Article

The effect of music on eating behavior

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Abstract

The effects of music tempo on number of bites per minute and total time of meal were studied. Eleven subjects unknowingly participated in the study. Three music conditions were used: fast tempo, slow tempo, and no music. A significant increase in the number of bites per minute was found; the effect was largest for fast-tempo music, which suggests arousal as a possible mediator. No difference was found in total time of meal. A questionnaire revealed no evidence that subjects were aware of the music.

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... Studies have also shown that differences in music tempo can affect food intake. Slow-tempo music has been shown to increase eating time and help control food intake (Caldwell and Hibbert, 1999;Matheisen et al., 2020), while faster-tempo music has been shown to increase the volume of water consumption (McElrea and Standing, 1992;Roballey et al., 1985). Many of these studies have reported decreased food consumption in eating-out settings, such as fast-food joints and restaurants. ...
... The pitch remained consistent across all three conditions. Many similar studies (North et al., 2003;Roballey et al., 1985) have featured a no-music condition; however, one study (McElrea and Standing, 1992) only examined the differences across various music tempo conditions. We chose the latter method because we also aimed to examine the differences associated with simple variations in music tempo. ...
... Our study is important as it simulated a real-life eating scenario. Our results, which showed a decrease in food intake and slower eating in the fast condition compared to the moderate condition, contrast with the findings of Roballey et al. (1985), who reported that fast-tempo music increases eating speed and slow-tempo music does not slow it down. The results suggest that there may be a proportional relationship between music tempo and food intake and eating speed, within a certain range of tempo. ...
Article
Background The effects of the different tempos of background music (BGM) on food intake and eating speed have not been fully studied. Aim The study aimed to investigate the influence of changing the tempo of BGM during meals on food intake and to explore strategies to support appropriate eating behavior. Methods Twenty-six healthy young adult women participated in this study. In the experimental phase, each participant ate a meal under three separate conditions: fast (120% speed), moderate (original, 100% speed), and slow (80% speed) BGM. The same music was used for each condition, and appetite before and after eating, the amount of food consumed, and eating speed were recorded. Results The results showed that food intake (g, mean ± standard error (SE)) was slow: 317.9 ± 22.2, moderate: 400.7 ± 16.0, and fast: 342.9 ± 22.0. Eating speed (g/s, mean ± SE) was slow: 28.1 ± 2.8, moderate: 34.2 ± 2.7, and fast: 27.2 ± 2.4. The analysis showed that the moderate condition showed greater speed than the fast and slow conditions (slow–fast: p = .008; moderate–slow: p = .012; moderate–fast: p = .004). Moreover, the food intake in the moderate condition was significantly higher than that in the slow and fast conditions (moderate–slow: p < .001; moderate–fast: p < .001), and there was no significant difference between the slow and fast conditions in this regard (p = .077). Conclusion These results suggest that original tempo BGM led to higher food intake compared to the faster and slower tempo conditions. These findings suggest that listening to music at an original tempo during meals may support appropriate eating behavior.
... With regards to background music, faster tempo is believed to increase arousal, resulting in activities being carried out more quickly (Smith & Curnow, 1966). Evidence supporting this hypothesis has been found in several studies where fast music consistently has been associated with faster eating and drinking, while slower music has been linked to more time spent eating and longer mealtimes (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999, 2002Mathiesen et al., 2020;McElrea & Standing, 1992;Roballey et al., 1985). A recent study demonstrated that subjects spent more time eating small pieces of chocolate when slow music was playing, compared to fast music (Mathiesen et al., 2020). ...
... Whilst important to keep in mind these potential inconsistencies, it is relevant to note that the above-mentioned study reflects a preoccupation with the intensity rather than the type or composition of the sound. Thus, our first hypothesis seeks to validate the findings by Mathiesen et al. (2020); McElrea and Standing (1992); Roballey et al. (1985) that: H1. Fast music will increase eating speed and reduce meal duration, whereas the opposite will hold true for slow music. ...
... Existing research has established a positive relationship between the presence of music and food intake (Kaiser et al., 2016;Stroebele & De Castro, 2004;Stroebele & de Castro, 2006), and between music tempo and consumption speed (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999, 2002McElrea & Standing, 1992;Roballey et al., 1985). However, what has not yet been examined is whether differences in music tempo or the presence of any type of sound is the more plausible explanation for longer meal duration and potential intake. ...
Article
The interplay between external auditory cues in the eating environment and cognitive processes, such as distraction, may influence food intake, but how and the degree to which they do is unclear. We report an experiment designed to investigate the effects of different sonic atmospheres on meal duration, food intake and evaluations, and responses to the sonic eating environment. In a quasi-naturalistic cafeteria setting, participants (N = 248) were eating a lunch meal whilst being in one of four conditions: slow music, fast music, cafeteria noise, and silence. The results revealed that participants eating their lunch while exposed to some kind of background sound spent more time on their meal than those eating in silence. In terms of music tempo, slow music prolonged meal duration compared to fast music, but did not lead to increased intake. The appropriateness and liking of the sonic atmosphere were positively correlated with the overall pleasantness of the eating experience and liking of the food. The findings provide support for existing evidence documenting the importance of ambient sound in relation to food experiences and provide further insights into how individuals perceive and respond to sonic meal environments. Results are discussed in terms of recommendations for future design of eating environments in different contexts.
... In the presence of high tempo songs, a higher intake of foods has been observed [41][42][43]. Tempo has also been related to the speed of food intake, which is relevant to the volume of food consumed [44]. For example, people are likely to drink faster when listening to fast-tempo music [45], and chewing intensity, namely, the number of bites, can also increase with higher tempo music [42]. ...
... Tempo has also been related to the speed of food intake, which is relevant to the volume of food consumed [44]. For example, people are likely to drink faster when listening to fast-tempo music [45], and chewing intensity, namely, the number of bites, can also increase with higher tempo music [42]. Conversely, when people are exposed to music with a slower tempo, they tend to eat more slowly and pay more in restaurants [41,46]. ...
... For example, neither volume nor speed of music appeared to have an effect on food intake, consistent with the results of a prior study [12]. Previous studies which have reported significant effects of volume and speed of music on food intake were mainly conducted in a restaurant environment [33,[41][42][43]. In contrast, the studies included in our meta-analysis were conducted primarily in private locations or laboratories (see [11,12,37]). ...
Article
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Food intake has been shown to be related to several environmental factors including the presence of music. However, previous findings of the relationship between music and food intake are inconsistent. In the present study, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively review the extent to which music is associated with food intake as well as to investigate potential moderators that might have contributed to the heterogeneity of the existing findings. Literature was searched on four databases (i.e., PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses) and Google Scholar. Nine articles published from 1989 to 2020 met our inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis was carried out via a three-level random-effects model. The overall effect size (i.e., Hedges’ g) was 0.19 (95% Confidence Interval: −0.003, 0.386; SE = 0.10, t = 1.99, p = 0.054), indicating a marginally significant but small effect size. Body Mass Index (F(1, 21) = 5.11, p = 0.035) was found to significantly contribute to the heterogeneity of effect sizes, with larger positive effects of music on food intake for individuals with higher BMI. However, music-related features did not significantly moderate the relationship between music and food intake. More experimental studies are needed to update the current meta-analysis and get a better understanding of this topic.
... Looking specifically on the role of music tempo on meal duration or intake rate, previous research consistently reveals a relationship between the tempo of the music and the time spent eating. In a pioneering study on the subject of consumption rate, Roballey et al. (1985) investigated the role of music tempo on number of bites per minute. The authors argued that eating speed increased with the presence of background music for the 11 subjects observed in a cafeteria setting. ...
... The authors argued that eating speed increased with the presence of background music for the 11 subjects observed in a cafeteria setting. They subsequently suggested that fast-tempo music increased the average number of bites per minute, compared to slower music, possibly due to an arousal effect, thus directly affecting time spent eating (Roballey et al., 1985). In a 1986 study, Milliman concluded that customers in a restaurant took more time completing their meals while listening to slower music than those listening to faster music (Milliman, 1986). ...
... The first objective is to develop a robust and implicit methodology for measuring eating speed, where participants eat identical foods in identical sound conditions, obscuring that eating time is recorded. Combining the results of the literature reported above, the present study seeks to replicate the findings by Roballey et al. (1985), Caldwell and Hibbert (1999), and McElrea and Standing (1992) that musical tempo influences eating speed. ...
Article
Recent research has shown that eating behaviour is not only influenced by factors associated with the individual alone (e.g. psychological/physiological states) but also by the external factors determining the surrounding environment in which one eats (e.g. lighting, colour, temperature, or music). The present research examines the extent to which specific musical properties, namely tempo and articulation, influence eating duration. Two experiments were conducted in which participants tasted and evaluated pieces of chocolate under the influence of different sound conditions. The participants were not aware that they were being timed while eating. For Experiment 1, two versions of the same composition were created with contrasting tempo and articulation. The results showed that eating time was significantly longer in the slow + legato music condition, compared to the fast + staccato music condition. In Experiment 2, we extended the scope of the research question to investigate the relative influence of tempo and articulation, and thus included three additional sound conditions: silence, slow + staccato, and fast + legato music. Overall results revealed a significant main effect of tempo on eating duration as well as an interaction effect between music tempo and articulation. Eating duration was longer with slower tempo, and legato articulation further increased eating time but only when the music had slower tempo. In addition, the presence of music, regardless of style, significantly increased participants’ eating duration compared to eating in silence. Combined, the results from these experiments confirm that music could be employed as a contextual cue to modulate eating speed contributing to healthier eating behaviours such as eating more slowly and consuming less food.
... Regarding the music tempo, various research has shown that consumer behaviours tend to align with the tempo of the background music (Knoeferle et al., 2017;Roballey et al., 1985). Participants in laboratory tests showed increased drinking speed when exposed to high-tempo music, instead of low-tempo music. ...
... When we try to see the possible explanation behind the significant effect of a music soundtrack, the juice sweetness enhancement, out of all the flavour, is what people like the most (Roballey et al., 1985). Current results also showed that there is a positive correlation between juice liking and juice sweetness. ...
Article
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There has been a recent growth of interest in understanding whether sound (specifically music) in the dining environment can enhance the taste perception of food and drink. Most of the previous research within the music-taste association utilized music soundtracks which were specifically designed to correspond to taste characteristics, for example, sweet taste/sweet music or sour taste/sour music. However, only a few studies have focused on the effect of each music attribute on aroma and taste. Moreover, freshness and thickness, as an oral somatosensory aspect, are concepts that lack the multisensory research of their sensory perception. This study investigated the effect of music on the taste of orange juice in a multisensory and controlled indoor environment laboratory (Sens i-Lab). In this current study, participants tasted orange juice samples while listening to eight music soundtracks and one silent sound. The music soundtracks were designed by combining two levels in each of three sonic attributes: Articulation (Legato, Staccato), Tempo (70 and 120 Bpm), and Pitch (Low, High). Overall, results showed that the variety in music attributes influences the orange juice about aroma, sweetness, sourness, bitterness, freshness, and thickness perceptions. The findings of this research can contribute to the development of multisensory design strategies for interactive design innovation in the context of food service. Moreover, the music stimuli in the dining experience can exalts the sensory perception of food and beverage as a part of creative gastronomic experience.
... For example, Milliman (1982) found that people spent more money with slower music because they walked at a slower pace and spent more time in the store overall. Similarly, Roballey et al. (1985) found that diners took more bites per minute with fast music compared to no music or slow music, and thus spent less time in a restaurant and spent less money. Knoferle et al. (2012) found that store sales based on tempo did not vary for music in a major mode, but customers spent more money when music in a minor mode was accompanied by slow music. ...
... In regards to tempo, our findings of a musical tempo and product speed relationship are in line with previous research showing tempo effects on consumer behavior (Knoferle et al., 2012;Milliman, 1982;Oakes & North, 2006;Roballey et al., 1985) and action speed (Brodsky, 2001;Edworthy & Waring, 2006) by suggesting that product perceptions can also be influenced by advertisement tempo. Similarly, our findings showing an association between product durability and trombone timbre highlight previous work showing the importance of musical ''fit'' between a given timbre and advertisement messages (Flynn et al., 2022;Melzner & Raghubir, 2019;Oakes & North, 2006). ...
Article
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In three studies, we investigated how the pitch, tempo, and timbre of music can influence perception of an advertised product’s features. To do so, we created radio advertisements where either the pitch, tempo, or timbre of the music was manipulated. Participants were then asked several questions regarding their perception of the advertised products. Across all three studies, changing the pitch of the music did not change perceptions of an advertised sandwich’s size. However, by drawing participants’ attention specifically to the music (either by asking questions about the musical features in the ads or by playing both versions of the music with the ads for comparison), we found that faster tempo music led to the perception that sneakers would help the wearer run faster and that a trombone (as opposed to flute) timbre led to the perception of a more durable laptop. Together these results show that although features of music can influence product perceptions, the influence is minimal without emphasizing the music or ensuring participants’ attention to the relevant features.
... High-arousal music tends to activate related knowledge structures concerning it, which in turn primes the selection of a product associated with high arousal, such as coffee. This proposition is supported by previous findings indicating that high-arousal music influences behavior, for example, increases activity (e.g., McElrea & Standing, 1992;Milliman, 1982Milliman, , 1986Roballey et al., 1985;Smith & Curnow, 1966). Moreover, it has been shown that coffee, in general, is consumed more often by younger adults than older ones (Grigg, 2002), who are considered less physically active. ...
... According to the musical congruity hypothesis, music of an arousing nature would tend to activate related knowledge structures concerning it, which in turn would prime the selection of products associated with high arousal, such as coffee. This hypothesis has been supported by previous findings showing that high-arousal music influences behavior, often by stimulating activity (e.g., McElrea & Standing, 1992;Milliman, 1982Milliman, , 1986Roballey et al., 1985;Smith & Curnow, 1966). ...
Article
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Coffee is a tremendously popular beverage throughout the world. According to recent studies, consumption of this caffeinated drink is influenced, inter alia, by variables related to store atmosphere, including background music. Findings in this regard, however, have been rather limited and ambiguous, and raise the question of whether music style, specifically classical versus pop, influences coffee purchase likelihood. In four studies, the authors sought to address this question, finding a positive correlation between music arousal level and coffee purchase likelihood, regardless of music style (classical or pop). In other words, an increase in music arousal level appears to enhance coffee purchase likelihood. The results, thereby, support the music congruity hypothesis. The article concludes with a discussion of research and managerial implications as well as directions for future research.
... Studies focusing on temporal factors have also apply this theory and indicated that musical tempo links directly with arousal changes and, as a result, affects the speed of activities. For instance, in a study on eating speed, Roballey et al. (1985) claimed that the arousal effect was the main cause of an increase in the average number of bites per minute when listening to faster music. In study of Mayfield and Moss (1989), he also explained that rock music made the participants feel more hurried, and they worked faster as a result. ...
... Cognitive performance, therefore, is not significantly better when listening to fast music. This result was in contrast to those of some previous studies on driving speed (Brodsky, 2001), eating speed (Roballey et al., 1985), physical speed (Mayfield and Moss, 1989;Flint, 2010), and decision-making accuracy (Day et al., 2009). For example, Day et al. explored the effects of musical tempo and task difficulty on multi-attribute decision-making by using eye-tracking. ...
Article
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The effects of musical tempo on cognitive processing speed were investigated, and the mediating effect of arousal was empirically tested. In an experiment, participants were divided into fast tempo, slow tempo, and no-music groups and completed three cognitive processing speed tests measuring motor speed, visuospatial processing speed, and linguistic processing speed. The results indicated a significant effect of musical tempo on processing speed and task performance in all three tasks. The slow-tempo group exhibited slower processing speed and worse performance than the no-music group in all three tasks. The fast tempo group displayed no significant difference in processing speed or performance compared with the no-music group. In the linguistic processing task, those who listened to slow-tempo music had better accuracy than those in the other conditions. Arousal did not mediate the relationship between musical tempo and cognitive processing speed.
... Due to the fact that eating is an intrinsic human routine and is affected by the manipulating cognitions present at the time of an eating period (Schachter & Gross, 1968), studies evaluating the influence of music on food intake have also attracted attention. Previous studies examining the effects of instrumental, nonclassical music on eating behavior have confirmed the hypothesis that fast tempo music (122 ± 19.6 mean beats per minute [bpm]) results in increased eating speed (mean 4.40 ± 1.57 bites/min; Roballey et al., 1985) and, likewise, fast music played on a piano (132 bpm) decreased drinking time (McElrea & Standing, 1992). In a different study, it was reported that when slow-tempo music was played, customers stayed at a restaurant longer than when fast music was played (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999). ...
... Other studies that reported significantly increased food or Figure 1. Continued drink intake with different background music genres or volumes appear to have been conducted in natural settings (McElrea & Standing, 1992;Roballey et al., 1985). A recent systematic review and meta-analysis that included studies conducted primarily in private locations or laboratories also reported that music-related features such as volume, tempo, and genre did not show a moderating effect between music and food intake (Cui et al., 2021). ...
Article
This study was designed to investigate whether background music genre and volume can alter energy intake, short-term satiety, and mood states in women with normal body weight. Participants ( N = 35) were tested using a randomized, crossover design consisting of five conditions: the control day on which no music was playing (CON), 60-dB Western classical (60 dB C), 80-dB Western classical (80 dB C), 60-dB rock (60 dB R), and 80-dB rock (80 dB R) music. The four music conditions were from 15 min before lunch and during an ad libitum lunch until the end of the meal. The participants were first asked to report visual analog scale (VAS) scores on sensory outcomes, lunch was served, and the energy intake of the individuals and their profile of mood states (POMS) were measured. Overall, mean VAS scores were similar between the groups on all of the test days ( p > .05). Listening to different music genres and volumes did not exert a significant effect on energy intake ( p > .05). The only mood state that differed significantly was confusion-bewilderment ( p = .017). Neither music genre nor volume influence short-term energy intake and satiety-related VAS outcomes.
... Due to the fact that eating is an intrinsic human routine and is affected by the manipulating cognitions present at the time of an eating period (Schachter & Gross, 1968), studies evaluating the influence of music on food intake have also attracted attention. Previous studies examining the effects of instrumental, nonclassical music on eating behavior have confirmed the hypothesis that fast tempo music (122 ± 19.6 mean beats per minute [bpm]) results in increased eating speed (mean 4.40 ± 1.57 bites/min; Roballey et al., 1985) and, likewise, fast music played on a piano (132 bpm) decreased drinking time (McElrea & Standing, 1992). In a different study, it was reported that when slow-tempo music was played, customers stayed at a restaurant longer than when fast music was played (Caldwell & Hibbert, 1999). ...
... Other studies that reported significantly increased food or Figure 1. Continued drink intake with different background music genres or volumes appear to have been conducted in natural settings (McElrea & Standing, 1992;Roballey et al., 1985). A recent systematic review and meta-analysis that included studies conducted primarily in private locations or laboratories also reported that music-related features such as volume, tempo, and genre did not show a moderating effect between music and food intake (Cui et al., 2021). ...
Article
This study was designed to investigate whether background music genre and volume can alter energy intake, short-term satiety, and mood states in women with normal body weight. Participants (N = 35) were tested using a randomized, crossover design consisting of five conditions: the control day on which no music was playing (CON), 60-dB Western classical (60 dB C), 80-dB Western classical (80 dB C), 60-dB rock (60 dB R), and 80-dB rock (80 dB R) music. The four music conditions were from 15 min before lunch and during an ad libitum lunch until the end of the meal. The participants were first asked to report visual analog scale (VAS) scores on sensory outcomes, lunch was served, and the energy intake of the individuals and their profile of mood states (POMS) were measured. Overall, mean VAS scores were similar between the groups on all of the test days (p > .05). Listening to different music genres and volumes did not exert a significant effect on energy intake (p > .05). The only mood state that differed significantly was confusion-bewilderment (p = .017). Neither music genre nor volume influence short-term energy intake and satiety-related VAS outcomes.
... In a study conducted for this purpose, a significant effect of the tempo of the music on the total eating time was not detected. However, it has been observed that the number of bites per minute increases at a fast tempo, therefore music affects the eating speed (Roballey et al., 1985). Milliman (1986) also stated in his research that slow-tempo music -perhaps because it creates a relaxing atmosphere-prolongs the stay in the restaurant and leads to the consumption of more alcoholic beverages. ...
... In this way, this study differs from the results found in certain studies in the literature that measure the tempo of the music and the eating time and length of stay in the restaurant. For example, Roballey et al. (1985) observed that the number of bites per minute increases at fast-tempo music, and thus the tempo of the music affects the eating time. Although the number of bites per minute was not measured in this study, no significant difference was observed in the total eating time. ...
Article
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The effect of musical tempo on eating and drinking behavior is a controversial subject. In this study, the effects of musical tempo on eating time under different conditions (with no-music, fasttempo music, and slow-tempo music) have been studied. The same menu (including meat, rice, and garnish) has been served to 30 participants selected with the snowball sampling model, and their eating times have been measured under three different conditions. At the same time, their emotional engagement, memory, cognitive load, and attention levels have been measured with the data obtained from EEG and GSR devices. The results have shown that the musical tempo has no significant effect on the participants' eating time and neurometric parameters.
... Previous research has shown that background music can influence caloric intake [35,[48][49][50]. In our study, we developed novel music incorporating various components such as frequency, BPM, tempo, genre, noise, and major/minor key, building on several previous studies on appetite reduction. ...
Article
PURPOSE: Calorie consumption is subject to several external influences, including the type of music being listened to. However, previous studies on the relationship between music and caloric intake have yielded inconsistent results. To gain a deeper understanding of this phenomenon, this study conducted a systematic review and an additional pilot study with the aim of identifying the influence of music on caloric intake and satiety and evaluating the practical implementation of these findings.METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, and PQDT databases. Eleven articles published between 2010 and 2023 met the inclusion criteria. This pilot study included 42 healthy women who consumed meals under two auditory conditions: background music and silence.RESULTS: This systematic review demonstrated that exposure to novel music can reduce calorie intake and consumption of salt-containing foods, a finding that is supported by the existing literature and prior studies. A pilot study further validated these findings by demonstrating that individuals exposed to background music exhibited reduced calorie intake and increased satiety compared to those in a silent environment.CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that background music, especially novel music, aligned with eating habits, may effectively reduce calorie consumption and promote feelings of fullness. This study highlights the potential of background music as a subtle approach for promoting healthier eating habits.
... -Sentido del oído: los sonidos percibidos estimulan el estado de ánimo, sentimientos y emociones, (López, 2015), es por ello que la música y la melodía influyen en los comportamientos del ser humano y en la adquisición de productos y servicios (Roballey et al., 1985). Los sonidos son los principales medios que tiene el ser humano para comunicarse y reconocer el entorno, ayudan a crear imágenes mentales y sensaciones que tratan de poner en contexto lo narrado como una historia mitológica, generando en el oyente emociones, aprendizajes, reflexiones y recuerdos que se concluyen en experiencias vividas (Meneses, 2012). ...
Article
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Gran parte de las investigaciones alrededor de la experiencia turística han centrado su énfasis en el carácter económico desde la propuesta de Pine y Gilmore (2001), dada la naturaleza de este producto de consumo y la respuesta efectiva a las necesidades del turista, desconociendo a actores fundamentales, como el territorio y al anfitrión. Después de realizar un análisis documental descriptivo, teórico y de prácticas desarrolladas en la temática, junto con trabajo de campo con los propietarios de las Haciendas Coloniales y Republicanas del Cauca, así como la encuesta realizada a 144 visitantes de la Ciudad de Popayán, las autoras se plantean como objetivo crear una propuesta metodológica integral para el diseño de las experiencias turísticas de las Haciendas Coloniales y Republicanas del Departamento del Cauca, en el que se vincula al territorio, al turista y al anfitrión, debido a que se identificó en los resultados que las experiencias se generan gracias a las interacciones socio territoriales (turista destino) y socioculturales (turista-anfitrión); es así como el turismo aporta no solo desde lo económico sino también desde lo personal, social, y ambiental; generando en cada actor respeto, protección y valoración por los territorios, tradiciones y sociedades.
... Slow-tempo music can also prolong service time, improve customer retention and increase overall sales volume (Milliman, 1986). In contrast, a fast tempo can accelerate the rate at which diners take bites per minute (Roballey et al., 1985) and reduce drinking time (McElrea and Standing, 1992). Tempo affects arousal ratings, behavioral intentions, approach/avoidance tendencies and browsing habits (Eroglu et al., 2005). ...
Article
Purpose – This paper aims to provide a comprehensive framework on how and when musical elements such as keys, complexity, tempo and volume influence consumers’ mood, attention, information recall, product evaluation and purchase decisions in the context of retail therapy. Design/methodology/approach – This paper builds on a critical literature review to develop a conceptual framework and formulate relevant propositions, leveraging self-regulation and self-control theories. Findings – Through our analysis of these studies, we found that in musical retail therapy, minor keys paired with high complexity can intensify negative moods and negative product evaluation. Conversely, major keys combined with low complexity can moderate negative and positive moods, leading to positive product evaluations. We argue that high tempo and high volume can invoke high arousal and low impulse control, leading to low attention and low recall. This subsequently moderates the negative mood, resulting in weak negative product evaluation. Low tempo and low volume, however, invoke low arousal and high impulse control, leading to high attention and high recall, which moderates negative mood and negative product evaluation. Originality/value – Reflecting on the limitations of the existing studies, this conceptual work proposes a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding the significance of musical elements in retail therapy that can enhance consumers moods and experiences. Further, the current paper is different from the existing literature in that it helps academic researchers and marketers understand different ways to use musical elements that can positively affect consumer behavior in a complex situation like retail therapy.
... Students engage in purposeful decision-making regarding their learning settings, wherein the choice to use music as an accompaniment during study sessions may hold varying degrees of significance depending on individual preferences and inclinations. According to Roballey et al. (1985), previous research has identified that different types of music can elicit diverse impacts on behavior, emotions, and physiological responses. In his research, Roballey discovered that music had the potential to impact the rate at which individuals consume their meals. ...
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This study was conducted to find out the influence of music listening during study sessions on the process of vocabulary learning. The primary objective of this study was to determine the impact of listening to variety of music whilst studying the acquisition of new vocabulary, with a focus on identifying whether this practice has a positive or negative influence on the learning process. The data was collected from a sample of 20 elementary school pupils, with ages ranging from 10 to 11 years old who are studying in a public school. The students who have been chosen were engaged in the acquisition of English as a second language from their enrollment in the second grade and have been actively participating in English language instruction within the school curriculum for a duration of three years. The findings of the study indicate that individuals who engaged in vocabulary learning using flashcards exhibited varying levels of performance. Specifically, participants who were exposed to English vocabulary in conjunction with music achieved an average score of 77.6 points, whilst those who studied language in a serene environment attained an average score of 85.8 points. The results of this study strongly indicate that those who were exposed to a peaceful environment throughout their study sessions demonstrated superior performance.Keywords: Learning Types, Listening Skills, Multiple Intelligences, Studying with Music
... Music influences food perception in myriad ways (for a recent review, see . In the past decades, several studies have found links between faster tempo and higher drinking rates (Mathiesen et al., 2020;McElrea & Standing, 1992;Roballey et al., 1985), higher loudness and faster drinking and eating speed (Guéguen et al., 2008;McCarron & Tierney, 1989), or between music ethnicity and product choices (e.g., French-style accordion music leading to higher purchases of French wines, North et al., 1997North et al., , 1999 or Flamenco-style music favoring the choice of paella, Zellner et al., 2017). Notably, music may impact not only how individuals behave towards foods and drinks but also how they perceive the sensory attributes of those products. ...
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Previous research has shown that music can influence taste perception. While most studies to date have focused on taste intensity ratings, less is known about the influence of musical stimuli on other parameters of taste function. In this within-subjects experiment (N = 73), we tested the effects of three sound conditions (High Sweetness soundtrack – HS; Low Sweetness soundtrack – LS; and Silence – S) on sweet taste sensitivity, namely, detection and recognition. Each participant tasted nine samples of sucrose solutions (from 0 g/L to 20 g/L) under each of the three sound conditions in counterbalanced order. We assessed the lower concentrations at which participants were able to detect (detection threshold) and correctly identify (recognition threshold) a taste sensation. Additionally, the intensity and hedonic ratings of samples above the recognition threshold (7.20 g/L) were analyzed. Affective variations (valence and arousal) in response to the sound conditions were also assessed. Although music did not lead to significant differences in mean detection and recognition thresholds, a larger proportion of sweet taste recognitions was observed at a near-threshold level (2.59 g/L) in the HS condition. The intensity and hedonic ratings of supra-threshold conditions were unaffected by the music condition. Significant differences in self-reported mood in response to the sound conditions were also observed. The present study suggests that the influence of music on the sweet taste perception of basic solutions may depend on the parameter under consideration.
... The sensory marketing literature on atmospherics has repeatedly demonstrated that people drink up to 30% more when loud fast music is played [77][78][79][80]. While the majority of such research has thus far been conducted in the context of the science laboratory, or bar/restaurant (e.g., in a very different context from the post-exercise need state imagined here), the prediction would nevertheless still have to be that similar entrainment to the musical beat would also occur when thirsty people drink (though see also [81,82]). ...
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This narrative historical review considers the various routes to nudging consumers towards drinking more, given self-reported evidence that many people are often not adequately hydrated. This review builds on the related notion of ‘visual hunger’. Interestingly, however, while many desirable foods are associated with distinctive sensory qualities (such as an appetizing smell), that may capture the consumer’s (visual) attention, it is less clear that there is an equivalent sensory attentional capture by hydration-related cues. One of the other important differences between satiety and thirst is that people tend to overconsume if they use interoceptive satiety cues to decide when to stop eating, while the evidence suggests that people typically stop drinking prior to being adequately hydrated. What is more, the increasing amount of time we spend in consistently warm indoor environments may also be exacerbating our need to drink more. A number of concrete suggestions are made concerning how people may be encouraged (or nudged) to imbibe sufficient water.
... As an essential part of the environment, the acoustic environment affects people's perception, health, and quality of life [1]. It could also be a specific strategy adopted to change human behavior such as consumption [2][3][4][5][6][7][8], performance [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], and behavioral pace [18][19][20][21][22][23]. As a typical social animal, human beings carry out social behaviors almost every day. ...
Article
Soundscape research has achieved some progress in enhancing the quality of urban space to support mixed uses. However, there is little evidence of promoting individual development and social relationship. Accordingly, the present study investigated the effects of soundscape on children’s social interaction measured by self-reported behavioral expectations (Interaction, Nonparticipation, Avoiding) in the laboratory settings. Environmental exposure conditions were eight soundscape stimuli and one control condition (No sound), presented alongside visual recordings from a schoolyard or an urban park. Results showed that the soundscapes had significant effects on children’s behavioral expectations and these effects did not differ significantly between the schoolyard and the urban park. Compared to No sound, Children’s sounds and Nature sounds predisposed children to interactions, while Animal sounds and Classical music elevated children’s intention to stay alone in the environment. Comparisons to the control group aside, correspondence analyses suggested the relationships between various soundscapes and behavioral expectations categories: Human movement sounds, Children’s sounds, Adults’ sounds, and Nature sounds were associated with Interaction; Animal sounds and Classical music were associated with Nonparticipation; Motorized transport sounds and Electromechanical sounds were associated with Avoiding. These findings on children’s behavioral expectations indicate that the soundscape can influence children’s decisions about contact and interaction with others in the environment, thereby fostering or impeding children from establishing and maintaining social relationships.
... Loud background music, in particular, may lead to increased consumption of soft and alcoholic drinks (Guéguen et al., 2008;McCarron & Tierney, 1989). Listening to fast-tempo music can make participants drink faster (McElrea & Standing, 1992) and eat more quickly, accounting either for shorter eating times (Mathiesen et al., 2020) or a larger number of bites per minute (Roballey et al., 1985). ...
Article
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Taste perception results from integrating all the senses. In the case of audition, research shows that people can associate certain auditory parameters (e.g., pitch) with basic tastes. Likewise, the surrounding sonic environment (e.g., noise, music) may influence individuals’ evaluation of the taste attributes of foods and drinks. This paper presents the first pre-registered systematic examination of the literature on the crossmodal interactions between audition and taste. For that purpose, four indexing services (EBSCOhost, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and PubMed) were searched using three sets of keywords on the crossmodal interactions between audition and basic tastes. Empirical, quantitative studies with healthy subjects in field, lab, or online settings were considered for inclusion. A total of 2484 records (n = 1481 after removing duplicates) were subject to abstract and title screening, followed by a full-text screening (n = 79). Sixty articles, reporting 94 eligible studies, were reviewed. Results suggest that taste may be crossmodally associated with a) pitch and musical instruments; b) words, nonwords, and speech sounds; and c) music and soundtracks. Moreover, the reviewed evidence supports the employment of auditory stimuli in the context of taste modulation, specifically in the case of a) familiar music; b) custom soundtracks, and c) noise, tones, and soundscapes. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive outlook on the multisensory interactions between audition and taste. The results show that audition has a relevant contribution to taste perception with important implications for how foods and drinks are perceived. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
... Previous research has documented how the presence of music may shape consumers' behavior, including meal duration (Stroebele & de Castro, 2006), drinking and eating rates (Mathiesen et al., 2020;McElrea & Standing, 1992;Roballey et al., 1985), or meal enjoyment (Novak et al., 2010). More recently, researchers have suggested that music not only affects behavior toward food but also how we perceive it (see Spence et al., 2019a;Spence et al., 2019b). ...
Article
Music is a ubiquitous stimulus known to influence human affect, cognition, and behavior. In the context of eating behavior, music has been associated with food choice, intake and, more recently, taste perception. In the latter case, the literature has reported consistent patterns of association between auditory and gustatory attributes, suggesting that individuals reliably recognize taste attributes in musical stimuli. This study presents subjective norms for a new set of 100 instrumental music stimuli, including basic taste correspondences (sweetness, bitterness, saltiness, sourness), emotions (joy, anger, sadness, fear, surprise), familiarity, valence, and arousal. This stimulus set was evaluated by 329 individuals (83.3% women; Mage = 28.12, SD = 12.14), online (n = 246) and in the lab (n = 83). Each participant evaluated a random subsample of 25 soundtracks and responded to self-report measures of mood and taste preferences, as well as the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index (Gold-MSI). Each soundtrack was evaluated by 68 to 97 participants (Mdn = 83), and descriptive results (means, standard deviations, and confidence intervals) are available as supplemental material at osf.io/2cqa5. Significant correlations between taste correspondences and emotional/affective dimensions were observed (e.g., between sweetness ratings and pleasant emotions). Sex, age, musical sophistication, and basic taste preferences presented few, small to medium associations with the evaluations of the stimuli. Overall, these results suggest that the new Taste & Affect Music Database is a relevant resource for research and intervention with musical stimuli in the context of crossmodal taste perception and other affective, cognitive, and behavioral domains.
... Such behaviour indicates an inability to delay gratification or to favour the present, which is associated with impulsiveness (e.g. Roballey et al., 1985;Stroebele & de Castro, 2006). Therefore, we expected that: H1: Listening to fast music will induce a stronger preference for the present. ...
Article
Music plays a significant role in human life. The literature suggests that background music can influence an individual’s decision-making process. Previous studies have shown that the tempo of music can affect people’s choices about whether to prefer the present or the future when buying goods. We focused on the influence of the tempo of music on monetary time preference which is the willingness to wait for receiving money in the present compared to receiving it in a later period. In the experiment we asked participants to complete a questionnaire that included time delay questions to measure time preferences while listening to background music. Those who listened to music with a fast tempo were more likely to favour the present than those who listened to slow music or none at all. We suggest that this difference arises from an increase in people’s cognitive load that leads to a status quo bias.
... Evidence has long been indicating that background sound can influence the way we eat and how the food tastes [87]. For example, specially designed soundtracks can modify taste evaluation [88] and eating speed [89][90][91][92]. While this has predominantly been investigated in healthy, young populations, there are reasons to believe that effects, such as these could be found in hospital settings as well. ...
Article
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Eating-related challenges and discomforts arising from moderately acquired brain injuries (ABI)—including physiological and cognitive difficulties—can interfere with patients’ eating experience and impede the recovery process. At the same time, external environmental factors have been proven to be influential in our mealtime experience. This experimental pilot study investigates whether redesigning the sonic environment in hospital dining areas can positively influence ABI patients’ (n = 17) nutritional state and mealtime experience. Using a three-phase between-subjects interventional design, we investigate the effects of installing sound proofing materials and playing music during the lunch meals at a specialised ABI hospital unit. Comprising both quantitative and qualitative research approaches and data acquisition methods, this project provides multidisciplinary and holistic insights into the importance of attending to sound in hospital surroundings. Our results demonstrate that improved acoustics and music playback during lunch meals might improve the mealtime atmosphere, the patient well-being, and social interaction, which potentially supports patient food intake and nutritional state. The results are discussed in terms of potential future implications for the healthcare sector.
... Previous food studies have investigated how appetite can be aroused not only by the sense of taste but also by the sound, color, and shape of the plate (Roballey et al., 1985;Harrar and Spence, 2013). For example, increasing the visual contrast on a plate (e.g., changing the color of the plate) has been reported to significantly increase food and drink intake in patients with Alzheimer's disease (Dunne et al., 2004). ...
Article
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Among the senses of food, our subjective sense of taste is significantly influenced by our visual perception. In appetite science, previous research has reported that when we estimate quality in daily life, we rely considerably on visual information. This study focused on the multimodal mental imagery evoked by the visual information of food served on a plate and examined the effect of the peripheral visual information of garnish on the sensory impression of the main dish. A sensory evaluation experiment was conducted to evaluate the impressions of food photographs, and multivariate analysis was used to structure sensory values. It was found that the appearance of the garnish placed on the plates close to the main dish contributes to visual appetite stimulants. It is evident that color, moisture, and taste (sourness and spiciness) play a major role in the acceptability of food. To stimulate one’s appetite, it is important to make the main dish appear warm. These results can be used to modulate the eating experience and stimulate appetite. Applying these results to meals can improve the dining experience by superimposing visual information with augmented reality technology or by presenting real appropriate garnishes.
... In fact, musical tempo has been shown to affect the shopping and tasting experience of consumers (e.g., Bach & Schaefer, 1979;Caldwell & Hibbert, 2002). For example, the tendency to drink more rapidly when high (rather than low) tempo music is played has been known for decades (e.g., Roballey et al., 1985;cf. Milliman, 1986). ...
... A certain researcher reported a proportional increase in eating behaviour following increase in the tempo of music among a people who were unaware that such study was being done [40]. Music has been used in the intensive care setting among patients with some reported beneficial effects [41]. ...
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Aim: To determine the opinion of patients on the use of operating theatre background music in tertiary health care facilities in Port Harcourt. Background: Music finds application in almost all spheres of society due to some beneficial effects. It has been used among patients in the intensive care setting, among hypertensives with associated lowering the systolic blood pressure, among endoscopy patients with significantly improved pain score and significantly reduced anxiety, for pain relief and relaxation, and also for expectant mothers in labour. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among patients from March to June 2020 in two multispecialty tertiary healthcare facilities in Port Harcourt Nigeria. Using semi-structured questionnaires and convenience sampling method, 425 respondents were recruited. Data collected was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: Four hundred and two (94.6%) respondents loved listening to music at home. Two hundred and seventy-three (64.2%) respondents preferred to listen to music in operating theatre. Preference for timing of music usage in theatre was variable: before, during and after surgery. One hundred and forty-four (33.9%) respondents asserted that they would love to listen to music in theatre during surgery. Two hundred and thirty-three (55.5%) respondents asserted that there was no background music during their last surgery. Conclusion: Majority of patients were desirous of the use of music in the operating theatre, while a few others thought otherwise.
... Recent food studies have investigated how appetite can be aroused not only by the sense of taste but also by the sound, color, shape of the plate (Roballey et al., 1985). For example, increasing the visual contrast on a plate (e.g. ...
Preprint
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Among the senses of food, our sense of taste is significantly influenced by our perception. In appetite science, previous research reported that when we make estimate the quality in daily life, we rely considerably on visual information (Carlos et al., 2012). In this study, we focused on the multimodal mental imagery (Nanay, 2018) evoked by the visual information of food served on a plate and examined the effect of the peripheral visual information: garnish, on the sensory impression of the main dish. We conducted a sensory evaluation experiment to evaluate the impressions of food photographs and structured the sensory values using multivariate analysis. We found that the appearance of the garnish placed on the plates close to the main meal contributes to appetite arousal. Here we show that color, moisture, and taste (sourness and spices) play a major role in the decision. In order to arouse one’s appetite, it is important to make the main dish appear warmer. Our results can be used to modulate eating experience and appetite arousal. Applying these results for meals can contribute toward making the dining experience more attractive by superimposing visual information on it with XR technology, or by presenting real appropriate garnishes.
... Such behaviour indicates an inability to delay gratification or to favour the present, which is associated with impulsiveness (e.g. Roballey et al., 1985;Stroebele & de Castro, 2006). Therefore, we expected that: H1: Listening to fast music will induce a stronger preference for the present. ...
... Musical tempo, for instance, has been shown to affect pleasure and arousal [8], while also affecting the tasting experience and shopping behavior [9]. Furthermore, the speed at which people eat and drink has also been shown to be affected by musical tempo [10,11]; cf. [12]. ...
Article
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Sonic seasoning refers to the way in which music can influence multisensory tasting experiences. To date, the majority of the research on sonic seasoning has been conducted in Europe or the USA, typically in a within-participants experimental context. In the present study, we assessed the applicability of sonic seasoning in a large-scale between-participants setting in Asia. A sample of 1611 participants tasted one sample of chocolate while listening to a song that evoked a specific combination of cross-modal and emotional consequences. The results revealed that the music’s emotional character had a more prominent effect than its cross-modally corresponding attributes on the multisensory tasting experience. Participants expressed a higher buying intention for the chocolate and rated it as having a softer texture when listening to mainly positive (as compared to mainly negative) music. The chocolates were rated as having a more intense flavor amongst those participants listening to ‘softer’ as compared to ‘harder’ music. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that music is capable of triggering a combination of specific cross-modal and emotional effects in the multisensory tasting experience of a chocolate.
... Sedangkan penelitian di restoran menemukan bahwa musik dengan tempo cepat secara signifikan meningkatkan kecepatan makan dan minum konsumen (Roballey et al., 1985;McElrea & Standing, 1992). ...
Article
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This study experimentally tests the effects of in-store background music on the shopping behavior of its customers. Field experiments employ pre-experiment the one group pretest-posttest. The researcher chooses a kind of musics tempo and volume as structural characteristics (2 x 2 factorial experiment). The analysis technique used is the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the analysis found that tempo and volume of music did not play a significant role in the amount of money spent, but influence significantly on shopping time and mood change. The research answered urgency for designing the musical environment in the retail stores to influence shopping experience and consumer responses, especially for a small store (minimarket).
... In fact, musical tempo has been shown to affect the shopping and tasting experience of consumers (e.g., Bach & Schaefer, 1979;Caldwell & Hibbert, 2002). For example, the tendency to drink more rapidly when high (rather than low) tempo music is played has been known for decades (e.g., Roballey et al., 1985;cf. Milliman, 1986). ...
Preprint
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We report a study designed to determine the most efficient means of pursuing sonic seasoning in international marketing. For the first time, music chosen to trigger specific emotional responses was directly and cross-culturally compared with music chosen as crossmodally congruent with specific taste/flavors (the latter usually regarded as ‘sonic seasoning’). The effects triggered by ‘emotional’ music were more prominent than those triggered by ‘crossmodally-corresponding’ music. Specifically, chocolate was liked more, rated as sweeter, and the purchase intent was higher, when tasted while listening to music that conveyed positive, as compared to negative, emotion. By contrast, the same chocolate was mostly rated as tasting more bitter with the negative music, as compared to the positive music. Companies looking to use sonic seasoning in marketing strategies, should therefore principally aim at intelligently classifying music based on the likely emotions that they can trigger in their customers (at least when thinking more globally).
... Such behaviour indicates an inability to delay gratification or to favour the present, which is associated with impulsiveness (e.g. Roballey et al., 1985;Stroebele & de Castro, 2006). Therefore, we expected that: H1: Listening to fast music will induce a stronger preference for the present. ...
Preprint
Music plays a significant role in human life. Background music surrounds us in many places, in restaurants, shopping centers and even at work. The literature suggests that background music can influence an individual's decision-making process. In the current study, we asked participants to complete a questionnaire about their time preference while listing to background music. There were three different treatments (fast music, slow music, and no music), and our findings indicate that participants exposed to a faster tempo have a higher present preference than those exposed to slow music or none at all. Our analysis showed that although impulsiveness is related to time preference and was affected by the music, it was not a mediator between background music and time preference. We suggest that time preference changes due to cognitive processes and decision avoidance.
Chapter
Food is evaluated for its nutritional, physicochemical, analytical, microbiological, and sensory attributes. The organoleptic method of analyzing food products lies in careful objective and subjective evaluation of various sensorial properties of the foods produced from the foods in response to certain applied stress factors. In addition to the existing sensory evaluation techniques, emerging multi-sensorial attributes by humans have recently been a matter of great significance. The growing importance of a better understanding of sensory attributes of the food has also brought auditory perception into the limelight. Sensory evaluation identifies and recognizes auditory cues and significantly increases product purchases and market returns. The identification and recognition of novel auditory cues with the help of acoustics and texture analysis helps in understanding the product profile that suits consumer requirements. In this regard, acoustic emission from food plays a significant role in quality control operations, optimizing process efficiency and hedonic ratings based on the properties analyzed. Various techniques are being used to help understand the textural attributes and correlate them with the auditory cues of the food. Increasing competition among the brands for the same product has made way for the food industries to develop newer scientific methods of understanding the requirements of consumers and redesigning the products in a better way that is acceptable to the consumers. In-depth analysis of the foods, starting from biting to complete chewing, has seen tremendous research, and now it is being correlated to understand product perception in detail.
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Diversified purchases of consumers can help companies balance sales and inventories, which is of great significance to company profits. While existing research has explored the internal factors and external factors that influence consumers’ variety-seeking behavior, little is known about the impact of background music, an important environmental cue in retail establishments, on consumer variety-seeking behavior. The present research investigates the influence of background music tempo on consumer variety-seeking behavior, along with its underlying mechanism and boundary condition. Five experiments revealed that background music tempo affects consumers’ variety-seeking behavior (Study 1a, 1b & 4). Specifically, fast-tempo background music increases consumers’ variety-seeking behavior (Study 1b). Arousal mediates the main effect (Study 2), as fast-tempo background music increases consumers’ variety-seeking behavior by enhancing consumers’ arousal. Moreover, participants’ familiarity with the background music moderates the impact of background music tempo on consumer variety-seeking behavior (Study 3). Only when consumers have a high degree of familiarity with the background music they listen to, the tempo of the background music will have a significant impact on their variety-seeking behavior. These findings provide important theoretical contributions and management implications.
Thesis
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Cette étude s’articule autour de trois enjeux que présente le courant expérientiel en marketing : une asymétrie de la recherche puisque la perspective du consommateur est plus développée que celle des organisations (Kranzbühler et al., 2018) ; des confusions régulières entre l’expérience et le contexte expérientiel ; la difficulté de mesurer financièrement les stratégies expérientielles (Ferraro et al., 2017 ; Roederer et Filser, 2015). Le contexte expérientiel physique commercial (CEPC) est conceptualisé sous le prisme de la théorie de l’agencement (Deleuze et Guattari, 1980). Une méthodologie multiméthodes permet de collecter les données qualitatives autour d’entretiens semi-directifs, d’un corpus photographique et d’une observation non-participante. Dans un second temps, le concept de la valeur à vie du client (CLV) est mobilisé pour la première fois, à notre connaissance, pour capturer les effets de la modification d’un CEPC de façon longitudinale. Deux terrains sont investigués dont l’un à caractère hédonique et l’autre utilitaire. Une méthodologie quasi expérimentale est employée afin de comparer les effets entre un groupe traité et de contrôle. Les résultats font émerger une structuration du CEPC autour d’une intention d’expression et de six dispositifs. Le CEPC est rythmé par un cycle de vie, mais aussi par un réseau rhizomique dans lequel il est ancré. La valeur à vie permet de mettre en évidence les effets d’un remodelage d’un CEPC dans le temps selon que le contexte soit utilitaire ou hédonique.
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This article is a report of results of three studies investigating effects of fast versus slow background musical tempo on physiology, cognition, and emotions. Two pilot studies first measure consumer perceptions of tempo. In Studies 1 and 2, participants view a short video restaurant advertisement featuring fast or slow background music along with illustrations of food items. Results indicate that fast music is more effective than slow music for evoking positive taste expectations and purchase intentions. Study 3 shows that the effects observed in Studies 1 and 2 occur because fast music enhances self-reported arousal levels that then lead to enhanced moods, taste expectations, and purchase intentions. Theoretical implications regarding effects of music on emotional responses are discussed, as are practical managerial implications for using fast music as a persuasive technique.
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This study investigates the effect of ambient sound level on diners’ perception and behavior in an upscale restaurant in Montreal. A questionnaire was administered to 247 diners and their behavior (time and money spent) was observed in the restaurant during four consecutive weeks. The questionnaire pertained to the restaurant experience, including satisfaction and perceived conviviality; the sound environment (using the Swedish Soundscape Quality Protocol); and person-related variables, such as noise sensitivity. We ran a conditional process analysis to explore how the influence of ambient sound level might be mediated by evaluation of the sound environment, and moderated by noise sensitivity. We observed a significant direct positive influence of ambient sound level on diners’ behavior (time and money spent) but no effect on their perception of satisfaction and conviviality. For every decibel increase, time and money spent increased by 3.3 min and CA$2.2 respectively. Ambient sound level also significantly influenced the perception of the sound environment: as sound level increased, so did the ratings of eventfulness, while ratings of perceived chaos and unpleasantness decreased.
Chapter
Die psychotrope Wirkung von Musik ist vielfach nachgewiesen worden. Der Einsatz von Musik in Gaststätten und auf Veranstaltungen hat einen deutlichen Einfluss auf das Konsumverhalten der Gäste sowie auf deren Beurteilung von Speisen, Getränken und der Atmosphäre des Lokals bzw. des Events. Die geeignete Auswahl von Musik bewirkt je nach Gaststättenart und Zielgruppe, dass sich Geschwindigkeit, Menge, Art und Geschmackserlebnis der konsumierten Speisen und Getränke beeinflussen lassen. Zudem ist Musik an der Erzeugung einer spezifischen Atmosphäre des Lokals beteiligt.
Chapter
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Background The role of music on energy intake is conflicting, and recent research has suggested a positive association between classical music listening and mindfulness. Objective The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of music, specifically classical music on state mindfulness and calorie intake of energy-dense foods. Method One hundred participants were randomly assigned to either a classical, popular or no music condition, and were served a variety of sweet (i.e., chocolate and cookies) and savoury (i.e., crisps) energy-dense foods. Results: The results found no significant differences in state mindfulness, overall calorie intake, or intake of sweet foods across the three conditions. However, participants in the classical music condition did consume significantly less savoury food than those in the no music condition. Conclusion Playing classical music may be beneficial in reducing intake of savoury foods, but not through the association to changes in state mindfulness. Future research should explore extended sessions of music listening on state mindfulness and other experiential evaluations of mindfulness to conclude on the direct and indirect effects of music on sweet and savoury foods.
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Commensality is a key aspect of social dining. However, previous research has identified a number of pros and cons associated with the incorporation of digital technology into eating and drinking episodes. For instance, those who are distracted by digital technology may eat/drink more (that is, they may overconsume) as a result of their failure to attend to the food-related sensations that are thought to cue the termination of eating. Similarly, it has often been suggested that the use of mobile devices at mealtimes can disrupt the more commensal aspects of dining/drinking (at least among those who are physically present together). At the same time, however, looking to the future, it seems clear that digital technologies also hold the promise of delivering opportunities for enhanced multisensory experiential dining. For instance, they might be used to match the auditory, visual, or audiovisual entertainment to the eating/drinking episode (e.g., think only about watching a Bollywood movie while eating a home-delivery Indian meal, say). Indeed, given the growing societal problems associated with people dining by themselves, there are a number of routes by which digital technologies may increasingly help to connect the solo diner with physically co-located, remote, or even virtual dining partners. In this review of the literature, our focus is specifically on the role of technology in inhibiting/facilitating the more pleasurable social aspects of dining, what one might call “digital commensality.” The focus is primarily on Westernized adults with reasonable access to, and familiarity with, digital technologies.
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Reviews evidence which suggests that there may be little or no direct introspective access to higher order cognitive processes. Ss are sometimes (a) unaware of the existence of a stimulus that importantly influenced a response, (b) unaware of the existence of the response, and (c) unaware that the stimulus has affected the response. It is proposed that when people attempt to report on their cognitive processes, that is, on the processes mediating the effects of a stimulus on a response, they do not do so on the basis of any true introspection. Instead, their reports are based on a priori, implicit causal theories, or judgments about the extent to which a particular stimulus is a plausible cause of a given response. This suggests that though people may not be able to observe directly their cognitive processes, they will sometimes be able to report accurately about them. Accurate reports will occur when influential stimuli are salient and are plausible causes of the responses they produce, and will not occur when stimuli are not salient or are not plausible causes. (86 ref)
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Evidence is reviewed which suggests that there may be little or no direct introspective access to higher order cognitive processes. Subjects are sometimes (a) unaware of the existence of a stimulus that importantly influenced a response, (b) unaware of the existence of the response, and (c) unaware that the stimulus has affected the response. It is proposed that when people attempt to report on their cognitive processes, that is, on the processes mediating the effects of a stimulus on a response, they do not do so on the basis of any true introspection. Instead, their reports are based on a priori, implicit causal theories, or judgments about the extent to which a particular stimulus is a plausible cause of a given response. This suggests that though people may not be able to observe directly their cognitive processes, they will sometimes be able to report accurately about them. Accurate reports will occur when influential stimuli are salient and are plausible causes of the responses they produce, and will not occur when stimuli are not salient or are not plausible causes.
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This paper critically reviews the literature available and presents an empirical study that examines the effects of background music on in-store shopping behavior. It finds that music tempo variations can significantly affect the pace of in-store traffic flow and dollar sales volume.
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Thesis (M.M. Ed.)--University of Kansas, Music Education, 1954. Includes bibliographical references.
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The data for this practical survey of musical influences was obtained from ethnology, sociology, culture history and experiment, and from these a convergent proof of the influence of music on the organism was derived. The reliability of the data is increased by the fact that response to musical stimuli seems to have had an important part to play in biological evolution. Therefore some kind of reaction to music must exist in all animal organisms. In all animals, except the unicellular organisms and the simplest in structure of the multicellular organisms, there are definite reactions to music and these agree with the responses of human beings, especially those at the lower end of the scale. The various data on musical effects all seem to point to the statement that "similar effects are experienced by individuals in all stages of social development." Myths and folk tales furnish the earliest data on musical response. Accounts of primitive magical practice reveal the dominance of music in magical behavior. The author believes this may be due in part to the increased stimulation and energy which music provides and which contributes to the organic condition necessary in performances of magic; and also to the presence of secondary phenomena in connection with audition. A chapter on musical therapeutics shows striking influences of music on the sick organism. The influence of music on mechanical work is discussed. The remainder of the book deals with the results of experiments on individuals and includes a review of the experimental work of other investigators and a number of original experiments. The latter indicate that all "activities tested are considerably accelerated by music and an increase in the energy and extent of reflexes frequently occurs." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
66 college students enrolled in a psychology class took their first examination of the semester, a multiple-choice test, under conditions of stimulative music, sedative music, or no music. One of the five following types of music was played during each section of the test for the two treatment groups: classical, jazz and blues, country-bluegrass, easy listening, and rock/rock and roll. Before and after each of the five sections of the test, subjects responded to a 5-item questionnaire designed to assess (a) worry about the test, (b) emotionality or physiological-affective arousal, (c) ability to concentrate, (d) expectancy of performance, and (e) like or dislike of the music. Stimulative music significantly increased both worry and emotionality while sedative music had no effect on anxiety relative to that of the control group. Test performance was not affected by the music.
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