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Responding to Arctic Environmental Change-Translating our Growing Understanding into a Research Agenda for Action

January 2012

Authors:

Maribeth S Murray

University of Calgary

Hajo Eicken

University of Alaska Fairbanks

Sandra Starkweather

University of Colorado Boulder

Craig Gerlach

University of Calgary

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Schematic representation of a reference framework for research and learning approaches related to RtoC. This illustrates how specific arctic system components and processes, associated with variables that relate to the state and dynamics of the system, translate into specific Arctic System Services of interest to stakeholders. Such services are key in assessing or shaping outcomes seen as desirable by different stakeholder groups. In this sense, the realms of desired outcomes and arctic system services bridge stakeholders and broader, fundamental scientific interests.

…

Figures - uploaded by Maribeth S Murray

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Content uploaded by Maribeth S Murray

Content may be subject to copyright.

An International Study of Arctic Change (ISAC) Workshop

30 January – 1 February 2012

Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada

Responding to Arctic Environmental Change

ReRe

TRANSLATING OUR GROWING UNDERSTANDING

INTO A RESEARCH AGENDA FOR ACTION

ii!

Responding to Arctic Environmental

Change!

TRANSLATING OUR GROWING UNDERSTANDING INTO A

RESEARCH AGENDA FOR ACTION

An International Study of Arctic Change (ISAC) Workshop

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Special Thanks

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Support

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Citation

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ISAC

ISAC is an open-

ended, international,

interdisciplinary arctic

environmental change

program. ISAC

encompasses pan-

Arctic, system-scale,

multidisciplinary

observations, synthesis

and modeling to

provide an integrated

understanding of arctic

change and projections

of future change. The

ISAC Science Plan

provides a vision for

integrating research

among diverse fields

and varied users and

stakeholders.!!

Visit us on the web at

www.arcticchange.org

iii!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... ii!

Special Thanks!..................................................................................................................................................!ii!

Support!...............................................................................................................................................................!ii!

Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1!

Background ...................................................................................................................... 1!

Workshop Preparation .................................................................................................. 2!

Workshop Questionnaire .............................................................................................. 3!

Results ............................................................................................................................... 3!

Workshop Structure ....................................................................................................... 5!

Towards a Common Reference Framework ........................................................... 5!

A Research Agenda for Action ...................................................................................... 7!

Arctic System Services ................................................................................................... 8!

1. HUMAN HEALTH!.........................................................................................................................................!11!

2. PARK MANAGEMENT IN NORTHERN CANADA!................................................................................!12!

3. FOOD SECURITY!.........................................................................................................................................!13!

Discussion And Recommendations .......................................................................... 14!

RECOMMENDATION 1!..................................................................................................................................!15!

RECOMMENDATION 2.!.................................................................................................................................!15!

RECOMMENDATION 3.!.................................................................................................................................!16!

RECOMMENDATION 4.!.................................................................................................................................!16!

RECOMMENDATION 5.!.................................................................................................................................!16!

Action Items and Conclusions ................................................................................... 17!

References Cited ........................................................................................................... 18!

Programs Noted in the Text ....................................................................................... 22!

Questionnaire Responses: Questions 5, 6, and 7 ................................................. 24!

Workshop Particpants ................................................................................................. 30!

Planet Under Pressure Conference – RtoC Poster ............................................... 33!

INTRODUCTION

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Figure 1. ISAC components: responding,

observing and understanding.

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1 A brief description of each of the programs

mentioned here is located at the end of this report.

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WORKSHOP PREPARATION

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2 Planning meeting reports are available at

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

the Oslo 2009 International Polar Year Conference

and the second at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the

American Geophysical Union in San Francisco.

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WORKSHOP QUESTIONNAIRE

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RESULTS

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Responding to Arctic Environmental

Change: Workshop Questionnaire

1. What is your primary area of expertise?

2. If you are an academic or university/college-

based researcher have you worked with

northern stakeholder groups (northern

residents, agencies, industry, etc.) and in what

capacity (generally)?

3. If you are a representative of a stakeholder

community what is your primary connection, if

any, to the arctic research community?

4. With which, if any, national and/or

international programs of arctic environmental

change research are you familiar and in what

capacity (e.g. as a participant, a partner,

passing knowledge, etc.)?

5. Does the term Responding to Change

resonate with you, and if so how would you

define it? If not, why not?

6. What are the biggest scientific and societal

challenges facing us as a result of arctic

environmental change?

7. What information from the scientific

community would you find useful or necessary

to support your own activities or to support

sustainable use of the Arctic (e.g. forecasts

(for what), monitoring (of which parameters),

analysis of system dynamics (e.g. ecosystem,

physical system, commercial activities, etc.).

In which form would you prefer to obtain such

output (e.g. data center access, scientific

papers, summaries, etc.)?

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WORKSHOP STRUCTURE

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'0*G",%'+7%#6"+%'#%#6"%@*$A)6*5%(#)".C%

#6$*><6%C*$3'.,%A"B+*#"%5$")"+#'#(*+),%(+%

0$"'A*>#%<$*>5),%'+7%(+%5."+'$B%

7();>))(*+)?%%

Organizing Questions

Q1. What is meant by responding to arctic

environmental change?

Q2. What research questions align with

stakeholder needs for information? Which are

tractable in the short term and which need to

be addressed over the longer term?

Q3. How well do established arctic observing

initiatives align with stakeholder needs for

information and how can this alignment be

improved?

Q4. What is needed to advance

science/stakeholder partnerships, and to

improve communication between these diverse

communities?

2@*%A"B+*#"%)5"'A"$),%@6*%5$")"+#"7%

"(#6"$%'%)#'A"6*.7"$%*$%'%$")"'$;6%

5"$)5";#(G"%*+%#6"%())>",%(+(#('..B%#';A."7%

"';6%a>")#(*+?%26"$"%@"$"%"(<6#%A"B+*#"%

)5"'A"$)%(+%#*#'.?%P$"'A*>#%<$*>5)%@"$"%

;6'$<"7%@(#6%;*+)(7"$'#(*+%*C%#6")"%)'3"%

a>")#(*+),%'+7%5."+'$B%7();>))(*+)%

C*..*@"7%$"5*$#)%C$*3%#6"%0$"'A*>#%

)"))(*+)?

TOWARDS A COMMON

REFERENCE FRAMEWORK

-"$(G(+<%'%@*$A(+<%7"C(+(#(*+%*C%H#*4%@')%

'+%(35*$#'+#%*0K";#(G"%*C%#6"%@*$A)6*5?%

26()%()%+";"))'$B%C*$%#6"%(7"+#(C(;'#(*+%*C%

$"."G'+#%$")"'$;6%a>")#(*+)%'+7%C*$%

")#'0.()6(+<%'%$")"'$;6%'<"+7'%#6'#%

C*)#"$)%5'$#+"$)6(5)%'3*+<%)#'A"6*.7"$)%

'+7%);("+#(C(;%5$*<$'3)?%9>;6%$")"'$;6%

@(..%'77$"))%a>")#(*+)%#6'#%';6("G"%'%

0'.'+;"%0"#@""+%#6"%);("+#(C(;%

3*#(G'#(*+)%#*%>+7"$)#'+7%#6"%

C>+7'3"+#'.%0"6'G(*$%*C%#6"%'$;#(;%)B)#"3%

'+7%)#'A"6*.7"$%;*+;"$+)%Y9#*A")%Wbb_Z?%

:%@*$A(+<%7"C(+(#(*+%*C%H#*4%()%'.)*%

+";"))'$B%C*$%#6"%'.(<+3"+#%*C%*+<*(+<%

*0)"$G(+<%';#(G(#(")%@(#6%7(G"$)"%+""7)%

C*$%(+C*$3'#(*+g%)#'A"6*.7"$%+""7)%

"\#"+7%0"B*+7%#6*)"%*C%#6"%);("+#(C(;%

;*33>+(#B%'+7%(+%#6()%(+)#'+;"%$"C"$%#*%

)5";(C(;%)"$G(;")%*$%0"+"C(#)%#6'#%<$*>5)%

7"$(G"%C$*3%#6"%:$;#(;?%835$*G"7%

'.(<+3"+#%'.)*%$"a>($")%'<$""3"+#%'+7%

>+7"$)#'+7(+<%')%#*%@6'#%7'#'%'+7%

(+C*$3'#(*+%'$"%*C%#6"%<$"'#")#%3>#>'.%

G'.>"?%H#*4%"+;*35'))")%'%;*+)(7"$'#(*+%

*C%@6*%()%$")5*+7(+<%#*%@6'#,%@6"+,%'+7%

@6"$",%@6B%'+7%6*@%@(#6%*>$%@*$A(+<%

7"C(+(#(*+%)#'#"7%')%C*..*@)f%%%

“:(0"&*+5"*'>&21(.*&2+9-"*%=*+5"*2-.+(.*

#>#+"1*!+%4*1"2&#*2.+%-#*?%(&+3>*

'"0"3%$(&)*2&*(+"-2+(0"*2&'*(&+")-2+(0"*

$-%."##*2&'*+%%3#*=%-*-"#$%&'(&)*+%*

.52&)".” 26()%7"C(+(#(*+%()%C>$#6"$%

".'0*$'#"7%(+%C(<>$"%U?%8#%(..>)#$'#")%'+%

"\'35."%*C%$".'#(*+)6(5)%'3*+<%';#*$),%

';#(*+Y)Z,%'+7%$")5*+)"%@(#6(+%'%7B+'3(;%

)B)#"3%')%"30"77"7%(+%H#*4?

Figure 2. Given the dynamic nature of the arctic systema, RtoC means actorsb jointly developing

and iterative and integrative processc and toolsd for responding to changee

A RESEARCH AGENDA FOR

ACTION

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)*3"%;')")%;*35."\%'+7%(+;*35'#(0."%

$")"'$;6%'G"+>")?%^"#%@6(."%#6"$"%'$"%

;'..)%#*%3'+'<"%'$;#(;%;6'+<"%>)(+<%

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C"@%@"..[7"G".*5"7,%#6*$*><6.B%);*5"7%

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5>$5*)")%*C%H#*4%Y)""%C*$%"\'35."%

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5$*<$'3)?%%

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UVVh,%M>$$'B%"#%'.?%UVWV,%H*0"$#)%"#%'.?%

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6"$"?%:)%!(".A"%'+7%PB"$.B%YWbb`fddZ%+*#"%

iC"@%5$*0."3)%6'G"%5>$".B%);("+#(C(;%

)*.>#(*+),j%'+7%)#'A"6*.7"$%(+#"<$'#(*+%()%

'%5$*;"))%#6'#%;'+%0*#6%(+C*$3%'+7%

(35$*G"%#6"%);("+#(C(;%"+7"'G*$%0B%

(7"+#(CB(+<%+*#%K>)#%+"@%+""7),%0>#%'.)*%0B%

0$(+<(+<%+"@%)"#)%*C%5$*0."3%)*.G(+<%

)A(..)%#*%#6"%#'0."?%H"."G'+;"%#*%);("+#(C(;%

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'77$"))(+<%#6"%k@(;A"7%5$*0."3E%YT"0"$%

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@(#6(+%#6"%*G"$'$;6(+<%;*+;"5#>'.%

)#$>;#>$"?%

ARCTIC SYSTEM SERVICES

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UVV`Z?%26"%M:%'+7%$".'#"7%@*$A%

;*+)(7"$"7%";*)B)#"3%)"$G(;")%'.3*)#%

"\;.>)(G".B%(+%#"$3)%*C%";*)B)#"3%

C>+;#(*+)%(+G*.G(+<%#6"%0(*)56"$"%'+7%

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$")"'$;6%a>")#(*+)%(+%#"$3)%*C%#6"%

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)"$G(;")%#6'#%)#'A"6*.7"$)%@(..%>)"%Y"?<?,%

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Figure 3. Schematic representation of a reference framework for research and learning approaches

related to RtoC. This illustrates how specific arctic system components and processes, associated with

variables that relate to the state and dynamics of the system, translate into specific Arctic System

Services of interest to stakeholders. Such services are key in assessing or shaping outcomes seen as

desirable by different stakeholder groups. In this sense, the realms of desired outcomes and arctic

system services bridge stakeholders and broader, fundamental scientific interests.

10!

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(+C*$3'#(*+%"\;6'+<"%'+7%K*(+#%5.'++(+<%

'3*+<%<$*>5)%#6'#%'$"%;>$$"+#.B%+*#%(+%

7($";#%"\;6'+<"?%P".*@%@"%5$")"+#%

)"G"$'.%)(35.(C("7%"\'35.")%#*%C>$#6"$%

(..>)#$'#"%#6")"%;*+;"5#)?%%

1. HUMAN HEALTH

:%;."'$.B%)#'#"7%7")($"7%*>#;*3"%C*$%

'$;#(;%$")(7"+#)%()%3(+(3(c"7%$()A%#*%

6>3'+%6"'.#6%C$*3%#6"%)5$"'7%*C%

(+C";#(*>)%7()"')"%$")>.#(+<%C$*3%

"+G($*+3"+#'.%;6'+<"?%&'+#'G($>)%Y="+>)%

@2&+20(-9#,%J'3(.B%A9&>20(-('2"Z%()%'%

G($>)%#6'#%()%)5$"'7%#*%6>3'+)%#6$*><6%

;*+#';#%@(#6%$*7"+#%>$(+",%'+7%#6'#%()%

5*#"+#('..B%.(C"%#6$"'#"+(+<?%26"%G($>)%()%

;*33*+.B%'))*;('#"7%@(#6%*.7%'+7%+"@%

@*$.7%$'#)%'+7%3(;",%0>#%(#%()%'.)*%;'$$("7%

0B%#6"%:$G(;*."+'"%m%5'+[:$;#(;%G*.")%'+7%

."33(+<)%YM(..)%UVVdZ?%%

26"%)5$"'7%*C%#6"%G'$('+#%!>>3>.'G($>)%(+%

#6"%+*$#6%*C%N>$*5"%()%#*%'%.'$<"%"\#"+#%

;*+7(#(*+"7%0B%@(+#"$%)>$G(G'.%*C%6(<6%

7"+)(#(")%*C%G*.")g%#6"B%7"5"+7%;$(#(;'..B%

*+%#6"%)*(.[)+*@%(+#"$C';"%#"35"$'#>$")?%

N'$.B%'+7%7""5%@(+#"$%)+*@%"+6'+;")%

$"5$*7>;#(*+%'+7%)>$G(G'.%'+7%'$"')%@(#6%

7""5"$%)+*@5';A%)6*@%(+;$"')"7%7"+)(#B%

*C%+")#)%YH"(7%"#%'.?%UVWWZ?%&*@"G"$,%'%.*@%

)+*@5';A%@(..%"\5*)"%#6"%G*.")%C*$%

5$"7'#*$)%'+7%#6"B%@(..%#6"+%)""A%)6".#"$%

(+%6*>)(+<%#6>)%;*3(+<%(+#*%;.*)"$%;*+#';#%

@(#6%6>3'+)?%26"%G($>)%;'+%#6"+%0"%3*$"%

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UVWVZ?%&"+;"%#6"%:$;#(;%9B)#"3%9"$G(;"%

#6'#%.(+A)%)#'#"%G'$('0.")%'+7%5$*;"))")%#*%

7")($"7%*>#;*3")%Y3(+(3(c"7%)5$"'7%*C%

&'+#'G($>)Z%@*>.7%0"%"(#6"$%.*@%

)+*@5';A%7"5#6%'+7%.*@%@(+#"$%

3(+(3>3%'($%#"35"$'#>$")%5$*3*#(+<%

.*@%)*(.X)+*@%(+#"$C';"%#"35"$'#>$")%'+7%

.*@%7"+)(#(")%*C%:$G(;*."+'"%(+%#6"%

G(;(+(#B%*C%6>3'+%6'0(#'#(*+Y)Z%*$%#6"%

*55*)(#"?%H")"'$;6%#*%")#'0.()6%;$(#(;'.%

.(3(#)%$"3'(+)%#*%0"%;'$$("7%*>#?%

12!

835*$#'+#.B%6*@"G"$,%#6")"%:$;#(; 9B)#"3%

9"$G(;")%'$"%7($";#.B%.(+A"7%#*%)#'#"%

G'$('0.")%Y)+*@%7"5#6,%'($%#"35"$'#>$"Z%

#6'#%'$"%'.$"'7B%3*+(#*$"7%0B%"\()#(+<%

*0)"$G(+<%+"#@*$A)%Y(?"?,%9+*@I"#%

@@@?(5B)+*@?+"#XZ?%

2. PARK MANAGEMENT IN

NORTHERN CANADA

8+%#6()%"\'35."%C$*3%#6"%@*$A)6*5,%)*3"%

A"B%7")($"7%*>#;*3")%C*$%#6"%

3'+'<"3"+#%*C%+'#(*+'.%5'$A)%'$"%

(7"+#(C("7?%26")"%(+;.>7"%3'(+#"+'+;"%*C%

7B+'3(;%";*.*<(;'.%(+#"<$(#B,%)>)#'(+(+<%

.'+7[0')"7%.(C")#B."),%'+7%;*+#(+>"7%

5$*G()(*+%*C%$"@'$7(+<%*>#7**$%'+7%

"7>;'#(*+'.%"\5"$("+;")%C*$%#6"%5>0.(;?%

26")"%*>#;*3")%$"C.";#%#6"%+""7)%'+7%

7")($")%*C%.*;'.%Y5'$A%3'+'<"$),%

'0*$(<(+'.%5"*5."),%G()(#*$)Z,%$"<(*+'.%

Y+*$#6"$+"$)Z,%'+7%+'#(*+'.%Y'..%

4'+'7('+)Z%)#'A"6*.7"$)?%

26"%:$;#(;%9B)#"3)%9"$G(;")%+";"))'$B%#*%

';6("G"%'+7%)>)#'(+%#6")"%*>#;*3")%'$"%

5'$#('..B%(7"+#(C("7%')%'%#*."$'0."%$'#"%*C%

;.(3'#"%;6'+<",%)>)#'(+"7%";*)B)#"3%

5$*7>;#(G(#B,%#6"%'G'(.'0(.(#B%*C%6"'.#6B%

6'0(#'#%;*35*+"+#),%'+7%6"'.#6B%#$*56(;%

)B)#"3)%Y5$"7'#*$X5$"B%$".'#(*+)6(5),%

(+;.>7(+<%#6*)"%(+G*.G(+<%5"*5."Z?%26")"%

)"$G(;")%'$"%.(+A"7%#*%'..%;*35*+"+#)%*C%

#6"%'$;#(;%)B)#"3%'+7%#*%'%@(7"%$'+<"%*C%

)#'#"%G'$('0.")%3'+B%*C%@6(;6%'$"%'.$"'7B%

0"(+<%3*+(#*$"7%Y$'7('#(*+,%5$";(5(#'#(*+,%

#"35"$'#>$",%"G'5*$'#(*+%"#;?Z?%&*@"G"$,%

#6"%"\#"+#%#*%@6(;6%#6"%7'#'%7"$(G"7%C$*3%

)>;6%3*+(#*$(+<%';#(G(#(")%()%*$<'+(c"7%(+%

)>;6%'%@'B%')%#*%C';(.(#'#"%#6"%5*#"+#('.%

7")($"7%*>#;*3")%()%)#(..%+*#%;."'$?%8+%#6()%

"\'35.",%'+%*0)"$G(+<%5$*<$'3%5$*0'0.B%

'.)*%+""7)%#*%;'5#>$"%A"B%G'$('0.")%@(#6(+%

#6"%6>3'+%;*35*+"+#%*C%#6"%)B)#"3%)>;6%

')%5>0.(;%5"$)5";#(G")%*+%5'$A),%5>0.(;%

>)"%*C%5'$A),%5*.(;B%;6'+<"),%'+7%3*$"?

L+"%'G"+>"%#*%#'A"%C*$%'+%H#*4%$")"'$;6%

'<"+7'%'(3(+<%'#%#6")"%7")($"7%*>#;*3")%

()%#*%C*;>)%*+%#6"%+""7%#*%3'+'<"%C>#>$"%

.'+7);'5"[."G".%)6(C#)%(+%";*)B)#"3%

7()#$(0>#(*+%'+7%)#$>;#>$"%Y!$*@)"%"#%'.?%

UVVbZ? 8))>")%#*%#';A."%;*>.7%(+;.>7"%6*@%

#*%"G*.G"%*0)"$G(+<%5$*<$'3)%#*@'$7)%

5$*G(7(+<%3*$" >)"C>.%'+7%*$

13!

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;6'+<"),%'+7%#6"%7"G".*53"+#%*C%@'B)%#*%

>#(.(c"%#6*)"%3"')>$")%(+%5.'++(+<%C*$%

>+;"$#'(+#B%@6(."%)#$(G(+<%#*%';6("G"%#6"%

*>#;*3")%7");$(0"7%'0*G".

3. FOOD SECURITY

8+%#6()%"\'35."%)#'A"6*.7"$)%'$"%

(7"+#(C("7%')%)>0)()#"+;"%'+7%;*>+#$B%C**7%

>)"$)%C*$%@6*3%'%7")($"7%*>#;*3"%()%

';;"))%#*%)>CC(;("+#%a>'+#(#B%*C%6(<6%

a>'.(#B%@(.7%C**7%$")*>$;"),%0*#6%5.'+#%

'+7%'+(3'.,%3'$(+"%'+7%#"$$")#$('.?%&"$"%

@"%;*+)(7"$%)*3"%*C%#6"%:$;#(;%9B)#"3%

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)>0)()#"+;"%$")*>$;")?%:3*+<%#6")"%'$"%

6'0(#'#,%)+*@%;*G"$,%C$")6@'#"$,%C*$'<",%

5*..(+'#(*+,%$")()#'+;"%#*%7()"')",%

$")()#'+;"%#*%(+G')(G"%)5";("),%

3'(+#"+'+;"%*C%0(*7(G"$)(#B,%'+7%#6"%

";*+*3(;%;'5';(#B%#*%5>$;6')"%'+7%

)"$G(;"%)>0)()#"+;"%#";6+*.*<("),%

Figure 3. Map of northern Canada illustrating ecological zones, location of national parks,

protected areas and other areas of interest. Illustration courtesy D. McLennan, Parks Canada.

14!

(+;.>7(+<%0>#%+*#%.(3(#"7%#*%0*'#),%3*#*$),%

)+*@%3';6(+")%'+7%C>".?%26"%'$;#(;%

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)"$G(;")%(+;.>7"%#6"%6B7$*.*<(;'.%)B)#"3,%

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;$B*)56"$",%#6"%0(*)56"$",%'+7%#6"%)*;(*[

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9B)#"3%G'$('0.")%#*%0"%*0)"$G"7%3(<6#%

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"\5";#"7%#6'#%#6"%*0)"$G'#(*+'.%7'#'%

+""7"7%@(..%G'$B%C$*3%5.';"%#*%5.';"%'+7%

@(#6%$")5";#%#*%)>0)()#"+;"%)5";(")%*C%

(+#"$")#?%9#'A"6*.7"$)%'$"%A"B%#*%

7"#"$3(+(+<%#6")"%*0)"$G'#(*+'.%+""7)%

'+7%#*%#6"%(7"+#(C(;'#(*+%*C%<'5)%(+%;>$$"+#%

*0)"$G(+<%'+7%>+7"$)#'+7(+<%Y3*7".(+<%

'+7%)(3(.'$Z%';#(G(#(")%#6'#%;'+%5$*K";#%

C>#>$"%)B)#"3%)#'#")%#6'#%3(<6#%(35';#%

';;"))%#*%'+7%a>'.(#B%*C%)>0)()#"+;"%

$")*>$;")?%%

DISCUSSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

26"%(+(#('.%;6'.."+<"%*C%H#*4%()%0$(+<(+<%

#*<"#6"$%$")"'$;6"$)%'+7%)#'A"6*.7"$)%(+%

'%3"'+(+<C>.%@'B%'+7%0$(7<(+<%0'$$("$)%

';$*))%.'+<>'<",%A+*@."7<"%'+7%;>.#>$'.%

7(G(7")?%H")"'$;6%a>")#(*+)%6'G"%#*%0"%

7"C(+"7%@(#6%)#'A"6*.7"$),%+*#%(+%()*.'#(*+%

C$*3%#6"3?%9#'A"6*.7"$)%)6*>.7%0"%

3*#(G'#"7%#*%"+<'<"%@(#6%$")"'$;6%'+7%#*%

(7"+#(CB%@6"$"%'+7%@6"+%(+C*$3'#(*+%

+""7)%#*%0"%5$*G(7"7%'#%)5'#('.%'+7%

#"35*$'.%);'.")%#6'#%7(CC"$%C$*3%#6*)"%

;*33*+.B%>#(.(c"7%0B%#6"%);("+#(C(;%

;*33>+(#B%m%'+7%#6()%'55.(")%';$*))%#6"%

0*'$7%C$*3%#6"%(+7(G(7>'.%#*%

(+#"$<*G"$+3"+#'.%*$<'+(c'#(*+)?%%%

4*33>+(;'#(*+%;'+%0"%(35$*G"7%(C%#6"$"%

'$"%3>.#(5."%5*(+#)%*C%"+#$B%(+#*%#6"%

$")"'$;6%5$*;"))%'+7%.(A"@()"%(+#*%#6"%

$")5*+7(+<%5$*;"))?%I"@%#**.)%'$"%

+""7"7%#*%C';(.(#'#"%5'$#+"$)6(5),%'+7%C*$%

#$'+).'#(+<%);("+#(C(;%7'#'%(+#*%

(+C*$3'#(*+%>)'0."%C*$%$()A%'))"))3"+#),%

5$*0."3%)*.G(+<,%'+7%7";()(*+[3'A(+<%#*%

;(#"%K>)#%'%C"@%"\'35.")?%%

&"$"%@*$A)6*5%5'$#(;(5'+#)%;."'$.B%

'$#(;>.'#"7%'%+"@%@'B%*C%'55$*';6(+<%#6"%

7"G".*53"+#%*C%);("+;"%'+7%$")"'$;6%#6'#%

#$'+);"+7)%#6"%."G".%*C%#6"%5$(+;(5'.%

(+G")#(<'#*$,%@(#6%#6"%0(7($";#(*+'.%C.*@%*C%

(+C*$3'#(*+%')%#6"%A"B?%9;("+;"%'+7%

15!

)#'A"6*.7"$%(+#"$")#)%3""#%'#%#6"%+"\>)%*C%

:$;#(;%9B)#"3%9"$G(;")?%H#*4%()%7(CC"$"+#%

#6'+%'7'5#'#(*+%'+7%3(#(<'#(*+%0";'>)"%(#%

()%"\5.(;(#.B%.(+A"7%#*%(35."3"+#'#(*+%

#6$*><6%7"G".*53"+#%*C%#**.)%C*$%7";()(*+%

)>55*$#,%"+<'<"3"+#,%'+7%);("+;"%

7"G".*53"+#?%26"%.'$<"$%;6'.."+<"%6"$"%()%

6*@%#*%"CC";#%;**5"$'#(*+%'+7%

;**$7(+'#(*+%'#%."G".)%C$*3%#6*)"%*C%

(+7(G(7>'.)%#*%#6'#%*C%#6"%(+#"$+'#(*+'.%

'+7%#6"%(+#"$[<*G"$+3"+#'.?%8#%3'B%0"%

#6'#%5'$#+"$)6(5)%@(#6%"+#(#(")%)>;6%')%#6"%

9>)#'(+(+<%:$;#(;%L0)"$G(+<%I"#@*$A%

Y9:LIZ%(+(#('#(G"%*C%#6"%:$;#(;%4*>+;(.,%

'+7%@(#6%+*+[<*G"$+3"+#'.%*$<'+(c'#(*+)%

YI=L)Z%@(..%C';(.(#'#"%(35."3"+#'#(*+%')%

"+G()(*+"7%0".*@?%

RECOMMENDATION 1

:%A"B%$";*33"+7'#(*+%C$*3%#6"%H#*4%

@*$A)6*5%()%#6"%7"G".*53"+#%*C%'+%

(+#"$';#(G",%@(7".B%';;"))(0.",%)#'A"6*.7"$%

"+<'<"3"+#%#**.%#6'#%;'+%0"%>)"7%#*%

7"G".*5%+"@%$")"'$;6%5$(*$(#(")%'+7%

$")"'$;6%a>")#(*+)?%T6"#6"$%7")(<+"7%')%

'+%(+#"$';#(G"%@"0)(#",%'%)(35."%$"<()#$B%

*$%"G"+%'%7();>))(*+%0*'$7,%)>;6%'+%

(+)#$>3"+#%;*>.7%(+(#('..B%0"%#")#"7%0B%

;*33>+(;'#(+<%#6"%$")>.#)%*C%#6()%

@*$A)6*5%(+%'%7(CC"$"+#%G"+>"%'+7%C*$3'#%

@(#6%#6"%"\5.(;(#%5>$5*)"%*C )*.(;(#(+<%

;*33"+#)%'+7%(35$*G(+<%#6"%C$'3"@*$A%

C*$%H#*4?%26()%#**.%*$%#**.A(#%;*>.7%0"%

';;"))"7%#6$*><6%#6"%89:4%@"0)(#"%'+7%

3'(+#'(+"7%0B%#6"%89:4%8!L?%L+"%3*7".%#*%

;*+)(7"$%3(<6#%0"%;*35'$'0."%#*%#6'#%

7"G".*5"7%0B%2(30"$.'+7%S*(;")%*C%

46'.."+<"%

6##5fXX$")5*+)(0(.(#B?#(30"$.'+7?;*3X?%

&"$"%(+%'77(#(*+%#*%;*$5*$'#"%(+C*$3'#(*+%

'0*>#%;.(3'#"%(+(#('#(G"),%5$*7>;#),%

C';#*$(")%'+7%)"$G(;"),%#6"$"%()%'.)*%'+%

(+#"$';#(G"%7();>))(*+%0*'$7,%'%0.*<,%

*55*$#>+(#(")%#*%.()#"+%#*%5*7;')#),%'+7%'%

6*)#%*C%)*;('.%3"7('%;*33>+(;'#(*+%

G"+>")%@(#6%@6(;6%)#'A"6*.7"$)%

Y;>)#*3"$),%;.("+#)?%"#;?Z%;'+%"+<'<"?%9>;6%

"+<'<"3"+#%#**.)%'$"%;*33*+%(+%

(+7>)#$B,%'+7%(+;$"')(+<.B%>)"7%0B%.*;'.%

'+7%$"<(*+'.%<*G"$+3"+#)?%T6"$"%"+#(#(")%

5$*G(7"%'%)"$G(;"%*$%(+C*$3'#(*+%#6'#%

)#'A"6*.7"$)%@'+#%'+7X*$%+""7,%

"+<'<"3"+#%."G".)%'$"%6(<6?%

RECOMMENDATION 2.

26"%C$'3"@*$A%C*$%H#*4%*>#.(+"7%6"$"%

)6*>.7%0"%>)"7%#*%6".5%'.(<+%#6"%

(+#"$+'#(*+'.%'$;#(;%*0)"$G(+<%)B)#"3%'+7%

#6"%:$;#(;%L0)"$G(+<%9>33(#%Y:L9Z%

YM>$$'B%"#%'.?%UVWWZ%@(#6%)#'A"6*.7"$%

16!

7")($"7%*>#;*3")?%26"%:L9%()%5.'++"7%')%

'%9:LI%#')A,%@(#6%89:4%(+%#6"%."'7?%8#%()%

(+#"+7"7%')%'%0('++>'.%"G"+#%#6'#%@(..%

0$(+<%#*<"#6"$%"+#(#(")%#6'#%;*..";#%'+7X*$%

>)"%:$;#(;%*0)"$G'#(*+),%'+7%@(..%"+<'<"%

0')(;%$")"'$;6%'+7%3())(*+[*$("+#"7%

;*33>+(#("),%';'7"3(',%<*G"$+3"+#'.%

'+7%+*+[<*G"$+3"+#'.%'<"+;("),%(+7>)#$B%

'+7%'$;#(;%)#'A"6*.7"$)?%:.(<+(+<%

*0)"$G(+<%';#(G(#(")%@(#6%)#'A"6*.7"$%

7")($"7%*>#;*3")%@(..%$"a>($"%'7G'+;"%

5$"5'$'#(*+%'+7%#6"$"%)6*>.7%0"%'%5$(*$%

'+7%$";>$$(+<%5$*;"))%#6'#%'))"))")%#6()%

'.(<+3"+#%(+%5$"5'$'#(*+%C*$%"';6%:L9?%%

RECOMMENDATION 3.

:%C*..*@[>5%@*$A)6*5%#6'#%C*;>)")%*+%

);("+;"X)#'A"6*.7"$%$")"'$;6%

7"G".*53"+#%)6*>.7%#'A"%5.';"%@(#6(+%#6"%

+"\#%WU[Wh%3*+#6)?%9>55*$#%C*$%

(35."3"+#'#(*+%';#(G(#(")%.(A"%#6"%)";*+7%

H#*4%T*$A)6*5%)6*>.7%"+'0."%)*3"%*C%

#6")"%';#(G(#(")%#*%0"%.*;'#"7%(+%'$"')%

@6"$"%)#'A"6*.7"$)%'$"%(33"7('#".B%

G")#"7%(+%#6"%*>#;*3"%Y(?"?,%+*$#6"$+%

;*33>+(#(")Z?%

RECOMMENDATION 4.

N\()#(+<%'$;#(;%$")"'$;6%5$*<$'3)%)6*>.7%

;*+)(7"$%"\5'+)(*+%*C%);6"7>."7%';#(G(#(")%

#*%(+;.>7"%$"<>.'$%5'$#(;(5'#(*+%(+%

)#'A"6*.7"$ 7$(G"+%"G"+#)%)>;6%')%#6"%

!*.'$%96(55(+<%9>33(#,%3""#(+<)%*C%

<$*>5)%.(A"%#6"%8+#"$+'#(*+'.%T6'.(+<%

4*33())(*+,%'+7%#6"%8+7(<"+*>)%!"*5.")%

9";$"#'$('#,%')%@"..%')%0$*'7"$%

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J*$>3%Y@@@?'$;#(;+<*C*$>3?*$<Z?%

RECOMMENDATION 5.

J*$%H#*4%(35."3"+#'#(*+%#*%0"%)>;;"))C>.%

3())(+<%$")"'$;6%;'5';(#B%3>)#%0"%

"+#$'(+"7?%26()%(+;.>7")%3*$"%

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#6"%C*$#6;*3(+<%:$;#(;%L0)"$G(+<%9>33(#?%

17!

ACTION ITEMS AND

CONCLUSIONS

T*$A)6*5%5'$#(;(5'+#)%(7"+#(C("7%'%)"$(")%

*C%';#(*+%(#"3)%7")(<+"7%#*%7())"3(+'#"%

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C>$#6"$%H#*4%(35."3"+#'#(*+%*G"$%#6"%

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'0*G",%5$"5'$'#(*+%*C%'%5$")"+#'#(*+%C*$%

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;'+%0"%#6"%C($)#%)#"5%(+%#6()%5$*;")).

Greenland. Photo M.S. Murray

18!

REFERENCES CITED

P*@7"+,%9?,%H?T?%4*$"..,%9?R?%&'))*.%'+7%4?%9B3*+%Y"7)?Z,%UVVh?%,-.+(.*!"#"2-.5B*,*:3%C23*

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GE4,!F*EEH?%M;4'..>3%!$(+#(+<%=$*>5,%4'+'7'?%

46'5(+,%J?9?%888,%M?%&*".,%9?H?%4'$5"+#"$,%R?%/>0;6"+;*,%P?%T'.A"$,%2?S?%4'..'<6'+,%4?%J*.A",%9?:?%

/"G(+,%Q[=%Mn."$,%4?%I(.))*+,%9?%P'$$"##,%J?%P"$A"),%:[9%4$15(+,%Q?%-'+"..,%2?%H*))@'..,%-?%

9#'$$"##,%:?%o"5'5'7"'),%'+7%9?:?%p(3*G,%UVVh?%P>(.7(+<%$")(.("+;"%'+7%'7'5#'#(*+%#*%

3'+'<"%'$;#(;%;6'+<"?%,IAE86*,*J%9-&23*%=*+5"*@912&*/&0(-%&1"&+,%l]YdZfW%b`[UVU?%UVVh?%

7*(f%6##5fXX7\?7*(?*$<XWV?W]_bXVVdd[_dd_YUVVhZl]qWb`fPH::2MrU?V?4LgU%

4*)#'+c',%H?,%7:$<",%H?,%7"%=$**#,%H?,%J'$0"$,%9?,%=$'))*,%M?,%&'++*+,%P?,%s%/(30>$<,%Q?%Wbb_?%

26"%G'.>"%*C%#6"%@*$.7t)%";*)B)#"3%)"$G(;")%'+7%+'#>$'.%;'5(#'.?*K2+9-"B*l`_YhhlVZ,%U]l[

U]l?%

4*@.(+<,%H?%M?,%P?%N<*6,%:?2?%Q(+<6#,%!?R?%LEJ'$$"..,%P?%H"B"$),%M?%H*><"#,%-?R?%H*>\,%:?%T"#c,%

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)"$G(;")%C*$%(35."3"+#'#(*+,%F-%.""'(&)#*%=*+5"*K2+(%&23*,.2'"1>*%=*L.("&."#%WV]YU`Zf%

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7"%=$**#,%H?%9?,%M?%:?%T(.)*+,%'+7%H?M?R?%P*>3'+),%UVVU?%:%#B5*.*<B%C*$%#6"%;.'))(C(;'#(*+,%

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N(;A"+,%&?,%:?/?%/*G";$'C#%'+7%M?/?%-$>;A"+3(.."$,%UVVb?%9"'[(;"%)B)#"3%)"$G(;")f%:%

C$'3"@*$A%#*%6".5%(7"+#(CB%'+7%3""#%(+C*$3'#(*+%+""7)%$"."G'+#%C*$%:$;#(;%*0)"$G(+<%

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WWb[Wlh?%

N(;A"+,%&?%R?%R*+"),%H?4?%Q'306'3"##>,%J?%M"B"$,%:?%M'6*+"B,%'+7%M?%/?%-$>;A"+3(.."$,%UVWW?%

N+G($*+3"+#'.%)";>$(#B%(+%:$;#(;%(;"[;*G"$"7%)"')f%J$*3%)#$'#"<B%#*%#';#(;)%*C%

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19!

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20!

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H'@.(+),%M?:?,%M?%9#"".",%M?Q?%&*..'+7,%R?4?%:7'3,%R?N?%46"$$B,%R?:?%J$'+;(),%!?^%=$*()3'+,%/?-?%

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21!

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22!

PROGRAMS NOTED IN THE TEXT

ACCESS – Arctic Climate Change, Economy and Society www.access-eu.org

:44N99%()%'+%N>$*5"'+%!$*K";#%)>55*$#"7%@(#6(+%#6"%L;"'+%*C%2*3*$$*@%;'..%*C%#6"%

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;.(3'#(;%;6'+<"%(35';#)%*+%3'$(+"%#$'+)5*$#'#(*+%Y(+;.>7(+<%#*>$()3Z,%C()6"$("),%3'$(+"%

3'33'.)%'+7%#6"%"\#$';#(*+%*C%*(.%'+7%<')%(+%#6"%:$;#(;%L;"'+?%:44N99%()%'.)*%C*;>)(+<%*+%

:$;#(;%<*G"$+'+;"%'+7%)#$'#"<(;%5*.(;B%*5#(*+)?%

ArcticNet Network of Centres of Excellence Canada www.arcticnet.ulaval.ca

:$;#(;I"#%0$(+<)%#*<"#6"$%);("+#()#)%'+7%3'+'<"$)%(+%#6"%+'#>$'.,%6>3'+%6"'.#6%'+7%)*;('.%

);("+;")%@(#6%#6"($%5'$#+"$)%C$*3%8+>(#%*$<'+(c'#(*+),%+*$#6"$+%;*33>+(#("),%C"7"$'.%'+7%

5$*G(+;('.%'<"+;(")%'+7%#6"%5$(G'#"%)";#*$%#*%)#>7B%#6"%(35';#)%*C%;.(3'#"%;6'+<"%(+%#6"%

;*')#'.%4'+'7('+%:$;#(;?%26"%;"+#$'.%*0K";#(G"%*C%:$;#(;I"#%()%#*%;*+#$(0>#"%#*%#6"%

7"G".*53"+#%'+7%7())"3(+'#(*+%*C%#6"%A+*@."7<"%+""7"7%#*%C*$3>.'#"%'7'5#'#(*+%

)#$'#"<(")%'+7%+'#(*+'.%5*.(;(")%#*%6".5%4'+'7('+)%C';"%#6"%(35';#)%'+7%*55*$#>+(#(")%*C%

;.(3'#"%;6'+<"%'+7%<.*0'.(c'#(*+%(+%#6"%:$;#(;?%

Arctic ROOS – Arctic Regional Ocean Observing System http://arctic-roos.org

26"%:$;#(;%H"<(*+'.%L;"'+%L0)"$G(+<%9B)#"3!(:$;#(;%HLL9Z%@')%")#'0.()6"7%0B%'%<$*>5%*C%

Wd%3"30"$%(+)#(#>#(*+)%C$*3%+(+"%N>$*5"'+%;*>+#$(")%@*$A(+<%';#(G".B%@(#6%*;"'+%

*0)"$G'#(*+%'+7%3*7".(+<%)B)#"3)%C*$%#6"%:$;#(;%L;"'+%'+7%'7K';"+#%)"')?%:$;#(;%HLL9%

5$*3*#"),%7"G".*5)%'+7%3'(+#'(+)%*5"$'#(*+'.%3*+(#*$(+<%'+7%C*$";')#(+<%*C%*;"'+%

;($;>.'#(*+,%@'#"$%3'))"),%*;"'+%)>$C';"%;*+7(#(*+),%)"'%(;"%'+7%0(*.*<(;'.X;6"3(;'.%

;*+)#(#>"+#)?%

DAMOCLES – Developing Arctic Modeling and Observing Capabilities for Long-

term Environmental Studies www.damocles-ec.org

-:ML4/N9%YUVV_[UVWVZ%@')%'+%(+#"<$'#"7%(;"['#3*)56"$"[*;"'+%3*+(#*$(+<%'+7%

C*$";')#(+<%)B)#"3%7")(<+"7%C*$%*0)"$G(+<,%>+7"$)#'+7(+<%'+7%a>'+#(CB(+<%;.(3'#"%;6'+<")%

(+%#6"%:$;#(;?%-:ML4/N9%@')%;*+;"$+"7%@(#6%#6"%5*#"+#('.%C*$%'%)(<+(C(;'+#.B%$"7>;"7%)"'%

(;"%;*G"$,%'+7%#6"%(35';#)%#6()%3(<6#%6'G"%*+%#6"%"+G($*+3"+#%'+7%*+%6>3'+%';#(G(#("),%

$"<(*+'..B%'+7%<.*0'..B?%

SEARCH – Study of Environmental Arctic Change www.arcus.org/search

9N:H4&%()%'%F?9?%(+#"$'<"+;B%)B)#"3[);'.",%;$*))[7();(5.(+'$B,%.*+<[#"$3%'$;#(;%$")"'$;6%

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(+#"$$".'#"7%5'+['$;#(;%;6'+<")?%26")"%;6'+<")%'$"%'CC";#(+<%";*)B)#"3),%.(G(+<%$")*>$;"),%

23!

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);("+;"%)5'+)%';$*))%'$;#(;%#"$$")#$('.,%*;"'+(;,%'#3*)56"$(;,%'+7%)*;('.%)B)#"3)?%

24!

QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSES: QUESTIONS 5, 6, AND 7

Question!5.!Does!the!term!Responding!to!Change!resonate!with!you,!and!if!so,!how!would!

you!define!it?!If!not,!why!not?!

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@'B)%(+%@6(;6%#6"%:$;#(;%()%;6'+<(+<%'+7%@6'#%'$"%#6"%.(A".B%;*+)"a>"+;")%*C%#6")"%;6'+<")?%%

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25!

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Question!6.!!What!are!the!biggest!scientific!and!societal!challenges!facing!us!as!a!result!of!

arctic!environmental!change?!

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5$*<$'3),%"#;?j%

Question!7.!What!information!from!the!scientific!community!would!you!find!useful!or!

necessary!to!support!your!activities!or!to!support!sustainable!use!of!the!Arctic!(e.g.!

forecasts!(for!what),!monitoring!(of!which!parameters),!analysis!of!system!dynamics!(e.g.!

ecosystem,!physical!system,!commercial!activities,!etc.).!!In!which!form!would!you!prefer!to!

obtain!such!output!(e.g.!data!center!access,!scientific!papers,!summaries,!etc.)?!

W?%i26()%()%'%#*><6%a>")#(*+?%%M>;6%*C%#6"%(+C*$3'#(*+%#6'#%@"%5$")"+#.B%6'G"%*+%'$;#(;%)B)#"3)%

;*3")%C$*3%*+.B%'%C"@%.*;'#(*+)?%%8%#6(+A%@"%+""7%'%3>;6%0$*'7"$%3*+(#*$(+<%+"#@*$A%#6$*><6*>#%

28!

#6"%:$;#(;%(+%#"$3)%G"<"#'#(*+,%@(.7.(C",%0(*7(G"$)(#B,%;.(3'#",%;'$0*+%C.>\"),%@'#"$%C.>\"),%"+"$<B%

0>7<"#),%"#;?%%9;("+#(C(;%5'5"$)%'+7%)>33'$(")%'$"%*C#"+%>)"C>.%C*$%)(#"[)5";(C(;%5$*K";#),%0>#%@6"+%

@"%<"#%7*@+%#*%7*(+<%'$;#(;[@(7"%)B+#6")"),%7'#'%;"+#"$%';;"))%()%;$>;('.,%0>#%*C%;*>$)"%B*>%;'+%

*+.B%<"#%*>#%@6'#%<"#)%5>#%(+?j%

U?%v8%#6(+A%(#%@*>.7%0"%G"$B%>)"C>.%#*%)#>7B%#*%@6'#%"\#"+#%'<"+#)%'$"%(+#"<$'#(+<%"+G($*+3"+#'.%

(+C*$3'#(*+%(+%#6"($%7";()(*+%3'A(+<?%%2*%>+7"$)#'+7%#6"%*G"$'..%;*+#"\#%*C%7";()(*+%3'A(+<%'+7%

6*@%0"##"$%(+C*$3'#(*+%$"'..B%(35';#)%0"##"$%7";()(*+%3'A(+<?%%8%#6(+A%#6"$"%@(..%%0"%'%)5";#$>3%*C%

$")>.#)%$'+<(+<%C$*3%v6'$7.B%'#%'..v%#*%v'%<$"'#%7"'.vv?%%:+%"\'35."%()%#6"%;')"%*C%*(.%"\#$';#(*+?%%

=(G"+%)>;6%'%6(<6%5$*C(#,%6(<6%$()A%(+7>)#$B,%#*%@6'#%"\#"+#%@(..%);("+#(C(;%(+C*$3'#(*+%6*.7%)@'B%

*G"$%*#6"$%C';#*$)?%%S"$)>)%#6"%;')"%*C%)"'%(;"%C*$";')#)%'+7%)6(55(+<%#$'CC(;?v%

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$")"'$;6X);("+;"%()%;*+#(+>*>).B%+""7"7%#*%(7"+#(CB%A+*@."7<"%<'5),%3*$"%.*+<[#"$3%*0)"$G'#(*+)%

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29!

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;*33>+(;'#(*+%@6(;6%0>(.7)%;**5"$'#(*+%'3*+<%$"."G'+#%)#'A"6*.7"$)?%

30!

WORKSHOP PARTICPANTS

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PLANET UNDER PRESSURE CONFERENCE – RTOC POSTER

Evolving roles of observing systems and data co-management in Arctic Ocean governance

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Sep 2016

A rapidly changing Arctic challenges government agencies and the research community to provide data products that address stakeholder and citizens' information needs as well as scientific priorities. Observations and data co-management can help achieve this goal by linking scientific research to services the Arctic system provides, which in turn affect outcomes desired by stakeholders. Co-management builds on (i) defining problems originating from rapid Arctic change in terms of services disrupted or affected and (ii) mapping data, modeling activities and prediction efforts onto these services, such that resulting information products can directly inform stakeholder responses. The context for this approach is explored for different component elements with a focus on the U.S. maritime Arctic: (i) information needs of Arctic Indigenous Peoples and communities; (ii) data generated through marine scientific and operational research as defined in the context of UNCLOS; (iii) guidance on data collection and use in the context of Arctic Council Working Groups; (iv) international private sector agreements such as ISO codes. Based on this analysis we outline a path towards effective co-management regimes.

A Framework for Prioritization, Design and Coordination of Arctic Long-term Observing Networks: A Perspective from the U.S. SEARCH Program

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2015
ARCTIC

Arctic observing networks exist in many countries and often cross international boundaries. We review their status and the development of networked long-term observations as part of a U.S. Arctic Observing System, highlighting major challenges and opportunities for prioritizing observations, designing a network, and increasing coordination. Most Arctic observing activities focus on specific themes and ecosystem services, resulting in a relatively narrow scope of observations for each network. Across all networks there is a need to improve national and international coordination to (1) reduce potential mismatch between identified science needs and outcomes desired by society, (2) link current observing networks to emerging agency and private-sector observing programs across disciplines, and (3) present a stable set of goals and priorities to increase network utility in view of the limited funding resources. We survey the landscape of observing activities and efforts to coordinate them internationally and present a framework for prioritization and coordination based on the activities of the U.S. Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH). This framework includes a hierarchy of interconnected activities involved in the design and implementation of observing networks. Across the hierarchy, definition of “actionable” science questions helps drive network design, with priorities set by the breadth and depth of the societal applications or policy requirements that these questions can inform. We present an example of applying this design hierarchy to observations that support policy and management decisions about offshore resource development in the Chukchi Sea.

Spatial Patterns of Particles and Plankton in the Warming Arctic Fjord (Isfjorden, West Spitsbergen) in Seven Consecutive Mid-Summers (2013–2019)

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2020

The restructuring of planktonic communities toward an increasing share of small individuals is not only expected, but also already observed consequence of warming in the rapidly changing Arctic. Here, we demonstrate a simultaneous study on the nano-, micro- and meso plankton (divided into small and large), and corresponding size fractions of particles along a hydrographical gradient in the Isfjorden – the largest Spitsbergen fjord system. The sampling was performed in seven following summers (2013–2019) from the main basin under the influence of Atlantic Waters (ISA station), up to Billefjorden – the innermost part affected by meltwaters from Nordenskiöldbreen (BAB station). Our objective was to elucidate the composition and spatial patterns in distribution of plankton and particles (P&P) under various hydrographical regimes. Combining two laser-based measurements (LOPC and LISST) with standard plankton analysis allowed us to conclude that vertical hydrographical stratification and eddy activity were forcing either layered or patchy distribution of P&P. The concentrations of P&P measured by LISST (nano- and micro-) were lower than the abundance of the corresponding size fractions of protists, but they did not differ significantly among the stations due to different origin of P&P. Nevertheless, the decreasing trend in the abundance of both investigated mesoplankton fractions could be observed between the ISA and BAB stations, whereas the opposite tendency was noted for P&P. Moreover, the abundance of mesoplankton was equal to the concentrations of the corresponding size fractions of P&P at the ISA station and much lower than the LOPC counts at the BAB station, which points toward notable amount of marine aggregates in the glacial bay. Even if some observations alluded to P&P susceptibility to the local processes, the inter-annual variability in P&P distribution surpassed the differences between the sampling stations. It suggests that both the large-scale processes (i.e., intensified inflow of Atlantic Waters) and natural seasonal changes associated with subtle differences in sampling timing had a stronger influence on investigated plankton than local factors. This pioneering study, which links traditional and advanced methods, clearly demonstrated that such approach is convenient for tracking small-scale spatial patterns and inter-annual variability of P&P in the Arctic pelagial.

Qualitative Participatory Mapping of Seal and Walrus Harvest and Habitat Areas: Documenting Indigenous Knowledge, Preserving Local Values, and Discouraging Map Misuse

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2015

Lily Ray

In the Bering Strait region of Alaska decreasing sea ice and increasing development are driving environmental and policy changes that significantly impact federally recognized tribes, which depend on marine resources for cultural, economic, and nutritional reasons. Kawerak, Inc., an Alaska Native non-profit tribal consortium, conducted participatory ice seal and walrus harvest and habitat mapping in collaboration with nine of the region's federally recognized tribes. Participants were concerned that maps could misrepresent marine mammal mobility, limit future harvest area flexibility, increase outside regulation of harvest activities, generate conflict between communities, and attract commercial activity. This paper addresses these concerns through a technique called qualitative participatory mapping, which preserves local voices and priorities. This technique helped communicate and convey respect for traditional knowledge while lowering the probability of map misuse or misinterpretation. This work evaluated project results in terms of Elwood's dimensions of empowerment, which indicated the largest gain in capacity building, and more moderate gains for procedural and distributional empowerment

Dual-purpose Arctic observing networks: Lessons from SEARCH on frameworks for prioritization and coordination

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Apr 2013

The majority of arctic observation networks are thematically focused or used for specific operations and services, resulting in a relatively narrow scope of observations – only three countries have “broad” observing networks. Across all networks there is a need to better coordinate government priority setting in order to (1) be most efficient with the available government funding, and to (2) present a stable, cross-referenceable set of goals and priorities to facilitate international cooperation. In addition, there is a general mismatch between identified science needs and desired outcomes by society. To help reduce this mismatch and optimize observing networks, we suggest to establish a hierarchy of interconnected activities that drive the observing network design and implementation. The hierarchy would specifically include levels of Problem definition, Strategy, Tactics, and Deployment scale, and across the hierarchy we must define a set of “actionable” science questions that drive network design, with priorities set by the number of societal applications or needs that a science question can inform. Engaging with the private sector in observing networks will likely require a more concerted effort including direct collaboration and targeted meetings with overarching organizations. Both government agencies and their funded, coordinating entities such as SEARCH and ACCESS can help streamline coordination and funnel efforts within and among observational networks in the Arctic.

Hantaviruses in the Americas: a growing problem

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2004
REV MVZ CORDOBA

James N Mills

Hantaviruses (genus Hantavirus , family Bunyaviridae ) are associated with specific rodent hosts, in which they cause a chronic, asymptomatic infection, involving the shedding of infectious virus into the environment in urine, feces, and saliva. Hantaviruses are associated with three subfamilies of murid rodents: (1) The Murinae (old world rats and mice) host viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Asia and Europe; (2) the Sigmodontinae (New World rats and mice) host viruses that cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the Americas; (3) the Arvicolinae (pan-arctic voles and lemmings) host viruses causing mild HFRS in Europe and Asia, but no disease in the Americas.

A Typology for the Classification Description and Valuation of Ecosystem Functions, Goods and Services

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2002
ECOL ECON

An increasing amount of information is being collected on the ecological and socio-economic value of goods and services provided by natural and semi-natural ecosystems. However, much of this information appears scattered throughout a disciplinary academic literature, unpublished government agency reports, and across the World Wide Web. In addition, data on ecosystem goods and services often appears at incompatible scales of analysis and is classified differently by different authors. In order to make comparative ecological economic analysis possible, a standardized framework for the comprehensive assessment of ecosystem functions, goods and services is needed. In response to this challenge, this paper presents a conceptual framework and typology for describing, classifying and valuing ecosystem functions, goods and services in a clear and consistent manner. In the following analysis, a classification is given for the fullest possible range of 23 ecosystem functions that provide a much larger number of goods and services. In the second part of the paper, a checklist and matrix is provided, linking these ecosystem functions to the main ecological, socio–cultural and economic valuation methods.

Environmental Change and Potential Impacts: Applied Research Priorities for Alaska's North Slope

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2011
ARCTIC

roughly the size of Minnesota, most of which is wetland habitat underlain by permafrost and part of which contains the largest operating oil fields in the United States. The nearshore and offshore waters of the Chukchi and Beaufort seas add another 295 000 km 2 (114 000 mi 2 ) and hold what may be the largest undeveloped oil reserves remaining in the United States. The region is home to an abundant and diverse array of fish, wildlife, and plants, resources that sup port the vibrant subsistence culture of about 6000 Inupiat Eskimos. The caribou herds that summer on the North Slope are an important food resource for Inupiat communities, as are some native plants, bowhead whales, beluga whales, four species of ice seals, and walruses living in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. Further, Alaska’s North Slope is at the forefront of global climate change, with an increase in mean annual temperature of about 1˚C per decade in Barrow, Alaska (ACRC, 2008). Federal, state, and local agencies manage the biotic and abiotic resources of the North Slope to maintain fish and wildlife populations and their habitats while also allowing energy development. The laws and regulations applied by government agencies managing the North Slope are rigorous, complex, and often controversial. Appropriate management requires information that can be gained only through applied research. We provide a brief history of applied research on the North Slope, introduce the North Slope Science Initiative (NSSI) as an organization tasked with improving the coordination of science across the region, and posit applied science priorities that are essential for successful and informed management.

Sea-Ice System Services: A Framework to Help Identify and Meet Information Needs Relevant for Observing Networks

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2009
ARCTIC

The need for data from an Arctic observing network to help stakeholders with planning and action is generally recognized. Two key research concerns arise: (1) potential contrasts between fundamental and applied science in the design of an observing system, and (2) development of best practices to ensure that stakeholder needs both inform and can be met from such an observing system. We propose a framework based on the concept of sea-ice system services (SISS) to meet these challenges and categorize the ways in which stakeholders perceive, measure, and use sea ice. Principal service categories are (1) climate regulator, marine hazard, and coastal buffer; (2) transportation and use as a platform; (3) cultural services obtained from the "icescape"; and (4) support of food webs and biological diversity. Our research focuses on cases of ice as platform and marine hazard in Arctic Alaska. We identify the information for each SISS category that users need to track, forecast, and adapt to changes. The resulting framework can address multiple information needs and priorities, integrate information over the relevant spatio-temporal scales, and provide an interface with local knowledge. To plan for an integrated Arctic Observing Network, we recommend a consortium-based approach with the academic community as an impartial intermediary that uses the SISS concept to identify common priorities across the range of sea-ice users.

An Arctic Hydrologic System in Transition: Feedbacks and Impacts on Terrestrial, Marine, and Human Life

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2009
J GEOPHYS RES

The pace of change in the arctic system during recent decades has captured the world's attention. Observations and model simulations both indicate that the arctic experiences an amplified response to climate forcing relative to that at lower latitudes. At the core of these changes is the arctic hydrologic system, which includes ice, gaseous vapor in the atmosphere, liquid water in soils and fluvial networks on land, and the freshwater content of the ocean. The changes in stores and fluxes of freshwater have a direct impact on biological systems, not only of the arctic region itself, but also well beyond its bounds. In this investigation, we used a heuristic, graphical approach to distill the system into its fundamental parts, documented the key relationships between those parts as best we know them, and identified the feedback loops within the system. The analysis illustrates relationships that are well understood, but also reveals others that are either unfamiliar, uncertain, or unexplored. The graphical approach was used to provide a visual assessment of the arctic hydrologic system in one possible future state in which the Arctic Ocean is seasonally ice free.

Environmental Security in Arctic Ice-Covered Seas: From Strategy to Tactics of Hazard Identification and Emergency Response

Article

Full-text available

May 2011
MAR TECHNOL SOC J

Environmental change and increasing industrial activity in the maritime Arctic require strategies to adapt to change and ensure safe operations. This problem has been defined at the broader strategic level. We evaluate key aspects of environmental security in ice-covered waters, focusing on tactical and operational information needs, which have received less attention. Monitoring of environmental hazards and effective emergency response in sea ice environments require high-resolution data of ice hazard distributions (e.g., multiyear ice, landfast ice breakout, and ice push events), ice movement and deformation, as well as ice characteristics and dynamics relevant to emergency response. We have developed a prototype coastal observing system at Barrow, Alaska, that addresses such information needs. Imagery obtained from a marine X-band radar with a digital controller is combined with data from on-ice sensors (ice thickness, ice and water temperature, sea level) and assessments of potentially hazardous ice conditions by local experts. Digital imagery and data are processed and disseminated in near-real time. Using a combination of image processing approaches (optical flow, Lucas-Kanade tracker), ice velocity fields, floe trajectories, and boundaries of stationary ice are derived automatically. Early onset of hazardous events is detected through Hidden Markov Modeling, providing potential decision support in operational settings. We evaluate the utility of the system and strategies towards integration with broader emergency response efforts.

Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate: A General Introduction

Article

Jan 2008

Almost 100 years ago, Helland-Hansen and Nansen (1909) produced the first complete description of the pattern of oceanic exchanges that connect the North Atlantic with the Arctic Ocean through subarctic seas. At a stroke, they placed the science of the Nordic seas on an astonishingly modern footing; as Blindheim and Østerhus (2005) put it, ‘Their work described the sea in such detail and to such precision that investigations during succeeding years could add little to their findings’. Nonetheless, in the century that followed, oceanographers have gradually persisted in the two tasks that were largely inaccessible to the early pioneers – quantifying the exchanges of heat, salt and mass through subarctic seas and, piecing-together evidence for the longer-term (decade to century) variability of the system. Evidence of variability was not long in coming. As hydrographic time series lengthened into the middle decades of the 20th century, they began to capture evidence of one of the largest and most widespread regime shifts that has ever affected our waters. For these were the decades of “the warming in the north”, when the salinity of North Atlantic Water passing through the Faroe–Shetland Channel reached a century-long high (Dooley et al. 1984), when salinities were so high off Cape Farewell that they were thrown out as erroneous (Harvey 1962), when a precipitous warming of more than 2 °C in the 5-year mean pervaded the West Greenland banks, and when the northward dislocations of biogeographical boundaries for a wide range of species from plankton to commercially important fish, terrestrial mammals and birds were at their most extreme in the 20th century (reviewed in Dickson 2002).

Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation

Article

Jan 2005

Wicked Problems, Knowledge Challenges, and Collaborative Capacity Builders in Network Settings

Article

Sep 2010

This publication contains reprint articles for which IEEE does not hold copyright. Full text is not available on IEEE Xplore for these articles.

Ecosystem feedbacks and cascade processes: Understanding their role in the responses of Arctic and alpine ecosystems to environmental change

Article

Nov 2008
GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL

Global environmental change, related to climate change and the deposition of airborne N-containing contaminants, has already resulted in shifts in plant community composition among plant functional types in Arctic and temperate alpine regions. In this paper, we review how key ecosystem processes will be altered by these transformations, the complex biological cascades and feedbacks that might result, and some of the potential broader consequences for the earth system. Firstly, we consider how patterns of growth and allocation, and nutrient uptake, will be altered by the shifts in plant dominance. The ways in which these changes may disproportionately affect the consumer communities, and rates of decomposition, are then discussed. We show that the occurrence of a broad spectrum of plant growth forms in these regions (from cryptogams to deciduous and evergreen dwarf shrubs, graminoids and forbs), together with hypothesized low functional redundancy, will mean that shifts in plant dominance result in a complex series of biotic cascades, couplings and feedbacks which are supplemental to the direct responses of ecosystem components to the primary global change drivers. The nature of these complex interactions is highlighted using the example of the climate-driven increase in shrub cover in low-Arctic tundra, and the contrasting transformations in plant functional composition in mid-latitude alpine systems. Finally, the potential effects of the transformations on ecosystem properties and processes that link with the earth system are reviewed. We conclude that the effects of global change on these ecosystems, and potential climate-change feedbacks, cannot be predicted from simple empirical relationships between processes and driving variables. Rather, the effects of changes in species distributions and dominances on key ecosystem processes and properties must also be considered, based upon best estimates of the trajectories of key transformations, their magnitude and rates of change.

Responding to Arctic Environmental Change-Translating our Growing Understanding into a Research Agenda for Action

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