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BADMINTON: SPECIFIC MOVEMENT AGILITY TESTING SYSTEM
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INTRODUCTION: Agility is an important quality in many sports played on court or field. In badminton, agility indicates the ability to move to the approaching shuttle with a correct footwork. There are several agility performance tests that have been developed according to the nature of the different sports namely rugby, netball and football which focuses on the change of direction speed and perceptual/decision making [1-3]. However, specific agility testing for badminton currently available only focuses on the change of direction speed with all tests forgoing the perceptual/decision making aspect [4]. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present a new methodology for measuring specific movement agility in badminton. Additionally, a second purpose of the research is to investigate if there were differences of agility performance (changes of direction speed and decision time) between pre-planned agility (sequence movement) test and specific movement agility (randomly movement) test using previously developed system i.e. Badminton Agility Training and Testing System. METHODS: Specifically, the agility performance of male players (n=40) when responding to interactive LED lights (Fig. 1) showing the direction shot (randomly) from opponent, was compared to a traditional, pre-planned agility movement where no external stimulus (sequence) was present. Subjects were randomly selected among students enrolled in badminton as their curriculum course. The test was conducted after they have completed 14 weeks of the course. The total change of direction speed of the players was the primary dependent measures of interest. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results showed that significant differences existed between the two test conditions proving that the system was assessing different types of agility. The pre-planned agility (sequence) was found to be faster compared to the specific movement agility test (random) with significant difference (P < 0.05) between the mean results (25.63 + 1.94 s and 31.66 + 1.66 s). This difference was found to be caused by the presence of decision making (decision time) in the specific movement agility test [5]. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the results suggest that badminton-specific movement agility test system is a better measure of badminton specific agility performance than an equivalent non-specific pre-planned agility test since the nature of the game of badminton requires change of direction speed and decision making. Future research may include elite badminton players to further assess the device's capability.
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February 2015
... (59). These tests lacks some weak points such as rationing on badminton players, even what have been rationing on badminton players may be for researched objective as a study of Marei & Salem (2016) which is directed to face the drop shot and the main aim in setting tests is footwork agility on the net (38), or aims at comparing the agility tests pre tasks to the performance of the same test without pre movement directions using the light system as in Frederick et al (2014) to recognize the differences the senses decisions in speed of performance (19), or aims at the measurement of functional abilities requiring the performance like aerobic capacity according to Wonisch et al (2013) (63), Hughes & Fullerton (2001) (32), or the functional responses related to the performance such as heart rate, concentration lactic, anaerobic ability and recovery (Chin et al, 1995) (14). So many researchers agree with Serpell et al (2010) (52), Farrow et al (2005) (18), to find a determined measurement of agility according the different performance nature in each sports activity, Hughes & Fullerton (2001) ensure the importance of the developed tests which reflect the requirements of skillphysical performance sustained on the movement pattern applied in competitions, this determines the degree credibility and validity in measuring the specific abilities in sports activity (32), The specific tests applied on participants representing beneficiaries of community sports activity are better than the others from another society ; however similar are the two societies (31: 181). ...
... (59). These tests lacks some weak points such as rationing on badminton players, even what have been rationing on badminton players may be for researched objective as a study of Marei & Salem (2016) which is directed to face the drop shot and the main aim in setting tests is footwork agility on the net (38), or aims at comparing the agility tests pre tasks to the performance of the same test without pre movement directions using the light system as in Frederick et al (2014) to recognize the differences the senses decisions in speed of performance (19), or aims at the measurement of functional abilities requiring the performance like aerobic capacity according to Wonisch et al (2013) (63), Hughes & Fullerton (2001) (32), or the functional responses related to the performance such as heart rate, concentration lactic, anaerobic ability and recovery (Chin et al, 1995) (14). So many researchers agree with Serpell et al (2010) (52), Farrow et al (2005) (18), to find a determined measurement of agility according the different performance nature in each sports activity, Hughes & Fullerton (2001) ensure the importance of the developed tests which reflect the requirements of skillphysical performance sustained on the movement pattern applied in competitions, this determines the degree credibility and validity in measuring the specific abilities in sports activity (32), The specific tests applied on participants representing beneficiaries of community sports activity are better than the others from another society ; however similar are the two societies (31: 181). ...
... recommends it in his study. He ensures the importance of the impervious plan tests like in tests using Shuttlecock shooter machine to measure specific agility for badminton player that agree with the nature of badminton sport which requires speed in changing directions and making decisions according to the badminton movement and the opponent(19).In the light of the sports performance concerned with badminton sport in footwork, speed return whether the player can bend his leg with the striking hand (stabbing by leg or jump). Using the legal descriptions of the court, the stage's duties of proposed and adjusted tests are determined:--Test to measure footwork agility on frontcourt (net) Marei& Salem 2016 (38) -Test to measure footwork agility to backcourt -Test to measure footwork agility in all court (modified from Marei & Salem 2016 (38) -Test to measure the effectiveness of Unsystematic strikes in the frontcourt (net) using Shuttlecock shooter machine -Test to measure the effectiveness of Unsystematic strikes in all court using Shuttlecock shooter machine. ...
Sports training faces a global remarkable decline in training based experience compared to training based measure, which enables trainers to achieve sufficiency of training process through planning for general and specific physical preparation, Controlling and following-up training according to suggested objectives. Rooting the use of specific measurement in modern training planning of badminton, the researchers all agree on the importance of the developed tests which reflect the requirements of the skill-physical sports performance based on the movement pattern actually applied in competitions. This determines the validity of the test to measure the specific abilities of sports performance. Accordingly, the study aims at building and computing the validity of some proposed of specific tests as a base in planning and controlling the specific physical preparation of badminton juniors under 14, which requires: (1) developing a planning methodology for specific preparation of footwork movements for juniors according to the measuring information based on the standardized levels of the measuring tests as a guide for badminton trainers, (2) Studying the effect of suggested methodology application in planning and controlling preparation process for the badminton juniors in training conditions. The study is applied on a random sample of the badminton juniors who are recorded in badminton training centers in Al-Baha and Dammam in Saudi Arabia (80) juniors under 14 years, and the sample characteristics are (age 13.64 ±0.49 years, Height 159.56 ±5.12 cm, Weight 53.84 ±4.72 kg, training age 3.58 ±0.42 years), where it was built and tested the validity of three footwork agility tests (1) on the net, (2) on the backcourt, (3) in all court, in addition to measuring the effective footwork to return shots in random from the shuttlecock shooter machine in front court in 45 sec (4). and in all court in 60 seconds (5) (ratio: 1 shuttlecock/ 3 seconds). There's a survey to root the methodology of the application of the measuring information of the agility developed tests in planning and controlling for specific preparation juniors, which are considered an experimental group included 14 juniors, on the contrary the trainer's experience group, which isn't based on suggested methodology included in planning and controlling the specific preparation process (12 junior) and considered a controller group. The study lasts for 8 weeks applying tests four times (pretest, posttests and in-between tests) applying ratio every 2:3 weeks. The results refer to the confidence of the test of
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agility footwork movement of juniors, which refers to validity, reliability and objectivity in tests. The employment of measuring information (Standardized Score) in tests recognizes the strength and the weakness points in the training condition, also following of training condition during the training season, , in addition to correct planning and controlling the physical preparation for juniors, which enable trainers to put the training objectives (stage & final) through training period from the current condition, and follow its development up using repetition on the measurement application to modify the training objectives, content and methods to ensure stability. That was confirmed by the condition stability in the direction of the results of the tests applied in parallel with the direction of the training objectives of the experimental group versus volatility in the results of the controller group, as reflected in the significant differences between the two groups of search in favor of the experimental group in in-between tests (1, 2), as well as a posttest. The study recommends the importance of having the juniors' badminton trainers employment methodology of results through the standardized levels of the aimed abilities, in planning and controlling physical preparation including the procedures, which determine that training objectives, content and methods to follow the training process up through the training season to achieve the development of training condition.
... Standing footwork [7] It focuses on lower body strengthening, flexibility and core stability. It strengthens the muscles of the legs and pelvis, increased hip flexibility, strengthened the core, and improves balance. ...
... 6. Side plank [7] The subjects sat on the side of his hip with the legs extended slightly in front. They were then instructed to cross the top leg over the bottom, resting on ball of his foot. ...
... Limited studies have been conducted on developing sports tests to assess specific agility in the same field, and except for a few particular cases, no research was found. In the study, Frederick et al. (2014) aimed to develop a specific agility test for badminton. One group performed the developed test as a predetermined agility program, and another group performed the test randomly (18). ...
... In the study, Frederick et al. (2014) aimed to develop a specific agility test for badminton. One group performed the developed test as a predetermined agility program, and another group performed the test randomly (18). According to the results, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of performance. ...
Sport-specific test protocols to measure the ability of different sports athletes are of great importance. The present study aimed to develop an agility test in badminton and evaluate the developed test using the standardized agility tests in trained young men. To this end, 30 trained young men participated in this study with the mean age of 21.56±1.61 years, the mean height of 173.56 ±3.82 cm, BMI of 22.46 ± 2.78 kg/m2, and fat percentage of 7.30±2.70. The participants performed all of the agility tests in one session with the 10 min rest intervals, and their performance was recorded immediately after the test administrations. Descriptive statistics were used to classify the collected data. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data, and the Pearson correlation coefficient test was run to analyze research hypotheses. The study's finding showed a significant correlation between the X agility test and tests of agility (Simo, two diagonal Illinois, 4*9m shuttle run, Compass Drill) T-test), indicating a high correlation coefficient. Therefore, this study indicated that the developed X agility test is valid and can be used as a measure to evaluate agility in badminton.
... Standing footwork [7] It focuses on lower body strengthening, flexibility and core stability. It strengthens the muscles of the legs and pelvis, increased hip flexibility, strengthened the core, and improves balance. ...
... 6. Side plank [7] The subjects sat on the side of his hip with the legs extended slightly in front. They were then instructed to cross the top leg over the bottom, resting on ball of his foot. ...
... Agility is an important quality in a lot of sports that are played on the field. In badminton, agility demonstrated the ability to move with quick footwork and precise [2]. Linear action such as acceleration and velocity can be influenced by changing the movement mechanism of the arms or legs. ...
... The results of this study suggest that: (1) there is a significant effect of exercise program speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) to increase speed, (2) there is a significant effect of exercise programs speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) to increase agility, and (3) there is a significant effect of exercise program speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) to increase acceleration. ...
This study aimed to analyze the effect of speed, agility and quickness training program to increase in speed, agility and acceleration. This study was conducted at 26 soccer players and divided into 2 groups with 13 players each group. Group 1 was given SAQ training program, and Group 2 conventional training program for 8 weeks. This study used a quantitative approach with quasi-experimental method. The design of this study used a matching-only design. Data was collected by testing 30-meter sprint (speed), agility t-test (agility), and run 10 meters (acceleration) during the pretest and posttest. Furthermore, the data was analyzed using paired sample t-test and independent t-test. The results showed: that there was a significant effect of speed, agility and quickness training program in improving in speed, agility and acceleration. In summary, it can be concluded that the speed, agility and quickness training program can improve the speed, agility and acceleration of the soccer players.
... Based on Frederick et al. (2014), Golds (2016), Khoi (2012), Son (2006), and many former studies about the footwork in badminton (Bin, 2015;Farrow et al., 2005, Brahms (2014, etc.), the 20-footwork-exercise to improve the physical fitness for female athlete at Saigon University were selected. These exercises were applied to the experimental group as follows: 1) Single jumping rope in 30 seconds performed 5 times x 3 groups, resting for 1 minute; ...
The purpose of this study was to find out the footwork exercises to improve physical fitness for female badminton athletes at Saigon University. 24 female badminton athletes volunteered and were selected who were divided randomly into two groups (12 athletes in the experimental and 12 athletes in the control group). 04 evaluation tests were selected to identify the physical fitness of female badminton athletes, such as the jump rope, back and forth repetitions, left and right across the court, and B endurance (quickly touch 4 points). The 20-footwork exercise was selected and applied to the experimental group, while the control group practiced according to a pre-determined 15-week training program. The results indicated that there were significant differences between before and after the experimental (after the application of the 20-footwork exercise) in all evaluation tests. Therefore, the application of the 20-footwork exercise had better physical development in wrist strength, sideways reaction, front-back reaction, and speed endurance in the experimental group than in the control one. In conclusion, footwork exercises for female athletes in badminton were really effective for improving physical fitness and might be added to annual training for the next training periods.
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... Experts note that speed and power are the determining factors for badminton athletes (Karatnyk et al., 2016). In addition, agility is also an essential component in badminton (Frederick et al., 2014). Knowing that speed, agility, and leg muscle power are essential in badminton show that training methods are needed to improve these three components. ...
This research aims to determine the impact of a combination of plyometric and ladder drill training methods in increasing leg muscle speed, agility, and power. This research is a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental type and uses a nonequivalent control group design. Purposive sampling technique was used from 36 trained male students aged 12-16 years old from junior high school 1 to 36 years old badminton students. The research subjects were divided into three groups, namely TR (tuck jump-double leg run), SH (squat jump-double leg hop), and C (conventional exercise), which were divided using matched ordinal pairing. Each group consists of twelve students doing treatment with a frequency of three days a week for six weeks. The research instruments used were the 30-meter sprint, agility T-test, and Jump MD. Data collection was carried out twice during the pretest and posttest. Data analysis techniques using Manova and post hoc tests. The Manova test results showed significant differences in the three groups' increasing speed, agility, and leg muscle power simultaneously. The post hoc test showed that the TR and SH groups differed significantly from the C group (p<0.05).
... Agility is one of the most significant components that should be developed and frequently employed in team sports athletes' strength and conditioning programmes (Paul et al., 2016;Wisloff et al., 2004). Agility, according to Frederick (2014), is a valuable talent in a variety of field sports. Consider sports that necessitate agility. ...
Sports organizations or schools should constantly update and generate new innovative ideas in order to develop physical fitness among students and athletes. In other words, innovation impacts and helps to the improvement of physical fitness. To date, innovations related to physical fitness have received little scientific attention. As this study will demonstrate, innovations in physical fitness are important for increasing speed and agility and consequently improving sports performance among students and athletes. In addition, by using the latest innovation will also motivate them to continue to practice actively in sports. Physical fitness leads to better athletic performance, and consistent training is usually sufficient to improve physical fitness. To succeed in sports, athletes need to excel in physical fitness as well as speed and agility on the court or field. Players need quickness and agility to react and get the badminton or ball. The purpose of this study is to develop a physical fitness innovation tool set known as "Speed Agility Training Aids" (SATAS) that builds on the development of Revolution 4.0 by adding more variations and innovations to training to build maximum physical fitness. As a result, sports science must pay special attention on SATAS, which is an innovative tool that can help for enhancing physical fitness performance.
... Agility is one of the most significant components that should be developed and frequently employed in team sports athletes' strength and conditioning programmes (Paul et al., 2016;Wisloff et al., 2004). Agility, according to Frederick (2014), is a valuable talent in a variety of field sports. Consider sports that necessitate agility. ...
Several indicators are used worldwide to measure the levels of fitness of countries’ populations. Some are based on quantitative measurements such as the obesity rate and the “ALPHA Health-Related Fitness Test Battery for Children and Adolescents”. Others use qualitative reports such as the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). The last two mentioned indicators are employed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to evaluate the level of physical activity in every country. In this chapter, we will further explain each of these methods, identify their limitations and suggest a new index that will measure the level of fitness in every country, which will be named the “World’s Fittest Countries Ranking” (WFCR). Our proposed indicator will partly be based on the World Ranking of Countries in Elite Sport (WRCES), a research-based ranking that measures the performances of all the countries having National Olympic Committees (NOCs) in all the sports recognized by the Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF), in addition to other sports that are not yet recognized but have a significant popularity and universality. Although this index targets elite sport results, its features allow to give an accurate evaluation of the level of physical activity in each country. The main purpose of the WFCR is to give to all the governments around the world an accurate idea on the fitness status of their populations, so they can undertake adequate policies to improve them.
The aims of this study were to establish the physical and physiological attributes of elite and sub-elite Malaysian male badminton players and to determine whether these attributes discriminate elite players from sub-elite players. Measurements and tests of basic anthropometry, explosive power, anaerobic recovery capacity, badminton-specific movement agility, maximum strength, and aerobic capacity were conducted on two occasions, separated by at least one day. The elite (n = 12) and sub-elite (n = 12) players' characteristics were, respectively: mean age 24.6 years (s = 3.7) and 20.5 years (s = 0.7); mass 73.2 kg (s = 7.6) and 62.7 kg (s = 4.2); stature 1.76 m (s = 0.07) and 1.71 m (s = 0.05); body fat 12.5% (s = 4.8) and 9.5% (s = 3.4); estimated VO(2max) 56.9 ml . kg(-1) . min(-1) (s = 3.7) and 59.5 ml . kg(-1) . min(-1) (s = 5.2). The elite players had greater maximum absolute strength in one-repetition maximum bench press (P = 0.015) compared with the sub-elite players. There were significant differences in instantaneous lower body power estimated from vertical jump height between the elite and sub-elite groups (P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between groups in shuttle run tests and on-court badminton-specific movement agility tests. Our results show that elite Malaysian male badminton players are taller, heavier, and stronger than their sub-elite counterparts. The test battery, however, did not allow us to discriminate between the elite and sub-elite players, suggesting that at the elite level tactical knowledge, technical skills, and psychological readiness could be of greater importance.
While studies have investigated change of direction speed in rugby league players, no study has investigated the reactive agility of these athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reactive agility of rugby league players, to determine if this quality discriminated higher and lesser skilled players. Twenty-four elite (mean+/-S.D. age, 24.5+/-4.2 years) and 42 sub-elite (23.6+/-5.3 years) rugby league players completed a game-specific test of reactive agility. Elite players had better response accuracy (93.2+/-1.9% vs. 85.5+/-2.5%; p<0.05, effect size=0.58) and faster decision (89.5+/-5.8ms vs. 111.5+/-6.4ms; p<0.05, effect size=0.62) and movement times (2.35+/-0.03s vs. 2.56+/-0.03s; p<0.05, effect size=1.39) on the reactive agility test than sub-elite players. The reactive agility test was able to distinguish four distinct classifications. Specifically, players were classified as requiring either (1) decision-making and change of direction speed training to further consolidate good physical and perceptual abilities, (2) decision-making training to develop below average perceptual abilities, (3) change of direction speed training to develop below average physical attributes or (4) a combination of decision-making and change of direction speed training to develop below average physical and perceptual abilities. The results of this study demonstrate that a test of reactive agility discriminates higher and lesser skilled rugby league players. In addition, these findings highlight the important contribution of perceptual skill to agility in rugby league players.
The aim of this study was to test the reliability and construct validity of a reactive agility test (RAT), designed for Australian Football (AF).
Study I tested the reliability of the RAT, with 20 elite junior AF players (17.44 +/- 0.55 y) completing the test on two occasions separated by 1 wk. Study II tested its construct validity by comparing the performance of 60 participants (16.60 +/- 0.50 y) spread over three aged-matched population groups: 20 athletes participating in a State Under-18 AF league who had represented their state at national competitions (elite), 20 athletes participating in the same league who had not represented their state (subelite), and 20 healthy males who did not play AF (controls).
Test-retest reliability reported a strong correlation (0.91), with no significant difference (P = .22) between the mean results (1.74 +/- 0.07 s and 1.76 +/- 0.07 s) obtained (split 2+3). Nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney) revealed both AF groups performed significantly faster on all measures than the control group (ranging from P = .001 to .005), with significant differences also reported between the two AF groups (ranging from P = .001 to .046). Stepwise discriminant analyses found total time discriminated between the groups, correctly classifying 75% of the participants.
The RAT used within this study demonstrates evidence of reliability and construct validity. It further suggests the ability of a reactive component within agility test designs to discriminate among athletes of different competition levels, highlighting its importance within training activities.
The purpose of this study was to present a new methodology for the measurement of agility for netball that is considered more ecologically valid than previous agility tests. Specifically, the agility performance of highly-skilled (n = 12), moderately-skilled (n = 12) and lesser-skilled players (n = 8) when responding to a life-size, interactive video display of a netball player initiating a pass was compared to a traditional, pre-planned agility movement where no external stimulus was present. The total movement times and decision times of the players were the primary dependent measures of interest. A second purpose of the research was to determine the test-retest reliability of the testing approach. Results revealed significant differences existed between the 2 test conditions demonstrating that they were measuring different types of agility. The highly-skilled group was significantly faster in both the reactive and planned test conditions relative to the lesser-skilled group, while the moderately-skilled group was significantly faster than the lesser-skilled group in the reactive test condition. The decision time component within the reactive test condition revealed that the highly-skilled players made significantly faster decisions than the lesser-skilled players. It is reasoned that it is this decision-making component of reactive agility that contributes to the significant differences between the two test conditions. The testing approach was shown to have good test-retest reliability with an intra-class correlation of r = .83.