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Shifting monument production chains and the implications for gravestone design on Prince Edward Island, 1820–2005
Abstract
This paper examines changing gravestone design in Prince Edward Island (PEI) (1820–2005) and relates these changes to changing modes of production in the monument industry. Information from field surveys, newspaper advertisements and business correspondence reveals how supply-side factors helped shape the morphogenesis of the island's cemetery landscapes. Among these, different sources of raw materials and manufacturing innovations over time resulted in the use of harder, more durable types of stone. With these changes, gravestone production and design moved increasingly away from local monument works towards off-island producers in Vermont, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Since the early 20th century, PEI's gravestone suppliers vertically integrated along Fordist mass-production lines and increased choices available to local monument sellers and their consumers.
... Stott (2008) for states, including Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Montana, and Wyoming, in the American Great Plains, for instance, provided regional scale comparisons of English versus Scottish churchyards across a north-south national-cutting transect, indicating that cross-boundary studies are being undertaken in contemporary necrogeographical research. Reiffenstein and Selig (2013) considered information derived from field surveys, etc. in their study of Prince Edward Island's cemetery landscape morphogenesis, finding that harder and more durable stones were deployed over time and a shift away from local to off-island production in the other Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as well as Vermont. Moreover, Francaviglia (1994: 521) recognised the interdisciplinary nature of necrogeography, as it draws anthropologists, historians, scholars in interdisciplinary programs, etc. and contended that: ...
In this introduction to the special issue on necrogeography and physical geography, a focus on landforms and landscapes is presented and applied to subdisciplinary areas, including geomorphology, climatology, biogeography, and soil science. The primary aim is to present past directions taken in the field by physical geographers and provide further areas for their potential engagement. The seven papers contained in this special issue are lastly conveyed in terms of their contribution to necrogeography as an applied physical geography in cemeteries, although not exclusively.
The gravestones of Missouri’s historic Columbia Cemetery demonstrate the changing social identity of the population of Columbia, Missouri. These stone artifacts, spanning more than a century, display information that reflects the mortuary values of the residents of this city. This study of local, historical mortuary monuments documents their demographic, morphological, materialistic, and stylistic characteristics, which were evaluated in order to track the gravestone-choice trends for the early inhabitants of Columbia. The grave markers reflect changing preferences over time, from tall, statuesque limestone and marble monuments to more modest granite headstones. Overall, there is a decline in use of elaborate monuments along with a decrease in descriptor and epitaph use, an increase in family-stone use, and a rise in the popularity of cheaper grave markers. These results demonstrate a community shift away from intricate descriptive memorials and toward cognate and inexpensive grave markers.
At the turn of the 20th century, the Vermont Marble Company was the largest producer of marble goods in the United States and a critical force in the standardization and diffusion of gravestones across the country. The Vermont Marble Company utilized new modes of mass production, established a national distribution network, and embraced the use of catalogs to sell their products. This thesis examines a set of gravestone catalogs printed in 1916 and used by the Vermont Marble Company’s sales representatives in Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, and San Francisco. The catalogs contain hundreds of images of gravestones sold by the company and capture a transitional moment of funerary traditions in the United States from elaborate 19th century mourning culture to modern standardized memorials. This thesis shows through statistical analysis of the catalogs that the Vermont Marble Company had a regionally distinctive approach to distribution of their gravestone designs, and it interprets the findings through a website and lesson plans that engage students with archival material, secondary sources, and historical artifacts.
The study of religion is increasingly being accepted as a legitimate and serious subject of inquiry by scholars in the social and policy sciences and humanities and those in regional studies, and interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary programs. Following decades of neglect, religion and faith/belief systems are being recognized as both important in understanding cultures, societies, economies, politics, and history. This chapter summarizes the books remaining 14 parts: nature, ethics and environmental change; sacred spaces and places; pilgrimage landscapes and tourism; education and changing worldviews; business, finance, economic development and law; globalization, diasporas and new faces in the Global North; globalization, diasporas and new faces in the Global South; secularization; megachurches and architecture; culture (museums, drama, fashion, food, music, sports and science fiction); organizations; identity, gender and culture; politics, reconciliation and advocacy; and virtual worlds and the visual media. The 207 chapters discuss religious issues in over 60 countries and are written by scholars from nearly 40 countries. This chapter has an extensive bibliography (over 1,200 items: books, atlases, chapters, journal articles) that includes the contributions of geographers and others writing about historical and contemporary dimensions of religion; it also suggests topics for those wishing to pursue the study of religion and faith issues at all scales (local and global).
This paper explores the historical development of a Victorian cemetery in Bristol - Arnos Vale - in order to discuss how the nonhuman agency of trees has been enrolled into particular networks of environmental change and conservation. We argue that trees have both acted as socialized actors in the narrative of the changing nature of Arnos Vale and contributed significantly to the relational agencies involved. Trees have thereby been implicated in processes of resistance at the site, particularly through their incorporation in practices of monitoring and surveillance. The changing tree presence at Arnos Vale has served to recontextualize and resignify the site, and the monitoring of trees has made this bricolage known, prompting the construction of a significant site of resistance where the privatization of public space has been contested.
During the 1490s, over 1,500 microbreweries sprouted and flourished across the country. This expansion of microbreweries derives, in part, from the desire of people to break away from the smothering homogeneity of popular, national culture. Such breweries are often proudly and sellconsciously local, sporting local historical photos, maps, and other artifacts of a place's personality as part of the decor. Geographer Wes Flack has hypothesized that the growth of such establishments is a prime illustration of a movement termed “neolocalism,” in which people are attempting to reconnect with the local, the personal, and the unique. The microbrewery industry has undergone rapid expansion and major upheaval in the decade since F7lack first carried out his research. This study examines recent trends in the industry and determines that his original thesis is as valid as it was when he first offered it. The core of this paper is an analysis of how ale names and visual marketing imagery are used by microbreweries to tap into this powerful feeling, and of the ways that these images serve to create local loyalties and identities. We argue that such imagery offers us a valuable window into the process of neolocalism—the active, conscious creation and maintenance of attachment to place.
Tourism scholars in recent years have posited a global paradigmatic shift from Fordist to more post-Fordist and neo-Fordist modes of tourism production and consumption. This article provides a brief literature review of transformations in global tourism production and consumption from a Fordist spectrum of analysis. Following a discussion of tourism development in Cancun and the surrounding state of Quintana Roo, this article draws on empirical data from a survey of 615 visitors to the Yucatan Peninsula and 60 Cancun hotels to provide a contextual application of the Fordist spectrum in understanding the nature of tourism production and consumption in the region. Cancun is situated as a predominately Fordist mass tourism resort, however, analysis reveals that the region’s tourism landscape, which is experiencing processes of diversification, is in reality a complex combination of both Fordist and post-Fordist elements manifest in different ‘shades’ of mass tourism, ‘neo-Fordism’ and ‘mass customization’. The article concludes that the Fordist spectrum of analysis provides a useful perspective from which to examine the changing nature of tourism production and consumption.
There is widespread agreement that something dramatic has been happening to the international economy over the past two decades: rapid and radical changes in production technology and industrial organization, a major restructuring of world markets, and consequent large-scale changes in the policies of economic management at the internahonal, national and regional levels. At the same time there is a great deal of confusion about how to characterize these changes, the mechanisms at work, and the policy implications for different groups of economic and political actors. One way of accomplishing these tasks is to postulate a change of basic manufacturing organization from a ‘Fordist’ pattern that prevailed in the years of the long post-1945 boom to a ‘post-Fordist’ successor in the later 1970s and 1980s. Many people habitually conflate three approaches to industrial change under this heading: flexible specialization, regulation theory, and a more diverse body of explicitly ‘post-Fordiit’ analyses. The resulting problem is that significant differences of approach are concealed bv a suerficial similaritv between the proponents of flezble specialization and a sit of adparently similar bbt underlyingly divergent ideas. The purpose of this paper is to examine systematically the differences between flexible specialization, regulation theory, and other variants of ‘post-Fordism’ with respect to their fundamental assumptions and theoretical architecture, their methodological approach and use of evidence, and their policy implications.
This paper uses the work of the Canadian economic historian, Harold Innis, to reflect on the nature of resource economies and the single-industry towns that form their backbone. For Innis resource or staple economies are subject to extreme spatial and temporal disruptions that are both creative and destructive. Single-industry towns are on the front line of both that creativity and that destructiveness. They enjoy rapid growth when a new resource is found, but are equally hastily abandoned when resources run out, or prices fall. Innis used the metaphor of the cyclone to depict this pattern of staples accumulation and consequent crisis. This paper will, first, elaborate on Innis's general cyclonic scheme that joins space, time, and staples production, and second, provide a case study of the forest-industry town of Port Alberni, British Columbia, to exemplify his argument.
Graveyards are hallowed ground. Until 19th century when undertakers and landscape architects took charge of burials and burying grounds, funerals were family and community rituals, focused on the graveyard. In cemetries, memory is supposedly the key concept: the transition from graveyard to cemetry quickened as the fear of Hell ebbed. A history of burial customs and attitudes to the graveyard is given. The cemetries of today share many features of the great urban parks begun in the same era. -after Author
This article examines late-eighteenth-and nineteenth-century mortuary practices in Hanover, New Hampshire, and tests the assumption that gravestones and associated mortuary rituals serve as an accurate indication of an individual's socioeconomic status. Unique among historic gravestone analyses, this essay analyzes the entirety of a community's eschatology between 1770 and 1920 and contextualizes gravestones within the accompanying mortuary rituals. This article investigates possible correlations between multiple gravestone variables and Hanover Township residents' ideas about death, social structure, family organization, and individual identity. For the 150-year time span considered in this essay, I conclude that beliefs about death (rather than individual social status or ethnic identity) often dictated the style, material, and form of the gravestone.
Seventeenth and eighteenth-century gravestones in Massachusetts are decorated with a traditional set of designs which have distinctive spatial and temporal limits. By treating them as archaeological phenomena, one can demonstrate and test methods of inferring diffusion, design evolution, and relationships between a folk-art tradition and the culture which produced it. Early popularity of death's-head designs reflects Puritan attitudes toward death, while the later cherub, willow tree, and urn motifs indicate the breakdown of these values. Although cherubs appear earliest among an innovating urban class in Cambridge, they remain a relatively minor type in this central area but are rapidly adopted in outlying districts further removed from the center of influence. Imperfect reproduction of certain designs gives rise to distinctive local styles of other areas. The distribution of these local styles in time and space provides further insights regarding religious change in the Colonial period, including a clear indication of how this change proceeded in different geographical areas at different times. Future analysis of this material promises to be quite productive in the areas of experimental archaeology, kinship analysis, demographic studies, style change, and religious change in Colonial America.
Recently some economic geographers have drawn our attention to what are alleged to be fundamental changes in production, based on the adoption of more flexible machines and labour within firms, and more flexible relations between firms. Certain spatial implications such as reagglomeration of production are said to have resulted from these changes, or are believed to be underway. This paper critically examines these contentions by setting out the fundamental elements of these changes, considering the degree of their pervasiveness throughout western economies, and the extent to which such changes really do represent a distinct break with the past history and geography of production. In doing so, this paper seeks to uncover the true motivations underlying technological change in the workplace, exposing some common misconceptions about the new flexible production methods and their impacts.
Local brewing operations, a part of the cultural landscape since the beginning of civilization, held fast in the United States until the arrival of mass production techniques. After a 100-year decline in the number of United States microbreweries, there has been a remarkable resurgence in the last 15 years. Following on the coattails of Britain's microbrewery revolution, the cultural innovation spread outward from California and has recently affected the Great Plains and the South. One may explain the microbrewery proliferation as a response to changing tastes and a growing beer connoisseur subculture. These are significant elements, but just as important is the neolocal craving that is being satisfied. Cultural geography has much to learn from a careful look at the recent changes in the United States brewing industry.
Recent availability of a place-specific roster of 99,625 named cemeteries appearing on USGS quadrangles renders possible for the first time the study of such places at more than the state or localized scale. County-level plotting of named sites for the eastern United States yields two unexpected results: a band of exceptionally high densities of named cemeteries traversing much of the Upper South and a parallel tract of low densities dominating the South Atlantic States. Region-specific cultural processes could apply since population density, physical geography, longevity of settlement, social diversity, and land costs, factors operating moderately well elsewhere, work poorly here to explain the pattern, as does diffusion.
In traditional societies, a sense of the is often inherent in the form of the urban built-environment, which, in turn, cannot be understood apart from the . According to Mircea Eliade, the act of settlement itself is perceived as a re-enactment of the mythical creation of the world. Ancient Indian cities were designed according to a mandala replicating a cosmic image of the laws governing the universe and, similarly, Chinese cities were conceived as of the universe. These cities were laid out as terrestrial images of the macrocosmos, distinct spaces sacralized for habitation within a continuum of profane space.
This article utilizes the “regulation approach” in order to rethink the origins and resolution of crisis. It provides an account of the political conflicts of the 1930s and 1940s which gave rise to a model of development in Canada which can be labelled “permeable fordism.” Rapid economic growth after the Second World War had specific national traits but these were based on wage relations and macro-economic policies similar to other countries which have been labelled fordist. The political compromise of Canada's “fordism” was, in contrast, quite different. The compromise was based on a new national discourse more than on one stressing the capital-labour relationship and organized by class-based parties. The article demonstrates how these differences were rooted in the political conflict of the 1930s and 1940s, the moment when the earlier model of development came apart around the challenges posed to Canadian federalism by the Depression and the Second World War.
Accommodating the dead in Hong Kong is more than a planning issue. A study of Hong Kong’s urban cemeteries and columbaria reveals that they are associated with a cosmography, or world view, suffused with fengshui. They are regarded by many Chinese people in Hong Kong as dangerous and powerful places that link earth, heaven and the underworld, i.e. the material and non-material worlds. Their unique time-geography involves year-round desertion except at the appropriate time for graveside rituals related to ancestor veneration. The different forms of burial — either in coffins, or in urns for ashes or for bones — require different spaces. This paper summarises the historical development of the provision of such spaces in Hong Kong and provides a descriptive analysis of four of them. It emerges that Hong Kong’s cemeteries have a strongly, though not exclusively, secular significance. Furthermore, inscriptions on grave tablets indicate the position in the lineage, and the ancestral place, of those buried there.
This paper reviews research on deathscapes, particularly by geographers in the last decade, and argues that many of the issues addressed reflect the concerns that have engaged cultural geographers during the same period. In particular, necrogeographical research reveals the relevance of deathscapes to theoretical arguments about the social constructedness of race, class, gender, nation and nature; the ideological underpinnings of landscapes, the contestation of space, the centrality of place and the multiplicity of meanings. This paper therefore highlights how the focus on one particular form of landscape reveals macro-cultural geographical research interests and trends.
ABSTRACT Cemeteries are deliberately created and highly organized cultural landscapes. Investigation of five Oregon cemeteries, and casual observations in Utah, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and New York, has led to the conclusion that cemeteries have undergone the same general spatial and architectural evolution as the American scene, and that they may in fact be miniaturizations and idealizations of larger American settlement patterns.
Incluye bibliografía Historia de la arquitectura canadiense, entendida por lo que el hombre construye, todo tipo de edificaciones ya sean utilitarias, públicas o privadas; una referencia desde las primeras edificaciones o viviendas de los pobladores aborígenes hasta nuestros días. Incluye un índice de los edificios por localidad.
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