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ChemiCal Composition of wild and Cultured marsh frog (Rana Ridibunda)
Abstract
Marsh frog has a very good meat composition and is consumed as a delicacy in countries as France, Belgium, Germany, Italy
and many others. The aim of this study is to estimate chemical composition of wild and cultured water frogs. Results show
that the average protein value of frog meat is relatively high, 18.52 and 22.95 g/100 g meat, respectively for wild and cultured
frog. Fat content is low 0.74 and 0.93 g/100 g meat, respectively from wild and cultured frogs. Colour parameters of wild and
cultured frog meat is similar (L* value = 53.83 – 50.13, a* value = 4.81 – 3.38 and b* value = 3.91 – 3.84). The content of most
of amino acid is higher in meat of cultured frog then in wild frog (P<0.05) except non essentials amino acid serine, cysteine
and alanine. The differences are reflection of higher protein content and higher sum of amino acids in meat of cultured frogs.
Amino acid content of meat protein however shows higher values of leucine and proline in cultured, compare to wild frog.
It was found that meats of both wild and cultured frog had high amounts of highly unsaturated fatty acids (C18:2, C18:4, C20:5
and C22:6), with favourable ratio of Ω-3 to Ω-6 fatty acids. In meat of cultured frog dominated Ω-3 unsaturated fatty acid, while
in wild frog meat are more Ω-6 fatty acids. Content of Important minerals like Fe, Mg, and P is higher in cultured than wild
frog. Observed small differences in composition in wild and cultured frog meat reflected some difference of feeding. The results
showed that cultured frogs have as valuable chemical composition as the wild frogs and other sea foods.
Key words: chemical composition, wild frog, cultured frog, Rana ridibunda, frog meat, amino acids, fatty acids,
minerals
... Some of the frog species are considered to be of good nutritional value e.g., Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771), Rana esculenta (Linnaeus, 1758), Rana ridibunda (Pallas, 1771) (Çaklı et al., 2009;Çağıltay et al., 2014;Alkaya et al., 2018;Büyükdeveci et al., 2019). The consumable anuran meats are getting known as a new food product in many countries. ...
... Therefore, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the annual aquaculture production of frogs has increased in the world. 3 A few studies have shown that frog meat had good nutritional composition e.g., lipids (Özoğul et al., 2008;Çağıltay et al., 2014;Büyükdeveci et al., 2019). The lipids contain fatty acids omega 3 and 6 which have an important role in human health (Davis and Kris-Etherton, 2003). ...
... The frogs have been investigated by limited studies, therefore there is little information on the biochemical compositions of edible frog e.g., Rana galamensis (Dumeril & Bibron, 1841), P. ridibundus, R. esculenta, R. ridibunda (Özoğul et al., 2008;Çaklı et al., 2009;Muhammad and Ajiboye, 2011;Büyükdeveci et al., 2019). In addition, the studies on the cultivation of the frog in farm areas have been very limited over the last decade (Çağıltay et al., 2014;Alkaya et al., 2018;Silla et al., 2021). To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no study yet conducted about biochemical aspects of wild, semicultured, and cultured frogs for both sexes. ...
... Some of the frog species are considered to be of good nutritional value e.g., Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771), Rana esculenta (Linnaeus, 1758), Rana ridibunda (Pallas, 1771) (Çaklı et al., 2009;Çağıltay et al., 2014;Alkaya et al., 2018;Büyükdeveci et al., 2019). The consumable anuran meats are getting known as a new food product in many countries. ...
... Therefore, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the annual aquaculture production of frogs has increased in the world. 3 A few studies have shown that frog meat had good nutritional composition e.g., lipids (Özoğul et al., 2008;Çağıltay et al., 2014;Büyükdeveci et al., 2019). The lipids contain fatty acids omega 3 and 6 which have an important role in human health (Davis and Kris-Etherton, 2003). ...
... The frogs have been investigated by limited studies, therefore there is little information on the biochemical compositions of edible frog e.g., Rana galamensis (Dumeril & Bibron, 1841), P. ridibundus, R. esculenta, R. ridibunda (Özoğul et al., 2008;Çaklı et al., 2009;Muhammad and Ajiboye, 2011;Büyükdeveci et al., 2019). In addition, the studies on the cultivation of the frog in farm areas have been very limited over the last decade (Çağıltay et al., 2014;Alkaya et al., 2018;Silla et al., 2021). To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no study yet conducted about biochemical aspects of wild, semicultured, and cultured frogs for both sexes. ...
Frogs can be added to a list of different raw materials which have sustainable economic value to their producers. Therefore, the biochemical attributes of the frogs require further scientific scrutiny. The major objective of the current study is to investigate some biochemical compositions of edible portions of Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) grown in different conditions. The wild frogs, semicultured frogs, and cultured frogs were investigated regarding female and male specimens, leading to six groups that were
determined to investigate the biochemical features of frogs. The results show that they (all frogs in all six groups) have low lipid contents (p < 0.05). The protein contents of the frogs varied in the range of 10.54%–16.10%. The lowest ash contents were found in semicultured male and female frogs. The average moisture contents were roughly 80% for all specimens. The major fatty acids were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9, C18:2n6, and C20:4n6 for wild, semicultured, and cultured frogs, respectively, for both sexes, showing their respective amounts varied among groups. All in all, the results show that there exist some differences in the nutritional content of frogs grown in different conditions in terms of the analyzed parameters.
... For farmed turtles, which mostly comprised Chinese softshell turtle (Trionyx sinensis), an estimated mean weight of 1.0-1.5 kg was used, based on FAO (2023d). For farmed and wild frogs, which mostly comprised unnamed frogs (Rana), an estimated mean weight range of 50-250 g was used, based on Cagiltay et al. (2014) and Zhu et al. (2021). ...
... 3. FAO (2023a). 4. Farmed and wild-caught frog numbers are here estimated from tonnage, assuming a mean weight of 50-250 g based on Cagiltay et al. (2014) and Zhu et al. (2021). 5. Farmed turtle numbers are here estimated from tonnage, assuming a mean weight of 1.0-1.5 kg based on FAO (2023d). ...
Finfishes are caught from the wild for food, feed (often in the form of fishmeal and oil) and bait. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), between 74 and 83 million tonnes (averaging 77 million tonnes) were caught annually in 2000–2019. Although fishes are now widely recognised as sentient beings, capture is still quantified as biomass rather than number of individuals (in contrast to wild-caught marine mammals and crocodiles; and farmed mammals and birds). Here, we estimate global numbers of wild-caught finfishes using FAO capture production (landing) tonnages (2000–2019 data) and estimates of mean individual weight at capture, based on internet-sourced capture and market weights. We estimate that between 1,100 and 2,200 billion (1.1–2.2 × 10 ¹² ), or 1.1–2.2 trillion, wild finfishes were caught annually, on average, during 2000–2019. Anchoveta ( Engraulis ringens ) comprised 28%, by estimate midpoint. Estimated numbers in 2019, totalling 980–1,900 billion, were lower due to reduced anchoveta landings, but still represented 87.5% of vertebrate numbers killed for food or feed, as obtained or estimated from FAO data. These figures exclude unrecorded capture such as illegal fishing, discards and ghost fishing. Estimated finfish numbers used for reduction to fishmeal and oil represented 56% of the total 2010 estimate (1,000–1,900 billion), by midpoint. It is recommended that the FAO reports fish capture numbers. The welfare of wild-caught fishes, which is generally very poor during and after capture, should be addressed as part of sustainable utilisation of aquatic resources.
... Overall, P. epeiroticus proximate composition exhibited a high degree of similarity with cultured and wild frog species Lithobates catesbeianus from Brazil and Mexico, respectively [34,47]. P. epeiroticus moisture and protein content were similar to the frog species P. ridibundus and L. catesbeianus species caught in the wild [33,50,52]. ...
... Notably, fat content exhibited significantly lower value compared both to cultured and wild frog species [28,33,34,50,51], possibly attributed to the timing the individuals were caught, in the onset of spring right after winter when body fat tissue had not returned to normal values after a fasting period. No significant difference was indicated for P. epeiroticus fat content between sexes, with males exhibiting higher fat content (0.28 ± 0.12) compared to females (0.11 ± 0.07). ...
The edible water frog Pelophylax epeiroticus, distributed mainly in Northwest Greece and utilized commercially as food, was investigated in lake Pamvotida (Ioannina). The objective was to assess aspects of population structure (sex ratio, morphometric characteristics, allometric relationships) and proximate composition of the Epirus water frog (Pelophylax epeiroticus). Commercial samples (31 females and 54 males) were obtained and sex ratio, morphometric characteristics, allometric relationships and proximate composition were assessed. A significantly lower abundance of females was indicated (31 females and 54 males). Body length range was higher in females (females 3.4 mm, males 2.6 mm), whereas total weight range was higher in males (females 45.08 gr, males 48.35 gr). Differences in allometric relationships were indicated between sexes. The high protein (15.93 ± 3.32) and low lipid (0.25 ± 0.13) contents indicated that P. epeiroticus is an excellent food source of high nutritional value. A tree classification algorithm indicated that the principal contributing component for sex classification was dry matter, followed by a proportion of edible flesh and protein content. A predicted future increase in demand for wild-caught individuals requires the use of a suitable management plan, coupled with the development of farming practices aiming to assure the sustainable exploitation of this important resource and alleviate the pressure on its populations.
... Frog meat is also appreciated and compared to fish and chickens because of their excellent taste, flavor and texture (Çaklı et al., 2009;Bahar et al., 2008). Frogs meat provide between 5% and 45% of daily mineral requirement Oduntan, O. O. and Morgan M. (2017) 26 of a human body for a consumption of one hundred grams of meat (Cagiltay et al., 2014). Frog legs are rich in protein, omega-3 fatty acid, iron, thiamine, riboflavin vitamin A and potassium . ...
This study was carried out to determine the acceptability and preference of edible frog among the University of Ibadan community members. The study was carried out at the restaurant of Department of Wildlife and Ecotourism Management of the University. The first phase of data collection involves the display of stickers and posters in strategic places within the University campus to create awareness for free offer of edible frog meal at the restaurant on designated dates. Well-structured questionnaire was administered to the first one hundred (100) visiting customers that accepted a plate of edible frog dish. This first set of respondents was offered a plate of frog meat freely, while payment of N50 per piece of Edible Frog was demanded for patronage at any other time to determine overall preference. More females (54%) were among the first set of customer that accepted to consume a plate of edible frog meal without payment in comparison to males (46%). The majority of the respondents (46%) accepted edible Frog meal basically because it is a source of protein compared with other benefits such as low fat content (5%), cheap (3%), medicinal value (Pain reliever, 3%), appearance (17%) and Aphrodisiac (8%).Gender (t=-2.155, p<0.05) and Age (t= 2.031, p<0.05) contribute significantly to acceptability of edible frog meal in the study area. In addition, the overall preference of edible frog meat depends on the economy and price-value judgement of the person involved.
... have been reported for meat from farmed rabbits fed golden flax seed (Peiretti and Meineri, 2010). Cagiltay et al., 2014;Domínguez et al., Özogul et al., 2008Çaklı et al., 2009;Georgiev et al., 2001Shul'gin et al., 2015Dalle Zatte, 2002Hermida et al., 2006;Simonova et al., 2010;Bivolarski et al., 2011;Dalle Zotte, & Szendrő, 2011;Cardinate et al., 2015;Simonová et al., 2020 Commented [AC7]: Not subdivide dinto non-and essential ? 1981;Sinclair et al., 1997;Engelke et al., 2004Dalle Zatte, 2002Dal Bosco et al., 2012;Simonová et al., 2020 10. ...
Besides animals that have been domesticated and farmed for mass production of meat for consumption, there are a large number of quite diverse animal species that can be considered as ‘non-traditional’sources of meat, which are reviewed in this chapter. The available literature indicates that non-traditional meats are typically of high nutritional value and have several health promoting attributes. The diverse species source of non-traditional meats also brings an increased choice of sensory properties and potential range of affordability.
All non-traditional meat animals are hunted in the wild for their meat and some of these animals are now being farmed to various extents. Although there are a number of health risks associated with meat obtained from feral animals, as they live in uncontrolled environments, sport hunting is widely popular, and the hunting and consumption of feral meat is a necessity for sustenance for many people in a lot of countries. World population increases and improved quality of life are placing increased demand on high protein products such as meat, and there is increasingly resource limitation on mass production of common farmed meat producing animals, as well as ensuing environmental issues.
The available literature indicates that there is considerable potential for increased utilization of non-traditional meats, that will likely promote upscale development of farming non-traditional animals to meet demand for meat in the future, which with appropriate farming and processing practice controls, can mitigate the health risks that are associated with feral derived meat. However, there is also the consideration of the religious beliefs of different cultures, and also consumer perception in relation to meat consumption, that need to be given consideration, and that will influence market development.
The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, has been used as a laboratory animal for decades in many research areas. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the nutritional physiology of this amphibian species and the feeding regimen is not standardized. The aim of the present study was to get more insights into the nutrient metabolism and feeding behavior of the frogs. In Trial 1, adult female X. laevis were fed either a Xenopus diet or a fish feed. After 4 weeks, they were euthanized, weighed, measured for morphometrics and dissected for organ weights and whole-body nutrient analysis. There were no significant differences between the diet groups regarding the allometric data and nutrient contents. The ovary was the major determinant of body weight. Body fat content increased with body weight as indicator of energy reserves. In Trial 2, 40 adult female frogs were monitored with a specifically developed digital tracking system to generate heat-maps of their activity before and up to 25 min after a meal. Three diets (floating, sinking, floating & sinking) were used. The main feed intake activity was fanning the feed into the mouth, peaking until 20 min after the meal. The different swimming characteristics of the diets thereby influenced the activity of the animals. Our dataset helps to adjust the feeding needs to the physical composition and also to meet the natural behavioral patterns of feed intake as a prerequisite of animal wellbeing and animal welfare in a laboratory setting.
Kitabın yayın amacı, su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği hakkında bilgisi
olmayan veya çiftlik balıkları tüketimine şüpheyle bakan tüketiciye su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğiyle ilgili temel gerçekler ve bilgiler bakımından
farkındalık yaratmaktır. Ayrıca teknik olarak başka kaynaklarda
kolayca bulunamayacak özümlenmiş bilgilerin topluca bir arada
bulunabilecek bir kaynak oluşturma misyonunu da içinde
barındırmaktadır. Kitabın diğer benzer kaynaklardan önemli bir
farklılığı sık sorulan fakat cevapları bulunamayan sorular hakkında
rafine bilgiler vermeye çalışmasıdır. Bu şekilde ilgililerin yanlış
bildikleri veya toplum açısından yeterli bilinmeyen konularda
değerlendirme olanağı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır.
Prof. Dr. Suat DİKEL, Doç. Dr. İbrahim DEMİRKALE
Meat yield, flesh colour, proximate and mineral compositions, and fatty acid profile of cap-tured and wild greater amberjack were investigated. Meat yield and flesh colour of wild and cultured greater amberjack were similar. However, their proximate compositions were differ-ent. Most of the fatty acid composition of the wild and farmed fish were significantly different (P<0.05) from each other, except C 14:0 ; C 20:2 n-6; C 20:3 n-6; C 20:5 n-3; C 22:5 n-3. The levels of linoleic acid and erucic acid were the key fatty acids discriminating cultured fish from the wild counterpart. The ratio of total n-3:n-6 fatty acid was 5.5 and 4.15 in the wild and farmed fish respectively. Macro elements level was much greater in the wild fish compare to cultured fish with the exception of calcium. Among the trace elements, iron was the foremost trace element followed by zinc, copper, barium, lead, manganese, and cadmium.
The fatty acid profile and mineral composition (calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, manganese, silicon, boron, cadmium, chromium, nickel, aluminium, copper, and lead) by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectometry (ICP-AES) and the proximate composition of the body and legs of edible frog (Rana esculenta) were investigated. The fatty acids occurring in the highest proportions in both the body and leg of frogs were mystiric acid (C14:0, 1.13-2.30%), palmitic acid (C16:0, 19.76-23.23%), stearic acid (C18:0, 3.61-6.29%), palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 7.06-13.08%), oleic acid (C18:1n-9 cis, 10.83-16.71%), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, 6.44-6.71%), gamma-linolenic (C18:3n-6, 0.13-0.27%), linolenic (C18:3n-3, 2.32-3.37%), cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3, 4.71-7.72%), cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3, 3.96-6.05%) and cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-, 2.77-6.67%). Among the minerals determined, potassium was found to be highest, followed by phosphorus. Calcium, aluminium, cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, nickel, boron, silicon and zinc are found to be lower than the potential toxicity levels.
In Europe, frogs appeared in the best culinary circles only around the 16th century. During the 20th, a strong decline is observed in certain populations under direct and indirect influences of human activities. France is the main importer with 3000-4000 tons.year-1 of deep frozen legs from Far East countries and 700-800 tons.year-1 of live frogs from the Near East, that are transformed into fresh legs to gastronomic restaurants. During recent years some countries are carrying out trials of intensive rearing with neotropical species and a recent artificial feeding. In West part of France (near Rennes town) trials began during 1980's with local water frogs (esculenta complex). This complex is composed by two parental species (Rana lessonae, R. ridibunda) and a hybridogenetic form (R. esculenta). Pure ridibunda stocks are the most attractive issue for intensive rearing. At the beginning of our trial, the females gave several clutches within a year with a high fertility. However, after a decade of rearing, fecundity and fertility became reduced, the causes of this problem being not completely identified. The juveniles are fed on pellets. After 40 days, survival rate of froglets is 92 %, and their mean size reaches 32 mm. In a green house the growing period from weaned froglets to mature adults is around 10-12 months with a production of 20-30 kg.m-2 (thermic level between 15 and 25°C). Any combination with lessonae genome strongly reduces the final size. An alternative to intensive production would be to restore natural stocks in suitable areas. Since 1986, several trials with R. temporaria have been carried out, which associate intensive rearing of tadpoles in tanks, releasing of metamorphs at a natural site (a small forest area) and control of the return of adults (return rate : ± 6 %) to spawning sites after two summers (strong homing effect). Discussions are conducted on the best strategy to take up in relation to laws and economic restraints in France.
Changes in free amino acids (FAAs) in relation to freshness were examined in the muscle of Norway lobster during bulk storage in controlled and modified atmospheres containing two different gas mixes (1:60/15/25 and 2:40/40/20, CO2%/O2%/N2%). The essential free amino acids in the highest concentrations were threonine, leucine, valine, lysine and arginine, all over 40 mg/100 g. Threonine, valine, lysine and arginine concentrations decreased significantly (p<0.05) during storage. These decreases were more pronounced in the lots kept in the CO2-rich mix (1) than the lots kept in the O2-rich mix (2) and this was independent of whether the storage was under controlled (C) or modified (M) atmosphere. The dipeptide anserine showed decreases with the same trend. The most abundant non-essential FAAs were glycine, alanine and glutamic acid (57.9, 57.2 and 31.2 mg/100 g, respectively), along with the dipeptide anserine (52.9 mg/100 g). The non-essential FAAs presented differences attributable to the gas mixes used. No differences were detected in any of the FAA groups studied with respect to the different types of atmospheres (C or M). Only ornithine and tryptophan levels increased significantly (p<0.05) in the course of storage. These increases were significantly (p<0.05) different only in the control lot. These FAAs would appear to be suitable as freshness indices for Norway lobster stored in ice. Moreover, the significant (p<0.05) decrease of the dipeptide anserine could be a suitable freshness index for Norway lobster stored in either ice or in atmospheres (C or M).
In rearing the American bullfrog (R. catesbeiana) in captivity, account is taken of the size of the froglets in order to achieve good survival rates and homogenous batches after fattening. The present study investigates the survival and several growth and food utilization parameters for three batches of Rana perezi froglets, differing one from another in terms of the animals' starting weight. The results show that animals starting at a weight of 0.89 to 1.10 g show the best combination of the parameters analysed, and that the smallest (weights around 0.77 g) should be excluded when considering raising the Iberian green frog in captivity.
European countries are probably the greatest consumers of frogs' legs, although this is occurring in a context of amphibian decline. Imports of frogs' legs have been increasing over the last few decades in relation to the development of deep-frozen products. This demand has stimulated farming with neotropical species for international trade. Today, in spite of some trials on European species, no production is effective. From the early 1990s, small-scale experimental rearing trials have been undertaken in Brittany (France) with a local green frog belonging to the esculenta complex (Rana ridibunda) which accepts granulated feed. This complex comprises two Mendelian species R. lessonae (LL) and R. ridibunda (RR) as well as their hybridogenetic hybrid Rana esculenta, which can be either diploid (RL) or triploid (RLL, RRL).
Raw and cooked brook trout muscle (BTM) samples were treated with phosphates and other antioxidants. Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), added before or after cooking, significantly reduces the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) only in cooked BTM. Fish processed during rigor mortis had higher TBARS. The effect of different types of phosphates depended also on cooking BTM. When copper was added to accelerate oxidation, only EDTA completely prevented TBARS formation. Sodium citrate (SCit) was more concentration-dependent and slightly less efficient than STPP. Higher levels of orthophosphates were found in raw BTM. Because cooking enhanced the antioxidant activity of STPP, SCit, and EDTA, the results suggest that phosphates are good chelators, provided cooking has eliminated phosphatase hydrolysis.
The changes in the fatty acids of frog leg meat during frozen storage were studied with column and gas-liquid chromatography. The major component of the lipids, the phospholipids constituted 90% of total lipids. 16:0, 18:0, 22:0 and 18:2 polyunsaturated fatty acid were the major fatty acids of the frog legs meat lipids. Short chain fatty acids were noticed to the extent of 10%. During frozen storage the proportion of phospholipids decreased, while that of neutral lipids increased. Since the total lipid content was constant, phospholipases were presumably responsible for this change. Alterations in the fatty acid composition of the neutral lipids during storage were consistent with such a hypothesis.
Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) raised under production conditions were sampled periodically during their life cycle, in fresh and salt water, to determine their proximate and elemental composition. The parameters changed in relation to life cycle stage and fish size, and were influenced by whether the fish were in salt or freshwater. Measurements presented can be used to assist in the formulation of feeds, and to determine the health and nutritional status of commercially reared Atlantic salmon.
Amino acid, vitamin (A, E, B1, B2, B3 and B6), and proximate composition were determined in raw and cooked horse mackerel. The changes in amino acid, vitamin, and proximate
content were found to be significant for all cooking methods (frying, grilling, and steaming). Cooking did in general significantly
increase the contents of essential, semi-essential, and other amino acids compared to raw fish species. Amino acid contents
of grilled mackerel were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those found in fried and steamed mackerel. The A, E, B2, and B6 vitamin content of fried horse mackerel was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the grilled and steamed samples. The B1 content of steamed and B3 content of grilled were found higher than the other cooked samples. Moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate contents
of cooked fish ranged between 56.52% to 61.34%, 20.79% and 23.93%, 13.44% and 19.61%, 1.70% and 2.47%, and 1.02% and 4.36
%, respectively. Fried fish had intermediate fat values, while grilled and steamed fishes had a comparatively low value.
KeywordsFish-Grilling-Frying-Steaming-Amino Acid-Vitamin-Proximate Composition