Phytochemical screening and antihyperglycemic activity of Heliotropium indicum whole plant in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
Abstract
Present study was designed to screen phytochemical constituents and antihyperglycemic activity of Heliotropium indicum (HI) in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Heliotropium indicum (Boraginaceae) whole plant is used as traditional medicine for a number of ailments including diabetes. The whole plant was collected, shade dried and extracted with different solvents in the increasing order of polarity. When different solvent extracts of HI each at a dose of 500 mg/kg bw were given to diabetic rats, the methanol and aqueous extracts produced significant (P<0.0001) antidiabetic activity. Phytochemical screening of various solvent extracts of HI whole plant revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, triterpenes, saponins and tannins. When methanol active fraction of Heliotropium indicum (MAFHI) was checked for its antidiabetic activity, the fraction at dose of 750 mg/kg bw produced marked antihyperglycemic activity. The antihyperglycemic activity was also exhibited during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with the same dosage of MAFHI.
© 2014 Subhan Ali Mohammad et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License -NonCommercial-
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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 4 (12), pp. 065-071, December, 2014
Available online at http://www.japsonline.com
DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2014.41212
ISSN 2231-3354
Phytochemical screening and antihyperglycemic activity of
Heliotropium indicum whole plant in Streptozotocin induced diabetic
rats
Subhan Ali Mohammad1, Shaik Abdul Nabi1, Saritha Marella1, Krishna Tilak Thandaiah1, Malaka Venkateshwarulu
Jyothi Kumar 2, Chippada Appa Rao1
1 Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, India.
2 Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, India.
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received on: 30/09/2014
Revised on: 13/10/2014
Accepted on: 04/11/2014
Available online: 29/12/2014
Present study was designed to screen phytochemical constituents and antihyperglycemic activity of Heliotropium
indicum (HI) in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Heliotropium indicum
(Boraginaceae) whole plant is
used as traditional medicine for a number of ailments including diabetes. The whole plant was collected, shade
dried and extracted with different solven
ts in the increasing order of polarity. When different solvent extracts of
HI each at a dose of 500 mg/kg bw were given to diabetic rats, the methanol and aqueous extracts produced
significant (P<0.0001) antidiabetic activity. Phytochemical screening of va
rious solvent extracts of HI whole
plant revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, triterpenes, saponins and tannins. When methanol active
fraction of Heliotropium indicum
(MAFHI) was checked for its antidiabetic activity, the fraction at dose of 750
mg/kg bw produced marked antihyperglycemic activity.
The antihyperglycemic activity was also exhibited
during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with the same dosage of MAFHI.
Key words:
Heliotropium indicum,
Antihyperglycemic activity,
phytochemical screening,
Methanol active fraction, Oral
glucose tolerance test,
Streptozotocin.
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease caused
by an absolute or relative lack of insulin and or reduced insulin
activity, which results in hyperglycemia and abnormalities in
carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Though different types
of oral hypoglycemic agents are available along with insulin for
the treatment of diabetes mellitus, there is a growing interest in
herbal remedies due to the side effects associated with these
therapeutic agents (Kameswara et al., 2000). The investigation of
antidiabetic agents of plant origin which are used in traditional
medicine is thus of great importance. Heliotropium indicum
(Boraginaceae), commonly known as ‘Indian heliotrope’ is
widely distributed in the south Eastern Ghats (Rayalaseema
region, Andhra Pradesh, India) and some parts of Africa and
Bangladesh. It is locally called as Nagadanti or Telukondi. It is a
coarse foetid herb, up to 2 feet high, hairy stem, white flowers
.
.
* Corresponding Author
Email:
chippadar@yahoo.com
with
green calyx.
Heliotropium indicum
has been used in different
traditional and folklore systems of medicine for curing various
diseases. Heliotropium indicum was reported to possess anti-
bacterial activity (Das P.K., 2011), antitumor activity (Kugelman et
al., 1976), anti-inflammatory activity (Srinivas et al., 2000), anti
tuberculosis activity (Machinan et al., 2005), anti proliferative
activity (Moongkarndi et al., 2004), gastro protective activity
(Adelaja et al., 2008), Wound healing activity (Reddy et al., 2002),
antihyperglycemic (Aqheel et al., 2013) and immuno stimulant
activities (Ashoka et al., 2009). In India and Bangladesh, it is used
in traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus (Okvirk et al.,
2013; Devi et al.,
2011). The methanolic extract of root of
Heliotropium indicum was reported to have significant anti-
hyperglycemic activity in Streptozotocin and alloxan induced
diabetic rats (Aqheel et al., 2013). The other species of this family,
Heliotropium Zeylanicum was reported to possess antidiabetic,
antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities in STZ induced
diabetic rats (Murugesh et al., 2006).
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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 4 (12); 2014: 065-071
But there are no further reports on the antihyperglycemic activity
of Heliotropium indicum. Hence the present study was undertaken
to evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity of Heliotropium
indicum whole plant in STZ induced diabetic rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of plant material
The whole plant Heliotropium indicum was collected
from Tirumala hills and identified by the Botanist, Department of
Botany, S.V. University, Tirupati. A voucher specimen
(Herbarium Accession No: 812) was deposited in the herbarium,
Department of Botany, S.V. University, Tirupati. These
Heliotropium indicum were shade dried and powdered.
Preparation of different solvent extracts
The plant powder of Heliotropium indicum was extracted
in to the solvents of increasing order of polarity. Hexane, ethyl
acetate and methanol extracts were prepared by successive solvent
extraction of Heliotropium indicum powder in soxhlet apparatus at
68°C-70°C. The filtrates obtained were distilled and concentrated
under reduced pressure at low temperature (40°C to 45°C) in the
Buchi rotavapor R-200 and finally freeze dried. The yields of the
hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were 18%, 29% and
31% (w/w) respectively. All the extracts were stored at 0°C in
airtight containers until needed for further studies.
Preparation of aqueous extract
To prepare aqueous extract the Heliotropium indicum
plant powder (200 g) was soaked in distilled water in a glass jar
for 2 days at room temperature and the solvent was filtered. This
was repeated three to four times until the filtrate gave no
colouration. The filtrate was distilled, concentrated under reduced
pressure in the Buchi rotavapor R-200 and finally freeze dried.
The yield of the extract was 24% (w/w). The extract was preserved
in a refrigerator till further use.
Preliminary phytochemical analysis
The different solvent extracts of Heliotropium indicum
were screened for the presence of various phytochemical
constituents using standard conventional protocols (Harborne, J.B.,
1998).
Preparation of methanol active fraction of Heliotropium
indicum (MAFHI)
Methanol active fraction of Heliotropium indicum
(MAFHI) was prepared by a general acid-base extraction method
reported earlier (Houghton and Raman., 1998). Further it was
screened for the presence of various phytochemical constituents
(Harborne, 1998).
Experimental animals
Male albino wistar rats aged 3–4 months with body
weights approximately 180–200 g procured from Venkateswara
Enterprises, Bangalore, were kept at 25 ± 50C in a well ventilated
animal house under 12 h light and dark cycle. The animals were
fed with standard pellet diet (supplied by Venkateswara
Enterprises, Bangalore) ad libitum and had free access to water.
The experimental protocol was subjected to the scrutiny of the
Institutional Animal Ethics Committee and was cleared by the
same before beginning of the experiment (No. 27/2012-2013/
(i)/a/CPCSEA/IAEC/SVU/CAR-MSA).
Induction of diabetes
Diabetes was induced in male wistar albino rats aged 4
months (body weight ~180–200 g) by intraperitoneal
administration of STZ (Sigma, Detroit, USA) (single dose of 50
mg/kg bw) dissolved in freshly prepared 0.01 M citrate buffer pH
4.5. After 72 h rats with marked hyperglycemia (fasting blood
glucose ≥ 250 mg/dL) were selected and used for the study.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Evaluation of antihyperglycemic activity of different solvent
extracts of Heliotropium indicum (HI) in STZ induced diabetic
rats The animals were divided in to seven groups of six
animals each as given below.
Group 1: Normal control + Distilled water,
Group 2: Diabetic control + Distilled water,
Group 3: Diabetic rats + 500 mg hexane extract of HI/kg
bw,
Group 4: Diabetic rats + 500 mg ethyl acetate extract of
HI/kg bw,
Group 5: Diabetic rats + 500 mg methanol extract of
HI/kg bw,
Group 6: Diabetic rats + 500 mg aqueous extract of
HI/kg bw,
Group 7: Diabetic rats + 20mg glibenclamide/kg bw.
After an overnight fast the group 1 and group 2 rats
received only distilled water. Whereas group 3, group 4, group 5
and group 6 diabetic rats received hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol
and aqueous extracts each at a dosage of 500 mg/kg bw
respectively by gastric intubation using a force feeding needle.
Group 7 rats received 20mg glibenclamide/kg bw as a reference
drug. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of blood
glucose from the tail vein at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours after
feeding the extract/glibenclamide, and blood glucose levels were
measured by using glucose oxidase-peroxidase reactive strips and
a glucometer (Accu-chek, Roche Diagnostics, USA).
Evaluation of antihyperglycemic activity of methanol active
fraction of Heliotropium indicum (MAFHI) in STZ induced
diabetic rats
The animals were divided in to seven groups of six
animals each as given below.
Group 1: Normal control+ distilled water,
Group 2: Diabetic control+ distilled water,
Mohammad et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 4 (12); 2014: 065-071 067
Group 3: Diabetic rats+ MAFHI (250 mg/kg bw),
Group 4: Diabetic rats+ MAFHI (500 mg/kg bw),
Group 5: Diabetic rats+ MAFHI (750 mg/kg bw),
Group 6: Diabetic rats+ MAFHI (1000 mg/kg bw),
Group 7: Diabetic rats+ Glibenclamide (20mg/kg bw) a
standard oral antidiabetic drug. After an overnight fast, the
MAFHI suspended in distilled water was fed by gastric intubation,
using a force feeding needle. Group 1 and group 2 rats were fed
distilled water alone. Blood samples were collected for the
measurement of blood glucose from the tail vein at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and 6 hours after feeding the fraction.
The results were compared with those of the 7th group of
rats which were treated with 20 mg glibenclamide/kg bw. Blood
glucose levels were measured by using glucose oxidase-peroxidase
reactive strips and a glucometer (Accu-chek, Roche Diagnostics,
USA).
Effect of MAFHI on fasting blood glucose levels (mg/dL) of
normal rats
The animals were divided in to two groups of six animals
each and received the following treatments. Group 1: Normal
control +distilled water, Group 2: Normal rats + MAFHI (750
mg/kg bw). Blood samples were collected for the measurement of
blood glucose from the tail vein at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours after
feeding the fraction, and blood glucose levels were measured by
using glucose oxidase-peroxidase reactive strips and a glucometer
(Accu-chek, Roche Diagnostics, USA).
Effect of MAFHI on oral glucose tolerance of diabetic rats
Three groups of diabetic rats each group containing six
rats were used for this study. Group1: Diabetic rats + distilled
water, Group 2: Diabetic rats + 20 mg glibenclamide/kg bw,
Group 3: Diabetic rats + 750 mg MAFHI / kg bw. The oral glucose
tolerance test (Bonner wier, 1988) was performed in overnight
fasted diabetic rats. Glucose (2 g/ Kg bw) was administered orally
to all the three groups of rats using a force feeding needle at 0
minute. After 30 minutes of oral glucose administration, the group
2 and group 3 diabetic rats received glibenclamide (20 mg/kg bw)
and MAFHI (750 mg/kg bw) respectively. Blood samples were
collected from tail vein at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min for
estimation of blood glucose using dextrostix with Basic One
Touch Accu-chek Glucometer (Glucose oxidase peroxidase
method). A comparison was made between the MAFHI and
antidiabetic drug glibenclamide, with respect to their
antihyperglycemic activities.
Effect of MAFHI on oral glucose tolerance of normal rats
Three groups of normal rats each group containing six
rats were used for this study.
Group 1: Normal Control+ distilled water,
Group 2: Normal rats+750 mg MAFHI/kg bw,
Group 3: Normal rats +20mg glibenclamide/kg bw. After
overnight fast group 2 and group 3 were fed with MAFHI and
glibenclamide respectively and normal untreated rats (Group 1)
were fed with distilled water. Thereafter, following 30 min of post
fraction and drug administration all groups of animals were fed
with glucose (2g/kg bw). Blood samples were collected from tail
vein prior to dosing and then at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min
after glucose administration for estimation of blood glucose using
dextrostix with Basic One Touch Accu-chek Glucometer (Glucose
oxidase peroxidase method) (Shirwaikar and Rajendran, 2006;
Aslan et al., 2007).
Acute toxicity studies
Acute toxicity of MAFHI was evaluated in healthy wistar
male albino rats, according to the guidelines set by Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (Bala et al.,
2010). The healthy male rats were randomly divided into two
groups of six rats each.
The animals were fasted overnight, provided only water
after which methanol active fraction of Heliotropium indicum was
administered to the groups orally at a dose level of 2000, 3000
mg/kg bw respectively by gastric intubation. The animals were
observed continuously for 24 hours for toxic symptoms
such as behavioural changes, locomotion, convulsions and
mortality.
RESULTS
Preliminary phytochemical screening
Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the
presence of steroids, alkaloids, triterpenes, saponins and tannins in
Heliotropium indicum whole plant. Phytochemical constituents of
different solvent extracts of Heliotropium indicum are given in
Table 1.
Table. 1: Phytochemical constituents of different solvent extracts of
Heliotropium indicum.
S.NO Phytochemicals Hexane Ethyl
acetate Methanol Water MAFHI
1 Steroids – – + + +
2 Terpenoids – – – – –
3 Triterpenes – + + + + +
4 Saponins – + + + + + + +
5 Alkaloids – + + + + + +
6 Carbohydrates – – – – –
7 Flavonoids – – – – –
8 Tannins – – + + +
9 Glycosides – – – – –
++, major; +, minor; –, no phytochemical.
Effects of different solvent extracts of HI on the blood glucose
levels of diabetic rats
The effect of different solvent extracts of Heliotropium
indicum on the fasting blood glucose levels of diabetic rats is
shown in Table 2.
The diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract at a dosage
of 500 mg/ kg bw showed significant (47%) reduction in blood
glucose levels. No reduction of blood glucose levels was observed
in diabetic rats treated with hexane and ethyl acetate extracts at the
same dosage. Whereas the methanol extract has produced 31.5%
fall in the FBG level of the diabetic rats.
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Table 2: Effect of different solvent extracts of HI on fasting blood glucose levels of STZ induced diabetic rats. Values are given as mean ± S.D.
GROUPS Fasting Blood Glucose (mg/dl) levels after treatment with different solvent extracts of HI
0h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h
1 82.66±4 83.66±5 81.16±2 82±3 79.1±2 79.5±3 80.66±3
2 303.33±19† 305.16±20 307.66±19 309±19 310.66±18 314.16±18 316.66±16
3 311±19† 308.66±19 306.33±19 304.66±19 303.33±21 300.5±19 294.33±21
4 354.71±12† 349.71±13 348.28±13 345±13 342±14 339.85±14 332.28±14
5 385.66±19† 362.33±19 335.66±15* 325.16±15* 312.33±14** 295.5±14** 264.16±11**(31.5%)
6 334±19† 316.83±17 306.5±15 263.5±11.6** 246.66±13** 227.66±11** 177.66±15**(47%)
7 328±24† 299±10 271.3±6* 249±5** 228.5±5** 202.8±5** 193.66±7**(40%)
† P <0.0001 compared with the initial level of blood glucose (0h) of normal rats.
** P<0.0001 compared with the initial level of blood glucose (0h) in the respective group.
* P<0.001 compared with the initial level of blood glucose (0h) in the respective group.
Numbers in parenthesis indicate the percentage of fall in 0h blood glucose.
Table 3: Effect of different doses of MAFHI on fasting blood glucose levels of STZ induced diabetic rats.
GROUP Fasting Blood Glucose (mg/dL) levels after treatment with different doses of MAFHI
0h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h
1 81.83±2.8 79.66±4.6 81.33±3.5 78.5±3.6 77.33±4.5 82±4.5 78.66±5.7
2 280.16±15† 284.5±10 289.66±6.7 291.5±7.6 287.16±13 292.33±8.0 293.16±7.2
3 344±27 † 322.33±30 305±27 292.66±22 284.83±20 280.33±19* 268.16±21*(22%)
4 402.33±42† 358±41 329.83±38 290±26* 265±42* 234.66±50** 212.83±34**(47.1%)
5 384.66±43† 342.16±31* 281.83±20** 244±24** 198.16±19** 177±18** 153.16±17**(60%)
6 358.16±17† 272.3±9** 208.3±14** 199±11** 184.5± 6.5** 178.13±5** 156.8±12**(56.2%)
7 331.83±14† 304.33±16 278.5±10** 265±12** 236±11** 212.5±13** 201.5±8**(39.2%)
All values are expressed as mean ± S.D from six rats in each group.
† P <0.0001 compared with the initial level of blood glucose (0h) of normal rats.
** P<0.0001 compared with the initial level of blood glucose (0h) in the respective group.
* P<0.001 compared with the initial level of blood glucose (0h) in the respective group.
Numbers in parenthesis indicate the percentage of fall in 0h blood glucose.
Table 4: Effect of MAFHI on fasting blood glucose levels of normal rats.
GROUP Fasting Blood Glucose (mg/dL) levels after treatment with MAFHI
0h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h
1 86.8± 3.7 83.6± 5.4 88.0± 4.5 91.8± 3.7 86.3± 6.3 89.0 ± 3.8 86.8± 6.9
2 79.5±3.8 88.33±4.2 82.66±5.0 84.2±4.5 86.13±3.5 81.66±3.9 82.33±4.5
All values are expressed as mean ± S.D from six rats in each group.
Fig. 1: Effect of MAFHI on glucose tolerance in diabetic rats.
Fig. 2: Effect of MAFHI on glucose tolerance in normal rats.
Mohammad et al. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 4 (12); 2014: 065-071 069
Effect of MAFHI on fasting blood glucose levels (mg/dL) of
STZ induced diabetic rats and normal rats
The effect of different doses of methanol active fraction
of Heliotropium indicum (MAFHI) on the fasting blood glucose
levels of diabetic rats is given in Table 3. The fasting blood
glucose levels of diabetic untreated rats (Group 2) were
significantly higher than the fasting blood glucose levels of normal
untreated rats (Group 1). A significant (60%) decrease in fasting
blood glucose levels was observed in diabetic rats treated with
MAFHI at the dosage of 750 mg/kg bw. Whereas the doses 250
and 500 mg/kg bw produced a fall of 22% and 47% respectively in
the FBG levels. However, further increase (1000 mg/kg bw) in the
dose of MAFHI did not increase the hypoglycemic response. The
hypoglycemic effect of MAFHI was compared with that of
glibenclamide (20mg/kg bw) a standard drug. The effect of
MAFHI was much higher than that of glibenclamide which has
produced only 39% fall in the blood glucose levels. The treatment
with MAFHI at a dosage of 750 mg/kg bw in normal rats did not
show any hypoglycemic activity. The results are depicted in
Table4.
Effect of MAFHI on oral glucose tolerance in STZ induced
diabetic rats
After 30 minutes of oral glucose administration (2g/kg
bw), the administration of 750 mg MAFHI/kg bw or 20 mg
glibenclamide/kg bw has significantly improved the glucose
tolerance in the diabetic rats. In the diabetic untreated rats the
glucose levels remained higher without much change even at 180
min after glucose load. Oral administration of MAFHI (750 mg/kg
bw) and glibenclamide (20 mg/kg bw) for group 3 and group 2
diabetic rats respectively, resulted in a significant fall in blood
glucose levels from 30 minutes onwards and continued up to 180
minutes. The effect of MAFHI was much higher when compared
to that of glibenclamide. The results are depicted in Fig. 1.
Effect of MAFHI on oral glucose tolerance in normal rats
The blood glucose levels of all groups of animals were
measured from 0 min to 180 minutes after glucose load. In all the
groups the blood glucose levels were raised after 30 min of
glucose administration but after that there was a significant
decrease in the blood glucose levels of group 2 and group 3 when
compared to those in group 1. But there was no hypoglycemia in
any group of rats. The results are depicted in Fig. 2.
Acute toxicity study
The various observations showed the normal behavior of
the treated rats. No toxic effects were observed even at the dose of
3000 mg MAFHI/kg bw. There were no lethal effects in any of the
groups, indicating that MAFHI is non toxic.
DISCUSSION
Diabetes currently is a major health problem for the
people of the world. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder of
carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism characterized by
elevation of both fasting and post prandial blood glucose levels.
The synthetic oral hypoglycemic agents can produce serious side
effects (Akhtar and Iqbal., 1991; Holman and Turner., 1991). The
increases in number of diabetic patients have motivated scientists
to find new methods to cure diabetes (Adeghate E., 1999). STZ is
an antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces achromogenes. It
possesses diabetogenic properties mediated by pancreatic β- cell
destruction; hence this compound has been widely used to induce
diabetes mellitus in experimental animals (Junod A., 1969). Low
dose of STZ was used in the present study resulting in partial
destruction of β-cells resembling type 2 diabetes mellitus in
humans. Heliotropium indicum has been in use traditionally for
treatment of several diseases. But there are not many studies on
antidiabetic activity of Heliotropium indicum. In the present study
500 mg aqueous extract of HI/kg bw has shown a maximum fall in
blood glucose levels by about 47 % in STZ induced diabetic rats,
which is significantly higher than the hypoglycemic effect of 20
mg/kg bw of glibenclamide in the diabetic treated rats. The onset
of antihyperglycemic action was observed from 1st hr of the
treatment and a steady state increase in the action continued up to
6th hr. The methanol extract also produced significant but less
antihyperglycemic activity (a maximum of 31.5%) in comparison
with that of aqueous extract. No antihyperglycemic action was
observed with hexane and ethyl acetate extracts.
In this study the methanol active fraction of Heliotropium
indicum at a dose of 750 mg/kg bw produced a significant (60%)
fall in the fasting blood glucose levels of diabetic rats, but it has no
effect in normal rats. The blood glucose lowering effect of MAFHI
is higher than that of the oral hypoglycemic agent, glibenclamide
(20 mg/kg bw). The decreased antihyperglycemic activity at dose
higher than 750 mg/kg bw could be due to reduced or no effect of
the components present in the extracts at higher doses (Prince et
al., 1999) and/ or the presence of other antagonistic components
in the extract.
The oral glucose tolerance test showed that the MAFHI
gave definite blood glucose lowering activity. The onset of anti
hyperglycemic action was observed from 30 minutes of the
treatment and a steady state increase in the action continued up to
180 minutes in diabetic rats. The MAFHI would have enhanced
the glucose utilization, so blood glucose levels were significantly
decreased in glucose loaded rats.
Phytochemical analysis of MAFHI revealed the presence
of steroids, triterpenes, alkaloids, saponins and tannins in
Heliotropium indicum whole plant. Triterpenes constitute a large
structurally diverse group of natural compounds that possess
various biological activities. Many experiments have shown that
these compounds have several antidiabetic mechanisms. They can
inhibit enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, prevent the
development of insulin resistance and normalize plasma glucose
and insulin levels (Nazaruk and Borzym-Kluczyk., 2014). These
natural compounds, in contrast to synthetic drugs, apart from
producing a hypoglycemic effect have also been found to manifest
hypolipidemic and anti-obesity activity. Triterpenes are also
070
Mohammad
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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 4 (12); 2014: 065-071
promising agents in the prevention of diabetic complications. They
have strong antioxidant activity and inhibit the formation of
advanced glycation end products, implicated in the pathogenesis of
diabetic nephropathy, embryopathy, neuropathy or impaired
wound healing. Two triterpenes of Momardica charantia were
reported to show hypoglycemic effects in the alloxan-injected
mice at 400 mg/kg (Harinantenaina et al., 2006). Until now very
few clinical studies have been concerned with the application of
triterpenes in treating diabetes.
The alkaloids are well known phytoconstituents
responsible for anti-inflammatory (Srinivas et al., 2000; Barbosa-
Filho et al., 2006; Idowu et al., 2006), antioxidant (Murugesh et
al., 2006; Idowu et al., 2006), antidiabetic (Singh et al., 2001;
Ponnachan et al., 1993), anticancer (Kugelman et al., 1976;
Jagetia and Baliga., 2006), antibacterial (Zhang et al., 2010),
analgesic (Shang et al., 2010) and many other activities. Saponins
have been reported as plant phytochemical having insulin
sensitization and antihyperlipidemic effects in diabetic rats.
(Bhavsar et al., 2009; Eu et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2011;
Elekofehinti et al., 2013).
CONCLUSION
From the above results it is concluded that the oral
administration of MAFHI to STZ induced hyperglycemic rats
showed a prominent reduction in blood glucose levels and
normalization of blood glucose levels when compared to STZ
control rats. Heliotropium indicum possesses various
phytochemical constituents, which may be responsible for the
antihyperglycemic activity in STZ induced diabetic rats. Further
work has to be carried out to investigate the active compounds in
the methanol active fraction of Heliotropium indicum.
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How to cite this article:
Subhan Ali Mohammad, Shaik Abdul Nabi, Saritha Marella,
Krishna Tilak Thandaiah , Malaka Venkateshwarulu Jyothi Kumar,
Chippada Appa Rao. Phytochemical screening and
antihyperglycemic activity of Heliotropium indicum whole plant in
Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J App Pharm Sci, 2014; 4
(12): 065-071.
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