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Aroma profile of Eucalyptus globulus: Collected from North West Karnataka, India

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Dr. R. K. Joshi at ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine (Formerly Regional Medical Research Centre)
Dr. R. K. Joshi
  • ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine (Formerly Regional Medical Research Centre)
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Abstract

The chemical composition of the essential oil of the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) grown in North West Karnataka, has been analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-eight constituents were identified, accounting 97.93% of the total oil. The major compounds were a-phellandrene (40.31%), a-pinene (13.71%), â-pinene (13.31%), a-terpinene (9.61%) and 1,8-cineol (4.96%). The oil was rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (81.14%). Scientific World, Vol. 10, No. 10, July 2012 p89-90 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v10i10.6870
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Scientific World, Vol. 10, No. 10, July 2012
89
INTRODUCTION
The Myrtaceae family comprises approximately 130 genera
and 3000 species of trees and shrubs1. Eucalyptus globulus
is an ever green tree growing up to 40 to 70 m and widely
planted in the sub tropical and Mediterranean regions2. The
fresh leaves are sometimes eating as vegetables, while the
dry leaves were often smoked as cigarettes for treatment of
asthma3. It is also to be useful in the various treatments of
lung ailment, malaria, bladder and liver infection4. Diverse
pharmacological activities like antihyperglycemic5,
hypoglycemic6, antioxidant7, antibacterial8 and antifungal9
have been reported. Essential oil derived from Eucalyptus
globulus exhibited antimicrobial10,11, analgesic, anti-
inflammatory12 and insecticidal13,14 activities. Various
compounds such as 1,8-cineole, á-pinene and d-limonene13
from India, á-pinene, á-terpineol, globulol and aromadendrene
from Argentina14, á-pinene and 1,8-cineole16 from Ethiopia,
aromadendrene, á-phellandrene, 1,8-cineole, ledene and
globulol17 from Portugal, 1,8-cineol and á-pinene18 from
Tunisia, terpinen-4-ol, ã-terpinene, spathulenol, ñ-cymene,
ñ-cymen-7-ol, globulol and á-phellandrene19 from Nigeria,
1,8-cineole, limonene, á-pinene and o-Cymene14 from Brazil
have been reported. In this communication presents the
chemical composition of the essential oil of Eucalyptus
globulus collected from Western Ghats region of North West
Karnataka, India and to demarcate the terpenoid profile.
EXPERIMENTAL
Plant material
The leaves of Eucalyptus globulus were collected from district
Belgaum (N 15.88668; E 74.52353), Karnataka, India, in the
month of October, 2011. The plant was identified by Dr. H. V.
Hegde, Scientist, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR),
Belgaum, Karnataka, India, where voucher specimen (No.
RMRC-586) has been deposited.
Isolation of essential oil
The fresh plant materials (200 g) were hydro-distilled for 3 h
using a Clevenger type apparatus. The oil was dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate and stored at -4 °C until analysis.
The yield of oils was 0.3%.
Analysis of oil
The gas chromatography (GC) analysis of the oil was carried
out on Varian 450 gas chromatograph equipped with FID,
using stationary phase CP Sil-8-CB (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25
ìm film thickness) fused silica capillary column. Nitrogen was
a carrier gas at 1.0 mL/min flow rate. Temperature programming
was 60 °C - 220 °C at 3 °C/min, for injector and detector
temperatures were 230 °C and 250 °C, respectively. The
injection volume was 1.0 ìL diluted in n-hexane, split ratio
was 1: 50. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-
MS) analysis of the oil was carried out on Thermo Scientific
Trace Ultra GC interfaced with a Thermo Scientific ITQ 1100
Mass Spectrometer fitted with TG-5 fused silica capillary
column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 ìm film thickness). The column
temperature was programmed from 60 °C - 220 °C at 3 °C/min,
using He as a carrier gas at 1.0 mL/min. The injector temperature
was 230 °C, injection size 0.1 ìL prepared in n-hexane, split
ratio 1:50. MS were taken at 70 eV with mass scan range of 40
- 450 amu.
Identification of the components
Identification of constituents were done on the basis of
Retention Index (RI, determined with reference to
homologous series of n-alkanes C8-C28, under identical
experimental condition), MS library search (NIST and
WILEY), and by comparison with MS literature data20. The
relative amounts of individual components were calculated
based on GC peak area (FID response) without using
correction factor.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The chemical composition of essential oil of the leaves of
Eucalyptus globulus is presented in Table 1. The constituents
of leaves oil of Eucalyptus globulus are listed in order of
their elution order on the TG-5 column. In total of forty-eight
compounds were identified from the oil representing 97.93%
AROMA PROFILE OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS:
COLLECTED FROM NORTH WEST KARNATAKA, INDIA
R. K. Joshi*
*Department of Phytochemistry, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR),
Belgaum, Karnataka-590 010, India.
Author for Correspondence: R. K. Joshi, Department of Phytochemistry, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Belgaum, Karnataka-590 010, India.
Email: joshirk_natprod@yahoo.com.
Abstract: The chemical composition of the essential oil of the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) grown in North West
Karnataka, has been analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-eight constituents were identified, accounting 97.93% of the total oil.
The major compounds were á-phellandrene (40.31%), á-pinene (13.71%), â-pinene (13.31%), ã-terpinene (9.61%) and 1,8-cineol
(4.96%). The oil was rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (81.14%).
Keywords: Eucalyptus globulus; Myrtaceae; Essential oil; á-phellandrene; GC/MS.
Scientific World, Vol. 10, No. 10, July 2012 90
may affect the composition and other secondary metabolites
of the plant. The present finding is intended as a contribution
to the better knowledge of the chemical composition of the
essential oil of the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is grateful to the Dr. S. D. Kholkute, Director-in-
Charge, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) Belgaum,
Karnataka, India for providing necessary facilities and also
thankful to Mr. Manjunath Patil, Laboratory Attendant,
Department of Phytochemistry, RMRC, Belgaum for collection
of plant materials and extraction of essential oil.
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Zealand medicinal plants. Heinemann.
4. Boukef, K., Balanshad, G., Lallemand, M. and Brenard, P. 1976.
Study of flavonic heterosides and aglycones isolated from the
leaves of Eucalyptus globulus.
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and Moreno, P.R. 2007. Phytotherapy Research. 21: 231-233.
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R.A., Barros, R.S., Sousa, R.N., Sousa, L.C., Brito, E.S. and
Souza-Neto, M.A. 2010. Veterinary Parasitology. 167: 1–7.
15. Viturro, C.I., Molina, A.C. and Heit, C.I. 2003. Journal of
Essential Oil Research. 15: 206-208.
16. Dagne, E., Bisrat, D., Alemayehu, M. and Worku, T. 2000.
Journal of Essential Oil Research. 12: 467-470.
17. Pereira, S.I., Freire, C.S.R., Neto, C.P., Silvestre, A.J.D., Silva,
A.M.S. 2005. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 20: 407-409.
18. Noumi, E., Snoussi, M., Hajlaoui, H., Trabelsi, N., Ksouri, R.,
Valentin, E. and Bakhrouf, A. 2011. Journal of Medicinal
Plants Research. 5: 4147-4156.
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Compound % RI Lit Identification
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
á-Thujene 1.15 938 RI,MS
á-Pinene 13.71 943 RI,MS
á-Fenchene 0.03 956 RI,MS
Camphene 0.09 958 RI,MS
â-Pinene 13.31 986 RI,MS
Myrcene 0.01 995 RI,MS
á-Phellandrene 40.31 1011 RI,MS
á-Terpinene 0.05 1023 RI,MS
p-Cymene 1.20 1032 RI,MS
Limonene 0.49 1038 RI,MS
1,8-Cineol 4.96 1040 RI,MS
(E)-â-Ocimene 0.02 1057 RI,MS
ã-Terpinene 9.61 1068 RI,MS
cis-Linalool oxide 0.11 1081 RI,MS
p-Mentha-2,4(8)-diene 1.16 1092 RI,MS
endo-Fenchol 0.14 1117 RI,MS
cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol 0.27 1126 RI,MS
trans-Pinene hydrate 0.18 1147 RI,MS
Borneol 0.21 1171 RI,MS
Terpin-4-ol 2.29 1185 RI,MS
á-Terpineol 2.25 1196 RI,MS
cis-Piperitol 0.05 1198 RI,MS
trans-Piperitol 0.09 1211 RI,MS
Carvotanacetone 0.18 1251 RI,MS
Thymol t 1298 RI,MS
Carvacrol t 1304 RI,MS
Eugenol t 1362 RI,MS
Cyclosativene 0.03 1375 RI,MS
á-Ylangene t 1378 RI,MS
Methyl eugenol 0.03 1407 RI,MS
á-Gurjunene 0.04 1413 RI,MS
â-Caryophyllene 0.21 1425 RI,MS
â-Gurjunene 0.11 1437 RI,MS
Aromadendrene 0.04 1445 RI,MS
á-Humulene 0.02 1459 RI,MS
Seychellene t 1467 RI,MS
â-Selinene 0.05 1493 RI,MS
á-Selinene t 1501 RI,MS
ã-Cadinene 0.02 1520 RI,MS
ä-Cadinene t 1532 RI,MS
Elemol t 1556 RI,MS
Caryophyllene oxide 0.02 1589 RI,MS
Khusimone t 1599 RI,MS
Guaiol t 1601 RI,MS
10-epi-ã-Eudesmol 1.72 1627 RI,MS
ã-Eudesmol 0.14 1639 RI,MS
Cubenol 2.04 1651 RI,MS
á-Muurolol 1.59 1655 RI,MS
Monoterpene hydrocarbons 81.14
Oxygenated monoterpenes 10.73
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 0.55
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes 5.51
Phenyl derivatives t
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 97.93%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
‘t’=trace(<0.01%)
Table 1: Chemical composition of the essential oil of
Eucalyptus globulus.
of the total oil. The major compounds were á-phellandrene
(40.31%), á-pinene (13.71%), â-pinene (13.31%), ã-terpinene
(9.61%) and 1,8-cineol (4.96%). The oil was rich in
monoterpene hydrocarbons (81.14%) followed by oxygenated
monoterpenes (10.73%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (5.51%),
sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (0.55%) and phenyl derivatives
(<0.01%). The quantitative and qualitative divergence from
other regions may be due to the geographical, climatic and
soil conditions in the southern part of India, which in turn
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  • Mar 2010
  • FOOD CHEM
The chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of the essential oils of three common Australian Eucalyptus species, namely E. olida, E. staigeriana and E. dives were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the agar disc diffusion method, respectively. A total of 24 compounds were identified from the essential oil of E. dives, with the dominant compounds being piperitone (40.5%), α-phellandrene (17.4%), p-cymene (8.5%) and terpin-4-ol (4.7%). For E. staigeriana, 29 compounds were identified with 1,8-cineole (34.8%), neral (10.8%), geranial (10.8%), α-phellandrene (8.8%) and methyl geranate (5.2%) being the dominant ones. In contrast, a single compound, (E)-methyl cinnamate, accounted for 99.4% of the essential oils of E. oilda, although 20 compounds were identified. The essential oils displayed a variable degree of antimicrobial activity with E. staigeriana oil showing the highest activity. In general, Gram-positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive to the essential oils than Gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive strain while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant.
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Antibacterial effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract on pathogenic bacteria isolated from specimens of patients with respiratory tract disorders
Article
  • Mar 2006
The antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract was determined for 56 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 25 isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes, 12 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and seven isolates of Haemophilus influenzae obtained from 200 clinical specimens of patients with respiratory tract disorders. MIC50s for these species were 64, 32, 16 and 16 mg/L, respectively; MIC90s were 128, 64, 32 and 32 mg/L, respectively; and MBCs were 512, 128, 64 and 64 mg/L, respectively. These results suggest that further studies to clarify the possible therapeutic role of E. globulus leaf extract in the treatment of respiratory tract infection are warranted.
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The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval
  • Jan 2007
  • L Watson
  • M J Dallwitz
Watson, L. and Dallwitz, M.J. 2007. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Available at: http://delta-intkey.com.
  • Jan 2009
  • 419-425
  • A Nakhaee
  • M Bokaeian
  • M Saravani
  • A Farhangi
  • A Akbarzadeh
Nakhaee, A., Bokaeian, M., Saravani, M., Farhangi, A. and Akbarzadeh, A. 2009. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 24: 419-425.