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Governance and environmental implications of motorised events: insights from Australia and avenues for further inquiry
Current Issues In Tourism
Abstract
A four-tiered approach to understanding motorised recreation in natural and protected areas is introduced, using examples of motor events from Australia to demonstrate each conceptual level. The aim is to increase understanding of motorsport and motorised recreation phenomena that impact natural and, in particular, protected areas and other users of the natural environment. An illustrative study approach shows the interrelatedness of multi-level motorised recreation and its governance, from local community motor clubs and amateur motor racing competition through to international hallmark motor racing events and how their sociocultural significance influences protected area management. The illustrative examples show user groups engaged in governance and policy issues of motorised recreation in natural and protected areas. These groups include both motor clubs involved with environmental management of natural and protected areas, as well as professional and community groups opposed to motorised recreation in protected areas. An agenda for further research is identified, including policy and governance of motorsport, large-scale events and protected area management and impacts of motorised recreation and events on the environment and the community including those who access the natural environment for more contemplative and quiet leisure pursuits.
... Kim et al., 2015;Mackellar, 2013;Tang & Wang, 2021). However, despite the efforts of the world motorsport association Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) to make motorsport sustainable and contribute to global environmental and sustainability goals (e.g., the introduction of hybrid engines in Formula 1, the creation of Formula E) (FIA, 2020), many doubt the environmental sustainability of motorsport events (Dingle, 2009;Jones, 2008;Jones et al., 2016). During the COVID-19 pandemic, many motorsport races were postponed or canceled, while those that did take place had their attendance limited or banned (https://www.fia.com). ...
... Environmental consciousness is particularly important in the context of this work, as motorsport and WRC are not always considered sustainable or environmentally friendly (Bachman, 2020;Dingle, 2009;Jones, 2008;Jones et al., 2016). The fact that motorsport generates CO 2 emissions has been recognized by the FIA, which has introduced many initiatives to reduce the negative environmental impact (i.e., carbon footprint) associated with the sport. ...
... In the case of negative environmental impacts, this can be explained by the nature of motorsport itself. Motorsport generates CO 2 emissions and its environmental sustainability is regularly questioned (Bachman, 2020;Dingle, 2009;FIA, 2020;Jones, 2008;Jones et al., 2016). Therefore, individuals who are more environmentally conscious will view motorsport events as causing additional environmental impacts. ...
Even when held during the COVID-19 pandemic, motorsport events can have a wide range of impacts on host communities. Based on the case of 2021 World Rally Championship race that was hosted in Zagreb, Croatia, this study examines whether respondents' level of environmental consciousness and place of residence influence perception of impact and support for the event and sport tourism. 462 valid responses were collected, of which 194 respondents were from Zagreb (host city) and 268 were from Rijeka (non-host city). An exploratory factor analysis reduced the number of event impacts to seven factors. Social and indirect economic impacts outweighed direct economic impacts. Both environmentally conscious respondents and non-host city residents perceive most impacts as more intense than less environmentally conscious respondents and host city residents. In particular, environmentally conscious non-host residents tend to overestimate the impact of the event and give it the most support.
... In recent decades, in many parts of the world, there has been a significant increase in protected areas being used for recreation and associated sporting activities Newsome 2014). Some of this increased diversity of demand includes motorized access to wild and remote sites via off-road vehicle (ORV) club activities through to organized motor sports (Priskin 2004;Groom et al. 2007; Grant and Doherty 2009;Jones et al. 2013;Newsome et al. 2013;Newsome 2014;Queensland Government 2015). In particular, the trend for outdoor spaces such as national parks to accommodate increasing recreational demand, including a burgeoning motorized recreation culture is occurring in parallel with myriad challenges to natural and protected areas globally. ...
... Some recreational activities have the potential to evolve from small and relatively low-impact situations into larger and increasingly higher impact organized events. This comes with commercialization of such activities attracting more participants, and associated businesses seeking to increase markets and use such events as marketing tools (Buckley 2006;Newsome and Dowling 2006;Burgin and Hardiman 2012;Jones et al. 2013;Newsome et al. 2013;Newsome 2014). ...
... Resultant environmental impacts will depend on user behavior, track integrity and condition, and the number of people accessing a particular area. However, as Jones et al. (2013) observed, motorized user demand on natural spaces moves along a spectrum from recreational activity through to competitive activity, can involve larger numbers of participants, and in some cases can be major events with commercial sporting interests. Accordingly, this paper inquires into the values underpinning motorized recreational demand and activity. ...
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature World Parks Congress in 2014 reported that the quality of management of protected areas is crucial in halting the loss of the world's biodiversity and meeting global environmental challenges. However, increasingly high-impact activities, including motorized recreation are occurring in protected areas such as national parks, creating an ongoing clash of values and further compromising protected area management. This paper discusses the values of protected areas in the context of increasingly high-impact motorized usage, the impact of divergent values placed on green spaces such as national parks, and perceptions about these spaces. Given the changing global context of this millennium, and increasing populations requiring space for high-impact activities including motorized recreation, rethinking recreation in protected areas is needed. A protected area classification to accommodate high-impact activities away from vulnerable natural areas may assist in maintaining protected area quality.
... Motorsport events are very popular type of sporting events and usually bring significant economic and social impacts (Ahmed, 2017;Kim, Jun, Walker, & Drane, 2015). However, many question their environmental sustainability (Jones, Newsome, & Macbeth, 2016). In the last two years, many motorsport events have been postponed or canceled. ...
... increased promotion, visibility of host city) and other social impacts as more intensive than direct economic impacts. Second, as motorsports are not always considered environmentally friendly (Jones et al., 2016), we presume that local residents who are more environmentally conscious will perceive the environmental impacts of the event as more negative than less environmentally conscious residents. Third, while most studies have analyzed non-host city residents' perception of event impact to their (i.e., non-hosting) communities (see Polcsik & Perényi, 2021;Ritchie, Chien, & Shipway, 2021), the studies that have examined non-host city residents' perception of event impact on host city communities remain scarce. ...
The tourism industry has been exposed to different crisis situations, which reveal tourism’s vulnerability and jeopardise its development through the damage they inflict as well as through their unpredictability. Tourism has shown resilience in rebounding in the aftermath of crises. In a changing globalized world where crises are affecting people’s lives, managing them is an integral part of effective destination management. The main goal is to research the readiness of the tourism system for crises and to underline the importance of crisis management in order to strengthen the resilience of tourism to the effects of crises. To find out about existing crisis management plans and measures, content analysis was used by searching the official websites of Croatian tourist boards and published documents, as well as secondary data sources, including scientific journals, conference papers and reports. The findings show that crisis management is characterised by the awareness, responsibility, and cooperation of relevant tourism stakeholders, who must be involved in undertaking timely proactive and reactive activities to successfully manage crisis situations. The limitation of the paper is that it is based on previous research and on a literature review. Primary research is recommended in future studies.
... Motorsport events are very popular type of sporting events and usually bring significant economic and social impacts (Ahmed, 2017;Kim, Jun, Walker, & Drane, 2015). However, many question their environmental sustainability (Jones, Newsome, & Macbeth, 2016). In the last two years, many motorsport events have been postponed or canceled. ...
... increased promotion, visibility of host city) and other social impacts as more intensive than direct economic impacts. Second, as motorsports are not always considered environmentally friendly (Jones et al., 2016), we presume that local residents who are more environmentally conscious will perceive the environmental impacts of the event as more negative than less environmentally conscious residents. Third, while most studies have analyzed non-host city residents' perception of event impact to their (i.e., non-hosting) communities (see Polcsik & Perényi, 2021;Ritchie, Chien, & Shipway, 2021), the studies that have examined non-host city residents' perception of event impact on host city communities remain scarce. ...
In the post-epidemic era, rural tourism with low consumption, close proximity and high frequency is favored. Most rural tourism products need to break the closed conditions of development and design, comprehensively and systematically understand the motivation, needs and behavior characteristics of rural tourists, and match with rural tourism products and services, so as to achieve the breakthrough of tourist loyalty and the sustainable development of rural tourism. This study aims to provide countermeasures for the development and management of rural tourism destinations from the aspects of stimulating demand and eliminating obstacles, so as to improve the overall competitiveness and sustainable development of rural tourism destinations in China. This study conducted semi-structured interviews and exploratory research on tourists from tourism demonstration villages with deep farming culture in central China and obtained the components of rural tourism motivation and perceived constraints in the context of the normalized epidemic situation. This paper further reveals the interaction mechanism between motivation and “negative motivation”, discovers the independence between core tourism motivation factors and key structural constraints of rural tourists, and constructs a complete mechanism model of the influence of motivation demand on behavioral intention.
... Motorsport events are very popular type of sporting events and usually bring significant economic and social impacts (Ahmed, 2017;Kim, Jun, Walker, & Drane, 2015). However, many question their environmental sustainability (Jones, Newsome, & Macbeth, 2016). In the last two years, many motorsport events have been postponed or canceled. ...
... increased promotion, visibility of host city) and other social impacts as more intensive than direct economic impacts. Second, as motorsports are not always considered environmentally friendly (Jones et al., 2016), we presume that local residents who are more environmentally conscious will perceive the environmental impacts of the event as more negative than less environmentally conscious residents. Third, while most studies have analyzed non-host city residents' perception of event impact to their (i.e., non-hosting) communities (see Polcsik & Perényi, 2021;Ritchie, Chien, & Shipway, 2021), the studies that have examined non-host city residents' perception of event impact on host city communities remain scarce. ...
Ecological cultural tourism can promote local tourism and economic development, but also can play an important role in the local inheritance and protection of ecological culture. Therefore, the interactive research of ethnic minority ecological culture activation and tourism development in western regions is of important significance to the protection of ecological and cultural tourism resources in western ethnic minorities. Ecological cultural tourism is an important way to activate ecological culture and is of great significance in realizing the economic revitalization of ethnic minority areas. This paper analyzes the overview of the resources and the development process, analyzes the problems, the relationship between ecological culture activation and tourism development, constructs the development mode for ethnic minorities and tourism activities in western region to promote the common development of ecological culture activation and tourism development in western region.
... Motorsport events are very popular type of sporting events and usually bring significant economic and social impacts (Ahmed, 2017;Kim, Jun, Walker, & Drane, 2015). However, many question their environmental sustainability (Jones, Newsome, & Macbeth, 2016). In the last two years, many motorsport events have been postponed or canceled. ...
... increased promotion, visibility of host city) and other social impacts as more intensive than direct economic impacts. Second, as motorsports are not always considered environmentally friendly (Jones et al., 2016), we presume that local residents who are more environmentally conscious will perceive the environmental impacts of the event as more negative than less environmentally conscious residents. Third, while most studies have analyzed non-host city residents' perception of event impact to their (i.e., non-hosting) communities (see Polcsik & Perényi, 2021;Ritchie, Chien, & Shipway, 2021), the studies that have examined non-host city residents' perception of event impact on host city communities remain scarce. ...
... Motorsport events are very popular type of sporting events and usually bring significant economic and social impacts (Ahmed, 2017;Kim, Jun, Walker, & Drane, 2015). However, many question their environmental sustainability (Jones, Newsome, & Macbeth, 2016). In the last two years, many motorsport events have been postponed or canceled. ...
... increased promotion, visibility of host city) and other social impacts as more intensive than direct economic impacts. Second, as motorsports are not always considered environmentally friendly (Jones et al., 2016), we presume that local residents who are more environmentally conscious will perceive the environmental impacts of the event as more negative than less environmentally conscious residents. Third, while most studies have analyzed non-host city residents' perception of event impact to their (i.e., non-hosting) communities (see Polcsik & Perényi, 2021;Ritchie, Chien, & Shipway, 2021), the studies that have examined non-host city residents' perception of event impact on host city communities remain scarce. ...
Destination brands generally intend to offer various advantages to customers and satisfy their
wants to build a meaningful and emotional relationship with them. If destinations as developed and
established brands can have strong bonds with their visitors, they could largely benefit from their
support and favours. With this in mind, A variety of branding research has emphasised the bright
side of brand consumption, such as brand love (Batra, Ahuvia, & Bagozzi, 2012; Carroll & Ahuvia, 2006), destination brand love (Aro,
Suomi, & Saraniemi, 2018; Batra et al., 2012; Seyyedamiri, Pour, Zaeri, & Nazarian, 2021) and
brand attachment (Park, MacInnis, Priester, Eisingerich, & Iacobucci, 2010). However, consumers
differ from each other based on their feelings and emotions (e.g., love, and hate) toward brands
(Fetscherin, 2019). According to Rozin and Royzman (2001), negative sentiments are stronger
than positive ones and also exert significant impacts on individuals’ mindset and behaviours. In
particular, customers who use a poor service or product prefer to share their negative feelings with
others while this may not occur when they have a positive experience (Ahmed & Hashim, 2018).
Thus, there is a need for managers of destination brands to pay more attention to customers’
negative sentiments and emotions as this can enhance both the brands’ service quality and decrease
their probable losses (Zhang & Laroche, 2020)
... By using the NEP and trip spending, the current research answers a call from Myung et al. (2012) that more research is needed studying tourism in the context of sustainability and economic performance. Previous research has also indicated a need to be more innovative in event sustainability research concerning attendee attitudes to better understand potential social and economic benefits of event sustainability to the industry (Bramwell & Lane, 2012), to address the insufficient amount of sport-related articles focused on environmental sustainability research (Mallen et al., 2011), and to research environmental implications of large-scale motorsport events (Jones, Newsome, & Macbeth, 2016). Finally, the current research addresses three key areas identified by Laing (2018) regarding future research needs in festival and event tourism: "gaps in sustainability research connected to festivals and events tourism," "the importance of understanding subcultures, social worlds, and serious leisure," and "the potential to go beyond disciplinary boundaries . . . ...
... 93). This is consistent with the call from Jones et al. (2016) for increased understanding of motorsport's impact on the environment. Without a more developed understanding of resource consumption and consumer opinion about resource consumption regarding both the racing itself and of racing events, the motor sport industry may not be able to adequately evolve in a way that will maximize positive economic, socioeconomic, and environmental outcomes from motor racing events. ...
The relationship between economics and sustainability within the event industry is becoming increasingly important. Events with a reputation of not being sustainable (i.e. motorsport events) are chronically underserved in the literature. This research incorporated the revised New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) as a theoretical foundation to assess sustainability attitudes of motor racing event attendees at a series of major racing events in Monterey County, California, USA. The NEP assessment created the basis for examining relationships between sustainability attitudes and motorsport event patrons’ characteristics as well as demographic information, tourist patrons’ total trip spending, and per-day spending. Interestingly, patrons attending these traditionally non-environmentally sustainable events were found to have similar NEP scores to other events and non-event research. Sustainability attitudes were not significantly different based on demographic variables, including age and income. However, an inverse relationship was found between environmental attitudes and spending. Tourist patrons with a less sustainable environmental worldview spent more per day and more per trip than those with a more sustainable environmental worldview. These surprising results provide a basis for industry and academic discourse within event management, sustainability, and marketing.
... It is possible for the public to access critically endangered wildlife, ecologically sensitive environments, mountain summits, and penetrate cave systems. There has always been variable human interest in use of conservation reserves, but the difference is the increased scale of commercialisation, the Use of quad bikes, trail bikes, offroad vehicles, mountain bike activity in steep terrain and sensitive environments, marathon events in protected areas and use of mobile phone apps to encourage searching for items that are hidden or can be collected via an electronic device (Balmford et al. 2002;Jones et al. 2013Jones et al. , 2015Newsome 2014) personal achievement mentality, the buzz of doing something in a different place and fed by the marketing of outdoor clothing and equipment (Metzler 2015). How to 'play' in natural areas is promoted on television, GoPro marketing, YouTube, in magazines, and via smartphone and similar devices (e.g., Outsideonline 2014; Verity 2016). ...
... Event organisers argue that such events help profile reserves and provide funding for conservation. Events can span many forms ranging from outdoor symphony orchestras through to charity car rallies that cross over into the sportification category (e.g., Jones et al. 2013). Built structures, such as boardwalks, canopy walkways and viewing platforms are commonly installed in conservation reserves as a means of value adding, attracting more visitors and mitigating impacts. ...
Visitors place a complex array of demands on conservation reserves, including provisions for recreation. Rising recreation demand includes a new suite of activities ranging from adventure racing, music events, and motorised activities to extreme sports. Policy implications raise questions anew: what is the fundamental purpose of conservation reserves—nature conservation or recreation or both, and where should the emphasis lie? There is a risk that the current and future emphasis appears to be on increased commercialisation, marketing of conservation reserves as music and/or sporting event venues, places where personal physical challenges can be undertaken alongside a mentality that celebrates human achievement rather than the appreciation of nature! Such a trend may de-emphasise visitor perceptions of conservation reserves as tools for nature conservation. The reported trend in recreational activity requires debate, policy direction and target areas need protected area management effectiveness evaluation to assess conservation implications.
... In addition, the popularity of the activity has led to the creation of unauthorized trails on conservation areas in public and commercial land tenures, as well as the proliferation of high profile events where competitors transit through natural plant communities not previously disturbed (Jones et al., 2016). For example, large scale events such as the Dakar Rally conducted in the Andes in South America (Jones et al., 2013), reflects the popularity of the activity for the region and the need to assess and minimize the environmental impacts associated to ORVs. ...
The increase use of Off-Road Vehicles (ORVs) coupled with the absence of control strategies have led to extensive use of natural areas for the creation of recreational trails. We assessed the effects of quad bikes on vegetation and soils in an arid ecosystem subjected to intensive quad bike use. We selected randomly eight traffic sites (disturbed sites) and eight adjacent control sites (undisturbed sites). Plant cover and composition were assessed with the point-intercept method and phytosociological census. In each site, we collected soil samples to assess soil physicochemical properties, including apparent specific weight (ASG), actual specific weight (RSG), porosity, texture, electric conductivity (EC) and pH. Soil compaction was measured at 30 spaces points per site. Plant cover and richness was significant lower in disturbed sites, with only four species present in areas subjected to disturbance. There were also changes in species dominance, with native perennial shrubs and grasses characterizing the undisturbed sites while the disturbed sites were mainly dominated by the invasive exotic herb Salsola kali. ORVs traffic also affected soil physicochemical properties including soil compaction, ASG, EC and soil pH. Soil compaction was more than double in disturbed sites and ASG tended to be higher under this condition. The EC was significantly higher and soil pH was significantly lower in the disturbed sites. Reduced vegetation cover and changes to soils physicochemical properties on quadbike trails highlights the impacts of ORVs in the landscape and the need to develop management strategies to minimize disturbance from ORVs on vegetation and soils.
... Benefits from good stakeholder management practices include: enhanced stability and advantages for organizations during periods of competition (Stern, 1979), social support during periods of change (Baum & Oliver, 1991), and enhanced communication, information sharing and organizational learning between actors (Kraatz, 1998). Although research has been conducted on event/sport event stakeholders (e.g., Getz, 2006;Hautbois, Parent, & Seguin, 2012;Parent, 2008) as well as event/sport event governance (e.g., Girginov, 2011;Jones, Newsome, & Macbeth, 2013;Whitford, Phi, & Dredge, 2014), and despite the advantages mentioned above, little research has been published focusing on the governance of stakeholders at sporting events, and more specifically in relation to the management of legacy. ...
This paper critically analyses how event stakeholders perceived the governance of legacy at an edition of the Olympic Games. This discussion is based on case studies of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. The cases were built from archival materials and interview data, and analysed through content analysis. The findings illustrate how event stakeholders saw proper governance practices as essential for the provision of a positive and sustainable legacy and regularly associated it with the delivery of a successful event. In summary, accountability, participation, performance, and transparency could be used to promote ‘good’ governance practices for event legacy and act as a reassurance to both internal and external stakeholders that appropriate decision-making is being accomplished, at least in the cases examined in this research. However, it is important to understand that this approach is not a zero sum game and that decisions should balance the democratization of the governance process with the attainment of the governance system's legacy goals and objectives. © 2015 Australia and New Zealand Association of Leisure Studies
The fifth edition of the UAUCU interdisciplinary student research program
Human actions in protected areas impact both the human and natural side of coupled human and natural systems. While this is broadly accepted, research projects that measure both social and ecological impacts of activities are rare. This study used an integrated approach to understand the social, ecological, and economic impacts of small-scale race events on two state forests in Pennsylvania. Trail conditions were assessed before and after each event, and visitor experiences were evaluated in the weeks prior, during, and after the events. Race participants were sent an online survey in the weeks following their race. In total, nine race events of three different types – mountain biking, running, and motorcycling – were assessed. Semi-structured interviews with race organizers and forest managers were also conducted. This paper details the methodology and rationale for this effort and presents highlights of results and their implications for further research and resource management.
A State-of-the-Art review of scientific literature related with beach governance is presented by utilizing the Tree of Science® tool – ToS. In a search conducted in November 2016, 47 papers were found in the Web of Science® with the combination of words ‘beach’ and ‘governance’. Papers were classified by ToS in roots (high input degree; n = 8), trunks (high intermediation degree; n = 9) and leaves (high output degree; n = 30). The Ocean and Coastal Management Journal was the most relevant journal, with 10 articles published (21,3%), and Elsevier was the most relevant publisher in this topic (n = 25; 53%). About authors, E. Ariza was the most relevant author, with articles in roots, trunks and leaves and participation in four of papers revised. Analysis by country of authors’ affiliation shows a leading by USA (n = 28; 18%), closely followed by the UK (n = 22; 14%) and Spain (n = 17; 11%). A general overview identifies a growing ToS in beach governance, with some strong references in trunks and leaves, and several other references receiving less attention by the scientific community. Finally, a prospective analysis from branches suggest that the scientific community is researching around four subtopics (Policy and legal framework, Participation/co-management, Resources Management, Public/Common Rights), which in the near future could be a new ToS in the forest of beach management theme.
Off-road vehicles (ORVs) were first identified as a threat to breeding shorebirds along the South African coastline in the mid-1970s. The use of ORVs on South Africa’s beaches was banned from 21 December 2001. The impact of this ban on five species which breed on the coastline, two waders, two terns and a cormorant, was evaluated at two localities, one on the west coast of the Western Cape and one on the south coast, in the first breeding season following the ban. The changes were measured as increases in numbers of birds, increases in numbers of breeding pairs, and/or increased breeding productivity. Each of the five species reacted positively to the ban. The results provide a strong case for continuing the ban on ORVs from driving on South African beaches.
This research analyzes the relationships between off-highway vehicle (OHV) riders' patterns of prior experience and the social-psychological benefits they desire from the activity; it also examines the relationships between patterns of prior experience and environmental attitudes. The sample consists of 600 OHV riders in Utah drawn from the entire population of OHV owners within the state. The sample was segmented into experience use history groups based upon respondents' number of OHV trips within the past 12 months and the total number of years they have been riding OHVs. Results show that patterns of prior experience are related to certain desired social-psychological benefits. Personal achievement benefits were significantly more important for more frequent riders when compared to those who rode less often. The analysis also reveals no relationship between patterns of prior experience and general environmental attitudes.
This paper examines the learning experienced through participation by men in twoquite different two motor sports organisations in Western Australia. It relies oninterview data from volunteers about what they do and what they learn as aconsequence of their participation in staging complex but safe, competitive, publicevents. The paper provides evidence of a deep well of learning and wide range of skillsproduced as a consequence of participation. This learning would rarely be recognisedas education or training, illustrating the need for caution when concluding that adulteducation is not taking place and learning outcomes are not being achieved other thanthrough courses where teaching occurs, or in contexts that are regarded as literary.What men skills men learnt, though significant as outcomes, were not the object of themotor sport activity, supporting Biesta's (2006) view that the amassing of knowledgeand skills can be achieved in other valuable ways aside from through education.
The concept of sustainability is now integral to the lexicon of tourism and is increasingly becoming part of the discourse of mega-events. Yet despite the success of the concept of sustainable development in being adopted in tourism policy making and research, tourism is less sustainable then ever if environmental measures are adopted. Similarly, substantial questions have been raised as to the sustainability of mega-events. Three frames of sustainability are used with reference to tourism and mega-events: economic sustainability, balanced sustainability, and steady-state sustainability. each of these has implications for the paradigm under which mega-events are developed and attracted. Only steady-state sustainability is regarded as sufficient to maintain or enhance natural capital. however, the likelihood of the required policy learning to occur for this paradigm to be adopted are slim given the role of political and corporate interests in promoting mega-events as a solution to problems of place competitiveness rather than as a symptom of the problems of contemporary neoliberal thinking with respect to events, places, and sustainability.
Historically, visitors’ motives for visiting protected areas included ‘rest, relaxation and reinvigoration’. Ecological impacts were typically low. Recent trends have increased use of protected areas for extreme sports, with greater numbers undertaking more active recreation, such as extreme sports. The effect of this trend is considered, together with potential management options. We propose that the development of appropriately targeted and delivered educational programs could minimise environmental degradation. However, to maximise ecological conservation in protected lands we consider that a major paradigm shift is required. This will require a more strategic, holistic approach to planning and managing outdoor recreation/sport destinations incorporating collaboration across stakeholders. Based on past experience, to continue with the current model will ultimately accelerate biodiversity loss, degradation of protected areas, and loss of recreational amenity.
This article examines the motor racing events held in the Parliamentary Zone, Canberra, during the June long weekends of 2000, 2001 and 2002. It assesses claims, repeated frequently by supporters of event tourism strategies, that these events benefited Canberra and its residents. It then considers whether staging such events in a significant national place concords with values argued to be fundamental to sound urban planning, including social justice, democracy and ecological sustainability. The article considers both local impacts of the motor racing events, as well as broader implications and messages relevant to environmental and public health issues. While recognising that these events provide an entertainment spectacle and a cultural experience previously unavailable in Canberra, the article presents evidence that the motor races exhibit a range of negative impacts, and argues that some of the claimed benefits are more illusory than real.
This paper investigates the adventure racing phenomenon in Australia, highlighting the nature and extent of adventure racing, its potential environmental and socio-cultural impacts, and the challenges and opportunities it presents for protected area management. We argue that there is cause for concern about the impacts of adventure racing, in particular in a context where activities of this kind are likely to continue and increase in popularity, and where there is a lack of key information about impacts and management. In this context, there is a need for rigorous and informed discussion about adventure racing.
Traditional views of regional development have focused on economic factors and potential innovation in technical and resource exploitation processes. Similarly, regional tourism development is usually couched in economic terms, such as number of jobs and increasing land values. This approach usually ignores the social and community aspects of tourism development; thus an alternative view argues that the community needs to be factored into our planning and development strategies to balance the traditional economic view. It is argued in this paper that fostering innova-tion in regional development is much more than a process of community consultation. Rather, what needs to be factored in is SPCC – social, political and cultural capital. This works in both directions; tourism development depends on a level of social, political and cultural capital in order to be a successful regional development tool (even in economic terms) while at the same time tourism development can be undertaken in a way that contributes to SPCC in the region. The paper outlines the key concepts of social capital, political capital and cultural capital. It does so within the context of regional tourism development and the concepts of systems of innovation and sustain-able development.
This case highlights issues associated with the Formula One (F1) Australian Grand Prix held in the city of Melbourne, Victoria. The event receives substantial government funding and therefore the worth of the event receives consistent public scrutiny. Jim Kranger, CEO of the Victorian Major Events Corporation, is put in charge of assessing the value of the event to the State of Victoria. The results of Kranger's report will determine whether the government will continue to financially support the event. Kranger realizes that he must consider economic, social, political, and environmental issues. The case highlights the challenges that Major Events Corporations, and by extension, the government face in providing public funding to a sport event. The case also highlights the problems with economic impact studies and the need to focus on the triple bottom line approach by examining the economic, social, and environmental issues associated with the event. Further, the case highlights issues relating to the use of secondary data sources to make decisions. The case encourages students to consider the theoretical and practical issues at the cross-section of sport event, destination, and stakeholder management.
The effects of off-road vehicles (ORVs) on the dune system of Fire Island National Seashore, New York, USA, were examined through a detailed, two-year field study. The experimental approach was adopted in order to evaluate the environmental effects of ORVs in this zone. Adjacent control and impact sites were established in two locations. Vehicle impacts were applied at the equivalent rate of one vehicle pass per week. Monitoring of foredune vegetation through sequential quadrat surveys and construction of sea-ward limit maps showed a significant loss of vegetation resulting from ORV impacting. Loss of vegetation resulted in an alteration of the natural foredune profile, which could increase dune erosion during storm wave attack.
To assess the effects of major multi-sport events on health and socioeconomic determinants of health in the population of the city hosting the event.
Systematic review.
We searched the following sources without language restrictions for papers published between 1978 and 2008: Applied Social Science Index and Abstracts (ASSIA), British Humanities Index (BHI), Cochrane database of systematic reviews, Econlit database, Embase, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) database, Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC) database, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS), Medline, PreMedline, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, Sportdiscus, Web of Knowledge, Worldwide Political Science Abstracts, and the grey literature. Review methods Studies of any design that assessed the health and socioeconomic impacts of major multi-sport events on the host population were included. We excluded studies that used exclusively estimated data rather than actual data, that investigated host population support for an event or media portrayals of host cities, or that described new physical infrastructure. Studies were selected and critically appraised by two independent reviewers.
Fifty four studies were included. Study quality was poor, with 69% of studies using a repeat cross-sectional design and 85% of quantitative studies assessed as being below 2+ on the Health Development Agency appraisal scale, often because of a lack of comparison group. Five studies, each with a high risk of bias, reported health related outcomes, which were suicide, paediatric health service demand, presentations for asthma in children (two studies), and problems related to illicit drug use. Overall, the data did not indicate clear negative or positive health impacts of major multi-sport events on host populations. The most frequently reported outcomes were economic outcomes (18 studies). The outcomes used were similar enough to allow us to perform a narrative synthesis, but the overall impact of major multi-sport events on economic growth and employment was unclear. Two thirds of the economic studies reported increased economic growth or employment immediately after the event, but all these studies used some estimated data in their models, failed to account for opportunity costs, or examined only short term effects. Outcomes for transport were also similar enough to allow synthesis of six of the eight studies, which showed that event related interventions--including restricted car use and public transport promotion--were associated with significant short term reductions in traffic volume, congestion, or pollution in four out of five cities.
The available evidence is not sufficient to confirm or refute expectations about the health or socioeconomic benefits for the host population of previous major multi-sport events. Future events such as the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games, or the 2014 Commonwealth Games, cannot be expected to automatically provide benefits. Until decision makers include robust, long term evaluations as part of their design and implementation of events, it is unclear how the costs of major multi-sport events can be justified in terms of benefits to the host population.
Sandy beaches are the prime sites for human recreation and underpin many coastal economies and developments. In many coastal areas worldwide, beach recreation relies on the use of off-road vehicles (ORVs) driven on the shore. Yet, the use of ORVs is not universally embraced due to social conflicts with other beach user groups and putative environmental consequences of vehicle traffic on sandy shores. Such ecological impacts of ORVs are, however, poorly understood for endobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone seawards of the dunes. Consequently, this study quantified the degree to which assemblages of intertidal beach invertebrates are affected by traffic. The study design comprised a series of temporally replicated spatial contrasts between two reference sites (no ORVs) and two beaches with heavy ORV traffic (in excess of 250,000 vehicles per year) located in SouthEast Queensland, Australia. Macrobenthic assemblages on ORV-impacted beaches had significantly fewer species at substantially reduced densities, resulting in marked shifts in community composition and structure. These shifts were particularly strong on the middle and upper shore where vehicle traffic was concentrated. Strong effects of ORVs were detectable in all seasons, but increased towards the summer months as a result of heavier traffic volumes. This study provides clear evidence that ORVs can have substantial impacts on sandy beach invertebrates that are manifested throughout the whole community. Demonstrating such an ecological impact caused by a single type of human use poses a formidable challenge to management, which needs to develop multi-faceted approaches to balance environmental, social, cultural, and economic arguments in the use of sandy shores, including management of "beach traffic."
This book with 25 chapters considers the environmental impacts of particular activities, viz., hiking and camping, off road vehicles and recreational boats, as well as impacts specific to certain ecosystems, e.g., marine environments, polar coasts, and mountain environments. It incorporates reviews of better-studied impacts by well-known experts, case studies of recent research from countries such as Australia, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Russia and the USA, and less well-known issues.
An overall policy is needed to reduce the impact of both tracks and footpaths.-from Author
Sand dunes are a biologically unique fraction of arid land ecosystems. In the southwestern United States they make up only about 0.6% of the surface area (Clements et al., 1957). Throughout this region they have a disjunct distribution and are highly variable, occurring at different elevations and climatic regimes. Desert dunes vary from hummocks less than 1 m high in washes or around dry lake beds to continuous masses covering 500 km2 with peaks up to 200 m above the surrounding land. Most North American dunes are geologically recent, formed by wind-blown deposits from dry lake beds dating from the Pleistocene (10,000+ years B.P.) or earlier. Among the larger inland systems are those at the Great Sand Dunes National Monument (Colorado), White Sands National Monument (New Mexico), Big Dune (Nevada), and the Algodones (= Imperial Sand Hills), Eureka, Dumont, Kelso, Garnet, and Panamint Valley Dunes (California). Several of these are tourist attractions because dunes are intrinsically scenic and provide wilderness solitude.
During its time in office, the Kennett Government in Victoria implemented sweeping reforms across the Victorian public sector, including the introduction of an economic rationalist approach to national parks management. Discourse analysis is used to argue that such an approach to national parks management limited relevant inputs to decision-making, portrayed visitors to national parks as customers and presented national parks as neatly packaged experiences to be consumed by different market segments, to the detriment of environmental and community values. The unexpected election of the Bracks Labor Government at the 1999 State election raised expectations that commercialisation of national parks would be stopped. To date, the Bracks Government has addressed the more controversial initiatives proposed by the Kennett Government although significant elements of the Kennett Government's approach remain in operation.
This paper examines aspects of the politics of the establishment and early management of national parks and state recreation areas (SRAs) in New South Wales (NSW). The premise of this paper is that, to understand the contemporary politics of recreation policy and management, one must first understand their historical development. Considerable attention is given to Crown land legislation and policy from the early nineteenth century to 1980, and to the NSW Department of Lands, the organisation responsible for much Crown land administration and policy for most of that period. The discussion leads to an explanation of why national parks and SRAs were initially established and managed by the Lands Department but then transferred to the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service in 1967 and 1980, respectively. Crown land legislation and policy dating back to the nineteenth century left indelible marks on recent public land administration and management in NSW. Compounding these broader historical influences were the archaic organisational frameworks and entrenched culture of the Department of Lands, the institutional and management structures of which adapted too slowly to the challenges and demands of the mid- to late-twentieth century.
Understanding the impact of an event on residents' quality of life (QOL) is becoming increasingly important because local residents are the key source of attendees for most events and help ensure the event's survival. This study compares the host community perceptions of the impacts of the Australian Formula 1 Grand Prix over time to determine whether there were changes in resident perceptions of the event's influence on residents' QOL. The same methods were used in each of two separate data collection phases spaced three years apart. Using postal surveys, 279 responses were received each year, although these represented different response rates. Cluster analysis was used to identify residents with varying perceptions. The findings suggest that, over time, the number of respondents in the “unconcerned” category had grown and those with extreme positive and negative perceptions had decreased. The respondents to Phase 2 of the study had an increased appreciation of the economic contribution of the event and the impact on residents' QOL appeared to be less damaging, with fewer concerns about noise and the operational components of the event in the latter cohort. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for event organisers and local tourism authorities in managing events for improved residents' QOL.
This article reviews ‘event tourism’ as both professional practice and a field of academic study. The origins and evolution of research on event tourism are pinpointed through both chronological and thematic literature reviews. A conceptual model of the core phenomenon and key themes in event tourism studies is provided as a framework for spurring theoretical advancement, identifying research gaps, and assisting professional practice. Conclusions are in two parts: a discussion of implications for the practice of event management and tourism, and implications are drawn for advancing theory in event tourism.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Off-Highway Vehicle (OHV) use is rapidly becoming one of the most difficult and contentious issues for federal, state, and local land management agencies to address. This article adds to a growing body of literature specific to the activity by addressing two distinct questions. First, do individuals' motivations for participating in OHV riding vary depending upon their level of specialization within the activity? Second, do OHV riders at varying levels of specialization hold significantly different beliefs about the environment? Data for this study come from a statewide survey of OHV owners in Utah. Drawing a sample from a state-provided list of registrations, 1,500 OHV riders were sent a survey instrument by mail. A total of 600 surveys were returned completed, the data from which are used in this analysis. The analysis identified three specialization groups, identified as low, medium, and high. Results were mixed for the association between OHV riders' specialization level and their motivations for participation. More highly specialized OHV riders exhibited stronger motivations for personal achievement and meeting, teaching, and leading others than did less specialized riders. The data also show no significant relationship between an OHV riders' level of involvement in the activity and their general level of environmental concern. Results do, however, show significant differences across specialization groups in the belief that humans are severely abusing the environment and that an ecological crisis is imminent. These findings can assist recreation managers and planners in several regards. First, OHV riders are a heterogeneous group of recreationists that vary in their behavior, skills, and commitment to the activity. These variations correspond to specific desired recreation experiences. Highly specialized riders desire a sense of personal achievement and a forum where they can teach and lead others. Recreation planners should be cognizant of these differences and provide OHV trails and areas that facilitate both skill development and the opportunity for riders to teach and meet with others. Secondly, recreation planners should realize general beliefs about the environment do not differ relative to an individual's level of engagement in the activity. Environmental education efforts therefore might not need to be targeted at any one specific type of OHV rider.
International motorsport events evoke the discourses and imagery of internationalism, while serving as occasions for the promotion of the host city as a “world-class” place. From a boosterist perspective, these spectacles are seen as markers of civic progress and triumph over adversity in the postindustrial era. This paper explores some of the tensions that follow from this, through a case study of the controversial siting of the Australian Formula One Grand Prix event at Albert Park near the downtown core of Melbourne, Australia. This case raises a number of issues about the process of securing and hosting international sporting events in major urban public places. Since the state government first secured the rights to the franchise in 1993, local residents, protesters, sporting clubs, park users and the broader community have had their legal rights abrogated by activity, legislation and policing associated with the Grand Prix at Albert Park.
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-11-01-2009-B006
This paper discusses motorsport from the viewpoint of environmental sustainability amid growing concerns about the impact of human activity on the environment. It reviews the literature that positions motorsport in a global environmental context and explores the often used but rarely defined concept of sustainability. The author suggests that while motorsport is a significant sporting activity for economic and social reasons, there are considerable doubts as to whether it is currently managed and marketed in an environmentally sustainable way.
Political and sociological shifts have profoundly affected state, business and civil society relationships. This paper explores governance as a new form of public–private policymaking wherein stakeholders deliberate on and take action to achieve common goals. It examines how different public spheres facilitate (or not) sustainability debates, and specifically facilitate (or not) discussion about sustainable tourism. Using a case study of the 2009 Australian World Rally Championship, the paper explores the development of the public sphere. Tuckman's group development process – forming, storming, norming and performing – is employed as a lens to understand these processes. Key findings include: the way the public sphere is constituted has a major influence on the dialogue that takes place; citizens are currently reactive, rather than strategic and creative in their engagement; the “third way” project, seeking to empower communities, requires government commitment; there is a blurring of public–private interests; control of knowledge and expertise within the public sphere is largely controlled by corporate and state interests; fast action to secure events prevents debate and engagement; and a discursive public sphere is essential for transparent and accountable governance, and sustainable development, and to move beyond government by powerful corporate interests and extra-local rule systems.
This article provides a history of the Paris to Dakar Rally and its significance in terms of world motor sport. The criticisms of the race are examined together with the organising body's reaction to these within, among other considerations, the context of the fledgling emergence of corporate social responsibility within world motor sport. In developing this theme the essay also considers the future for the rally in light of a range of issues ranging from sustainability to global terrorism, which in a variety of different ways threaten the ongoing existence of one of motor sport's most iconic events.
Beach traffic can substantially modify the physical environment on sandy beaches. Vehicle impacts on beaches were quantified on North Stradbroke Island, a barrier island on the east coast of Australia where large volumes of recreational off-road vehicle (ORV) traffic are concentrated on two beaches (Flinders Beach and Main Beach). The distribution, density, and depth of vehicle ruts on these beaches were quantified during the peak holiday period around late December and early January 2005–06. The density of tyre tracks per meter of beach face ranged from 2.69 to 6.35 on Flinders Beach and from 2.38 to 8.06 on Main Beach, and substantial areas (54–61%) of each beach were covered withy tyre tracks up to a maximum of 90% in some areas. ORVs corrugated the sand as deep as 28 cm (mean depth: 5.86 ± 4.72 cm), with the deepest rutting occurring between the foredunes and the drift line. On a volume basis, vehicles disrupted 5.8% (Main Beach) and 9.4% (Flinders Beach) of the available faunal habitat matrix (top 30 cm of the sand) in a single day. Traffic density was higher on the lower shore, but ruts were significantly deeper in the soft sand of the upper shore. Thus, half of all sand displaced by vehicles on Flinders Beach originated from the upper shore, although this section represents only 36% of beach width. Similarly, the narrow (13% of beach width) upper shore on Main Beach contributed 55% of the total volume of sand dislodged by ORVs. Beach traffic overlapped to a large extent with the distribution of the invertebrate infauna, and vehicles routinely disturbed the drift line and the base of the foredunes. This study emphasizes the need to develop multifaceted management strategies for recreational ORV use on beaches that balance ecological requirements with sociocultural and economic demands.
Car cultures have social, material and, above all, affective dimensions that are overlooked in current strategies to influence car-driving decisions. Car consumption is never simply about rational economic choices, but is as much about aesthetic, emotional and sensory responses to driving, as well as patterns of kinship, sociability, habitation and work. Through a close examination of the aesthetic and especially kinaesthetic dimensions of automobility, this article locates car cultures (and their associated feelings) within a broader physical/material relational setting that includes both human bodies and car bodies, and the relations between them and the spaces through which they move (or fail to move). Drawing on both the phenomenology of car use and new approaches in the sociology of emotions, it is argued that everyday car cultures are implicated in a deep context of affective and embodied relations between people, machines and spaces of mobility and dwelling in which emotions and the senses play a key part – the emotional geographies of car use. Feelings for, of and within cars (‘automotive emotions’) come to be socially and culturally generated across three scales involved in the circulations and displacements performed by cars, roads and drivers: embodied sensibilities and kinaesthetic performances; familial and sociable practices of ‘caring’ through car use; and regional and national car cultures that form around particular systems of automobility. By showing how people feel about and in cars, and how the feel of different car cultures generates habitual forms of automobilized life and different dispositions towards driving, it is argued that we will be in a better position to re-evaluate the ethical dimensions of car consumption and the moral economies of car use.
Environmental and health issues top the political agendas of all levels of Canadian government. Environmental groups are most concerned about climate change and reducing related anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Health advocates are concerned about Canada's growing rate of obesity and ensuing health problems. In this era of lifestyle politics, Anthony Giddens suggests governments and community groups need to collaborate to address these issues. In Nova Scotia, however, the government's collaboration with off-highway vehicle groups to develop a trail system is under attack from an active transportation group, the Kieran Pathways Society. By identifying social, political, and economic discourses, this case demonstrates how lifestyles politics have not only supplanted emancipatory politics but also neglect ecocentric values. Thus, Giddens' “Third Way” may not resolve today's environmental issues.
The article explores links between sport and health, focusing on a range of health outcomes of staging motorsport megaevents in significant public spaces in Australian cities. The article argues that an oversimplification of the links between sport and health produces a cultural filter that diverts attention from the negative health outcomes of sport. A major contribution of this study is the consideration of economic health and environmental health as well as public health. The interactions between these types of health are considered in a more holistic assessment of links between sport and health. The article concludes that the symbolic location of motorsport events in Australian cities both reflects and reinforces societal values that have important implications for health, both now and into the future.
Our paper positions four-wheel drive (4WD) travel into the Australian desert by veteran or dedicated travellers as a spiritual experience in three ways: by considering the desert itself as a sacred space; the experience of such a journey as a form of ‘nature religion’; and by viewing the actual journey itself as pilgrimage. Our argument is informed by interviews with expert 4WDers to the desert. Our study might be useful in designing sustainable strategies for 4WD desert tourism, as well as for scholars from a variety of disciplines such as sustainability and environment studies, religious studies and tourism studies, to name a few.
Off-highway vehicle (OHV) riding is one of the fastest growing recreation activities in the United States. Little research has examined the nature of recreational activity from the perspective of all-terrain vehicle (ATV) riders. Understanding leisure and recreation activity involves exploring how people interpret experiences and how experiences are viewed as meaningful. Nineteen semi-structured interviews with members of ATV clubs in the state of Maine provided data for analysis. The three themes that emerged are connecting with nature, others, and self. This study demonstrates that ATV riders share meanings with other types of outdoor recreationists. Future research should expand into the social aspects of ATV riding and address meanings in the context of related constructs.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the significance of the inaugural Singapore Formula One Grand Prix within a tourism context. Impacts of the event and attitudes towards it are explored with a view to illuminating the consequences of and challenges inherent in sports events tourism for destinations with limited prior experience.
Design/methodology/approach
– A case study approach is employed and the account is based upon the collection and analysis of materials in the public domain. This information is supplemented by primary data obtained from a survey of local residents and personal observation.
Findings
– The Singapore Grand Prix is an example of sports events tourism, a subset of events tourism, which now has an important role in development and marketing strategies. Official expectations of the particular event seem to have been largely met, but understanding of its costs and benefits varies and whether the latter outweighs the former remains to be determined. Lessons have been learned from the experience, but the dynamic environment of tourism means constant change and new dilemmas to confront.
Originality/value
– The use of sports events in tourism strategies is a comparatively recent trend in parts of Asia and the case of Singapore reveals some of the underlying factors and forces at work. Insights are afforded into impacts of major sports contests at such destinations and the obstacles to overcome in pursuit of success.
Human use of coasts has increased considerably with increasing demand for recreational experiences, increased availability of off-road vehicles (ORVs) and population increase. Besides impacts on dune morphology and flora, humans and ORVs also affect the fauna. The Alexandria Dunefield in Algoa Bay comprises a 50 km sandy beach backed by a 2.1 km wide strip of dunefield. The dunefield is largely conserved, but access to the beach is allowed under permit, and the beach is heavily utilised by fishermen and recreational ORV drivers. The area is also important for dune breeding birds. Beach and dune use by fishermen and other users was quantified by recording their position relative to the high water mark and along a 20 km stretch of beach, and through analysis of access permits and angling competition data. An increase in vehicle use in the area was observed. An indication of human perception of the area was obtained by questionnaires. Eighty percent of human activity was concentrated in 50% of the study site where the highest concentration of dune breeding birds nest. Sixty percent of the vehicles recorded, were on or above the high water mark (in the dunes). Of the beach-users interviewed, 74% suggested that only registered vehicles should be allowed on the beach. Most (80%) anglers had no problem determining the position of the high water mark. There is an overlap in area and seasonal use between beach-users and breeding birds. With specific areas along the beach being heavily impacted and vehicles utilising the area above the high water mark the potential for impact on the fauna and flora of these areas is high. There is a need to educate beach users as to the vulnerability of dune systems and to develop appropriate management guidelines to minimise the impacts of beach users on the dune fauna.
This paper reports the results of an economic impact assessment of six major sports events held in the UK in 1997. Major sports events are now regarded by many cities as a significant part of their tourism strategy. However, staging a major sports event normally involves the host city making a contribution to the costs. Whether such a contribution is justified depends on the economic benefits generated in the local economy. The results reported in this paper indicate the wide variability in such benefits as well as the difficulty sometimes encountered in predicting what these benefits will be prior to the staging of the event. An attempt is made to develop a typology of major sports events in terms of their potential to generate significant economic impact.
National Parks in England and Wales are increasingly under pressure from a wide range of leisure and recreation activities. The 1991 Edwards Report stressed the need for 'quiet enjoyment' of such special landscapes and there has been increasing concern about the loss of tranquil rural areas. This paper reviews the approaches the eleven National Parks take to conserving their more wild and remote areas and the designation of 'quiet areas'. It goes on to analyse the varied terminology used to define both 'quiet areas' and 'quiet' recreational pursuits. Finally the paper investigates the proposed management responses which aim to balance the sometimes conflicting purposes of conserving environmental quality while promoting understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of National Parks. A twin axial model of the dimensionality of management response is proposed and further research questions are identified.
Promoting recreation in the National Parks of England and Wales has emphasised quiet forms since their formation. Elson and colleagues for the Sports Council in 1986 drew attention to the organisational and image problems of motorised sports, and after the Edwards committee’s review of National Parks (NPs) in 1991 attitudes of some NP Authorities to motorised sports have hardened. Taking a 20-year perspective, the paper describes the background to powerboating and off-road motoring and the policy attitudes of the English NPAs in particular to off-road motoring and powerboating, Through the Land Access and Recreation Association the former have managed, with some opposition, to become part of the policy network, and persuaded the Lake District National Park Authority (LDNPA) to adopt a Hierarchy of Trail Route and a management system. At the same time, waterski and powerboat interests were very much outsiders, and against a phalanx of environmental opposition were effectively banned from Lake Windermere by a new Labour government, through the mechanism of a 10 mph speed limit. Both schemes may become a precedent for other NPs with some indications from Loch Lomond. The paper explores why these outcomes were so different, and the relationship between national policy and the local policy network. It also examines the consequences and impacts five or more years since the speed limit and Trails solutions
a3 Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA.
In response to federal administrative rule, the Tahoe National Forest (TNF), California, USA engaged in trail-route prioritization for motorized recreation (e.g., off-highway-vehicles) and other recreation types. The prioritization was intended to identify routes that were suitable and ill-suited for maintenance in a transportation system. A recreational user survey was conducted online (n = 813) for user preferences for trail system characteristics, recreational use patterns, and demographics. Motorized trail users and non-motorized users displayed very clear and contrasting preferences for the same system. As has been found by previous investigators, non-motorized users expressed antagonism to motorized use on the same recreational travel system, whereas motorized users either supported multiple-use routes or dismissed non-motorized recreationists' concerns. To help the TNF plan for reduced conflict, a geographic information system (GIS) based modeling approach was used to identify recreational opportunities and potential environmental impacts of all travel routes. This GIS-based approach was based on an expert-derived rule set. The rules addressed particular environmental and recreation concerns in the TNF. Route segments were identified that could be incorporated into minimal-impact networks to support various types of recreation. The combination of potential impacts and user-benefits supported an optimization approach for an appropriate recreational travel network to minimize environmental impacts and user-conflicts in a multi-purpose system.
Throughout the United States and other countries, motorized recreation has become a dominant recreation use of the landscape. In response, social scientists worked to understand who off-highway vehicle (OHV) riders were, while natural resource scientists worked to document and mitigate natural resource impacts that were resulting from unmanaged OHV recreation. The purpose of this study was to examine both social and natural resource aspects of landscape planning as it relates to OHV management. Specifically, this study sought to expand the current knowledge base of who OHV riders were by examining the potential for conflict between all-terrain vehicle riders, off-highway motorcycle riders, and four-wheel drive operators. In addition, the potential for conflict between rider groups was examined spatially based on riders stated resource preferences. The outcome of this process provides managers with a set of maps that can be used within the planning process to help reduce potential conflict between riders, increase rider enjoyment, and meet conservation goals of an agency.
Coastal tourism started in the 19th Century and has increased in non-linear fashion ever since, stimulated by a combination of developments in transport technology and rising prosperity. Initially, mainly national in character, the introduction of roll-on, roll-off ferries and inexpensive air transport caused an exponential 28-fold rise in international tourism between 1950 and the start of the 21st Century. This review considers the impact of tourism at two levels: (1) that created by the sheer numbers of tourists and their demands (‘mass tourism and transport’) and (2) that resulting from individual, often novel, forms of transport (‘personal leisure transport’). Under (1), the consequences of the construction of coastal resorts and roads, marinas and jetties for habitat fragmentation and reduced biodiversity are described. Next, the effects of large cruise ships (now some 250 in number) are considered, particularly in relation to unregulated pollution and the delivery of substantial numbers of tourists to remote destinations. Thirdly, the literature related to disturbance caused by intertidal trampling by tourists on rocky/sandy shores is reviewed, followed by a section devoted to the unappreciated effects of beach ‘cleaning’ (i.e. removal of natural strandlines as well as litter) that is practiced throughout the world's sandy beach resorts. Finally, the potentially positive area of coastal ecotourism is considered, but evidence is assembled to highlight the problems associated with too high a demand. Under (2), the impact of a range of personal leisure transport modes is considered. These range from relatively innocuous pursuits (e.g. swimming, surfing, sailboarding and dinghy sailing), to an extremely popular sport (SCUBA diving) that is marketed for its environmentally-friendly nature, yet causes measurable deterioration in the world's coral ecosystems despite good management practices. The impact of motorboats is considered, particularly in the context of transmission of non-native species, while the highly polluting and disturbing technology of ‘personal watercraft’ is evaluated. Finally, the uncontrolled emergence of new ‘extreme sports’ (e.g. ‘coasteering’, kitesurfing) is identified as a future problem.
Ecological data bases were searched for citations dealing with burrows, burrowing vertebrates, and the environmental impacts of this phenomenon. Results from this partial search were divided into categories with artificial boundaries depending on the primary focus of the cited paper. These categories were natural history, ecological theory, and the disciplines of geomorphology, pedology, plant ecology, and animal community ecology. Suggested research topics are presented as well as a simple conceptual model of the role of the burrow in the environment.
The book covers all facets of tourism in natural areas. The book is underpinned by a strong foundation of environmental understanding. It then describes the range of impacts, which occur when tourism takes place in the natural environment and illustrates how managers can plan, develop and appropriately manage tourism developments in natural areas. Finally, the book addresses ongoing management concerns such as monitoring environmental change and the need to introduce appropriate management strategies.
This book with 25 chapters considers the environmental impacts of particular activities, viz., hiking and camping, off road vehicles and recreational boats, as well as impacts specific to certain ecosystems, e.g., marine environments, polar coasts, and mountain environments. It incorporates reviews of better-studied impacts by well-known experts, case studies of recent research from countries such as Australia, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Russia and the USA, and less well-known issues.