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Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the Emergence of Sharing as a Modality of Economic Production
Abstract
This Essay offers a framework to explain large-scale effective practices of sharing private, excludable goods. It starts with case studies of carpooling and distributed computing as motivating problems. It then suggests a definition for shareable goods as goods that are "lumpy" and "mid-grained" in size, and explains why goods with these characteristics will have systematic overcapacity relative to the requirements of their owners. The Essay next uses comparative transaction costs analysis, focused on information characteristics in particular, combined with an analysis of diversity of motivations, to suggest when social sharing will be better that secondary markets at reallocating this overcapacity to nonowners who require the functionality. The Essay concludes with broader observations about the attractiveness of sharing as a modality of economic production as compared to markets and to hierarchies such as firms and government. These observations include a particular emphasis on sharing practices among individuals who are strangers or weakly related; sharing's relationship to technological change; and some implications for contemporary policy choices regarding wireless regulation, intellectual property, and communications network design.
... In C-to-C knowledge sharing, not only explicit formal knowledge is exchanged, but also tacit knowledge inherent in individuals is shared through the Belk [28] has defined sharing as "the act and process of distributing what is ours to others for their use and/or the act and process of receiving or taking something from others for our use" and has demonstrated its effectiveness [29,30]. Previously, it was noted that knowledge sharing has contributed to the development of education, culture, computing, and so on [31,32]. With the development of the sharing economy, various platforms have been established, making it easier for individuals to disseminate and monetize their ideas. ...
... This study examines whether there is a difference in the paths that the participants followed in either case. Prior research has indicated that monetary incentives and social reputation are conflicting sources of motivation for sharing [31]. Benkler [31] introduced a study comparing paid and free blood donation programs, and the result was that the free blood donation campaign received more cooperation from the public [42]. ...
... Prior research has indicated that monetary incentives and social reputation are conflicting sources of motivation for sharing [31]. Benkler [31] introduced a study comparing paid and free blood donation programs, and the result was that the free blood donation campaign received more cooperation from the public [42]. In the field of psychology, extrinsic and intrinsic motivations have been discussed as contradictory concepts since Deci [43], who stated that monetary incentives could delegitimize intrinsic motivation. ...
This study aimed to utilize individual knowledge that is still unknown, such as user innovation, by identifying the mechanism of knowledge sharing as a solution to this problem. Prior research has shown a positive relationship between knowledge sharing and well-being. This study examined participants’ motivation and well-being and compared two types of participants: income-oriented (workers) and hobby-oriented (hobbyists). Through a questionnaire survey, this study examined the differences between the two groups in terms of motivation to participate in knowledge sharing (RQ1) and whether there are any differences in the level of well-being between them (RQ2). We found that workers showed a significantly higher altruism level than hobbyists as motivation to participate in knowledge sharing, in addition to monetary rewards. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the level of well-being between the two groups. Overall, this study demonstrates that people can improve their well-being by using their knowledge and experience to support others, regardless of whether such use is for income, a hobby, or enjoyment.
... Además de las diversas descripciones asignadas a la economía colaborativa, se ha popularizado una variante conocida como la "economía de uso compartido" o "economía del compartir", término introducido por Benkler (2004). Este concepto describe un entorno socioeconómico donde compartir la creación, la producción, el intercambio, la distribución y el consumo de bienes y servicios se realiza entre individuos y organizaciones. ...
... En tal sentido, la teoría de la economía colaborativa se basa en la idea de compartir recursos, bienes y servicios a través de plataformas digitales, lo que facilita la conexión entre proveedores y consumidores. Esta teoría ha sido ampliamente discutida por autores como Benkler (2004), quien introdujo el concepto de "economía del compartir", y Botsman y Rogers (2010), que popularizaron el término "consumo colaborativo". Estos conceptos subrayan la importancia de la tecnología en la facilitación de intercambios económicos eficientes y la reducción de costos de transacción. ...
Resumen: Este estudio se centra en llevar a cabo un análisis profundo sobre las bases teóricas y elementos cruciales que fundamentan la economía colaborativa, resaltando su importancia en el sector turístico. A través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura de 71 documentos, se examinan los fundamentos teóricos y los enfoques metodológicos predominantes en el ámbito. El análisis revela una diversidad de perspectivas teóricas, con énfasis en el turismo colaborativo, los impactos sociales, económicos y políticos, y la sustentabilidad. Metodológicamente, se observa una preferencia por técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas, adecuadas para explorar las dinámicas entre usuarios y proveedores de servicios turísticos. La investigación indica una producción científica creciente, aunque limitada, concentrada principalmente en España y Dinamarca, y destaca la importancia de fomentar la diversidad geográfica en futuros estudios. Además, se identifican áreas emergentes de investigación, enfocadas en entender las intersecciones de la economía colaborativa con otros campos de interés, marcando una evolución hacia un enfoque más integral y multidisciplinario en el estudio de estas temáticas.
... Además de las diversas descripciones asignadas a la economía colaborativa, se ha popularizado una variante conocida como la "economía de uso compartido" o "economía del compartir", término introducido por Benkler (2004). Este concepto describe un entorno socioeconómico donde compartir la creación, la producción, el intercambio, la distribución y el consumo de bienes y servicios se realiza entre individuos y organizaciones. ...
... En tal sentido, la teoría de la economía colaborativa se basa en la idea de compartir recursos, bienes y servicios a través de plataformas digitales, lo que facilita la conexión entre proveedores y consumidores. Esta teoría ha sido ampliamente discutida por autores como Benkler (2004), quien introdujo el concepto de "economía del compartir", y Botsman y Rogers (2010), que popularizaron el término "consumo colaborativo". Estos conceptos subrayan la importancia de la tecnología en la facilitación de intercambios económicos eficientes y la reducción de costos de transacción. ...
Resumen: Este estudio se centra en llevar a cabo un análisis profundo sobre las bases teóricas y elementos cruciales que fundamentan la economía colaborativa, resaltando su importancia en el sector turístico. A través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura de 71 documentos, se examinan los fundamentos teóricos y los enfoques metodológicos predominantes en el ámbito. El análisis revela una diversidad de perspectivas teóricas, con énfasis en el turismo colaborativo, los impactos sociales, económicos y políticos, y la sustentabilidad. Metodológicamente, se observa una preferencia por técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas, adecuadas para explorar las dinámicas entre usuarios y proveedores de servicios turísticos. La investigación indica una producción científica creciente, aunque limitada, concentrada principalmente en España y Dinamarca, y destaca la importancia de fomentar la diversidad geográfica en futuros estudios. Además, se identifican áreas emergentes de investigación, enfocadas en entender las intersecciones de la economía colaborativa con otros campos de interés, marcando una evolución hacia un enfoque más integral y multidisciplinario en el estudio de estas temáticas.
... Increasing availability of life's goods, increasing stability in meeting people's needs, turning towards the responsible consumption doctrine by the part of the population (both due to awareness of environmental threats and due to understanding the redundancy of accumulating material goods over required level) led to the fact that some consumers chose to limit their consumption to only use certain goods, but not to purchase them. For them, it was enough just to have access to the beneficial effects of these goods without owning or disposing of them [Benkler, 2004;Belk, 2010;Valko, 2021]. ...
The author raises the issue of the growing crisis of modern civilization. The existing socio-economic system, having ensured significant technological progress, was unable to cope with the consequences of using the latest technologies. For a long time, the ecological crisis has been escalating, the problem of social inequality has been increasing, the pace of economic development has been slowing down, and international conflicts keep flaring up. Due to the financialization of the economy, the interests of production development become subordinate to the interests of the expansion of the financial market. At the same time, it is the latest technologies that contain the potential to overcome the crisis phenomena. The core of these technological capabilities is shaped by the industrial sector of the economy, which remains the driver of economic development. The technologies of current technological orders are characterized by the increasing role of knowledge in production with a corresponding decreasing role of material costs.At the same time,the production of knowledge does not replace material production but transfers it to a new stage of development - the stage of knowledge-intensive material production. This allows for a significantly higher level of satisfaction of people’s needs with relatively lower costs. However, to realize this potential, it is necessary to move away from today’s economic rationality, which often leads to the inflation of simulated needs in pursuit of a large sales volume, and thus to the aggravation of thoughtless waste of natural resources, which has already brought the world to the brink of an ecological crisis. It is necessary to move from economy to noonomy, a social system based on the gradual displacement of humans from direct production, the transition of people to predominantly creative activity and a change in social priorities and values. In such a production system, the issues of meeting people’s needs are resolved by a relatively autonomously functioning technosphere, and people are connected not so much by relations in the system of direct production as by interaction in the process of creative activity. The requirements of the old economic production rationality and consumer behavior are replaced by the requirements of knowledge and culture. The pursuit of the volume of consumed goods is replaced by ensuring the growth of people’s abilities, determined by the level of their cultural development.
... 人，形成了"牙上寨、中寨、下寨"3个组团 [21] (图1)。湘西南地区的侗族社会直至近代才开始 接触现代文明，因此，部分偏远地区的侗族聚落 基于真挚、古朴的伦理道德文化，仍然维系着团 结协作、互相宽容、尊重的社群关系 [22][23] [13][14] ，人们通过分 享即能获得快乐和满足 [25] 。在芋头侗寨中，寨 民常常与邻里共享资源(如A把食物分送给邻居B 吃，B帮助A修缮房屋)，人们通过劳务、礼物或 资金的交换建立起一种互惠共同体，以"给与-收受-(等待)-回报"的周期形成人情交往的延 时互惠机制，维持紧密、稳定且长久的社群网 络 [26][27] 系" [27] 。在侗族共享文化体系下，共享的文化 [40][41] ...
... I define 'access' as a casual, short-term use of multiple, replaceable things. These transactions include goods that are designed for private consumption but hold an unutilised excess capacity, such as cars, drills, bikes and other personal possessions (Benkler 2004). Note that according to this definition, access is not a sporadic license to use a kayak, a car or a drill in a rare occasion of need. ...
This article analyses shifts in consumers’ preferred forms of use following the rise of the access economy and evaluates the subversive potential of access as a non-hierarchical, open form of use. Access consists of an aggregation of multiple licenses that amounts to a consistent form of use and has social, cultural and legal implications. My definition of ‘access’ focusses on material practices of property rather than on formal legal categories, and I compare access to both formal and informal forms of long-term use. I explore themes of power and vulnerability and individualism and communities and consider whether access merely adds to the property landscape or provokes contested forms of use. The article reveals the complex relationships between ownership (and other forms of long-term possession) and access, as access both challenges ownership and reinforces its power. Ultimately, I conclude that access fails to achieve its subversive potential.
... Similarly, the term "crowd-based capitalism" used by some authors [11] excludes activities previously included by others [3], such as food cooperatives, carpooling, timebanks or coworking. Other authors employ a similarly restrictive definition, referring to the SE as the space where goods "are amenable to being shared within social sharing systems rather than allocated through markets" [12] (p. 356). ...
The sharing economy (SE) is a strongly contested idea, both conceptually and politically. This paper first explores multiple existing definitions, emphasizing the challenges in both conceptual and operational terms they usually entail. It is argued that most of the common definitions tend to exacerbate tensions between informativeness and veracity, resulting in the SE becoming a catch-all concept. Alternatively, it is often suggested to operationalize the concept by breaking it down among its main areas, such as consumption, knowledge, production, and finance. However, these kinds of classifications lack logical-formal consistency and substantive validity. The paper then addresses the political-normative debate by briefly presenting the three main existing perspectives on the SE: (i) as a more inclusive form of capitalism, (ii) as the advancement of the neoliberal agenda, and (iii) as a sort of emancipatory economy. The primary aim of this paper, however, is not to advocate for a singular viewpoint or scrutinize any particular author’s theory, but to examine three common errors that the emancipatory conception may easily fall into: (i) overemphasizing the role of communities in economic activity, (ii) attributing an inherent collaborative propensity to individuals, and (iii) understanding markets from an a-institutional and psychological standpoint. The conclusions suggest that to truly realize the emancipatory potential of the SE, the conception should distance itself from standard economic theory and adopt a more institutional approach akin to classical political economy.
... The concept of sharing economy is being widely studied and discussed in current times by researchers and businesses (Gruber, 2020). It has seen significant development in recent years within the expansion of wide online platforms usage and access to internet (Benkler, 2004;Nwaorgu, 2018). ...
This research article studies collaborative consumption practices in Kyrgyzstan in the context of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Auckland Individualism and Collectivism dimensions. The research aims to answer the question: To what extent are the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Individualism and Collectivism dimensions relevant framework to explaining intention to engage in collaborative consumption and collaborative consumption behaviour. A quantitative online survey of 308 respondents was conducted. A linear regression analysis was performed using the R statistics engine. The study found that dimensions of the TPB such as attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and personal norms; and the dimension of individualism – responsibility are among the statistically significant positive predictors of intentions to engage in collaborative consumption. Whereas personal norms, behavioural beliefs, advice, and closeness are positive; biospheric value orientations and harmony are negative factors impacting the collaborative consumption behaviour of respondents.
... Sharing economy is creating a totally new techno-economic context for coordination of human sociality. Yet, the concept of 'sharing' is rarely seen in the mainstream economic thinking [43,44]. The growth of sharing markets signifies that value is increasingly created in collaborative processes by a 'multitude' [45] of diverse actors who are carrying roles like produser consumer simultaneously. ...
Money is a recognised factor in creating sustainable, affluent societies. Yet, the neoclassical orthodoxy that prevails in our economic thinking remains as a contested area, its supporters claiming their results to be objectively true while many heterodox economists claim the whole system to stand on clay feet. Of late, the increased activity around complementary currencies suggest that the fiat money zeitgeist might be giving away to more variety in our monetary system. Rather than emphasizing what money does, as the main-stream economists do, other fields of science allow us to approach money as an integral part of the hierarchies and networks of exchange through which it circulates. This paper suggests that a broad understanding of money and more variety in monetary system have great potentials to further a more equalitarian and sustainable economy. They can drive the extension of society to more inclusive levels and transform people’s economic roles and identities in the process. New technologies, including blockchain and smart ledger technology are able to support decentralized money creation through the use of shared and “open” peer-to-peer rewarding and IOU systems. Alongside of specialists and decision makers’ capabilities, our project most pressingly calls for engaging citizens into the process early on. Multidisciplinary competencies are needed to take relevant action to investigate, envision and foster novel ways for value creation. For this, we are forming the Aalto Observatory on Digital Valuation Systems to gain deeper understandings of sustainable value creation structures enabled by new technology.
... Proponents of a narrower definition, exemplified by Cockayne (2016), Benkler (2004) and Frenken & Schor (2017), emphasize the optimization of resource utilization through online platforms. In their view, platforms like Uber, which solely aim at value capture through a professional taxi service, fall outside the boundaries of the true sharing economy due to their lack of genuine resource-sharing (Acquier et al., 2019). ...
Sharing economy is experiencing significant growth worldwide driven by a decrease in consumer confidence, substantial progress in the IT sector, and the rise of novel technologies. Although the sharing economy holds promise for promoting sustainable development and providing numerous avenues for tackling practical sustainability concerns, there is not a lot of empirical researches scrutinizing the sustainability of business models within sharing economy. The aim of this study is to introduce a methodology for assessing and analysing the sustainability of sharing economy business models, providing valuable insights into the state of sustainable value creation within sharing economy enterprises specifically in the Republic of Serbia. Key sustainability factors were utilized to gauge the level of business models sustainability, and the application of the established model yielded significant findings regarding the generation of sustainable value, underscoring its relevance and encouraging policymakers to sustain sharing economy support initiatives for its inherent sustainable attributes.
... Despite window-dressing (Codagnone & Martens, 2016), eco-social narratives are a veneer. In the context of trading platforms, personal negotiations are removed to produce transactional "crispness" (Benkler, 2004), eliminating emotional as well as financial indebtedness. ...
Witnessing the speed of growth and reach in demand for service design (SD) confronts us to ask what neoliberal forces are behind this acceleration? Can services, systems and structures really improve at this velocity; what are we eroding and ignoring in turn? Pausing to ask about the direction and effect of change is critical to recognising SD’s implication in the status quo. This paper calls for a reflexive methodology of noticing precedents that are quotidian and dystopian to show how dominant logics of SD commodify social practices of relating and organizing. By slowing down to attend, listen and reflect, our approaches reveal existing rituals, values, nuances and commitments that teach us what an apolitical SD fails to see. Rather than adding aspirational methods, this paper calls for greater attention to the political in SD practice, sharing paths of resistance and reorientation toward ethical, transformative, self-determined service design work and learning.
... But also, by presenting non-professional suppliers, this market can incur in service inefficiencies. Today, the collaborative economy is inseparably linked to the digital platforms that enable this type of consumption (Benkler, 2004;cohen & Kietzmann, 2014;Gansky, 2010;Grassmuck, 2012;Kathan et al., 2016). ...
Collaborative consumption has generated the appearance of new business models, such as those created by peer-to-peer platforms, such as AirBnB, focused on renting the accommodation of the users themselves to other users. The growing popularity of AirBnB has resulted in an emerging body of literature examining the factors that drive or deter consumers from choosing AirBnB (Sakr et al., 2024;). This work is based on a sample of 405 travellers who regularly use AirBnB to book accommodation on their journeys. They are asked about about their different motivations toward use of this type of reservation (e.g. hedonic, environmental sustainability, economic benefit, convenience, etc.), user personality values (i.e. individualism-collectivism; communal-exchange relationships), engagement with the AirBnB brand, and some personal characteristics (e.g. gender, age, education, economic situation, etc). A latent segmentation -through Latent Gold® software- was developed to obtain different profiles of AirBnB users based on above variables. Preliminary results show quite heterogeneity in the motivations and effects on the indicated dimensions. This helps to segment the users and detect different profiles with different motivational connections with the personal characteristics of users, engagement with this platform and their communal orientation about this type of sharing tourism. This motivational and physiological heterogeneity can make it easier for people to be reached through different communication strategies and arguments both by the tourism sector’s businesses and by public agencies with interests in city tourism management.
... Spedicato (2010) refers, for example, to the peer economy, the collaborative economy, collaborative consumption.16 Smorto (2015);Benkler (2004);Moeller & Wittkowski (2010); ...
The authoress outlines new welfare models and community enterprises, in the context of the Third Economy, with the aim of defining guidelines and interventions for the promotion of social enterprise and the strengthening of the social and solidarity economy. The Third Economy understands enterprise as an integral part of society and aims to create a new economic model that combines profit and sustainable development in line with the goals set by Agenda 2030. The goal is to define new development paradigms that put people at the centre, heeding the next generation. Sustainability is the file rouge of this study offering a rich review of the literature on the concept of the commons, while illustrating practices that have already been initiated. The essay also discusses the draft law on Community Social Enterprises as a welfare model, and concludes with de iure condendo perspectives. Keywords: Welfare; Commons; Third economy; Worker partcipation; Social responsibility.
... 5 A related use of this phrase can be found in Yochai Benkler's descriptions of carpooling and distributed computing as economic activities organized through sharing. 6 Benkler emphasized the fact that these forms of economic organization helped to make use of underused resources. However, Benkler identified sharing as an alternative to the market; an essential feature of his case studies was that no money was exchanged. ...
... The "sharing economy" (SE) is a contested concept with differing definitions across academia. Within the SE, some authors only include actions that grant temporary access to assets, such as sharing, lending, borrowing, and renting (Belk, 2014;Eckhardt et al., 2019;Frenken and Schor, 2017), while others include permanent transactions as swapping, gifting, selling and buying used products (Benkler, 2004;Muñoz and Cohen, 2017;Schor, 2016). Further, the transactions could be monetized (e.g., renting, co-buying) (Eckhardt et al., 2019) or not (e.g., lending, swapping). ...
To accomplish the sustainability potential of the sharing economy (SE), there is a need for proactive governanceof the SE. In this paper, we aim to generate knowledge on household product consumption and sharing to supportSE governance in Gothenburg City (Sweden). Data from two independent cross-sectional questionnaire surveyswere statistically analyzed, which generated insights within 7 product groups covering household durables; andwithin 20 demographic categories regarding gender, age, dwelling type, education level, family composition, andincome. Results were in accordance with the well-known attitude-behavior gaps regarding sustainable practices,though variance was seen for these gaps depending on the product and demographic group considered. The studysuggests that, for 2021, clothes were consumed in high amounts (units/year) but there was relatively low interestand participation in sharing them, while the opposite was seen for tools and leisure items. As for demographicgroups, men were less likely than women to reduce their consumption through participating in sharing, contraryto respondents with higher education. Governance reflections are included for the highlighted cases, such as investigating the reasons why men are less interested in the SE and in reducing their consumption; and exploring hinders to achieving a critical mass of users and providers in clothes sharing
... Rifkin (2000) was among the early proponents of the idea, suggesting the short-term utilization of underused assets by various participants within a network economy, made possible by advancements in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Benkler (2004) expanded on this concept, emphasizing "social sharing and exchanges." Eventually, Botsman and Rogers (2011, n.p.) offered a more comprehensive definition, describing it as "an economic model based on sharing underutilized assets from spaces to skills to stuff for monetary and non-monetary benefits, largely focused on peer-to-peer transactions" (Gössling & Michael Hall, 2019). ...
... The sharing economy uses information technology to reduce the transaction costs of exchanged or shared goods and services and information asymmetries (Monzón and Chaves, 2017) and the cost of finding it (Acquier et al., 2017). Digital technologies also help to expand collaborative markets (Benkler, 2004;Monzón and Chaves, 2017), based on access which is extensive, secure, and decentralized (Acquier et al., 2017). Websites such as Airbnb "screen both parties, have access to the owners' inventories, manage rental bookings, collect payments and provide some form of insurance coverage for damages caused by the renters" (Pizam, 2014). ...
La aparición hace poco más de 10 años de diversas plataformas que permitían la gestión de alojamientos entre particulares supuso una revolución en el sector turístico. Los alojamientos turísticos han sufrido profundas transformaciones que han venido para quedarse. En los últimos años han surgido plataformas como Airbnb que han transformado la forma de gestionar alojamientos alternativos entre particulares. En un principio, estas plataformas se consideraban un ejemplo de la "economía colaborativa" que sitúan la dimensión social en una posición central en la economía. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, cada vez más agencias profesionales de gestión inmobiliaria también han comenzado a anunciar sus propiedades en la plataforma, poniendo así en cuestión el ideal original de consumo colaborativo entre iguales, así como noción complementaria al concepto de economía social. En este estudio analizamos el nivel de profesionalización de la oferta de Airbnb en 10 ciudades y regiones españolas, con el objetivo de ver si se cumplen o no los principios de la economía colaborativa. En particular, estudiamos cómo se estructura el sector que, en Airbnb, varía entre agentes profesionalizados con múltiples anuncios y propietarios privados de un único anuncio. Además, tenemos como objetivo medir si el efecto de la pandemia del COVID-19 ha afectado a esta estructura, si ha generado respuestas diferentes entre los agentes altamente profesionalizados o entre los propietarios privados de un único anuncio en Airbnb. Este trabajo también presenta un estudio en profundidad del caso de Madrid en el periodo 2016-2020.
... Sharing is seen as a "nonreciprocal pro-social behavior" (Benkler, 2004) and is "the act and process of distributing what is ours to others for their use and/or the act and process of receiving or taking something from others for our use" (Belk, 2007). In human society, sharing is a pervasive and important group behavior that helps us establish and maintain good relationships with others in our daily lives (Dirks et al., 2018). ...
Introduction
The relationship between robots and humans is becoming increasingly close and will become an inseparable part of work and life with humans and robots working together. Sharing, which involves distributing goods between individuals and others, involves individuals as potential beneficiaries and the possibility of giving up the interests of others. In human teams, individual sharing behaviors are influenced by morality and reputation. However, the impact on individuals’ sharing behaviors in human-robot collaborative teams remains unclear-individuals may consider morality and reputation differently when sharing with robot or human partners. In this study, three experiments were conducted using the dictator game paradigm, aiming to compare the effects and mechanisms of morality and reputation on sharing behaviors in human and human-robot teams.
Methods
Experiment 1 involving 18 participants was conducted. Experiment 2 involving 74 participants was conducted. Experiment 3 involving 128 participants was conducted.
Results
Experiment 1 validated the differences in human sharing behaviors when the agents were robots and humans. Experiment 2 verifies that moral constraints and reputation constraints affect sharing behaviors in human-robot teams. Experiment 3 further reveals the mechanism of differences in sharing behaviors in human-robot teams, where reputation concern plays a mediating role in the impact of moral constraint on sharing behaviors, and the agent type plays a moderating role in the impact of moral constraint on reputation concern and sharing behaviors.
Discussion
The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the interaction mechanism of human-robot teams. In the future, the formulation of human-robot collaborative team rules and the setting of interaction environments can consider the potential motivation of human behavior from both morality and reputation perspectives and achieve better work performance.
... While anthropologists associate sharing predominantly with tight-knit in-person communities, the sharing economy in its vernacular meaning grew out of the internet, technologically and culturally. Early sharing champions, inspired by the affordances and subcultures of the internet and leaning towards technological-determinist approaches to it as a world-changing technology, presented the sharing economy as a revolutionary realization of that potential, with Wikipedia being a common example (Benkler 2004;Lessig 2004). In this interpretation, sharing connoted generosity, openness, and trust between strangers (John 2016). ...
The contemporary sharing economy comprises a variety of technology‐mediated user‐to‐user transactions and reveals both the extremes of the late‐capitalist regime of accumulation and possible paths to supersede it. To critically explore the idea of the sharing economy, this article examines how it has been mobilized by a non‐profit startup in neoliberalized South Korea. Open Closet cheaply rents donated suits to precarious job‐seekers for interviews, while requesting that donors and renters write each other letters with their ‘suit stories’. The article tracks how sharing at Open Closet is realized via circulations of suits, letters, and ‘warm hearts’, and how its meanings and obligations are interpreted via the historical relations of mutual responsibility within local collectivities of belonging. The article thus illuminates new imaginaries for livelihoods, subjecthoods, and solidarities that emerge when the contemporary sharing economy ambiguates capitalist and non‐capitalist relations, becoming a site for experimentation with affectivity and mutuality among strangers.
... However, the SE is not entirely new. Some of its features trace their roots to ancient times and can even be considered as being as old as mankind (Belk, 2014;Benkler, 2004;Böckmann, 2013). With recent technological developments however, sharing practices have been made accessible to anyone at any time, thereby allowing for their exponential growth. ...
... Most of these initiatives are organizations for noncommercial purposes classified in their characteristics by some authors (Benkler, 2004;Chesbrough & Crowther, 2006;Heeks, 2020;Libert et al., 2016;Mowshowitz, 1997;Walter & Back, 2010) as virtual, open, crowd, and shared. Virtual business models enable value chain activities in anywhere that have a digital connection; open business models allow a wider range of external stakeholders in activities of the value chain; crowd business models permit value activities to a large group of nonpreidentified individuals; and shared business models allow the value sharing of any resource beyond a single individual. ...
Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) emerges positively as a sustainable practice since several studies are focusing on these positive aspects, such as digital financial inclusion and digital platforms for helping communities. This study intends to investigate how a sustainable business value model (SBVM) might be framed in ICT4D from the perspective of business practices. We analyzed the literature of 160 publications in the ICT4D research field from 2003 to 2022 using social network and content analysis to perform a systematic literature review. The findings reveal six different business value perspectives to establish an SBVM in ICT4D initiatives, suggesting a broader perspective for innovators and entrepreneurs to create new business formations for better development outcomes in their communities. This paper contributes to socioeconomic development by identifying ways in which the SBVM may contribute to different communities’ development in emergent countries.
... Three fundamental principles of SE are presented in the literature [7]: (i) the existence of peer-to-peer exchanges and interactions; (ii) sharing is temporary and the owner never loses ownership; and (iii) it ensures that more benefit is derived from underutilized assets, because the owner can cede their use to someone else even if they are not being used at the time. As the name implies, there is "sharing" of assets, and because sharing is an altruistic act, the actors in this market are not compensated for it [13]. On the other hand, CC involves the transfer and use of assets between peers, and typically requires payment for the transfer. ...
This research aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge of Collaborative Consumption (CC) by exploring the motivations that influence the use of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) accommodation platforms from the demand side. There has been a significant increase in interest in sustainable choices regarding P2P accommodation in recent years. To address this gap and contribute to the collaborative consumption and P2P accommodation theory, a quantitative study was conducted through a survey yielding 235 responses from both users and non-users of P2P platforms. The findings of this study suggest that P2P accommodation platform usage is influenced by multiple factors, including sustainability, belonging, economic benefits, and convenience. Interestingly, the study also found that individuals with higher levels of academic qualifications are more likely to adopt this mode of consumption. Moreover, the study is the first of its kind to quantitatively address this topic. By understanding the motivations of P2P platform users, policymakers and practitioners can develop targeted strategies to promote sustainable choices in this sector. Overall, this study provides a useful framework for future research on collaborative consumption and sustainable P2P accommodation.
The author raises the issue of the growing crisis of modern civilization. The existing socio-economic system, having ensured significant technological progress, was unable to cope with the consequences of using the latest technologies. For a long time, the ecological crisis has been escalating, the problem of social inequality has been increasing, the pace of economic development has been slowing down, and international conflicts keep flaring up. Due to the financialization of the economy, the interests of production development become subordinate to the interests of the expansion of the financial market. At the same time, it is the latest technologies that contain the potential to overcome the crisis phenomena. The core of these technological capabilities is shaped by the industrial sector of the economy, which remains the driver of economic development. The technologies of current technological orders are characterized by the increasing role of knowledge in production with a corresponding decreasing role of material costs. At the same time, the production of knowledge does not replace material production but transfers it to a new stage of development - the stage of knowledge-intensive material production. This allows for a significantly higher level of satisfaction of people’s needs with relatively lower costs. However, to realize this potential, it is necessary to move away from today’s economic rationality, which often leads to the inflation of simulated needs in pursuit of a large sales volume, and thus to the aggravation of thoughtless waste of natural resources, which has already brought the world to the brink of an ecological crisis. It is necessary to move from economy to noonomy, a social system based on the gradual displacement of humans from direct production, the transition of people to predominantly creative activity and a change in social priorities and values. In such a production system, the issues of meeting people’s needs are resolved by a relatively autonomously functioning technosphere, and people are connected not so much by relations in the system of direct production as by interaction in the process of creative activity. The requirements of the old economic production rationality and consumer behaviour are replaced by the requirements of knowledge and culture. The pursuit of the volume of consumed goods is replaced by ensuring the growth of people’s abilities, determined by the level of their cultural development.
Digitalisation is reshaping production and consumption practices across society. There is uncertainty around its net energy demand and related greenhouse gas emissions, owing to its complex and varied indirect impacts. This paper focuses on three indirect impacts of digitalisation: 1) efficiency; 2) rebound; and 3) substitution in the context of energy consumption associated with the use of digital innovations in daily life activities. Systemic conditions such as equitable access, trust, and control and agency interact with these domains of activity and determine the ultimate climate impacts of digitalisation in daily life. While digitalisation has the potential to be a game-changing tool in reducing energy consumption, in practice, this will require concerted efforts and policies to steer it in a desirable direction. We outline a research agenda that supports SHAPE (Social Sciences, Humanities and the Arts for People and the Economy) research on the environmental implications of digital engagement, interdisciplinary research bridging SHAPE and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), further research on the indirect and systemic energy impacts of digitalisation, and the importance of factoring in digitalisation as a cross-cutting process within different activity domains. We conclude with policy recommendations focused on enhancing the positive climate impacts of digitalisation in daily life.
This last chapter is focused on the final part of the consumer journey, when consumers form their perception of SE after having used it. In this phase, consumers go through different layers of consideration as they compare their previous expectations with the experienced service to assess its quality, arrive at a level of (dis-)satisfaction, and, as a result, decide whether to return to that SE service. The chapter deals with these decisions, as well as the consequences of satisfaction, such as recommendation or switching intentions. The chapter also includes remarks on the regime shift that may occur because of SE, when consumers go beyond repurchase and loyalty and decide to substitute their traditionally owned assets with shared options.
The concept and influence of untraded inter-dependencies are under-explored in the industrial cluster and informal economy literature. In this paper, we attempt to bridge this gap by extending the conventional Cobb-Douglas production function to operationalising and testing the moderating effects of two forms of untraded inter-dependencies in informal production. Based on the diffusion theory, we argue that knowledge-sharing would favour informal production, as opposed to tool-sharing. Using quantitative methods, 334 informal artisans were randomly sampled from three clusters in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana and analysed data obtained with moderating models and simple slopes plots. The tested models and fuzzy set configurations confirmed that knowledge-sharing, but not tool-sharing, has significant interaction effects on informal production. The optimal model derived would be one in which capital interacts with incremental knowledge-sharing at the existing level of tool-sharing among the artisans. This paper serves as an extension of new economic geography with an additional factor of untraded interdependencies. As part of post-COVID restoration and enhancement of informal production processes, we recommend city officials to deliberately plan and space clustered enterprises that enable the observed rates of interactions between production factors and untraded inter-dependencies.
The sharing economy has been widely acknowledged as a promising catalyst for the global economy, embracing diverse models such as commons-based peer production and prosumer-based economic growth. It can be seen as the third model for economic growth, but it is prone to conflicts and confrontation due to policy arbitrage. Therefore, it should follow a pathway different from other platform economies and explore new development models based on community currencies.
This paper aims to analyze the dynamics of social capital within community‐based P2P ridesharing practices through the relational (trust), cognitive (shared meaning and identity), and structural (network of social ties) dimensions of social capital. 21 users of Facebook P2P ridesharing participated in three focus groups. Using reflexive thematic analysis, we identified the key themes around social capital dimensions and the main factors that impact social capital dynamics (social broker, social debriefing, and time pressure). The impact of the social broker on social capital dynamics in ridesharing activities via Facebook can be explained by creating new bridging capital through linking different online and offline networks (inter‐network bridging) and by strengthening bonding capital through linking ridesharing group members (intra‐network bridging). Negative social debriefing weakens bonding capital and creates new bridging capital, whereas positive social debriefing strengthens bonding capital. Under high time pressure, travelers engage in activities that foster bridging capital development, whereas, under low time pressure, they rely on their bonding capital, avoiding engaging in bridging capital. We provided a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing social capital dynamics that further influence P2P ridesharing practices, thus improving the current theory on social capital dynamics.
This chapter focuses on the core element of the digital economy, data, and discusses how the concept of property has come under new conditions in this context. It discusses the “bundles of rights” approach and explains possible shifts among the interests of individuals, companies and the level of the economy. A separate section is dedicated to the question of what can be understood by “sharing economy” in the digital age, distinguishes the respective business models from forms of collaborative economy and highlights the crucial success factors. Finally, the chapter deals with the question of what these developments mean for citizens and for the regulator.
Korean Translation (Eng->Kor)
Foster, S. R., & Iaione, C. (2022). Co-cities: Innovative transitions toward just and self-sustaining communities. MIT Press.
https://product.kyobobook.co.kr/detail/S000213133349
As the sharing economy develops rapidly, a comprehensive overview of the situation on the European shared mobility scene is becoming increasingly necessary. This paper analyzes the state of shared mobility in European countries and observes how European countries can be segmented based on the populations' participation in the economy of shared mobility. We observed 12 indicators of shared mobility in 26 countries of the European Union, for which the data were available. We used the K-means algorithm of cluster analysis. The results show that the highest percentage of shared mobility users belongs to the group of educated and young people aged between 16 and 35. In addition, three segments of European countries were obtained using cluster analysis. Cluster analysis reveals apparent differences in the use of shared mobility websites and applications, as well as differences in education and income among segments. Additionally, the results indicate that the geographical position of the country does not affect the placement within the cluster, as the second and the third cluster contain countries from different parts of Europe. The results of our analyses can be helpful in decision-making and allocating marketing and transportation resources to specific target markets, as well as for development of market-entry strategies in specific markets.
With the opportunities and challenges posed by the sharing economy, this chapter explores participation in the sharing economy by investigating the case of DiDi Chuxing, the Uber-like online on-demand ride service and China’s largest app-based ride-sourcing platform. The technology acceptance model is utilized and extended to understand young Chinese users’ motives for providing and consuming ride-sourcing through social media such as WeChat groups for users or potential users. This exploratory study adopts focus group interviews and online surveys as research methods for data collection. A total of 951 respondents under 35 participated in the online survey. In the questionnaire, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived resource scarcity, perceived risks, attitude, and behavioral intention were assessed based on existing scales and findings of focus groups.
Moreover, the questionnaire included questions for consumers/passengers and providers/drivers. The findings of this study show that DiDi ride-sourcing has changed how people think about possessing and accessing resources or services. The results indicated that DiDi users perceive ride-sourcing as useful regarding social experience, modern lifestyle, ecological sustainability, the effectiveness of feedback mechanisms, economic benefits, and so on. At the same time, they also realize performance, privacy, and financial and time risks as perceived risks of ride-sourcing. More discussions and implications are provided to help researchers, practitioners, and business operators better understand the impact of social media on young Chinese people’s attitudes toward the sharing economy and their use intention. Limitations and implications are also discussed.
Paylaşım Ekonomisinin Gelişimi Volkan Yakın İpek Kazançoğlu Paylaşım Ekonomisi: Tanımı Ve Sınıflandırmaları Volkan Yakın Toplulukların Gücü: Paylaşımcı Markalar İdil Kacar Sürdürülebilirlik Ve Paylaşım Ekonomisi Canan Madran Volkan Yakın Paylaşım Ekonomisinin Üretim Ve Lojistik Boyutu Ayça Tümtürk Paylaşım Ekonomisinin Finansmanı Anıl Gacar Paylaşım Ekonomisiyle Değişen Tüketici Davranışları İpek Kazançoğlu Paylaşım Ekonomisinde Müşteri İlişkileri Yönetimi Aysun Kahraman Paylaşım Ekonomisinin Etik Boyutu Pınar Aytekin Aslı Diyadin İnternet Ve Sosyal Medyanın Paylaşım Ekonomisindeki Yeri Oya Eru Paylaşım Ekonomisine Hukuki Bir Bakış Begüm Taner Huntürk Paylaşım Ekonomisinin Geleceğini Neler Bekliyor? Murat Esen Sinan Nardalı
Fiduciary law is important transnationally, particularly in the context of global capitalism. Fiduciary law's characteristic regard for others offers a response to the pursuit of unconstrained self-interest in business and government relations, potentially implicating the exercise of both private and public power. Stakeholders have invoked it not only to address traditional private law matters, but also to enjoin transnational corporations to respect human rights, to combat public corruption, and to constrain national governments to respect the rights of Indigenous Peoples. This book focuses on the processes through which conceptualizations of fiduciary relationships and fiduciary norms may (or may not) settle transnationally - or become unsettled - as actors invoke fiduciary norms to address problems in different domains, including across borders. It identifies complications and challenges of any transnational convergence of fiduciary norms that fiduciary theorists often elide. This book is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
• We map the sharing economy in Brussels before building a comprehensive dataset that captures its organizational diversity.
• Contrary to the literature, the comparative performance of community-based platforms shows no evidence of instability or mission drift.
• Community-based platforms show comparable scaling potential to commercial access platforms, while maintaining a mission-driven approach.
• We distill the mechanisms allowing community-based platforms to adopt alternative scaling strategies.
Pośród wielu zmian społeczno-kulturowych, do których prowadzą procesy cyfryzacji, warto zwrócić uwagę na nowe formy dzielenia się zapośredniczone lub zorganizowane wokół mediów społecznościowych. Od praktyki regulowanej złożonym systemem wzajemnych zobowiązań oraz oczekiwań (moralność grupowa), dzielenie się dryfuje w kierunku aktywności stymulowanej algorytmicznie, której istotą nie jest przetrwanie, ale uzależnienie, sprzedaż lub chęć pokazania się. Mimo technologicznie stymulowanych przemian dzielenie się pozostaje jedną z najważniejszych (kotwiczących) praktyk uspołeczniających, zapewniających trwanie społeczeństwom po-nowoczesnym. W odróżnieniu od epoki przedinternetowej, proces włączania jednostek do szerszych całości społecznych poprzez dzielenie się zorganizowany jest jednak wokół nowych wzorców, nowych podzielanych znaczeń, alternatywnych sposobów rozumienia i objaśniania świata. W dynamicznie zmieniającym się układzie powiązań społecznych, media społecznościowe stały się ważnym źródłem sensów, trwałym punktem odniesienia, który pozwala wielu użytkownikom uzyskać czasowe choćby panowanie nad płynną rzeczywistością. Stabilność będącą efektem przebywania jednostek w mniej lub bardziej trwałych układach współzależności coraz częściej zapewnia praktyka dzielenia się, bez której media społecznościowe nie mogłyby istnieć.
Peer-to-peer sharing induces persistent changes in product design. Besides bifurcating product durability, this adaptation increases the compatibility of collaborative use with rent extraction—from a producer’s viewpoint. For owners it decreases the commitment required for taking the item into possession, while for nonowners it standardizes sharing transactions. The resulting sharing-induced design-ideal aligns the flow of utility from shared consumption with the flow of monetary compensation to the seller, thus mimicking a collective lease agreement between seller and an ex ante unknown group of users. Sustaining such a “collective servitization” requires an embedded capacity of user sensing and transmission of information flows ex post the initial product sale, thus implying a fundamental need for smart products in an access-based society.KeywordsCollaborative ConsumptionCollective ServitizationDesign PrinciplesInternet of ThingsSharing EconomySmart Products
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