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Comparison of Brain Activity During Drawing and Clay Sculpting: A Preliminary qEEG Study
Abstract and Figures
A preliminary experimental study examined brain wave frequency patterns of female participants (N = 14) engaged in two different art making conditions: clay sculpting and drawing. After controlling for nonspecific effects of movement, quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) recordings were made of the bilateral medial frontal cortex and bilateral medial parietal cortex of each participant. Results showed that both clay sculpting and drawing increased gamma power in the right medial parietal lobe compared to general movement, and unlike drawing, clay sculpting decreased right medial frontal gamma power and elevated theta power. The findings support neuroscience literature that implicates the importance of the right medial parietal lobe in art making, and the activation of memory processes, meditative and emotional states, and spatial–temporal processing that occur. Implications for art therapy are discussed.
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... • 5 MRI studies (Walker et al., 2016Cucca et al., 2018Cucca et al., , 2021Yu et al., 2021) • 3 fNIRS studies (Kaimal and Ray, 2017;Yan et al., 2021;Kaimal et al., 2022) • 4 EEG studies (Belkofer and Konopka, 2008;Belkofer et al., 2014;Kruk et al., 2014;King et al., 2017) • 2 HRV studies (Haiblum-Itskovitch et al., 2018;Abbing et al., 2019) • 5 Other biomarker studies (Visnola et al., 2010;Kaimal et al., 2016Kaimal et al., , 2019Beerse et al., 2019Beerse et al., , 2020. ...
... Art therapy also involves active kinesthetic components that can "induce haptic, proprioceptive, and visual sensations" (Nan et al., 2021). An experimental study examined EEG activity of 14 healthy participants during clay sculpting and drawing recorded over bilateral medial frontal cortex and bilateral medial parietal cortex of each participant (Kruk et al., 2014). Clay sculpting increased gamma power over the right medial parietal lobe and increased theta power over the right frontal lobe. ...
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a heterogeneous condition that affects many civilians and military service members. Lack of engagement, high dropout rate, and variable response to psychotherapy necessitates more compelling and accessible treatment options that are based on sound neuroscientific evidence-informed decision-making. Art therapy incorporates elements proven to be effective in psychotherapy, such as exposure, making it a potentially valuable treatment option. This conceptual paper aims to inform the neurophysiological rationale for the use of art therapy as a therapeutic approach for individuals with PTSD. A narrative synthesis was conducted using literature review of empirical research on the neurophysiological effects of art therapy, with supporting literature on neuroaesthetics and psychotherapies to identify art therapy factors most pertinent for PTSD. Findings were synthesized through a proposed framework based on the triple network model considering the network-based dysfunctions due to PTSD. Art therapy’s active components, such as concretization and metaphor, active art engagement, emotion processing and regulation, perspective taking and reframing, and therapeutic alliance, may improve symptoms of PTSD and prompt adaptive brain functioning. Given the scarcity of rigorous studies on art therapy’s effectiveness and mechanisms of alleviating PTSD symptoms, the suggested framework offers a neurophysiological rationale and a future research agenda to investigate the impact of art therapy as a therapeutic approach for individuals with PTSD.
... The participants responded that they felt most natural and comfortable when crafting art using natural objects. Traditionally, crafts have been used during art therapy (Belkofer et al. 2014;Kruk et al. 2014), and some studies have demonstrated that craft activities could be a type of "natural antidepressant," especially for those experiencing depression and anxiety-related issues (Geda et al. 2011;Riley et al. 2013). Craft activities are not limited to materials, especially those that use natural objects, such as branches, pine cones, and fallen leaves, which allow participants to feel a sense of nature and pleasantness. ...
The underlying therapeutic mechanisms of care farming activities have not been addressed using psychophysiological data. We aimed to understand frontal cortex activation in adults during care farming activities and to explore the psychophysiological effects. Using a randomized crossover study method, 20 adults (average age, 31.3 ± 9.8 years) participated in 10 care farming activities, (four gardening activities, three animal-mediated activities, and three off-farming activities) for 3 minutes each at an actual care farm. Electroencephalography (EEG) was performed during the activity, and emotional states were assessed using subjective emotional questionnaires after each activity. The EEG results revealed that alpha activity increased during gardening activities, such as organizing garden plots and planting plants. Spectral edge frequency 50, which predicts the degree of arousal, increased during interaction with dogs. The results of the subjective emotional questionnaire revealed that participants experienced positive emotions, such as vigor, comfort, naturalness, and relaxation, when participating in care farming activities compared with those while resting. Therefore, this study suggests that care farming activities can induce changes in the frontal cortex activation and positive emotional states in participants. This study elucidates the use of such activities to address mental health-related issues.
... Art-making can 75 teach ASC by narrowing the individual's attention to the piece of paper they work on, increasing associative and symbolic thinking, accepting ambivalence, experiencing flow (Chilton, 2013), and sometimes cathartic emotions. Art making was proven to elevate delta and theta power in the frontal lobe, decrease alpha power in the right parietal lobe, and increase gamma power in the right parietal lobe (Kruk et al., 2014). Art-making in 80 hypnotic ASC can distort linear time experience (Van Heerden, 2020) and enhance mood by reducing anxiety and activating the reward system (Kaimal et al., 2017). ...
This study compares two groups of university students with differing instructions participating in an object drawing task as a part of an art therapy-based self-help online intervention. The intervention aimed to help participants enhance positive mood and subjective feeling of self-control and reduce negative mood. The object task contained suggestive elements in the instructions similar to self-hypnosis with an indirect and a direct way of formulation. Quantitative (positive affect and negative affect scale and Self-Assessment Manikin scale) and qualitative methods (text and picture rating) were used to investigate the difference between the outcome effects on the two groups. The results found a significant decrease in negative mood for indirect suggestion, while a significant increase of positive mood for the direct suggestion condition. Based on qualitative analyses, findings indicated that hidden implications in the art-making instructions modified the chosen imaginary and emotional changes related to art-making. Suggestions in the instructions can make a difference in one's mood and this should also be considered while designing guidelines for self-hypnosis.
... Theta waves, which increase in meditative situations, rising during creative states and activities that require inner focus, such as meditation, aid in attention and cognitive processing. 49 The described nurse-led, non-pharmacological mandala coloring activity is cost-effective, does not require ...
Background
Hemodialysis is an important health problem that negatively affects psychosocial status and support systems. Through practices such as mandala coloring, individuals transfer the unknowns they experience to the outside and make them visible. This study was conducted to examine the effects of mandala coloring on fatigue, psychological well‐being, and factors associate with coping with stress in patients receiving hemodialysis treatment.
Methods
The design was a prospective, parallel‐group controlled trial. The study was conducted in the dialysis unit of a university hospital in eastern Turkey between April 4 and October 31, 2022, with a total of 60 patients, 30 in the intervention group, and 30 in the control group. The patients in the intervention group colored mandala once a week for 2 h, for a total of 8 weeks. The data were collected face‐to‐face using a patient information form, a Fatigue Severity Scale, a Psychological Well‐Being Scale, and a Ways of Coping Questionnaire.
Results
There were improvements in fatigue severity and psychological well‐being over the 8‐week study period in both the intervention and control groups. Scores were similar at baseline in the control and intervention groups, but better in the intervention groups compared to controls at 4 and 8 weeks for both metrics (p < 0001). Five factors from the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (self‐confident approach, optimistic approach, seeking social support, helpless approach, and submissive approach) each improved during the 8‐week period in the intervention group (p < 0.001). Three of these five factors improved in the control group as well. Scores for each of the five coping factors were better in the intervention group compared to controls at 4 and 8 weeks (p < 0.001).
Conclusion
Mandala coloring improved fatigue and psychological well‐being and was associated with improved patient coping strategies.
... In addition, aesthetic evaluation has been shown to activate neural nuclei involved in the mesocorticolimbic reward circuit [51], and increased activation and functional interaction within the system is associated with high resilience in those with high adversity experiences [52]. Engagement in creative tasks also activates the hippocampal cortex in the limbic system-increasing alpha and theta brain waves associated with relaxed states, meditation, and memory retrieval [53][54][55]. Moreover, in clinical settings, various art forms have been used to treat people with developmental disorders or traumatic brain injury, and have been shown to have positive biological and psychological effects [56,57]. ...
The devastating impact of youth mental health concerns is increasingly evident on a global scale. This crisis calls for innovative solutions that are sufficiently accessible, scalable, and cost-effective to support diverse communities around the world. One such solution involves engagement in the arts: incorporating and building upon existing local resources and cultural practices to bolster youth mental health. In this article, we describe the global youth mental health crisis and note major gaps in the knowledge and resources needed to address it. We then discuss the potential for arts- and culture-based strategies to help meet this challenge, review the mounting evidence regarding art’s ability to support mental health, and call for action to undertake critical research and its translation into accessible community practices. Four steps are suggested: (1) elevate and prioritize youth voice, (2) develop core outcome measures, (3) identify and analyze successful models around the globe, and (4) generate clear funding pathways for research and translational efforts. Worldwide implementation of arts- and culture-based strategies to address youth mental health will provide critical resources to support the health, wellbeing and flourishing of countless youth across the globe.
... Initial studies used electroencephalogram techniques (Belkofer et al., 2014;Belkofer & Konopka, 2008;King et al., 2017;Kruk et al., 2014). A common practice is to collect a segment of resting-state signals before and after the experimental task to examine the effects of the task on brain waves. ...
Background
Drawing can regulate emotions through venting or distraction. Distraction is more helpful for short‐term emotion recovery; however, the sustainability of this difference is yet to be clarified. This study used functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to explore potential differences between venting and distraction.
Methods
A total of 44 college students participated in the experiment. After inducing fear by video, they were divided into two groups: The venting group drew their emotional experience, and the distraction group drew a house. Subsequently, the participants were instructed to relax by a brief video.
Results
Although the distraction group had a higher valence than the venting group at the end of the drawing activity, there was no difference between the two groups after a relaxation period. Additionally, the activation pattern of the prefrontal cortex differed between the two groups. Compared to the distraction group, the venting group had fewer channels with elevated prefrontal activity during drawing, suggesting less cognitive control, and had more channels with reduced prefrontal activity during relaxation, suggesting a higher level of relaxation. Drawing coding and fNIRS data were both associated with variations in valence.
Conclusion
The less the cognitive control over emotion and the more free the expression of emotion during drawing, the higher the increase in valence; inversely, the more the cognitive control over emotion and the less free the expression of emotion, the lower the increase in valence.
... 17 Meanwhile, in the intervention group, the decrease in stress and anxiety levels was due to the artificial intelligence-based MBAT, which can simultaneously increase mind and body outcomes, encourage brain wave frequencies, and activate memory and emotional processes. 18 The achievement of this condition encourages changes in sympathetic nerve activity to be slower, resulting in a decrease in oxygen consumption by the body and causing muscles to relax and feel relaxed, comfortable, and calm so that the mother's stress and anxiety levels to decrease maximally. 16 A person's mental health disorders can be assessed through physiological indicators, namely heart rate because it can detect changes in a person's emotions. ...
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has become a new stressor with significant pregnancy consequences, limiting access to health services. Mindfulness-Based Art Therapy (MBAT) has been proven to intervene in the body-mind-soul and improve mental health problems. However, no research has developed it into a form of artificial intelligence for use by pregnant women in supporting the current situation of access to health services.Purpose: This study aims to produce a system of MBAT based on artificial intelligence for early detection and to prove the effectiveness of improving mental health in pregnant women.Methods: This study employed Research & Development consisting of 4 stages, namely Literature Study, Development Stage, Validity Expert, and Trial.Results: The MBAT application has five features, from mental health information to history. The validity score of the application system is 87.33%. The trial results showed that the application effectively reduces stress levels by 91.26% and anxiety by 90.24%. Also, the application can predict the percentage reduction in stress and anxiety levels correctly and without errors using the decision tree.Conclusion: This application is helpful for pregnant women and health workers in detecting stress and anxiety levels early in pregnancy and improving mental health.
Yaratıcı Sahnemizde Bir Keşif Yolculuğu: “Yaratıcı Dans ve Yaratıcı Drama Bağlamında Sanatın Dönüştürücü Gücü” İpek T. GİRGİN Banksy, Toplumsal Olaylar ve Sanat Olarak Grafiti İlişkisi Nurşen SERTKAYA Özdüşü nümsel Bir Değerlendirme: Franco ile Açılan Bir Çemberi Kapatmak Sinem TAŞ Toprağın Sesi 1: Bayramiçli Annelerin Paylaşım ve İfade İhtiyaçlarına Yönelik Yaratıcı Atölyeler Serisi Betül KATIGÖZ Derin ULUDAĞ Sanatıyla İyileşen Sanatçılar Elif YARIMOĞLU Müzeler ve İyilik Hali Saadet Ufuk YURDALAN Fethiye ERBAY Bilinçli Farkındalık Temelli Sanat Terapisi (MBAT) Oya Sevcan ORAK Ekolojik Deneyim Olarak Kültürel Bellek Yansımaları Özlem CIBIR CİNKAVUK Eda ÖZ ÇELİKBAŞ Yaşlı Bireylerde El Sanatları Uğraşının Ruh Hali Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi (Amerika Teksas-Denton Brookdale Senior Solution Yaşlı Bakım Evi Örneği) Esra EKİNCİ
Brain dynamics associated with design creativity tasks are largely unexplored. Despite significant strides, there is a limited understanding of the brain-behavior during design creation tasks. The objective of this paper is to review the concepts of creativity and design creativity as well as their differences, and to explore the brain dynamics associated with design creativity tasks using electroencephalography (EEG) as a neuroimaging tool. The paper aims to provide essential insights for future researchers in the field of design creativity neurocognition. It seeks to examine fundamental studies, present key findings, and initiate a discussion on associated brain dynamics. The review employs thematic analysis and a forward and backward snowball search methodology with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria to select relevant studies. This search strategy ensured a comprehensive review focused on EEG-based creativity and design creativity experiments. Different components of those experiments such as participants, psychometrics, experiment design, and creativity tasks, are reviewed and then discussed. The review identifies that while some studies have converged on specific findings regarding EEG alpha band activity in creativity experiments, there remain inconsistencies in the literature. The paper underscores the need for further research to unravel the interplays between these cognitive processes. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for readers seeking an understanding of current literature, principal discoveries, and areas where knowledge remains incomplete. It highlights both positive and foundational aspects, identifies gaps, and poses lingering questions to guide future research endeavors.
This functional MRI study examined how people mentally rotate a 3-dimensional object (an alarm clock) that is retrieved from memory and rotated according to a sequence of auditory instructions. We manipulated the geometric properties of the rotation, such as having successive rotation steps around a single axis versus alternating between 2 axes. The latter condition produced much more activation in several areas. Also, the activation in several areas increased with the number of rotation steps. During successive rotations around a single axis, the activation was similar for rotations in the picture plane and rotations in depth. The parietal (but not extrastriate) activation was similar to mental rotation of a visually presented object. The findings indicate that a large-scale cortical network computes different types of spatial information by dynamically drawing on each of its components to a differential, situation-specific degree.
In this chapter we will discuss changes in emotional experience and behavior that are caused directly by diseases of the central nervous system. These disorders interfere with brain mechanisms that underlie emotion. There are other ways in which neurological disorders and emotions may interact: patients with neurological diseases may have an emotional response to their illness (e.g., they may get depressed because they are disabled); emotional states may enhance neurological symptoms (e.g., anxiety may aggravate tremor); and emotional states may induce neurological symptoms (e.g., stress may cause headaches). Emotional response to disease, emotional enhancement of symptoms, and emotion-induced disorders are not unique to neurology, and are not discussed in this chapter. It has long been recognized that several disorders traditionally in the realm of psychiatry, such schizophrenia, are probably caused by abnormalities in the brain. However, this chapter is limited to traditional neurological illnesses.
Our approach in this chapter is primarily an atomic. We first consider emotional changes that result from lesions in the cerebral hemispheres. These may result from interference with specific neocortically mediated cognitive processes, such as stimulus appraisal, or from disruption of cortical modulation of limbic or other subcortical regions. The frontal lobes have particularly strong limbic connections, and frontal lobe lesions can cause prominent emotional changes.
In this chapter, we discuss changes in emotional experience and behavior that are caused directly by diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). These disorders interfere with brain mechanisms that underlie emotion. There are other ways in which neurological disorders and emotions may interact: Patients with neurological diseases may have an emotional response to their illness (e.g., they may get depressed because they are disabled), emotional states may enhance neurological symptoms (e.g., anxiety may aggravate tremor), and emotional states may induce neurological symptoms (e.g., stress may cause headaches). Emotional response to disease, emotional enhancement of symptoms, and emotion induced disorders are not unique to neurology, and are not discussed in this chapter. It has long been recognized that several disorders traditionally in the realm of psychiatry, such schizophrenia, are probably caused by abnormalities in the brain. However, this chapter is limited to traditional neurological illnesses.
The significance of art in human existence has long been a source of puzzlement, fascination, and mystery. in Neuropsychology of Art, Dahlia W. Zaidel explores the brain regions and neuronal systems that support artistic creativity, talent, and appreciation.
Art therapy in the United States is a young profession that would benefit from an identified research agenda to marshal resources more effectively to address gaps in the knowledge base. This article describes a Delphi study of U.S. art therapy researchers who were surveyed on research priorities for the profession. The research panelists were asked to identify the most important areas of investigation, research questions, methods, and populations or conditions that should be studied. The survey results presented may be used to construct a research agenda for the field so that priorities can be addressed in a more unified, strategic way.
The application of new techniques in brain imaging has expanded the understanding of the different functions and structures of the brain involved in information processing. This paper presents the main areas and functions activated in emotional states, the formation of memories, and the processing of motor, visual, and somatosensory information. The relationship between the processes of art expressions and brain functions is approached from the viewpoint of the different levels of the Expressive Therapies Continuum (Lusebrink, 1990, 1991) with examples from art therapy interventions. The basic level of interventions with art media is through sensory stimulation. Visual feature recognition and spatial placement are processed by the ventral and dorsal branches of the visual information processing system. Mood-state drawings echo the differences in the activation of different brain areas in emotional states. The cognitive and symbolic aspects of memories can be explored through the activation of their sensory components.