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Reexamination of Two Species in the Stichaeid Genus, Anoplarchus
Abstract
Two stichaeid species, Anoplarchus purpurescens Gill and Anoplarchus insignis Gilbert and Burke, which previously had been considered sub-species are now shown to be distinct species. A. insignis differs from A. purpurescens by possessing higher meristic counts and having a narrower isthmus. The species are sympatric from Attu Island, Alaska to northern Washington. A. insignis prefers lower portions of the intertidal and subtidal zones. The discovery of A. insignis in Washington greatly extends its known range. A. insignis probably differentiated near the Gulf of Alaska or Bering Sea and A. purpurescens from south of British Columbia during Pleistocene glaciation.
... Partial correlation coefficients, based on 1,170 fish pooled from all samples, were: dorsal spines versus anal rays (r = 0.71), dorsal spines versus scalation (0.48), and anal rays versus scalation (0.31). The trends in these characters between northern Washington and Alaska localities conform to the patterns reported earlier by Peden (1966) for roughly that same geographical range. However , the change in mean values for dorsal fin spines and anal fin rays was slight and due mainly to the two Alaskan samples. ...
... The lack of significant detectable geographical variation at most of the loci in both the major California-Alaska transect and in the Washington transect furthermore indicates that the correlation between allozyme variation and environment temperature is not as pervasive within A. purpurescens as initially believed (Johnson, 1977) or as may be true in some other fishes (Johnson, 1974; Darling, 1976). Our analysis of morphological variation in A. purpurescens indicates that while there are significant differences between samples from different localities (see also Peden, 1966), these differences apparently extend throughout the entire geographical range of the species. Differences in average morphology between fish from southern California and those from northern California or Washington can be viewed as part of the general pattern of latitudinal variation in the morphological traits examined. ...
... However, a more parsimonious interpretation, and probably a more accurate one, is that these morphological differences largely reflect differences in prevailing environmental conditions during embryonic and/or larval development, especially since meristic traits in other fishes are affected by a variety of physical factors, including temperature (Taning, 1952; Barlow, 1961; Fowler, 1970). Parallel clinal trends in meristic characters shown by the sibling species A. insignis (Peden, 1966), support the suggestion that such trends are at least partly environmentally induced (although the fact that A. insignis and A. purpurescens show consistent differences in meristics over a geographical range argues also for a role for genetic factors, at least at the species level). Furthermore, the observation that clinal variation in meristic characters existed and evidently was just as pronounced in Washington inner waters 40 years ago as now (Fig. 2 ), coupled with the likelihood the planktonic larvae are widely dispersed, suggests that these meristic clines are determined more by local environmental conditions during morphogenesis than by local genetic separation and differentiation. ...
Morphological and allozymic variation in the stichaeid fish Anoplarchus purpurescens was compared among samples collected from open-coast localities from Alaska to California and from inner-coastal localities in Washington. We evaluated the possibility that fish from southern California (Monterey Bay southward) are genetically distinct from fish from more northern areas, which has bearing on the relevance of allozymic data from southern California fish in interpreting patterns of allozymic variation in A. purpurescens elsewhere in its geographical range. Examination of three morphological characters and 12 enzyme loci indicated the lack of genetic distinctiveness of southern California populations from more northern ones, which is consistent with the suggestion that current-mediated transport of the planktonic larvae promotes genetic dispersal and/or mixing among populations. The lack of genetic distinctiveness argues against the validity of a separate southern California subspecies (A. p. archolepis; Hubbs, 1927), but more importantly allows us to use the geographical pattern of muscle lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-A) variation in California to refute the hypothesis that the A' allele is directly favored by elevated environmental temperature. Allelic frequencies in Alaska populations provide a second test of, and similarly refute, the hypothesis that elevated temperature per se selectively favors individuals with the A' allele. Although several alternative hypotheses on the evolutionary significance of LDH-A variation in A. purpurescens can be envisioned, presently a plausible one is that heterozygosity at the LDH-A locus is selectively favored by increased environmental thermal variation. This hypothesis is consistent not only with the geographical pattern of variation within Washington innercoastal waters (Johnson, 1971), but also with observed changes in allelic frequencies along the outer coast both to the south (California) and to the north (Alaska). We found no significant correlation between the amount of allozymic variation (at the LDH-A and PGM loci) and morphological variation present within localities, and heterozygous fish were no more variable for meristic traits than were homozygous fish. There was no clear and consistent pattern of association between particular genotypes and morphological characters. The lack of a significant relationship between enzyme and morphological traits probably is due to appreciable environmental (non-genetic) influences on the morphological characters examined, which may obscure whatever enzyme-morphological covariation exists.
... Identification of adult and subadult fish presented no problem since excellent keys for coastal blennioid fishes of the region are available (Peden, 1966;Miller and Lea, 1972). Identification of newly recruited juveniles is less straightforward, particularly in discriminating between A. purpurescens and Cebidichthys violaceus, which recruit into the intertidal zone in California at the same time of year. ...
... Difficult cases were resolved, however, on the basis of differences in electrophoretic pattern at the phosphoglucose isomerase-A (Pgi-A) locus, at which Anoplarchus and Cebidichthys do not share alleles. Reliable characters exist for discriminating between A. purpurescens and A. insignis (Peden, 1966) in the range of body sizes we encountered in Washington, where A. ins ignis occasionally occurs in the intertidal zone. ...
... Numerous fish species, including some stichaeids, show a cline in mcristic characters between southern and northern populations (Peden 1966(Peden , 1967. Temperatures in subtidal and intertidal zones of the central Kuril Islands, even in summer, do not reach above 3-5°C, and it is often much colder than similar habitats in the Commander and Aleutian Islands (Favorite el al. 1976). ...
The North Pacific prickleback Alectridium aurantiacum (Teleostei : Stichaeidae) is redescribed on the basis of 21 specimens collected from the central Kuril Islands. Special attention is given to the distribution of the cephalic sensory canals and pits. These specimens represent the first known records of this species outside the Commander and Aleutian Islands. Twenty-one specimens of A. aurantiacum were found from the intertidal zone of the middle Kuril Islands for the first time during the International Kuril Islands Project G АЩs (IKIP) investigation in August 1995-1997. It is the first record of this species out of Commander and Aleutian Islands. Counts and proportional measurements of present specimens from middle Kuril Island does not differ significantly from Commander and Aleutian Islands specimens. The largest specimen caught from central Kuril Islands (MIMB 1582; 102mm SL) is the largest known representative of this species
... It is noticeable that flatfish from the southern parts of the range (the southeastern part of the Sea of Japan, the Yellow and East China seas), in general the number of rays in the fins and scales in the lateral line is, as a rule, greater than in the northern parts of the range (the northern and northwestern parts of the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk). These differences most likely have a clinal pattern and are related to differences in temperature conditions in various parts of the sea (Peden, 1966(Peden, , 1967Balanov et al., 1999). ...
In studying the variation of the taxa group Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae and P. schrenki from various areas in the Sea of Japan, significant differences in the combination of morphometric and meristic characters
were not revealed. It was found that typical characters such as fin coloration from the blind side of the body, number of
rays in the fins, number of scales in the lateral line, etc. that are used by most authors to distinguish P. yokohamae and P. shrenki strongly vary and are not adequate for assigning individuals to a certain taxon. A conclusion of the absence of differences
and, hence, the homogeneity of the group studied is supported by genetic-biochemical studies, as well as by analysis of the
lateral line system of these two groups of flatfish. Considering the results obtained and literature data on the morphology
and ecology of flatfish taxa considered in the paper, it is justifiable to consider the P. yokohamae + P. schrenki group as one polymorphic species Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae Günther, 1877. The second taxon, P. shrenki, as a later species, should be considered a synonym of the species P. yokohamae.
A new species of cockscombs, Alectrias markevichi sp. nov., is described from 46 individuals from the sublittoral of Peter the Great Bay and Moneron Island (the Sea of Japan), South Kuril Strait, southern Hokkaido, and northeastern Honshu (the northwestern Pacific). A. markevichi sp. nov. differs from all the known species of the genus in the presence of only three pores in the occipital commissure (no pores near crest base and no medial tubule), only four pores in the preopercular canal, only one shortened spine at the end of dorsal fin, and 11–18 preural vertebrae with wide neural processes.
Up to the present, the genus Leptostichaeus has been considered as belonging to subfamily Lumpeninae. A series of characters was analyzed for family and subfamily diagnostics within the group Stichaeidae. It was found that, in combination of all examined characters, the genus Leptostichaeus is either similar to Azygopterus or occupies an intermediate position between the latter and other members of the family Stichaeidae. The genus Leptostichaeus is transferred into the group Azygopterinae, which is revalidated as a subfamily within the family Stichaeidae.
Описывается новый вид петушков, Alectrias markevichi sp. nov., по 46 экз. из сублиторали зал. Петра
Великого и о ва Монерон (Японское море), Южно Курильского пролива, южного Хоккайдо и се
веро восточного Хонсю (северо западная Пацифика). A. markevichi sp. nov. отличается от всех из
вестных видов рода наличием только трёх пор в затылочной комиссуре (нет пор у основания гребня
и нет медиального канальца), только четырёх пор в предкрышечном канале, только одной укоро
ченной колючки в конце спинного плавника и 11–18 преуральных позвонков с широкими невраль
ными отростками.
Total vertebral counts of Lycodapus mandibularis populations in Georgia Strait, British Columbia, are significantly lower than those of southern populations off Oregon and California. The highest temperatures and lowest salinities at 200 m or deeper, where the species is most abundant, are also in Georgia Strait and correlate with the lowest counts. The Strait's deep water originates from tidal mixing of intermediate and estuarine surface waters of lower salinities and higher temperatures, whereas the mechanism in southern latitudes, which instead provides unmixed cooler and saline deep waters, is oceanic up-welling. It is suggested that differences in environment associated with different degrees of upwelling and mixing may cause the lower counts in the Strait of Georgia. Key words: Lycodapus mandibularis, Zoarcidae, meristic variation, inlets, upwelling, temperature, salinity, northeast Pacific Ocean, zoogeography
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We examined spatial patterns of allozyme variation in three species of intertidal cottids to evaluate how much gene flow occurs between geographically separate populations (most likely via passive dispersal of planktonic larvae by currents). Our results from the analysis of geographical patterns of allele frequencies and, to some extent, from comparison of allele frequencies between newly recruited young and older resident fish are consistent with the notion that sufficient gene flow occurs in these fishes to prevent significant genetic isolation of populations. From these results, we visualize evolutionary changes in populations of these species as occurring most likely over a broad geographic scale, affecting spatially separated but genetically linked populations concurrently, rather than operating independently in individual, genetically isolated populations.
Alectrias mutsuensis sp. nov. is described on specimens collected from Mutsu Bay, Aomori Pref. This new species is rather deep dweller compared
to other species of the genus, living on muddy bottoms, about 20 to 40 meters deep, and is diagnosed by the following characters:
dermal crest on head reaching to occipital region; distance between end of dermal crest and dorsal fin origin less than eye
diameter; end of anal fin separated from caudal fin; anterior dorsal spines before anal origin, slender and flexible; epaxial
hypurals mostly fused into a single plate. A key to all nine species belonging to the subfamily Alectriinae is presented.
The crested blenny Anoplarchus purpurescens occurs intertidally in the Puget Sound area (USA), where it is subjected to substantial variation in temperature. A study of a polymorphic esterase in A. purpurescens has revealed a latitudinal cline and a correlation of allelic frequencies with summer water temperature. This finding agrees with previous results for a lactate dehydrogenase polymorphism in A. purpurescens, suggesting a pervasive genetic adaptation to temperature in this species. For each of these enzymes, comparisons within and between two species of Anoplarchus andicate an association between heterozygosity and temporal variability of the thermal environment.
The use of protein electrophoretic data for determining the relationships among species or populations is widespread and generally accepted. However, many confounding factors may alter the results of an electrophoretic study in such a way as to allow erroneous conclusions to be drawn in taxonomic, systematic or population studies. Such variables as temperature, photoperiod, salinity, pH and diet have been shown to influence enzymes and proteins both quantitatively and qualitatively. Production of distinct "cold" and "warm" isozymes or "seasonal" isozymes have been found in a variety of organisms. The factors that are or may be responsible for the appearance of these isozymes is discussed. Most studies that have demonstrated some apparent form of environmentally induced genetic expression have not determined that mechanisms responsible. However, proteolytic modification has been shown to produce seasonal isozymes of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in rabbit liver and may account for other seasonal isozymes. Acclimating organisms to various conditions may actually allow detection of cryptic genetic variation and provide valuable data. There are many aspects to consider in designing acclimation experiments, and the conditions used will vary according to the aim of the research. Polyploidy may contribute to the genesis of environmentally regulated isozymes. A review of this literature follows with additional hypotheses and conclusions. Recommendations are given for the resolution of real and potential problems.
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