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How Islamic Business Ethics Impact Women Entrepreneurs: Insights from Four Arab Middle Eastern Countries
Abstract
This study explores how Islamic business ethics and values impact the way in which Muslim women entrepreneurs conduct their business in the Arab world. Guided by institutional theory as a theoretical framework and social constructionism as a philosophical stance, this study uses a qualitative, interview-based methodology. Capitalizing on in-depth, face-to-face interviews with Muslim Arab women entrepreneurs across four countries in the Arab Middle East region, the results portray how Islamic work values and ethics are embedded in the entrepreneurial activities of these Arab women. The results also illustrate how Muslim women entrepreneurs seek well-being (falah) in their life and excellence (itqan) in their work while running their businesses. The Muslim women entrepreneurs adhered to the Islamic work-related values of good and hard work (amal salih), honesty and truthfulness (sidik and amanah), fairness and justice (haqq and adl), and benevolence (ihsaan) and perceived them as instrumental to the survival and success of their enterprises. The agency of the Muslim Arab women allowed them to construct and navigate their entrepreneurial careers away from the traditional, doctrinaire interpretations of Islam. This study, therefore, contributes to theory development on the interrelationship between gender and business ethics within entrepreneurial contexts and in relation to Muslim values. It also contributes to studies on entrepreneurship and business ethics by showing how Arab women practice entrepreneurship and project their faith in their enterprises. The implications of the study for academics, multinational corporations, and globalization are numerous and important for understanding how business is conducted in Islamic countries.
... Research particularly underscores the adverse effects of religious norms on women entrepreneurs. They often contend with expectations imposed by their families, communities, or clients, which can hinder their engagement and behavior in entrepreneurship (e.g., Baikovich et al., 2022;Essers and Benschop, 2009;Tlaiss, 2015;Tlaiss andMcAdam, 2021a, 2021b). This dynamic can contribute to a widening gender gap in entrepreneurship, particularly in countries with hierarchical religions such as Islam and Catholicism (Avnimelech and Zelekha, 2023). ...
... Research particularly underscores the adverse effects of religious norms on women entrepreneurs. They often contend with expectations imposed by their families, communities, or clients, which can hinder their engagement and behavior in entrepreneurship (e.g., Baikovich et al., 2022;Essers and Benschop, 2009;Tlaiss, 2015;Tlaiss andMcAdam, 2021a, 2021b). This dynamic can contribute to a widening gender gap in entrepreneurship, particularly in countries with hierarchical religions such as Islam and Catholicism (Avnimelech and Zelekha, 2023). ...
... Thus, the combination of resistance and compliance can stimulate changes in the religious context to facilitate women entrepreneurship (Baikovich et al., 2022). The studies of Tlaiss (2015) and Tlaiss andMcAdam (2021a, 2021b) corroborate these insights. Muslim women entrepreneurs can interpret the work values of Islam according to feminist principles and according to their own agency to overcome restrictions (Essers et al., 2010;Tlaiss, 2015;Tlaiss andMcAdam, 2021a, 2021b). ...
... Both journals presented concentrated publications in the EE field in this phase. Critically, in this phase, the authors began to diversify the scope of their work and deepen the topic in terms of, e.g., social entrepreneurship (e.g., André et al., 2016), religion (e.g., Ramadani et al., 2015;Tlaiss, 2015) and crowdfunding (e.g., Jancenelle et al., 2018). ...
... Additionally, gender as a topic has been linked to religion, especially the Islamic religion (Althalathini et al., 2022;Gümüsay, 2015;Özkazanç-Pan, 2015;Ramadani et al., 2015;Tlaiss, 2015). Religious practices typically affect individual and societal perceptions of entrepreneurial activities (Gotsis et al., 2009). ...
... In particular, Islam has been found to contribute to the systematic subordination of women in patriarchal societies. However, Islam neither forbids nor frowss women's entrepreneurship; in fact, it is supported and encouraged (Tlaiss, 2015). From the Islamic perspective, entrepreneurship is thus based on the pursuit of opportunities, guided by a set of norms, values, and recommendations (socioeconomic/ethical), and has a religious-spiritual pillar that links people to God and to the ultimate goal of pleasing Allah (Gümüsay, 2015). ...
Entrepreneurship has been highlighted as one of the major forces in addressing significant economic, social, and environmental challenges. These challenges have raised new ethical questions, leading to an explosive growth of research at the intersection of ethics and entrepreneurship. This study provides an overview of the evolution of the scientific literature on the interplay between ethics and entrepreneurship to propose a research proposition with standardized protocols and a broad time limit. Specifically, in a hybrid literature review, 516 articles from peer-reviewed journals indexed in Scopus were analyzed. The review revealed that the field mainly comprises six themes. Through the analysis of each theme, gaps are identified and structured and used to build theoretical proposals for future research agendas applied to current societal challenges. Understanding the link between entrepreneurship and ethics guides practices improves decisions, addresses challenges, promotes sustainability, enhances academia, and builds trust, fostering a responsible, beneficial entrepreneurial environment for society and the economy.
... Although Islamic business ethics is growing, to the author's knowledge, there are limitations in exploring and measuring the impact of the field and the Islamic business ethics research group. Generally, researchers review with a normative perspective (Musa et al., 2020;Tlaiss, 2015), not objectively, with a quantitative approach such as bibliometrics. The gap is enormous; previous research in business ethics journals only discussed aspects of Islamic business ethics subthemes. ...
... On the other hand, there are differences in the axioms of the foundation of Islamic business ethics, among others, according to Rice (1999), are unity (tawhid), justice ('adl), trusteeship (khilafah) and equilibrium, while Beekun (1997) divides into five axioms, namely, unity (tawhid), equilibrium, freedom of will (ikhtyar), responsibility (fardh) and benevolence (ihsan). Of course, these differences form the direct development of the foundation of Islamic business ethics in the practical realm, such as Muslim business leaders (Abeng, 1997), female entrepreneurs (Tlaiss, 2015), Islamic finances (Musa et al., 2020), responsible halal business (Ismaeel and Blaim, 2012) and whistleblowing (El-Bassiouny et al., 2023) (see Table 1). Meanwhile, according to Sidani and Al Ariss (2015), Islamic business ethics can be achieved through spiritual experience by committing to God, preventing losses in business, having sincere intentions, not maximizing profits and accumulating savings. ...
... Some authors discuss gender equality (Eger, 2021;Koburtay et al., 2020;Tisdell and Ahmad, 2018). Some also discuss women entrepreneurs (Brieger et al., 2019;Tlaiss, 2015), as well as the political position of women and their role in conflict (Aldossari and Calvard, 2022; Althalathini et al., 2022), and ethical issues on sexual objects in marketing (Alam et al., 2019). On the other hand, this cluster is also related to the environment, which discusses a lot about Islamic ethics in corporate environmental responsibility (Khodakarami et al., 2021(Khodakarami et al., , 2023, environmental behavior (Rice, 2006), the concept of eco-Islam (Abdelzaher et al., 2019; Abdelzaher and Abdelzaher, 2017) and the concept of Quranic ethics in the environment (Furqani and Haneef, 2015;Helfaya et al., 2018). ...
Purpose
This study aims to determine research performance in Islamic business ethics and explore future research directions from leading articles and scholars.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper used bibliometric and content analysis to analyze 250 articles from reputable Scopus and Web of Sciences journals.
Findings
To date, the normative style still dominates Islamic business ethics research. Asian countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia are the center of discussion on Islamic business ethics. This study also suggests that researchers and academics study aspects of the economy that Islamic values have not touched, such as the theme of art, artificial intelligence for labor relations, workers' rights and language.
Research limitations/implications
This research aims to contribute knowledge to Muslims as a reference guide for ethical business behavior. Non-Muslim managers can use this paper as a guide in forming a global company that is pluralistic and respectful of religious communities.
Originality/value
This research makes a scholarly contribution by providing a comprehensive exploration and detailed future research directions in each subtheme of Islamic business ethics.
... Saudi Arabia is a traditional society, where paternalistic values and norms are evident and reinforced by its members and family (Danish and Smith 2012;Tlaiss 2015). Khizindar and Darley (2017) point out that entrepreneurs are usually family members manoeuvring in concert or disharmony with an array of other family members. ...
... In addition, banks lend financial resources to women at higher interest rates compared to men, which is another barrier to their entrepreneurship activity (Helmke and Levitsky 2004). Companies led by women in this country have often been confined to healthcare and education, whereas women entrepreneurs' access to other industries and economic sectors has traditionally been limited (Tlaiss 2015). Even though a woman goes against the traditional norms and values of Saudi society, she, as well as her family, is most likely to lose her reputation, which also prevents many Saudi women from becoming entrepreneurs . ...
... Businesses led by women have often been confined to sections such as education and healthcare. Family systems in Saudi society are patriarchal, where men decide on whether their daughters and wives can take employment or run their own business (Tlaiss 2015). Tradition and culture constrain Saudi Arabia women's role and their attempts to become entrepreneurs. ...
The research examines the role of institutions influencing Saudi female entrepreneurs, and how they became enabled to be social agents and institutional entrepreneurs in a very traditional, family-orientated society - albeit facing pressures to change. In acknowledging the uniqueness of the social-cultural context in Saudi Arabia, this study adopts a qualitative design. Specifically, purposive and snowball sampling techniques were implemented to gather primary qualitative data. The data draw on 31 interviews with female entrepreneurs residing in Jeddah, capturing the practical experiences of these entrepreneurs, and their engagement with the informal and formal institutions of their immediate societal surroundings. The analysis relies on the constant-comparative method (Anderson and Jack 2015) to illicit the meanings and implications taken from context, and also how this informs the day-to-day activities of the entrepreneur (Anderson et al. 2012). This study has found that existing institutions both constrain and enable Saudi women's entrepreneurship. In particular, the obligations and responsibility of Arab families are turned into an advantage, in the form of a patient resource base or networks of knowledge development. We saw too how pioneering efforts, in conjunction with other change, have begun to modestly alter the opportunity structure in Saudi Arabia, with the entrepreneur acting as an agent of change. Saudi women's entrepreneurship is thus best characterised as a recursive process between these entrepreneurs and the social system, which is an essential resource for - and product of - situated actions. This research makes a modest contribution to the long-running discussions on women's entrepreneurship in the context of the Arab world. The findings cannot suggest that it is going to be easy or smooth for future women entrepreneurs; traditions continue and there are also vested patriarchal interests. Nonetheless, increasing numbers of Saudi women are involved in growing their businesses. These pioneers have changed society; a modest, but progressive change for the better. This study has several implications. First, the produced empirical findings have highlighted certain areas for further improvement of female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia, which goes in keeping with Saudi Vision 2030 and the expected role of women in the social and economic development of Saudi Arabia. Second, this study has contributed to the existing body of knowledge and understanding of what institutional barriers and challenges Saudi female entrepreneurs face and how they could be overcome at a national level.
... The qualitative approach adopted in this study, and detailed further in the methods section, will allow for these common influences on personality to be identified, while allowing for a more nuanced understanding of the how other informal and formal institutional influences may play a role. Tlaiss (2015) notes that Muslim women entrepreneurs' values of 'amal salih' (good deeds) associated with good and hard work are incorporated into work behaviours, so it is no surprise Muslim entrepreneurs in the UK were found to display high levels of work ethic (Arslan, 2001). Within Islam all work, regardless of its nature, as long as permissible, is seen as an obligation and a duty (Possumah et al., 2013). ...
... It is suggested that Muslims have a low internal locus of control (Arslan, 2001). This might be linked to Islam playing down the importance of individuals and promoting fatalism (Zelekha, 2014 (Tlaiss, 2015;Tlaiss and McAdam, 2021). ...
... Quran 28:77). Muslim women entrepreneurs were found to guide their work through haqq and adl associated with fairness and justice (Tlaiss, 2015). Being exposed to an environment that promotes fairness and justice fits with those studies that have found agreeableness to be higher for those with greater religiosity in general (Saroglou, 2002). ...
Purpose
Previous studies have shown how the nature of businesses and the strategies pursued by their owners are affected by the personality traits of their owners. These personality traits can be formed in the early stages of life due to experiences and the surrounding context, where religion is a particularly important aspect of this context. This study aims to explore how religion affects entrepreneurial activities through the personality traits created.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses interviews with 43 Muslim entrepreneurs in Scotland to examine the role played by religion. This ensures that the national institutional context is kept consistent but also allows an in-depth examination of relationships, which are likely to be interlinked and recursive.
Findings
The traits created influence the nature of the entrepreneurial activities undertaken with the potential to harm and support the entrepreneurial endeavours. It is the combination of personality traits that are formed which have the greatest effect. As such, it is found that Muslim entrepreneurs display less openness and creativity associated with new ideas, but this does not reflect risk aversion rather hard work in itself is valued, and patience combined with an external locus of control mean entrepreneurial behaviours are not altered to boost poorly performing business activities.
Originality/value
For Muslim entrepreneurs in Scotland, their traits explain why growth may not be a foremost consideration of these entrepreneurs rather they may value hard work and meeting the ideals of formal and informal institutions associated with religion. For those seeking to support minority groups through the promotion of entrepreneurship, either they must seek to overcome these ingrained traits or alter support to complement the different objectives held by Muslim entrepreneurs.
... Ummu Kolsome and Kavita (2018) also stated that entrepreneurial motivation determines whether entrepreneurs create new businesses due to the desire to seize opportunities or more than just a need. Motivation is a key that is important as an encouragement or enthusiasm in every behavior of an entrepreneur in the business world (Tlaiss, 2014). Reynolds et al. (2005) stated that pull factor motivation describes entrepreneurial opportunities which refer to those who start a business to pursue those opportunities. ...
... This motivation drives them to be more active in learning the techniques and strategies necessary for success in the business world. According to Tlaiss (2014), motivation is a key factor that serves as the driving force or spirit behind every action of an entrepreneur in the business world. Students with high motivation to become entrepreneurs are seen to be more inclined to seek opportunities and acquire entrepreneurial skills. ...
... Al-Itqan, commonly interpreted as craftsmanship or excellence, surpasses technical proficiency. This involves a more comprehensive moral position that incorporates integrity, honesty, and fairness in business operations (Tlaiss, 2015). These principles are not only promoted for their moral and ethical significance but are also considered essential for attaining sustainable Complimentary Copy commercial success and social fairness (Rice, 1999). ...
... The papers that explicitly discuss Al-Itqan terminology are: Tlaiss (2015), and Alqhaiwi et al. (2023). In a study conducted by Tlaiss (2015), the researcher examined the influence of Islamic business principles and venues on the commercial activities of Muslim women entrepreneurs in the Arab world. The findings indicate that they adhere to and practice Islamic principles and values in their profession and business, including acts of kindness, honesty, truthfulness (Sidik and Amanah), fairness and justice, and benevolence (Ihsan). ...
In business, Islamic values are typically associated with Akhlaq, which mandates etiquette. Al-Itqan emerged as a particularly consequential business concept amid
the multitude grounded in Islamic values.
... Ethics involves strong evaluations on matters ranging from respect for others' lives and well-being to questions of dignity, fullness, thriving, and a life worth living (Taylor, 1992). From an entrepreneurial perspective, business ethics takes on a practical dimension, exploring not merely the principles and rules through which entrepreneurial actions, projects, and lives are formulated and implemented, but also the outcomes of these actions, projects, and lives on the well-being of those affected (e.g., Brieger et al., 2021;Morris et al., 2002;Tlaiss, 2015). ...
... Research in Western Europe and the U.S. suggests (cf. Tlaiss, 2015) that due to the individualistic, competitive nature of entrepreneurship, there is often an expectation that entrepreneurship will resonate more with traditional male roles and characters than with female identities (Manolova et al., 2012). ...
This study explores how being satisfied with one’s life as an entrepreneur is a crucial ethical and psychological outcome of early volition and, subsequently, a vital resource in the development of a richer eudaimonic experience from entrepreneurship. We develop and test our predictions based on two independent datasets: American and Swedish business owners and early stage entrepreneurs. We argue and demonstrate that satisfaction with life as an entrepreneur conveys a distinct state of entrepreneurial well-being and constitutes a crucial self-evaluation which mediates the effects of early volition in entrepreneurship on long-term eudaimonia. We contribute to the emerging conversations on entrepreneurship, business ethics, and well-being.
... Therefore, an Islamic-cultural HRD framing can provide a basis for critique of power dynamics and structural inequalities, especially those arising from historical legacies. Workplace inequalities are also incompatible with the values of just and equitable development outcomes that feature in Islamic-cultural HRD framings (Tlaiss, 2015). To summarise the argument of this part of the paper, the holistic integration of work and spirituality that characterises Islamic-cultural HRD has potential to align HRD systems, practices and professional purpose with spiritual and moral values (Husain, 2019). ...
... Furthermore, the Islamic-cultural HRD framing we propose explains how temporal dynamics and agency within and across macro, meso and micro levels affect how change is enacted over time and the extent to which processes of adaptation, innovation, and change occur, as described in both the second and fourth principles. For instance, the implementation of Shura (consultation) in decision-making processes highlights the endeavour towards a dynamic interplay between tradition and modernity, promoting participatory governance and inclusive decision making (Tlaiss, 2015). This process, whilst providing participation opportunities, also has temporal consequences such as cultural values and traditions influencing consultation and hierarchy, and inhibition of debate, critique and challenge, that may lead to slower rates of innovation in some instances. ...
... Furthermore, self work specifically relates to what individuals do to "shape the social-symbolic dimension of the self" (Lawrence & Phillips, 2019, p. 64), thereby working on themselves and what surrounds them to cope with ethnic discrimination. Self work examples include migrant black women reacting to injustice by impersonating 'backstage roles' in the hotel industry, downplaying their true selves as a form of resistance to the experience of discrimination (Adib & Guerrier, 2003), as well as the experience of women in Arabic countries negotiating their identities based on expectations of being 'good women' in Islamic society while being successful female entrepreneurs (Tlaiss, 2015). Accordingly, some individuals work on their identities in reaction to experiences of discrimination based on ethnicity. ...
... A further contribution of our study, albeit limited, involves the role of intersectionality in professionals' worlds of concern and related forms of work. Specifically, by presenting 'soft contesting' work and the efforts of professionals to expose and clarify their identities, we show how gender and religious affiliation both play an important role; they not only inform the experiences of discrimination these professionals have lived (e.g., Atewologun et al., 2016;Tlaiss, 2015) but also represent the objects they decide to work on (i.e., material and discursive dimensions of their identities) (Lawrence & Phillips, 2019). Finally, we also illustrate how accent strength in the use of the Italian language, as well as other cultural differences (e.g., communication style) (Azab & Holmqvist, 2022;Coluzzi, 2008), create direct experiences of discrimination among professionals, causing 'balancing' work. ...
In Western societies and organizations, episodes of discrimination based on individual demographic and social characteristics still occur. Relevant questions, such as why ethnic discrimination is perpetuated and how people confront it in the workplace, remain open. In this study, we adopt a social-symbolic work perspective to explore how individuals confront workplace ethnic discrimination by both upholding and challenging it. In doing so, we incorporate the perspectives of those directly experiencing, observing and neglecting discrimination. Specifically, we focus on the Italian branches of North American professional service firms (PSFs), performing a qualitative investigation of the worlds of concern among professionals regarding the topic of ethnic discrimination to explore how different backgrounds motivate social-symbolic work. We find that different forms of work are enacted to support the status quo, shape the boundaries of existing organizational practices, and balance professional identities, emotions, and careers to silence episodes of ethnic discrimination. We also highlight cases of ‘soft,’ yet increasing, work that contests the status quo. Finally, we discuss our results in light of neo-institutional and critical management research to ultimately inspire our focal firms and societies to find alternatives to the rhetoric in the established approaches to inequality.
... El relato anterior demuestra un interés por extender el impacto de su emprendimiento a toda la sociedad creando más puestos de trabajo y llegando a más segmentos de clientes. Además de obtener beneficios a través de los negocios, las motivaciones individuales de las entrevistadas conducen a beneficios colectivos a través de la creación de empleo y el servicio a los clientes con buenos productos, alineados con los valores de benevolencia islámica (Tlaiss, 2015). El proceso de emprender una empresa empodera a las mujeres para buscar el bienestar de otros en sus empresas, lo cual nuevamente refleja la escala de valores de una sociedad colectiva. ...
... Cuando evaluaron los impactos de sus emprendimientos, las entrevistadas descubrieron nuevos significados de dichas actividades, lo cual sugiere que el empoderamiento es un proceso en evolución. Se nota una fuerte intención de contribuir a la mejora de la sociedad y también del bienestar de la comunidad, lo cual aparece considerado a menudo en contextos de las mujeres musulmanas (Tlaiss, 2015), en los cuales las mujeres consideran su crecimiento personal y empoderamiento a partir de ayudar a otros a crecer (Tlaiss y McAdam, 2021). ...
Enviar o remitir la correspondencia a la autora Bronwyn P. Wood al correo electrónico bwood@uaeu.ac.ae Resumen Propósito-El propósito del presente estudio es desarrollar un marco conceptual basado en evidencia empírica aplicado al estudio del empoderamiento de las mujeres y de la iniciativa emprendedora dentro del contexto de las sociedades colectivistas. Diseño/metodología-Los autores llevaron a cabo quince (15) entrevistas semi estructuradas con mujeres emprendedoras en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, con el objetivo de comprender sus experiencias fundando empresas y cómo se empoderaron.
... Intention is also an important factor critical for "identifying the characteristics and motivations of a person in establishing entrepreneurial activities" (Anggadwita et al. 2017: 167). Hayfaa A. Tlaiss (2015) portrays the impact of Islam and its teachings on shaping the success of women entrepreneurs by stressing that Islamic teachings regarding entrepreneurship as a recognized and appreciated activity for women that has found mention in the Quran smoothen the path for women entrepreneurs rather than creating any hindrance as often assumed. ...
... They would take prayer breaks, read the Quran in their free time, and close shops early to break their fasts in the month of Ramadan. Many times, Islamic teachings have positively influenced women, especially when the business is low (Tlaiss 2015). All of them talk about having faith, being patient, and praying for things they desire. ...
Muslim women are increasingly venturing into niche culture-based business markets and establishing faith-oriented enterprises, selling modest wear, halal beauty products, and alcohol-free perfumes, along with engaging in non-traditional entrepreneurial activities such as opening a café, home bakery, and so on. Their motivations for venturing into entrepreneurship are a combination of economic needs, desire for upward social mobility, social acceptance of entrepreneurship as a desirable economic activity for Muslim women, and commitment to contribute to the development of their community. In the context of economic discrimination in everyday life in India, this essay builds upon the narratives of five Muslim women to explore the influence of social institutions, such as religion, on women’s entrepreneurial initiatives. By recognizing the form and uniqueness of entrepreneurial conduct at the intersection of faith and gender identity, the essay sheds light on the practice of entrepreneurship among Muslim women. This exploration challenges and alters the popular and majoritarian narratives on the practice and process of entrepreneurship.
... Qur'ānic studies have also encouraged interfaith dialog and tolerance (As'Ad et al., 2021). Qur'anic studies show that the Qur'an is a holy book that teaches universal values, such as justice, equality and tolerance (Tlaiss, 2015). These values (Larasati & Dahliana, 2023) can serve as a foundation for inter-religious dialog and cooperation (Hidayat, 2023) (Izuddin et al., 2023). ...
We conducted this study with the aim of mapping the development and direction of Development of Study Quran research in scopus indexed publications. We used bibliometric analysis techniques in this study to explore all publications indexed in the scopus database on the Development of Study Quran from 1981 to 2023. The data obtained was analyzed using excel and rr studio. We used Vos viewer to perform a visual analysis of the simultaneous occurrence of keywords and documents. The author found 295 publications that matched the function, subject and criteria set. The results of this study show an annual growth rate of 8.44%. With the most publications on Development of Study Quran in 2020. Malaysia is the country that contributes the most publications with a total of 20 affiliates from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Choudhury, Diyana, Hanafi, Ikhsan, Kadir, Murtadho, and Noor are the most productive authors in the theme of Development of Study Quran. Bibliometric analysis conducted on scopus data. This research does not account for other national and international datasets. In addition to offering suggestions for further research, this study offers a concise summary of the literature available to scholars engaged in the creation of study quran.
... Qur'ānic studies have also encouraged interfaith dialog and tolerance (As'Ad et al., 2021). Qur'anic studies show that the Qur'an is a holy book that teaches universal values, such as justice, equality and tolerance (Tlaiss, 2015). These values can serve as a foundation for inter-religious dialog and cooperation. ...
We conducted this study with the aim of mapping the development and direction of Development of Study Quran research in scopus indexed publications. We used bibliometric analysis techniques in this study to explore all publications indexed in the scopus database on the Development of Study Quran from 1981 to 2023. The data obtained was analyzed using excel and rr studio. We used Vos viewer to perform a visual analysis of the simultaneous occurrence of keywords and documents. The author found 295 publications that matched the function, subject and criteria set. The results of this study show an annual growth rate of 8.44%. With the most publications on Development of Study Quran in 2020. Malaysia is the country that contributes the most publications with a total of 20 affiliates from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Choudhury, Diyana, Hanafi, Ikhsan, Kadir, Murtadho, and Noor are the most productive authors in the theme of Development of Study Quran. Bibliometric analysis conducted on scopus data. This research does not account for other national and international datasets. In addition to offering suggestions for further research, this study offers a concise summary of the literature available to scholars engaged in the creation of study quran.
... One study (Tlaiss 2015) indicates that the Islam religion does not pose significant constrain on women and their entrepreneurship. Following a study on Muslim Arab women entrepreneurs in four countries within the Arab Middle East Region, the study explored how Islamic business ethics and values impact the way in which Muslim women entrepreneurs conduct their business in the Arab world. ...
This paper investigates the basic social life of Muslim people in Kathmandu focusing particularly on gender dimension. It emphasizes that while Islam is often misrepresented as patriarchal, many injustices stem from interpretations rooted in cultural patriarchy rather than the religion itself. Despite limited literature on Nepali Muslims, this research explores aspects such as education, employment, and social roles through surveys conducted within the Muslim settlements. Findings reveal significant educational advancement among Muslim women, as evidenced by higher female enrollment in higher education compared to males. Nevertheless, traditional gender roles restrict women's economic participation, with a majority confined to domestic responsibilities. Political engagement among Muslims shows that most of them participated in recent elections, favoring a liberal democratic governance than the monarchy or communist, while community sentiments towards religious tolerance are notably positive. The study highlights a need for targeted interventions to address educational and economic difficulties, faced particularly for women, indicating the necessity of comprehensive strategies that promote equality and integration within the broader socio-political context of Nepal. Overall, the research contributes valuable insights into the socio-cultural and economic dynamics of Muslim people in Kathmandu, advocating for informed policy-making tailored to enhance the welfare and rights of this underrepresented demographic.
... Este tema también aborda las barreras y las oportunidades de empoderamiento, especialmente en contextos religiosos como el Islam. Investigaciones como las de Tlaiss (2015) destacan cómo las emprendedoras musulmanas integran valores éticos islámicos en sus negocios, promoviendo la justicia y la equidad en sus prácticas. ...
El artículo analiza la evolución de la relación entre ética y emprendimiento a través de una revisión de 516 artículos científicos (1988-2023). Identifica tres fases evolutivas y seis temas centrales, incluyendo género, tecnologías digitales, sostenibilidad y emprendimiento social. Propone cuatro líneas de investigación futura y enfatiza la importancia de promover un emprendimiento responsable que equilibre beneficios económicos con impacto social y ambiental.
... Ultimately, the sub-theme of business ethics that emerged during the previous phase became a driving force when articulated with strategy dimensions. The thematic debates in these clusters were particularly focused on philanthropy (Lähdesmäki and Takala 2012) and the impacts of certain business ethics on female entrepreneurs (Tlaiss 2015). This illustrates that, after 2009, ethical dimensions began to be considered as a way of strategically managing a business. ...
This paper aims to provide a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the current state of ethics and entrepreneurship research by using bibliometric and content analysis. Focusing on 579 papers published between 1988 and 2023, it highlights how recent, unanticipated global challenges-such as the need to combat climate change, ongoing conflicts, and pandemics-have profoundly influenced and revitalized the field. The content analysis reveals that "entrepreneurial ethics" has evolved to encompass a broad range of subtopics and debates. We analyzed the data in four time periods:
... The interviews demonstrated that religious are deeply embedded in society. The finding resonates with a study argued that Islamic values influence the practice of Muslims in the Arab region (Tlaiss, 2015b). The respondents emphasized that they overcome the problems by their patience and praying for god to give them the strength to confront their difficulties. ...
This paper aims to identify the constrains faced by female entrepreneurs in Egypt. This study also intends to examine the influence of formal and informal institutional factors on women’s entry into entrepreneurship in Egypt. In addition, to explore the factors enable women entrepreneurs to overcome the barriers they may face. The qualitative research approach was adopted in the study to explore the challenges experienced by Egyptian female entrepreneurs. Purposeful sampling was employed and twenty-five (25) women entrepreneurs were selected from five Egyptian governorates to conduct semi-structured interviews to collect primary data. The findings indicated that the main constraints faced Egyptian women entrepreneurs arise from difficulty in raising capital, socio-culture commitments, sexual harassment, work-family conflict and lack of managerial skills. The study found factors such family-husband support, religious values, personal traits and technological skills are crucial for overcome constraints faced by women entrepreneurs. The study recommends creating a funding program targeting female entrepreneurs and raise the awareness about the importance of women entrepreneurship as well as take necessary actions to prevent sexual harassment phenomenon. Minimal research has examined female entrepreneurship in Egypt. Therefore, this study offers valuable insights of constraints faced by women entrepreneurs in Egypt. The study contributes to the women’s entrepreneurship literature from the perspective of an Arab Islamic developing country.
... Islamic Work Ethics (IWE) menekankan nilai-nilai seperti kejujuran, integritas, kerja keras, dan tanggung jawab sosial (AL Smadi et al., 2023;B. Khan et al., 2010;Kumar & Che Rose, 2010;Manan et al., 2013;Raza et al., 2024;Rubbab et al., 2024;Sidani & Al Ariss, 2015;Tlaiss, 2015;Wahab et al., 2016). Kerangka Islamic Work Ethics memberikan panduan komprehensif bagi umat Islam. ...
... Islam is one of the fastest growing religions in the world (Tlaiss, 2015). Representing almost a quarter of the world's inhabitants, with close to two billion adherents, it is the second biggest religion in the world, behind Christianity. ...
Purpose
With close to two billion people occupying some 50 countries and spending in excess of US$2tn on food and recreational services alone, Muslim societies represent a significant segment of the world’s population, which warrants greater research attention and better understanding. While Islamic scholarship dates back over 1,400 years, few scholars have studied the impact of Islamic teachings and their effect on surrounding business and policy. The purpose of this paper is to better connect business strategy with Islamic philosophy.
Design/methodology/approach
This research is a theoretical paper based on literature review of existing works in academia and from the Koran. The researchers consulted academics and religious leader to better understand the written word and its implications on the various philosophies. This paper offers a sound foundation for further research on Islamic business philosophy.
Findings
This research is the base for further exploration into Islamic business philosophy and their underpinnings. To better understand Islamic business models, this study introduces three main and three minor schools of thought to provide a foundation for further research. The schools differ in their theological assumptions and worldviews. Some of them place emphases on traditional approaches, i.e. Jabria (like contemporary Salafies) and some underscore the virtue of reasons and enlightenment (e.g. Mu’tazila or the rationalists).
Originality/value
In brief, the study posits six different perspectives and interpretations relevant to Islamic policy that will be useful for both managerial practitioners and scholars to consider when undertaking business in a Muslim context.
... Countries in the Middle East have witnessed a remarkable increase in traditional entrepreneurial activities initiated by women (Ghouse et al., 2021;Mousa and Abdelgaffar, 2023a). This comes as a result of the economic reforms their countries have undertaken, in addition to the positive changes in cultural norms (Tlaiss, 2015). Moreover, extreme political events, economic crises and socio-cultural unrest have stimulated women to undertake different forms of digital entrepreneurship (Althalathini and Tlaiss, 2023). ...
Purpose
Given the remarkable increase in entrepreneurial activities initiated by women in the Egyptian context in addition to the scarcity of empirical studies on digital self-employment there, the authors of the present paper aim to identify what motivates women to engage in digital entrepreneurship, and to identify how those women establish their digital entrepreneurial activities.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors employed a qualitative research method through semi-structured interviews with 30 women entrepreneurs who own and manage digital businesses. Thematic analysis was subsequently used to determine the main ideas in the transcripts.
Findings
The authors have found that enjoying absolute independence, securing more time for family, guaranteeing an independent source of income in addition to the ease of accessing extensive online markets are the main motives behind the engagement of women in the Egyptian context in digital entrepreneurship activities. Moreover, the authors have also asserted that the minimal training and government support stimulate women entrepreneurs there to start and continue their digital business activities informally.
Originality/value
This paper contributes by filling a gap in entrepreneurship studies in which empirical studies on establishing and managing digital entrepreneurship among women in developing economies has been limited so far.
... Welsh et al. (2021) explored the relationship between enriching business-family interaction and firm performance among female entrepreneurs in Jordan and Sudan, revealing contextual influences on family moral support and highlighting implications for future research and public policy in the Arab world. Tlaiss (2015) examined the influence of Islamic business ethics on Muslim women entrepreneurs in the Arab world. It contributes to the theory of development regarding the interplay between gender, business ethics, and Muslim values in entrepreneurial contexts. ...
The success of Jordanian women entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic has been affected by a range of non-financial factors. The research aims to understand the impact of economic and social factors on the success and failure of Jordanian women entrepreneurs, with a focus on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, this study sheds light on the reasons for the success of the projects of female entrepreneurs in Jordan, so it helps women to know the strengths that help them in the continuity and success of the project, after interviews conducted with 32 female entrepreneurs. The result was that the research confirms that project success goes beyond the financial aspects and involves careful planning and skills acquisition. This holistic perspective means that support programs should include a broader range of training modules, including business planning, project management, and personal skills development. By addressing these multifaceted aspects, women entrepreneurs can build a more resilient foundation for their businesses. In summary, entrepreneurship is not only affected by financial matters, and COVID-19 did not only have a bad effect, but it had a good effect on most women. Therefore, we must take into account that it was a reason for the success of most women in their projects.
... Globalization has eroded the moral values in the Arab families. Globalization has brought significant economic, social, and cultural changes to Arab families, affecting traditional moral values and customs (Tlaiss 2015;Metcalfe 2008;Elshenawy 2017). Increased exposure to foreign cultures and ideas challenges traditional ways of thinking and living, potentially eroding traditional values as people adopt new beliefs and practices in line with global trends (Oliver-Smith 2004;Jensen et al. 2011). ...
The objectives of this research were threefold: 1) to investigate whether globalization and Islamic religiousness conflict each other; 2) to examine how globalization has changed the family system in the Arab world; and 3) to provide some examples and life stories of the influence and transformation of family relations. The findings indicate that globalization has had both positive and negative effects on values, beliefs, and gender roles, resulting in changes in education, economics, entertainment, marriage, and parenting, and leading to an increase in single-parent, blended, mixed-race, and mixed-nationality families. Furthermore, the influence of social media and globalization had eroded traditional moral and family values. These findings could have been valuable to sociologists, policymakers, and researchers working on the issue.
... In this context, Islamic values can be a moderator for the relationship between entrepreneurial ecosystems and entrepreneurial intention. When individuals experience a supportive entrepreneurial ecosystem (i.e., business incubator, entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial mindset, and role model), Islamic values can strengthen their positive attitude towards entrepreneurship by emphasizing principles, such as justice, honesty, and sharing, which in turn can affect the entrepreneurial intention [39]. Thus, the last set of hypotheses is presented as follows. ...
Introduction. The study of ecosystem, entrepreneurial intention, and Islamic values is relevant as it explores the intersection between education, religious principles, and entrepreneurship, which is prominent for promoting ethical business initiatives and socially responsible in this contemporary society. For this matter, this paper aims to examine the influence of entrepreneurial ecosystems, including business incubators, entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial mindset, and role models, on the entrepreneurial intention of students, with the mediating of Islamic values in the context of Islamic boarding schools. Study participants and methods. This study involved a self-administered survey to Islamic boarding schools students. The targeted sample in this research was Islamic boarding schools in several areas in Indonesia, including Madura, Mojokerto, Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang, and Banyuwangi. Approximately 550 questionnaires were distributed and resulted 516 valid responses for further analysis using partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Results. The findings indicate that entrepreneurship education has a robust influence on entrepreneurial intention (t-value = 10.206; p-value = .000), and Islamic values (t-value = 8.209; p-value = .000). In addition, role models have a robust effect on entrepreneurial intention (t-value = 35.852; p-value = .000) and Islamic values (t-value = 2.228; p-value = .026). While business incubators have no effect on entrepreneurial intention (t-value = .900; p-value = .368), but it has an effect on Islamic values (t-value =11.538; p-value = .000). Indeed, entrepreneurial mindset has no influence on entrepreneurial intention (t-value = .781; p-value = .435), but it has an influence on Islamic values (t-value = 2.228; p-value = .026). This study also confirms the linkage between Islamic values and entrepreneurial intention (t-value = 13.679; p-value = .000). The mediating testing showed that Islamic values act as partial mediators for the linkage between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention (t-value = 7.388, p = .000). Similarly, Islamic values act as partial mediators for the relationship between role models and entrepreneurial intention (t-value = 2.189, p = .029). Meanwhile, Islamic values failed in mediating the link between business incubator and entrepreneurial mindset on entrepreneurial intention. Conclusion. Entrepreneurial ecosystems play a prominent role in enhancing entrepreneurial intention among students as well as driving Islamic values. The findings add insights into the literature on entrepreneurship education, which notes a robust linkage between the entrepreneurial ecosystem and entrepreneurial intention. Hence, there is an increasing direction for policy developers, entrepreneurship institutions, and Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia and other Islamic countries to more effectively facilitate the development of entrepreneurship that combines religious principles with sustainable and ethical business practices.
... Sertifikasi halal berperan sebagai mekanisme yang menjamin halalnya produk. Secara etika, proses sertifikasi ini mencerminkan komitmen produsen atau pelaku bisnis untuk beroperasi dengan integritas, kejujuran, dan tanggung jawab sosial (Tlaiss, 2015). Dengan memperoleh sertifikasi halal, pelaku bisnis menghormati prinsip-prinsip etika ini, memastikan bahwa produk mereka diproduksi dan disajikan sesuai dengan nilai-nilai agama. ...
Halal certification is crucial for consumers, especially Muslim consumers, which is why in Indonesia, there are institutions whose role is to ensure that consumer products, such as food, beverages, and medicines are in accordance with Islamic law, namely the Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) and Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM). Halal certification not only reflects compliance with Islamic ethical principles, but also builds consumer confidence and supports economic growth based on morals and spirituality. The purpose of this research is to find out how important the inclusion of halal labels on every product circulated by producers. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with systematic literature review technique. The result of this study is the achievement of an increase in producer awareness regarding the importance of halal labels for producers and consumers, so as to achieve a society that is literate in the importance of halal certification.
... Despite modernization processes taking place in Arab society, it is still a traditionalcollectivist society (Chatterji et al., 2015), and older people in particular have been less exposed to modernization processes. It is still overwhelmingly a patriarchal culture, and a clear gender division of roles exists in which women are assigned to the domestic sphere (Tlaiss, 2015). In addition, Arab women in Israeli society face barriers related to being part of a minority group, including exclusion and discrimination (Marteu, 2004). ...
This study explores how gendered norms are performed in organizations in Saudi Arabia and the boundary work managers engage in when (re)producing a norm. Drawing on 33 semi-structured interviews with firm owners, managers, and government representatives in Riyadh, the analysis highlights the fluidity between politics and religion in Saudi Arabia and how this has shaped local regimes of recognition and organizational forms of gendered space. Based on the findings, four interconnected forms of performativity are theorized—precarious, sovereign, hyperbolic, and paradoxical performativity. Thereby, this study advances a novel perspective on how the intimate entanglement between cultural and religious norms and laws engenders different forms of performativity through which managers try to pursue an ideal gendered arrangement in the workplace. Future areas for research and practical implications are proposed to deepen the understanding of the interplay between performative agency and organizational dynamics and policies.
Human Resource Management (HRM) in Palestine faces unique and multifaceted challenges shaped by political, economic, and sociocultural factors. This article explores these challenges, focusing on the impacts of political instability, economic constraints, and cultural dynamics on HRM practices. Drawing on recent research from 2020 to 2023, the article provides a nuanced analysis of the barriers to effective HRM in Palestine and offers insights into potential strategies for overcoming them.
Islamic Human Resource Management (IHRM) integrates the ethical and moral guidelines derived from Islamic teachings into the management of human resources. This approach emphasizes values such as justice, trust, consultation, and competence, aiming to foster a workplace environment that aligns with Islamic principles. This article explores the core principles of IHRM and their implications for contemporary organizational practices.
Islamic Human Resource Management (IHRM) integrates Islamic principles into human resource practices, aiming to foster justice, equity, and ethical conduct within organizations. This article explores the implementation of IHRM, examining its core principles, practical applications, and the challenges organizations may encounter during its adoption. The discussion is supported by recent literature from 2019 to 2023, providing a comprehensive understanding of IHRM's role in contemporary organizational settings.
Abstrait L'importance croissante du leadership éthique et de la gestion axée sur les valeurs a amplifié l'intérêt pour les approches de gestion des ressources humaines (GRH) ancrées dans la culture. La GRH islamique intègre les principes dérivés des enseignements islamiques pour favoriser l'équité, la responsabilité et le bien-être des employés dans les organisations. Cet article explore les fondements théoriques de la GRH islamique, sa mise en oeuvre dans les contextes organisationnels contemporains et son potentiel à améliorer la performance organisationnelle et la satisfaction des employés. Introduction La gestion des ressources humaines est essentielle à la réussite d'une organisation, car elle offre une approche structurée du recrutement, de la formation et de la rétention des talents. Si les cadres de gestion des ressources humaines modernes mettent souvent l'accent sur l'efficacité et la rentabilité, des modèles culturellement sensibles et fondés sur l'éthique ont gagné du terrain. La gestion des ressources humaines islamique est l'un de ces modèles, fondé sur le Coran, le Hadith et la jurisprudence islamique (Fiqh), offrant un cadre conforme aux principes éthiques et moraux. Cette approche met l'accent sur des valeurs telles que la justice (Adl), la confiance (Amanah) et la consultation mutuelle (Shura), offrant une perspective holistique de la gestion des ressources humaines. Fondements théoriques de la GRH islamique La gestion des ressources humaines islamique s'appuie sur une riche tradition d'enseignements éthiques. Trois principes fondamentaux constituent son fondement : 1. Juge (Adl) : Le Coran souligne que la justice est un principe fondamental dans les interactions sociales et économiques (Coran 4:58). En matière de gestion des ressources humaines, cela se traduit par un traitement équitable des employés, une équité dans le recrutement et les promotions, et une résolution impartiale des conflits. 2. Confiance (Amanah) : La confiance est au coeur des relations entre employés et employeurs. Les dirigeants et les gestionnaires sont considérés comme des fiduciaires (Coran 8:27), chargés de garantir le bien-être de leurs employés tout en atteignant les objectifs de l'organisation. 3. Consultation mutuelle (Choura) : Les processus de prise de décision dans la gestion des ressources humaines islamiques mettent l'accent sur la consultation (Shura) comme le prescrit le Coran (42:38). Cela
The increasing prominence of ethical leadership and value-driven management has amplified interest in culturally rooted approaches to human resource management (HRM). Islamic HRM integrates principles derived from Islamic teachings to foster fairness, accountability, and employee well-being in organizations. This paper explores the theoretical foundation of Islamic HRM, its implementation in contemporary organizational settings, and its potential to enhance organizational performance and employee satisfaction. Introduction Human resource management is central to organizational success, providing a structured approach to recruiting, training, and retaining talent. While modern HRM frameworks often emphasize efficiency and profitability, culturally sensitive and ethically grounded models have gained traction. Islamic HRM is one such model, grounded in the Quran, Hadith, and Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh), offering a framework that aligns with ethical and moral principles. This approach emphasizes values such as justice (Adl), trust (Amanah), and mutual consultation (Shura), providing a holistic perspective on managing human resources.
Abstrait Le domaine de la gestion islamique des ressources humaines (GIRH) cherche à intégrer les principes islamiques aux pratiques RH modernes. En Palestine, où l'instabilité sociopolitique, les contraintes économiques et la diversité culturelle convergent, la mise en oeuvre de la GIRH présente des défis uniques. Cet article explore la conceptualisation de la GIRH dans le contexte palestinien, en identifiant les principaux défis et en proposant des stratégies culturellement et contextuellement appropriées. En utilisant des données secondaires et des cadres islamiques, l'étude souligne l'importance d'aligner la GRH sur l'éthique islamique pour favoriser une croissance organisationnelle durable.
Astratto Il campo dell'Islamic Human Resource Management (IHRM) cerca di integrare i principi islamici con le moderne pratiche HR. In Palestina, dove convergono instabilità socio-politica, vincoli economici e diversità culturale, l'implementazione dell'IHRM presenta sfide uniche. Questo documento esplora la concettualizzazione dell'IHRM nel contesto palestinese, identificando le sfide chiave e proponendo strategie appropriate dal punto di vista culturale e contestuale. Utilizzando dati secondari e quadri islamici, lo studio sottolinea l'importanza di allineare l'HRM con l'etica islamica per promuovere una crescita organizzativa sostenibile. Introduzione La gestione delle risorse umane (HRM) è fondamentale per dare forma al successo organizzativo. Nelle società prevalentemente musulmane, c'è un crescente interesse per l'IHRM, che integra i principi basati sulla Sharia nelle pratiche delle risorse umane. La Palestina, con le sue complessità storiche, politiche ed economiche, presenta un caso unico per l'implementazione dell'IHRM. Questo articolo esamina i fondamenti teorici dell'IHRM e le sfide che deve affrontare in Palestina, proponendo soluzioni praticabili per affrontare questi problemi pur rimanendo allineati con l'etica islamica. La concettualizzazione della gestione delle risorse umane islamica L'HRM islamico si basa sui principi di giustizia, equità, fiducia e rispetto reciproco, derivati dal Corano e dalla Sunnah. A differenza dell'HRM convenzionale, che spesso enfatizza la massimizzazione del profitto, l'IHRM dà priorità alle pratiche etiche e al benessere umano. Gli elementi chiave dell'IHRM includono: 1. Trattamento equo e giustizia:Garantire un trattamento equo dei dipendenti è in linea con il principio islamico di 'adl (giustizia). 2. Responsabilità e fiducia:Mettere in risalto 'amanah (fiducia) e 'ihsan (eccellenza) nello svolgimento dei ruoli organizzativi. 3. Equilibrio tra lavoro e vita privata:Promuovere un equilibrio tra doveri professionali e obblighi personali, in linea con l'enfasi islamica sulla moderazione.
The field of Islamic Human Resource Management (IHRM) seeks to integrate Islamic principles with modern HR practices. In Palestine, where socio-political instability, economic constraints, and cultural diversity converge, implementing IHRM presents unique challenges. This paper explores the conceptualization of IHRM within the Palestinian context, identifying key challenges and proposing culturally and contextually appropriate strategies. Using secondary data and Islamic frameworks, the study emphasizes the importance of aligning HRM with Islamic ethics to foster sustainable organizational growth.
This chapter aims to explore the ethical considerations inherent in performance management, with a focus on the regional variations in ethical frameworks across different parts of the globe. Using a review of existing literature related to the ethical implications of performance evaluation practices in various regions, including America, Asia, Middle East, Europe, and Africa. By analysing the cultural and institutional factors that influence perceptions of ethics in performance management, this chapter sheds light on the differences in ethical standards and practices across different geographical regions. In addition, focuses on the ethical dilemmas faced by organizations and managers in performance evaluation processes, such as bias, fairness, transparency, and accountability. Furthermore, discuss strategies to promote fairness, integrity, and trust within organizations. By synthesizing insights from the literature this chapter provides valuable guidance to enhance the ethical dimension of performance management practices.
The objective of this chapter is to evaluate the microcredit program and also to examine the influence of several factors related to entrepreneurial capital and human capital of women-owned micro enterprise performance. The primary data were derived from a sample of 380 women entrepreneurs under AIM microcredit program with regard to six hypotheses. The sampling method used was proportionate stratified sampling for data collection. Descriptive and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings reveal that the microcredit program is significantly related to women-owned micro enterprises performance. Entrepreneurial factors have significant positive relationships with women-owned micro enterprises performance. However, factors of religious values and human capital had no significant negative relationship with performance. Future research should consider other factors such as social capital, economic factors, government support, and family involvement.
Orientation: Understanding the factors that impact on the experienced career success of Muslim women empowers Human Resource departments and organisations to enhance the active participation and advancement of Muslim women in the workplace.Research purpose: The main purpose of this article was to identify the factors influencing the experienced career success of Muslim women in the South African workplace.Motivation for the study: Numerous studies have focused on the factors influencing the career success of women in general; however, a paucity of research focuses on the factors influencing the experienced career success of Muslim women. This paper proposes the development of a framework to assist in the career advancement of Muslim women.Research approach/design and method: A quantitative descriptive and correlational research design was employed in this study using an online survey. Non-probability sampling methods were used, specifically, convenience and snowballing sampling. Data was collected from 243 respondents, including male and female across religion and occupation, but for this article, only the Muslim women cohort will be presented, n = 88. In addition, an exploratory factor analysis, descriptive analysis and Pearson moment correlations were used to analyse the data.Main findings: This study revealed that Organisational Success Strategies, Organisational Factors and Internal Factors influence the experienced success of Muslim women. Interestingly, Family and Social Factors showed no significance to the experienced success of Muslim women.Practical/managerial implications: Practical implications are twofold: (1) Muslim women are required to become active participants in their careers, and (2) organisations are required to provide an inclusive culture that supports the advancement of Muslim women.Contribution/value-add: This study contributes towards the body of knowledge specifically related to the career advancement and success of Muslim women in the South African context.
Ethics are integral to human existence, providing a framework for moral conduct and guiding individuals in navigating the complexities of life, (McIntosh, Antes, & DuBois, 2020). Within the Islamic tradition, ethics hold particular significance, shaping the moral framework of society and guiding individuals in their pursuit of virtuous behavior. (Ebrahimi & Yusoff, 2017). This research explores the deep significance of ethics in Islamic morality and education, clarifying their extensive impact on a range of Muslim facets of life. Fundamentally, Islamic ethics offer a thorough framework for directing personal conduct, forming social relationships, and developing a sense of moral obligation among Muslims. The tenets of the Qur'an, the Hadith, and the academic heritage of Islamic jurisprudence form the foundation of Islamic ethics. These texts provide enduring instruction on values that are the cornerstone of Muslim ethical behavior globally, including justice, compassion, honesty, humility, and mercy. (Mohammed, 2013). One of the key areas this study explores is how Islamic ethics inform individual behavior. By adhering to the ethical principles outlined in Islamic teachings, Muslims are encouraged to cultivate virtues and avoid vices in their daily lives. Whether in personal relationships, professional endeavors, or civic engagements, ethical ideals guide Muslims in making moral decisions and upholding righteous conduct (Tlaiss, 2014).
Purpose
This study aims to develop a comprehensive framework for Islamic social entrepreneurship (ISE) by synthesizing Islamic principles and social entrepreneurship concepts, bridging the gap between theory and practice.
Design/methodology/approach
Using a systematic literature review, this study focuses on scholarly works published from 1992 to 2023, uses thematic analysis and engages with subject experts to craft a framework for ISE.
Findings
The study identified 39 sub-dimensions grouped into 13 core dimensions. These findings highlight the multifaceted impact on ISE, emphasizing its commitment to ethical, socially responsible practices and achieving lasting social impact through collaborative, innovative approaches guided by Islamic principles.
Research limitations/implications
Limitations include regional focus, lack of longitudinal data and absence of quantitative testing for the framework. Future research should expand scope, use quantitative analysis and explore gender dynamics, policy implications and standardized impact metrics to enhance the framework’s robustness.
Practical implications
The study’s comprehensive framework aids ISE practitioners in aligning their ventures with Islamic ethics and social impact. As interest in ISE grows, particularly in Muslim-majority contexts, this research facilitates the integration of Islamic values into social entrepreneurship, addressing pressing societal challenges.
Originality/value
This study contributes to the field of ISE by proposing a meticulously crafted framework that synthesizes Islamic principles and social entrepreneurship concepts. It stands out as a unique endeavor that bridges the gap between theory and practice in ISE, offering practical guidance while enriching the scholarly discourse on the subject.
Purpose:
Islam describes business as a legitimate means of halal income. However, little is known about what attracts people towards Islamic entrepreneurship or halalpreneurship. By applying the theory of planned behaviour, this study aims to contribute to this underexplored area by investigating the factors that affect Islamic entrepreneurial intention (IEI).
Design/methodology/approach:
This study examined a mediation model using two country samples. First, the hypotheses were tested on a sample recruited from a high-income economy (i.e. Saudi Arabia) using structural equation modelling in AMOS V26. The authors then conducted a replication study to investigate the robustness of the findings using a sample recruited from a lower-middleincome economy (i.e. Bangladesh) and a different analysis technique, the PROCESS mediation model in SPSS V25.
Findings :
The findings suggest that IEI depends on four antecedents, namely, attitude towards Islamic entrepreneurship, general entrepreneurial self-efficacy, Islamic entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived halal income. These antecedents also mediate the relationship between moral judgement and IEI.
Research limitations/implications:
This study offers an empirical framework that captures several perspectives on the formation of IEI. The findings contribute to entrepreneurial intention and motivation research by suggesting factors that motivate individuals to engage in Islamic entrepreneurship.
Originality/value:
The findings imply that the framework of IEI can withstand diverse socioeconomic contexts. A novel perspective of this study is that Muslims who are motivated by perceived halal income show greater interest in becoming Islamic entrepreneurs.
The goal of this research study is to critically examine the topic of Islamic entrepreneurship from a critical standpoint. According to all most all indications, the subject of Islamic entrepreneurship received little attention. The purpose of this study is to provide some light on the subject. The findings of this study will open up new chances for future academics, government officials, and commercial companies. This research constructed by Using a mix of critical appraisal of contemporary research and empirical analysis of academics' perspectives of Islamic entrepreneurship in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A). The findings of a review of contemporary literature and survey analysis demonstrate that Islamic standards, viewpoints, practices, and so on, have a significant impact on entrepreneurship in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and elsewhere. Several research perspectives are recommended in the study. Furthermore, it may provide assistance to civic and private companies in order to promote entrepreneurship.
In light of implementing Western models to develop entrepreneurship capabilities and capital in the Arab Gulf, it has become apparent that a more nuanced and better contextually-situated approach to entrepreneurship development is recommended when dealing with such deeply traditional communities. This paper seeks to provide insight into the relationship between Western and local orientations in terms of entrepreneurship in the Sultanate of Oman. Twenty face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with contemporary Omani entrepreneurs, revealing that these Western Entrepreneurship Orientation (EO) models are perceived as potentially threatening the integrity and harmony of local communities. This perception causes partial resistance toward integrating Western dimensions of EO into the indigenous mindset. Hence, this paper strives to, firstly, identify the Omani cultural orientations that directly impact the application of Western dimensions of EO. Secondly, this paper proposes an alternative scenario for entrepreneurship development through strengthening dimensions of EO taking account of and blending with Omani cultural orientations. The paper will add to the body of literature exploring the impact of indigenous cultures on entrepreneurial orientation. Results offer recommendations to decision-makers and entrepreneurs from Oman and other countries with similar socio-cultural profiles on boosting a culture of entrepreneurship that aligns with preserving cultural heritage and local customs.
Purpose
We explore how NGO’s local entrepreneurial initiatives to empower women entrepreneurs can compensate for weak state policies for women in a context of male-dominated socio-cultural norms.
Design/methodology/approach
We use the case of a local entrepreneurial initiative launched in the Atlas region of Morocco, the Empowering Women in the Atlas Initiative (EWA). We collected data through 51 semi-structured interviews of women entrepreneurs in three cooperatives which exploit the natural resources of their region to establish a social venture. Our data are longitudinal as they were collected at two time periods: before and after the initiative.
Findings
The findings of this study suggest that local entrepreneurial initiatives can have a significant impact on rural women entrepreneurs’ empowerment. The improved perception of empowerment has not only helped them develop capacities to leverage the business opportunities linked to the natural resources of their region, but it has also increased their status and role within their family and community.
Practical implications
We make recommendations for policymakers to encourage this type of initiative to compensate for the absence of supporting policies geared toward women.
Originality/value
Our study is one of the first to look at empowerment as a policy instrument to develop women entrepreneurial activities in rural areas of developing countries. Our paper uses a unique hierarchical perspective and a multidimensional framework for analyzing social cooperative ventures and rural women entrepreneurs’ empowerment. Our paper unravels interesting insights for women entrepreneurs’ narration strategies.
The exclusion of women from the labour market continues to be one of the leading causes of poverty within the base of pyramid (BOP) labour market. Using Kabeer’s women empowerment framework, this research aggregates some support that direct selling may be a pathway to increase the inclusion of women within the BOP labour market and alleviate poverty; the complexities presented by the COVID-19 pandemic provide a unique context to test this proposition. Drawing on the social constructivist approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews with women engaged in direct selling in the BOP market in a Middle Eastern country. The study revealed four key themes throughout the participants’ narratives of their experience working in direct selling businesses within the context of COVID-19. These themes are agency, resources, achievement, and precarious work. Our study also explored how the pandemic facilitated the female labour force’s inclusion within the direct selling business in the BOP labour market. We concluded that engaging in direct selling has promoted the inclusion of women in labour markets; however, direct selling is still not considered a secure employment option, and direct sellers are exposed to poor pay, employment insecurity, and lack of employment benefits.
This chapter offers an international perspective on gender empowerment and gender diversity in Muslim majority countries. First, the chapter discusses various Islamic discourses on gender diversity and how they may affect women’s empowerment and their participation in the formal economic sector. It is followed by an empirical analysis of the state of gender empowerment and female economic activity in Muslim majority countries to highlight the impact of various discourses on gender diversity. The chapter highlights some major differences between Arab and non-Arab Muslim countries in terms of gender ideology and the corresponding implications for gender empowerment and diversity management. It also identifies some conceptual problems in the current construction of the United Nations' Gender Empowerment Measure including its emphasis on similarity not diversity of women and men.
Over the past 30 years there has been an increase in the number of women entering self-employment and business ownership driven by the political, economic and technological transformations occurring everywhere. These changes created economic opportunities for women who are willing to own and operate businesses. Middle Eastern women were no exception and increasingly they are turning into entrepreneurship at unprecedented rates and became a phenomenon that requires in-depth study and analysis. The main purpose of this research is to get a thorough and deep understanding of women entrepreneurship in the Arab countries participated in Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Cycles for 2009 and 2008. Due to the lack of literature discussing women entrepreneurship in Middle Eastern context, the research highly recommends developing theories exploring women entrepreneurs based on the particularities of MENA countries.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the opportunities of using halal regulation and certification as a mechanism for applying Islamic business ethics in contemporary world.
Design/methodology/approach
The current practices of halal regulation and certification and literature on Islamic ethics were reviewed, to identify a practical approach for Islamic business ethics.
Findings
Islam allows and accepts different levels of ethical commitment. A multi‐level Islamic ethics framework and a multi‐level halal certification approach are proposed to facilitate the implementation of Islamic business ethics in a relative context. Two major developments can enrich halal business practices: harmonization of global standards and governance structure, and integrating responsibility and ethical issues in halal standards.
Practical implications
The proposed framework and developments can enrich halal regulation and certification practice.
Originality/value
The paper emphasizes the importance of flexibility and adaptability in Islamic business ethics implementation, and proposes a new framework and approach to apply Islamic business ethics.
This study seeks to explore the variables contributing to the growth of women-owned enterprises in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Based on a previously established multivariate model, it uses two econometric approaches: first classifying variables into predetermined blocks; and second, using the general to specific approach. Statistical analyses and in-depth interviews confirm that women entrepreneurs’ personal resources and social capital have a significant role in their business growth. Further, it reveals that the moral support of immediate family, independent mobility and being allowed to meet with men play a decisive role in the sales and employment growth of women-owned enterprises in an Islamic country such as Pakistan.
Drawing upon the scant literature on women's entrepreneurship in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), this paper explores the motivations of women business owners in the country based on 10 in-depth interviews. Considering the patriarchal socio-cultural environmental context associated with the Middle East, a number of surprising dynamics are highlighted in the specific case of the UAE. Growing numbers of women graduates and businesses are observed, which suggests that the historical silence among this group is gradually being broken and that changes in government policies and the socio-cultural environment are the key drivers behind this evolution. The paper will benefit both scholars and government agencies interested in the dynamics of women's entrepreneurship in the UAE and, by extension, the Arab world.
In this article, we describe an assignment undertaken by our third-year students at a University Business School in the United Arab Emirates. The assignment serves to introduce corporate social responsibility and ethics in the undergraduate curriculum and to raise student awareness of how corporate activity together with corporate social responsibility can impact a country’s social, political, and cultural landscapes. We outline the assignment, student response to it, and its contribution to student intellectual development in terms of ethical perspective, philanthropy versus ethics, economic development, and cultural diversity. We discuss the implications of this learning experience for our students and their greater understanding of items within the United Arab Emirates government’s strategic directions, namely, creating a cohesive society and a sustainable environment.
This study presents an exploratory investigation of Emirati female entrepreneurs in the United Arab Emirates. In depth interviews with seventeen Emirati entrepreneurs were conducted exploring their motivation for establishing their own business as well as the level of support they received from within their personal social network. Findings indicate that the primary motivating factor driving Emirati women to start their own business is a desire for independence. In other words, their desire is to gain control over both their working and personal lives. Women who receive support from their male family members were less inhibited in starting their own business. Further research is needed with female non-entrepreneurs in order to better understand what barriers or inhibitors may be preventing them from becoming an entrepreneur. It is hoped that the findings of this paper will enable decision makers in the UAE to better formulate policy and support programs aimed at creating an environment more accepting of female Emirati entrepreneurs, empowering them to harness their entrepreneurial talents while at the same time satisfying the demands placed on them by both their families and society.
Islam asks the faithful to help the poor. Outlining the ideal type of this religious charity—known as the zakat—the author will analyse these alms as gifts. After identifying those who contribute and those who are eligible, he moves on to the beneficial effects of this solidarity. To assess the social mechanisms by which the community of faith is being built, the author refers throughout the article to the writings of Mauss, Sahlins and Bourdieu as regards gift giving and reciprocity. This analytical input permits him eventually to develop a triadic model of religiously-inspired charity that includes the divine protagonist who asks us to be generous.
Purpose
– This purpose of the paper to examine the interplay of constraints and opportunities affecting female entrepreneurship in developing countries. The paper integrates salient micro‐ and macro‐level perspectives and provides a rounded account of opportunities and constraints as part of a holistic interdependent system.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper adopts an integrative multi‐level research design and an interpretive research methodology, capitalizing on in‐depth interviews with ten women entrepreneurs to explore their perceptions and interpretations of constraints and opportunities facing female entrepreneurship in the Lebanese context.
Findings
– The findings presented in this paper clearly illustrate the relevance of micro‐, meso‐, and macro‐level factors in entrepreneurship research and the usefulness of integrating multiple lens and units of analysis to capture the complexity of the women entrepreneurship experience in any particular context.
Originality/value
– The value added of this research lies in adapting a framework recently popularized in the context of diversity management for use in entrepreneurship research, helping to capture in turn the dynamic interplay of multiple levels of analysis and objective/subjective factors influencing female entrepreneurship.
One of the most controversial and emotionally charged aspects of the Muslim religious resurgence has been its effect on women in Muslim societies. The essays collected in this book place the issue in its historical context and offer case studies of Muslim societies from North Africa to Southeast Asia. The volume as a whole militates against the stereotype of Muslim women as repressed, passive, and without initiative, while acknowledging the very real obstacles to women ‘s initiatives in most of these societies.
The family is perhaps the only societal institution that is conceptualized as "essential" and "natural", and its importance is emphasized by social conservatives across cultures. In this article I examine Islamic discourses on the family, their relationship to patriarchal social structures and neopatriarchal states, and implications for women's legal status and social positions. Attention is then drawn to the contradictions and challenges that patriarchy and the family have encountered from economic development, the demographic transition, legal reform, and women's increasing educational attainment in countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). I argue that the combination of declining fertility and changes to the structure of the family, along with the conservative backlash and women's activism, are signs of the crisis of Middle Eastern patriarchy.
Entrepreneurship has become firmly established as a legitimate scholarly discipline. For entrepreneurship to influence managerial practice and public policy, however, we believe there needs to be a substantive shift in the focus, content, and methods of entrepreneurship research. We discuss ways this shift could occur, highlighting the need to recognize the multiple dimensions of entrepreneurial activities-and the importance of examining the heterogeneous aspects of context and factoring them into future theory building and testing efforts-and delineating the microfoundations of entrepreneurship. We also discuss how to strengthen the link between entrepreneurship research and public policy.
Monumental changes are taking place in the Arab Middle East, raising hopes that political and economic freedoms will take hold in this troubled region. Citizens of this region have the opportunity to choose political ideologies that can fuel innovation and entrepreneurship, which ultimately can transform their economies and improve their quality of life. They will also have to connect with the rest of the world to attract talent, capital, new technology, and modern systems of management and organization. In this article, I sketch out some of these changes and the opportunities they offer management scholars. I also outline the key challenges scholars are likely to encounter and how to address them.
Introduction The Legal Status of Women in Islam Islam and Women's Education Marriage in Islam Women and the Question of Polygamy in Islam Female Circumcision: Religious Obligation or Cultural Deviation? Islam and Women's Inheritance The Dissolution of Marriage in Islam Women and Political Action Conclusion Bibliography Index
This article, arising from a research project to study the practice of organized charity in comparative perspective, reviews the grounding in the Quran of the precept of obligatory alms (zakat), which has been much emphasized in late twentieth-century Islamic discourse, sometimes in opposition to Islamic governments. Zakat is closely linked with prayer, and is held to `purify' both givers and the wealth which they give. How zakat should be levied and to whom it should be disbursed are analysed both as religious teaching and as actual practice in a number of Muslim societies today, particularly Jordan and the West Bank. After briefly considering the extent to which the tradition is specific to Islam, the article concludes by noting that every charitable tradition belongs to an ideologique (to some extent serving the interest of the benefactors) as well as being a source of moral imperatives. These tensions may be observed today in the voluntary sector in Jordan.
001.001 In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. 001.002 Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, 001.003 The Beneficent, the Merciful. 001.004 Master of the Day of Judgment, 001.005 Thee (alone) we worship; Thee (alone) we ask for help. 001.006 Show us the straight path, 001.007 The path of those whom Thou hast favoured; Not the (path) of those who earn Thine anger nor of those who go astray. 002.001 Alif. Lam. Mim. 002.002 This is the Scripture whereof there is no doubt, a guidance unto those who ward off (evil). 002.003 Who believe in the Unseen, and establish worship, and spend of that We have bestowed upon them; 002.004 And who believe in that which is revealed unto thee (Muhammad) and that which was revealed before thee, and are certain of the Hereafter. 002.005 These depend on guidance from their Lord. These are the successful. 002.006 As for the Disbelievers, Whether thou warn them or thou warn them not it is all one for them; they believe not. 002.007 Allah hath sealed their hearing and their hearts, and on their eyes there is a covering. Theirs will be an awful doom. 002.008 And of mankind are some who say: We believe in Allah and the Last Day, when they believe not. 002.009 They think to beguile Allah and those who believe, and they beguile none save themselves; but they perceive not. 002.010 In their hearts is a disease, and Allah increaseth their disease. A painful doom is theirs because they lie. 002.011 And when it is said unto them: Make not mischief in the earth, they say: We are peacemakers only. 002.012 Are not they indeed the mischief-makers ? But they perceive not. 002.013 And when it is said unto them: believe as the people believe, they say: shall we believe as the foolish believe ? are not they indeed the foolish ? But they know not. 002.014 And when they fall in with those who believe, they say: We believe; but when they go apart to their devils they declare: Lo! we are with you; verily we did but mock. 002.015 Allah (Himself) doth mock them, leaving them to wander blindly on in their contumacy. 002.016 These are they who purchase error at the price of guidance, so their commerce doth not prosper, neither are they guided. 002.017 Their likeness is as the likeness of one who kindleth fire, and when it sheddeth its light around him Allah taketh away their light and leaveth them in darkness, where they cannot see, 002.018 Deaf, dumb and blind; and they return not.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to draw a portrait of training and development ideals and practices from the Islamic point of view.
Design/methodology/approach
This is a conceptual paper. The paper reviews the relevant literature on training and development from an Islamic perspective portraying the interface between ideals and practices of training and development in Islam in order to bridge a gap in the extant literature.
Findings
The literature that deals with training and development in Islam seems to belong to two major categories: essays espousing a broad perspective and including catch‐all concepts or other generic Islamic principles; and studies addressing human resource management in Islam that mainly examine training and development from a narrow perspective. The findings of this limited body of literature are far from being consistent as they seem contradictory in nature. Simultaneously, in the area of training and professional development, Islam emphasizes practical wisdom and translating theoretical insights into behaviors and practices rather than solely relying on theoretical principles.
Research limitations/implications
The literature review is not detailed due to the dearth of information on training and development from an Islamic perspective.
Practical implications
Training and learning methods from the Islamic tradition can provide constructive contribution to workplace practices as well as benefit organizations that anticipate offering efficient and effective custom‐designed training methods to best meet the training needs of their Muslim employees.
Originality/value
The present contribution is a unique synthesis of the literature related to the application of Islamic principles in training and professional development.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the leadership style of Muhammad (p) within a character‐centric framework as a useful alternative to the transactional, self‐centered model and the value‐neutral transformational approach that currently permeate business management. The author differentiates such perspectives from the character‐centered, moral approach to leadership suggested by the Qur’an and modeled by Muhammad (p), and proposes that this approach may be of practical use to CEOs.
Design/methodology/approach
A conceptual, comparative discussion of Muhammad's leadership style based on the primary Islamic sources is shown to have practical implications for the leadership process in management.
Findings
The current malaise in business leadership can be resolved by a new focus on character and on virtues.
Practical implications
The character‐centered, moral approach of Muhammad provides exemplars of virtues and behaviors that, if emulated by CEOs, may help pre‐empt potentially self‐serving, individualistic and narcissistic tendencies.
Originality/value
The leadership model of Muhammad has been applied to a number of arenas before, but this is the first attempt at explicating the Qur’anic emphasis on the role‐modeling aspects of his character ( khuluqin azeem ). When fully expounded, it is likely to offer a more virtue‐centric alternative to transactional and/or transformational approaches to leadership and their associated relativistic values.
A realist approach to social science method, offering an alternative to both positivism and idealism, providing both the philosophical justifications and the implications for doing research in social science.
In recent years, the study of entrepreneurship and small business has witnessed an emerging body of research that operates within an interpretive paradigm. In contributing to this research tradition, this article explicates an interpretive, phenomenological form of inquiry, described by Thompson et al. (1989) as the ‘phenomenological interview’. Particular attention is paid to the ontological and epistemological foundations of this qualitative approach, illustrating the evolution from philosophy to methodology. The article demonstrates how a phenomenological commitment to research translates into a set of issues that provide the methodological context for these in-depth, unstructured interviews. The application of this method is then demonstrated with reference to case study research conducted with six practising entrepreneurs, which utilized phenomenological interviews as the primary research tool. The article concludes with a discussion of some important caveats that surround the use of the phenomenological interview.
This special edition editorial notes the complex and dynamic nature of the new venture creation process. Although the growing body of work which explores discrete elements of this process is acknowledged, in-depth analyses of the ‘black box’ of new venture creation remain scarce. Thus, this special edition features articles that recognize and explore how entrepreneurial actors and their ventures progress within and between the various phases necessary to establish viable new firms within differing and uncertain contexts. Three articles are featured offering a diverse range of perspectives upon the challenges encountered during new venture creation and the strategies adopted to address these issues. Drawing from these articles, a more nuanced processual view of entrepreneurial activity in the venture creation and development process is presented and in addition, pathways are suggested for future research to develop this debate.
Within developing and disadvantaged economies, women’s self-employment has been identified as a tool to assist in alleviating poverty and empowering individual women. To explore these arguments, this article considers the experiences of Palestinian women who operate home-based enterprises within conservative patriarchal families. Empirically, we drew upon a study of 43 home-based female embroiderers, all members of the ‘1967 displaced Palestinian community’ now living in Amman, Jordan. From the evidence, it emerges that although these women make a critical contribution to family incomes, their entrepreneurial activities are constructed around the preservation of the traditional family form such that while some degree of empowerment is attained, challenges to embedded patriarchy are limited.
Previous research suggests that an uncritical import of a Western notion of equal employment opportunity to non-Western contexts, particularly to Muslim majority countries, may be problematic because of significant socio-cultural and historical differences. This article argues that one possible approach to developing a context-specific framework for equal opportunity in Muslim countries is through an in depth engagement with Islamic scholarship on social and religious reforms. For that purpose, the article revisits some of the ideas of Muhammad Iqbal, the renowned philosopher–poet of British India and the ‘national poet’ of Pakistan. The article offers an analysis of Iqbal's 1928 lectures in an attempt to understand the history of Muslim feminism in the Indian subcontinent and explore a possible future direction for equal opportunity in Pakistan.
Are some religions more conducive to creating entrepreneurial personalities than others? The question has been long debated with reference to the prin cipal religions of the world. Most works discussing this issue have confined themselves to analysing the basic tenets of concerned religions; few have drawn on historical data, indicating the actual behaviour pattern of the fol lowers of these religions. This paper looks at the ideology of Islam as well as the historical experiences of Islamic societies to dispel the popular notion that the Islamic tenets are inherently anti-entrepreneurial.
Knowledge production in entrepreneurship requires inclusivity as well as diversity and pluralism in research perspectives and approaches. In this article, the authors address concerns about interpretivist research regarding validity, reliability, objectivity, generalizability, and communicability of results that militate against its more widespread acceptance. Following the nonfoundationalist argument that all observation is theory-laden, context specific, and that there are no external criteria against which to assess research design and execution and the data produced, the authors propose that quality must be internalized within the underlying research philosophy rather than something to be tested upon completion. This requires a shift from the notion of validity as an outcome to validation as a process. To elucidate this, they provide a guiding framework and present a case illustration that will assist an interpretivist entrepreneurship researcher to establish and demonstrate the quality of their work.
This article discusses how female entrepreneurs of Moroccan and Turkish origin in the Netherlands construct their ethnic, gender and entrepreneurial identities in relation to their Muslim identity. We contribute to theory development on the interrelationship of work identities with gender, ethnicity and religion through an intersectional analysis of these women's gender and ethnic identities within their entrepreneurial contexts and in relation to their Muslim identity. We draw on four narratives to illustrate how the women interviewed perform creative boundary work at these hitherto under-researched intersections. Islam is employed as a boundary to let religious norms and values prevail over cultural ones and to make space for individualism, honour and entrepreneurship. Moreover, different individual religious identities are crafted to stretch the boundaries of what is allowed for female entrepreneurs in order to resist traditional, dogmatic interpretations of Islam. Our study contributes to studies on entrepreneurship by showing how these female entrepreneurs gain agency at the crossroads of gender, ethnicity and religion.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine entrepreneurship in Egypt, an Islamic society in transition to a free market, and makes general comparisons with entrepreneurship in the United States, a secular society with a highly developed market economy.
Design/methodology/approach
American and Egyptian entrepreneurial differences are discussed within a number of themes related to cultural and environmental factors: the transition to a free market including transparency; money and its cultural meanings; locus of control; attitude towards risk; and work‐life equilibrium.
Findings
This paper argues that social and economic changes and environmental adversity, such as competition, which accompany the transition to a free market, create pressure on the emergent market (Egypt) to adopt a model of environment that is hospitable to entrepreneurs who seek to create new organizations or implement change through new organizational and programmatic initiatives.
Practical implications
Managers in an emergent market who are trying to improve competitiveness and efficiency should be aware of how most people from specific cultures value money, and also be aware of cultural differences with regard to the importance and the role of money.
Originality/value
It may be that insufficient attention is given to the relationship between entrepreneurial characteristics and national culture, as well as structural elements influenced by or directly related to culture. This paper attempts to bring some light to this issue.
