0.024). Furthermore, live music gave patients an uplifting experience, bringing joy and relaxation and the nurses experienced a sense of quietness in a stressful day.
Conclusions:
Providing live music performed by professional musicians in a haemodialysis setting is feasible and showed a significant effect on immediate fatigue and anxiety compared to controls.
This chapter provides a critical perspective on the use of social media platforms as crucial epistemic resources for field researchers in criminology. Ethnographers have often been sceptical about their immersion in online settings because of the restraints in engaging experientially and emotionally with research subjects. Virtual ethnography is underestimated as a method of engagement to achieve the immediacy of crime. The chapter aims to debunk this misconception by highlighting my experiences with virtual ethnography on Instagram researching the meanings of crime within a deviant youth subculture in Italy, known as Italian trap culture. Readers are led on a journey towards a criminological verstehen through my experiential and emotional online immersion in the lived reality of deviance and crime. This journey includes also new epistemological frameworks on how to practically access and engage with online users, such as Instagram suggested friends to algorithmically sample participants. By virtually interacting with deviant, criminal and vulnerable participants on social media, field researchers are subjected to ethical reflections different from those that traditionally guide physical ethnographies in criminology. This contributes to considerations on new types of personal and professional risks, besides exciting and pleasurable experiences, underlying the deep involvement in crime situations on social media.
Der Beitrag zeigt, wie unterschiedliche Nutzungsweisen des öffentlichen Raumes empirisch untersucht werden können. Der Fokus liegt auf der besonderen Situation in Migrationsgesellschaften und auf der Frage nach geeigneten Methoden für die (Zusammen-)Arbeit mit Menschen, die einen anderen kulturellen und sprachlichen Hintergrund besitzen als die Mehrheitsgesellschaft und als die Forschenden. Die Diskussion der Methoden wird theoretisch eingebettet in Konzepte der Migrationsgesellschaft und ihrer Beziehung zu der gebauten und gestalteten Umwelt und besonders: der Stadt. Ausgewählte qualitative Methoden zur Erforschung von Nutzungsvielfalten werden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Verwendung von visuellen Methoden vorgestellt und bezüglich ihrer Anwendbarkeit diskutiert. Mit der Präsentation des Virtual Urban Walk 3D als einer auf neuen Technologien aufbauenden Methode zielt der Beitrag darauf ab, ein Methoden-Set zu formulieren, mit dem die vielfältigen Nutzungsformen des öffentlichen Raumes in Migrationsgesellschaften empirisch untersucht werden können.
Romance scams represent a form of online crime with origins in the physical world,
including FTF and physical mail scams. Although these crimes have been revolutionized by the affordances inherent in the technological advantages of social media
and the internet, less is known about the foreground characteristics of the offense,
including the preferred targeting and scamming strategies of romance fraudsters as
facets of a larger process of communication and deception between offenders and
victims. Much of the research has focused on the existence and mechanics of such
fraud schemes and less on how reciprocal communication between offenders and
victims, governed by measurable principles of impression management and deception can underpin the overt manipulation of victims into parting with their financial
resources. Our goal in the current research is to identify risk and protective factors
for those targeted by romance scam offenders to develop a model for victim vulnerability and resilience. Using data developed through a systematic collection of victim recounts of their scamming experiences from online sources (Nfemale = 32 and
Nmale = 20), our findings point to a reciprocal model between victims and offenders
through identifying four main themes in victims’ descriptions of their scamming experiences. Such an effort allows us to delineate important risk signals we identify as
crucial for future research and prevention efforts. The findings of this study speak to
the importance of understanding social and behavioral interactions between victims
and offenders during a romance scam as critical to establishing risk and protective
factors of victims, which further inform preemptive prevention efforts
Despite increasing work investigating the accessibility of research tools, most accessibility research has traditionally focused on popular, mainstream, or web technologies. We investigated barriers and workarounds blind and low vision doctoral students in computing-intensive disciplines experienced and engaged, respectively, when using advanced technical tools for research tasks. We conducted an observation and interview study with eight current and former Ph.D. students, closely analyzing the accessibility of specific tasks. Our findings contextualize how inaccessible tools complicate research tasks, adding time and effort, and exacerbating social entanglements in collaborative relationships. This work contributes empirical data that extricates how in/accessibility of advanced technical tools used in research influences productivity and collegial efforts.
Zusammenfassung
Orte der Offenen Jugendarbeit, also Jugendhäuser und -treffs, sind viel mehr als ihre baulich-physische Hülle. Sie werden nicht nur durch die Jugendlichen angeeignet, verändert, mit Bedeutungen versehen, sondern gleichermaßen durch die Praktiken der Jugendarbeiter*innen gestaltet – jeden Tag neu. Doch wie funktioniert diese Herstellung pädagogischer Orte? Wie sind pädagogische Orte raumtheoretisch zu konzipieren, damit die professionellen Praktiken der Ortsgestaltung in den Blick genommen werden können? Aufbauend auf ein ethnografisch vorgehendes Grundlagenforschungsprojekt, welches im Handlungsfeld der Offenen Kinder- und Jugendarbeit in der ganzen Schweiz – regional geprägt durch unterschiedliche Traditionen aus dem Spektrum von Animation, Sozialarbeit sowie Pädagogik – unterschiedliche Einrichtungen untersuchte, werden im Beitrag zentrale Ergebnisse dargestellt sowie entlang empirischer und konzeptioneller Bezüge diskutiert. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die methodischen Überlegungen bei der ethnografischen Erforschung von „Praktiken pädagogischer Ortsgestaltung“ gelegt. Anhand dichter Beschreibungen von pädagogischen Ortsgestaltungspraktiken im Handlungsfeld der Offenen Kinder- und Jugendarbeit, welche sich von Einrichtung zu Einrichtung unterschiedlich ausprägen, wird eine Eigenlogik sichtbar, welche jeweils vor Ort stimmig oder passend erscheint.
Oaxaca is one of the five Mexican states with the highest biological richness and one of the most diverse in ethnic composition. Knowledge and use of plant resources have been part of their culture and maintenance in territories with different ecological, geological, and climatic conditions. Oaxaca contains 43.9% of the Mexican flora, with about 10,229 vascular plant species, distributed in 26 vegetation types. Ethnobotanical research in Oaxaca has been conducted during decades, focused on aspects like the integral traditional management, traditional classification systems, floristic composition and management of different ecosystems, agroecosystems. This chapter synthesizes a panorama of the ethno-floristic inventory in some preserved areas of northeastern Oaxaca, in three Priority Terrestrial Regions (PTR) with high bio-cultural diversity. The study area comprised 84 municipalities with eight ethnic groups in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, the Sierras del Norte de Oaxaca-Mixe and the Selva Zoque-La Sepultura. Ethnobotanical data were recorded by participative observation, ethnobotanic fieldtrips, and free interviews with the local guides, for almost 4 years. Specimens of useful plants were collected and photographed the vouchers deposited in UAM-IZ, MEXU, and OAX. Field information and photographs of each specimen were integrated into the database BIÓTICA (CONABIO 2012) and the images bank of CONABIO (2018). More than 2,340 specimens were collected, a total of 139 families, 441 genera, 804 species, 7 subspecies, and 18 varieties were identified. The genus Quercus was the richest one with 34 species, followed by Tillandsia L. (22 species), and Pinus L. (14). Most of the useful species were found in four vegetation types: montane cloud forests (MCF), oak forests (OF), pine forests (PF), and tropical semi-evergreen forest (TSF). We recorded 11 use categories, the most important being medicinal, edible, and ornamental plants. Variation in number of useful families and species among ethnic groups was detected. Those with the greatest number of useful species and botanical families are the Northern Zapotec, Mixe, and Mazatec people, whereas the ethnic groups with the lowest values of useful species and families are also distributed in few municipalities, like Mixtec and Nahua. Results of this research reinforce the statement that people of ethnic groups are local safeguards of biodiversity. Patterns of regeneration processes indicate high rates of resilience of ecosystems, which needs to be analyzed to understand the kinds of management that people practice to recovering vegetation, since apparently, ethnic groups of Northeastern Oaxaca assist empirically to ecosystems restoration. The total number of useful species recorded in the present study increase in almost 10% these records. For many localities these are the first records of useful plants. Traditional knowledge must persist by its own right to persist, because we must be clear and sensitive that there are many explanations of world and life.
Anthropology and ethnography appear to be joined at the hip. According to the online Oxford dictionary (2013), anthropology refers to the study of humans and human behaviour and societies, past and present. As such, anthropology is concerned with the comparative study of societies and human diversity, and asks interpretative questions about behaviour, meaning, development and value between different societies and cultures. It is also known as cultural or social anthropology in order to differentiate itself from physical anthropology, the study of human biological and physiological characteristics and their evolution. Clifford Geertz has suggested that all anthropological writings are interpretations of interpretations. So, perhaps it stands to reason that, if anthropology is about the study of people and cultures, ethnography is about the writing with regards to people and cultures. And this leads us to ethnographic inquiry.
This chapter offers insights into the ‘best practice’ of a waste management process at a major international sports event. Emphasis is placed on understanding the importance of stakeholders’ engagement longitudinally, from pre-event planning, to during event implementation, and post-event reporting and evaluation. Combining ethnographic approach through the investigators’ immersion in the process with data gathered from interviews, results were triangulated following post-event focus group discussion and a meeting with the lead implementer. Key findings suggest that poor stakeholders’ engagement hampered participation and contributions; led to inefficient and flawed designs; compromised administrative and operational procedures; and undermined stakeholders’ credibility and confidence. Pre-event, the top-down planning approach among the core implementers inhibited consultation vital to the design of the waste separation processes. The repercussion surfaced during event in the form of infrastructural weaknesses, whereby the inconsistent bin-system, the haphazard bin placement and the lack of recycling facilities for vendors decreased convenience and negatively impacted on recycling behavior. Operational errors in the collection and transportation of waste often hindered the identification of waste-type, which caused a significant proportion of collected bags to be consigned as non-recyclables. In terms of patron education, insufficient on-site publicity of the recycling initiatives curtailed the educational opportunities of the sports event. The main stakeholders’ awareness of their action was arguably low, in view that some operational errors could have been identified or avoided with timely input from other stakeholders. Post-event, poor communication and coordination still characterized the stakeholder relations such that the sharing of experiences and corrective action were lacking. The gaps in interactions and relational ties identified here have implications on the planning and implementation of waste management, and by extension, the staging of a sustainable green sports event.
Introduction
In 2017, in Germany, a structural reform of the outpatient psychotherapy guideline took place, aiming to reduce waiting times, to facilitate flexible low-threshold access (eg, general reachability by phone) and to lower access barriers for specific patient groups. The reform included new service elements, such as the implementation of additional psychotherapeutic consultations, acute short-term psychotherapeutic interventions and relapse prophylaxis as well as the promotion of group therapies, the facilitation of psychotherapists’ availability, and the installation of appointment service centres. The ES-RiP project aims to thoroughly evaluate the effects of the reform with a special focus on patients with a comorbidity of mental disorders and chronic physical conditions (cMPs) compared with patients with a mental disorder but no long-term physical condition (MnoP). The project aims to evaluate (a) the extent to which the reform goals were achieved in the large group of patients with cMPs compared with MnoP, (b) the barriers that might hinder the implementation of the new guideline and (c) the procedures required for further developing and improving outpatient psychotherapy.
Methods and analysis
A mixed-methods design (quantitative, qualitative) along with a multilevel approach (patients, service providers, payers) triangulating several data sources (primary and secondary data) will be applied to evaluate the reform from different perspectives.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethical approval was obtained from the coordinating committee as well as one local ethics committee, Justus Liebig University Giessen and Marburg – Faculty of Medicine (approval number: AZ 107/20) and Heidelberg (approval number: S-466/2020). The results of this study will be disseminated through expert panels, conference presentations and publications in peer-reviewed journals.
Trial registration number
DRKS00020344.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.