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... The cultural theory of risk perception specifies that there are four types of people in this world: a hierarchist, an individualist, an egalitarian, and a fatalist. Cultural theory suggests that each of these four cultural biases is related to how they perceive and react to different types of risks [16]: ...
... Appendix A. Reliability analysis of the independent variables We should ask seniors to decide between right and wrong when we have an argument among us.2.92 1.16 .122 -Children should meet their parents' needs even though it's not sensible.3.02 ...
... What this country needs is a "fairness revolution" to make the distribution of goods more equal.3.82 1.16 .176 Fatalist (Cronbach's Alpha = .569) ...
The arguments in this paper focus on the need to consider socio-demographic and cultural factors in risk assessment and the policy-making process. Two rounds of sample surveys were conducted to empirically test the impact of public perception on technological risk/safety. Following a brief review of literature on risk perceptions and theories of culture, an analysis of two attitudinal surveys is presented as the basis for policy implications. The findings in these surveys demonstrated that the effects of socio-demographic and cultural factors on risk/safety perceptions were weaker than expected, but the patterns were considerably consistent with assumptions of the cultural theory and psychometric approaches to risk perception. Policy makers need to recognize that social acceptability of risk and safety are influenced more by human factors, like demographic and cultural attributes, than by facts and science.
... Risk perception is an integral part of risk assessment. Risk perception plays a key role in the field of disaster risk reduction as it discloses community awareness, preparedness, and capability to cope with future disasters [5][6][7][8]. Community responses to natural hazards are driven by their risk perception [9]. These studies assist disaster managers and disaster management authorities in implementing appropriate policies to reduce the risk [5,10]. ...
... Studies in the fields of anthropology and sociology have revealed that the risk perception has its roots in cultural and social elements [32][33][34]. This approach was spelled out by some researchers [8]. It was also criticized for its informal qualitative methods and empirical testing [8]. ...
... This approach was spelled out by some researchers [8]. It was also criticized for its informal qualitative methods and empirical testing [8]. This approach faced criticism for its unclear empirical testing, weak methodological approach, and being tough to functionalize [21]. ...
Earthquakes around the globe are threatening both human lives and infrastructure. It is essential to assess risk perception of people to introduce appropriate disaster risk reduction strategies. This study aims to identify various factors influencing people’s perceptions of earthquake risk. The survey was conducted in earthquake-prone sub-districts of Malakand. Using the random sampling method, 240 households were interviewed. The interviews were conducted using semi-structured questionnaires. The risk perception index was constructed using indicators extracted from the literature review. For identifying socioeconomic variables influencing risk perception, multivariate regression analysis was performed. Results revealed that seismic risk perceptions varied significantly with age, income, experience, and house type. People who suffered in the past from earthquakes had a higher risk perception. People who had constructed their houses using engineering materials tend to have low-risk perception. It was also found that people were aware of the risks posed by earthquakes, but did not adopt any precautionary measures, due to their fatalistic stance towards future earthquake occurrence. As a result, their susceptibility to earthquakes has increased substantially. The study recommends awareness campaigns and educational programs to improve the risk perception of local people, especially about the importance of earthquake-resistant design and building codes.
... Para a maioria das pessoas, o risco é um fenómeno multidimensional que é avaliado através da sua tábua de valores e crenças, conforme a sua natureza, causa, circunstância e benefícios associados. Mas é exatamente por prevermos, por construirmos uma imagem do futuro que ainda não aconteceu que, de alguma forma, nela vemos refletida a nossa própria visão desse futuro e essa visão está em tudo dependente da nossa experiência, da nossa expectativa e da nossa tábua de valores sobre o que é desejado ou indesejado (Sjöberg, 2000). ...
... Desta forma, o público, individualmente ou coletivamente, não responde aos riscos de forma objetiva e determinada pela avaliação científica, mas em relação à sua perceção do risco. Apesar do risco real ser um excelente fator para explicar a perceção de riscos, uma vez que a maioria das pessoas tem até uma ideia muito realista dos riscos, esta perceção realista só pode ser esperada quando as pessoas têm alguma experiência, direta ou indireta, com estes mesmos riscos, sendo que, em última análise, esta perceção objetivamente definida só será aceite se já integrada na perceção própria do indivíduo (Sjöberg, 2000). ...
... No entanto, estas operações de julgamento, que a princípio poderiam parecer desvantagens, ajudam os indivíduos a simplificar tarefas que seriam avaliações probabilisticamente complexas. Mas, ao mesmo tempo, esta vantagem evolutiva condiciona a perceção e a decisão em relação aos riscos, impondo erros e determinando-a a preconceitos severos e sistemáticos (Covello, 1983;Renn, 1998;Sjöberg, 2000). ...
Pretende-se com esta investigação tentar compreender de que forma os residentes e restantes atores sociais de Santa Maria, ilha do arquipélago dos Açores, percecionam os riscos e os benefícios resultantes da possível instalação de um porto espacial de lançamento de microssatélites na zona da Malbusca, e de que modo tais perceções condicionam a sua aceitação ou desaprovação da mesma. Tentar-se-á ainda compreender a relação entre a cultura científica desta população e a sua relação e envolvimento com a ciência e tecnologia.
A proposta deste estudo resulta de algumas preocupações manifestadas pela população de Santa Maria em relação a este projeto numa ilha que, nos últimos 10 anos, tem já sido alvo da instalação de tecnologias espaciais com objetivos de desenvolver a região economicamente. Rapidamente estas manifestações de preocupação evoluíram para uma contestação pública ao projeto, tendo havido mesmo a criação de grupos organizados de contestação e de apoio a este, obrigando as entidades decisoras a rever as estratégias de comunicação junto da população.
Para procurar compreender este fenómeno, este trabalho adotou uma metodologia qualitativa, com a aquisição de dados através do desenvolvimento de entrevistas semidiretivas junto da população local de Santa Maria, decisores, especialistas e outros stakeholders. As entrevistas foram posteriormente analisadas na busca de temas observados em outros estudos, através da revisão da vasta literatura em perceção de risco tecnológicos e em cultura científica, e na expetativa de que outros temas surgissem para melhor explicar este fenómeno.
Entre outras leituras, e situações previstas em outros estudos, foi possível compreender que, pelo menos nesta investigação, existe uma relação muito estreita entre o contexto socioeconómico da região e a avaliação feita dos riscos e dos benefícios de uma tecnologia por parte da população. Numa população que é assimétrica na sua relação com a ciência, a perceção dos riscos e benefícios depende também da confiança e da dependência que é mantida com os decisores. Tentar-se-á ainda compreender porque surgiu este fenómeno, como ele se enquadra numa “sociedade de risco” com cidadãos com cada vez mais acesso a informação, e de que modo poderão ter de ser repensadas as políticas de envolvimento e de participação do público na ciência.
... Es un proceso que vincula los juicios individuales del grado de riesgo que implica con la acción potencial (O'Riordan, 1986). Pero la percepción del riesgo va más allá del individuo, es una construcción social y cultural que refleja los valores, las normas, la historia y la ideología de una sociedad (Slovic, 1987;Douglas y Wildavski, 1982;Peretti-Watel, 2000;Sjöberg, 2000;Sjöberg et al., 2004). Por lo tanto, esta percepción está sujeta al individuo y su entorno. ...
... Estos resultados respaldan el trabajo de Sjöberg (2000), quien afirma que la sensación de control del riesgo parece ser un factor determinante para su aceptación. A medida que aumenta el nivel percibido de control de riesgos, también lo hace la negación del riesgo (Sjöberg, 2000). ...
... Estos resultados respaldan el trabajo de Sjöberg (2000), quien afirma que la sensación de control del riesgo parece ser un factor determinante para su aceptación. A medida que aumenta el nivel percibido de control de riesgos, también lo hace la negación del riesgo (Sjöberg, 2000). ...
Esta investigación evalúa las prácticas y las percepciones relacionadas con el uso de pesticidas, así como sus riesgos y consecuencias sanitarias, en los páramos colombianos y venezolanos. La metodología se basa en un trabajo etnográfico con 128 agricultores y 42 actores externos. Los resultados muestran que: 1) los agricultores perciben e interpretan los riesgos relacionados con el uso de pesticidas, pero tienden a negarlos porque es la única alternativa con la que disponen para continuar su trabajo, 2) hay numerosos obstáculos para cambiar las prácticas, en particular los vinculados a situaciones de bloqueo sociotécnico y a una débil presencia del Estado y de los actores no guberna-mentales de ambos países. Finalmente, este artículo invita a pensar que el estudio de las percepciones de los riesgos relacionados con el uso de pesticidas resulta útil para diseñar e implementar estrategias de sensibilización sobre esta problemática, adaptadas al contexto de cada comunidad.
... Sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, income, and education (in a generic sense) are rarely the main focus of contemporary risk perception research; instead they are used mainly as control variables. We know, for example, from a wide range of studies that gender tends to be only weakly associated with risk perceptions (Cullen, Anderson, Biscaye, & Reynolds, 2018;Olofsson & Rashid, 2011;Rivers, Arvai, & Slovic, 2010;Sjöberg, 2000). Similarly, studies have generally observed small or nonsignificant effects for age Nardi, Teixeira, Ladeira, & Santini, 2020;Olofsson & Rashid, 2011), income (Nardi et al., 2020;Sjöberg, 2000), and education Nardi et al., 2020;Olofsson & Rashid, 2011;Sjöberg, 2000). ...
... We know, for example, from a wide range of studies that gender tends to be only weakly associated with risk perceptions (Cullen, Anderson, Biscaye, & Reynolds, 2018;Olofsson & Rashid, 2011;Rivers, Arvai, & Slovic, 2010;Sjöberg, 2000). Similarly, studies have generally observed small or nonsignificant effects for age Nardi, Teixeira, Ladeira, & Santini, 2020;Olofsson & Rashid, 2011), income (Nardi et al., 2020;Sjöberg, 2000), and education Nardi et al., 2020;Olofsson & Rashid, 2011;Sjöberg, 2000). However, this is not to suggest that there have not been revealing studies at the intersection of risk perceptions and demographic characteristics. ...
... We know, for example, from a wide range of studies that gender tends to be only weakly associated with risk perceptions (Cullen, Anderson, Biscaye, & Reynolds, 2018;Olofsson & Rashid, 2011;Rivers, Arvai, & Slovic, 2010;Sjöberg, 2000). Similarly, studies have generally observed small or nonsignificant effects for age Nardi, Teixeira, Ladeira, & Santini, 2020;Olofsson & Rashid, 2011), income (Nardi et al., 2020;Sjöberg, 2000), and education Nardi et al., 2020;Olofsson & Rashid, 2011;Sjöberg, 2000). However, this is not to suggest that there have not been revealing studies at the intersection of risk perceptions and demographic characteristics. ...
Numerous studies and practical experiences with risk have demonstrated the importance of risk perceptions for people's behavior. In this narrative review, we describe and reflect upon some of the lines of research that we feel have been important in helping us understand the factors and processes that shape people's risk perceptions. In our review, we propose that much of the research on risk perceptions to date can be grouped according to three dominant perspectives and, thus, approaches to study design; they are: the characteristics of hazards, the characteristics of risk perceivers, and the application of heuristics to inform risk judgments. In making these distinctions, we also highlight what we see as outstanding challenges for researchers and practitioners. We also highlight a few new research questions that we feel warrant attention.
... Language and culture barriers are considered additional risk factors possibly affecting the relations with other social determinants of health and occupational risks for workers with different ethnic backgrounds and migrant workers [8,9]. The perception of these risks, i.e., the subjective judgment on the probability of experiencing a negative event [10,11], has shown cross-cultural differences, possibly determined by several factors including individual risk attitude, risk sensitivity, and specific fears [11,12]. Casey et al. found that the national culture of a group of Anglo and Southern Asian workers in a multinational oil and gas company could explain the differences in their safety-related perceptions and safety compliance [13]. ...
... Considering these premises, we started from the hypothesis that the study of the ethnic background and cultural differences is helpful for a better understanding of the modalities and of the reasons of the safety behaviors adopted by the workers at the workplace, as cultural values affect the way people think and behave when facing safetyrelated problems [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. We, therefore, decided to evaluate the relationships between risk perception and socio-cultural factors, including ethnic background, as safety interventions that do not consider socioeconomic, cultural and demographic aspects are less likely to have a significant impact [21]. ...
Risk perception can be influenced by cultural background. The study aims to evaluate risk perception, considering different ethnicities of construction workers from vocational schools in Italy. We administered a questionnaire investigating four different dimensions: Perceived behavioral control (PBC), Danger perception (DP), Safety climate (SC), and Attitude towards safe actions (ATSA). 562 workers answered: 72.4% from Italy, 14.2% from eastern Europe, 9.4% from Balkans, and 3.9% from North Africa. The participants indicated quite low control, attributable to the haste in performing the job. The workers perceived their specific job tasks as riskier compared to the tasks of their colleagues. They reported as fundamental the respecting of safety rules, but indicating that supervisors do not adequately promote safety behaviors. Finally, construction workers judged as “brave” the colleagues working without protective equipment. When compared to Italians, North Africa workers showed a lower perception of the possibility to control their safe behaviors (p=0.040), while both eastern Europeans and Balkan obtained higher scores at the ATSA dimension, indicating a kind of fatalistic acceptance of the risky situations at work. Eastern Europeans also showed a lower perception of the dangers (p=0.002), while Balkan demonstrated a perception of SC even better than the Italian group (p=0.005).
... Factors related to the nature of the risk in risk perception are the following: "new risk", "dreaded risk", "number of exposures" and "unnatural and immoral risk" (Sjöberg 2000a). At any rate, it is also necessary to understand whether the perceived risk has a general or personal target, since there is a considerable difference between these two kinds of risk. ...
... Risk is often not merely an issue concerning the cognitive assessment of probability; as a consequence, heuristics are sometimes hard to apply to concrete cases of risk perception (Sjöberg 2000a). This happens also because social factors may provide an amplification or attenuation of public risk assessment (Kasperson et al. 1988). ...
This book offers a philosophically-based, yet clinically-oriented perspective on current medical reasoning aiming at 1) identifying important forms of uncertainty permeating current clinical reasoning and practice 2) promoting the application of an abductive methodology in the health context in order to deal with those clinical uncertainties 3) bridging the gap between biomedical knowledge, clinical practice, and research and values in both clinical and philosophical literature. With a clear philosophical emphasis, the book investigates themes lying at the border between several disciplines, such as medicine, nursing, logic, epistemology, and philosophy of science; but also ethics, epidemiology, and statistics. At the same time, it critically discusses and compares several professional approaches to clinical practice such as the one of medical doctors, nurses and other clinical practitioners, showing the need for developing a unified framework of reasoning, which merges methods and resources from many different clinical but also non-clinical disciplines. In particular, this book shows how to leverage nursing knowledge and practice, which has been considerably neglected so far, to further shape the interdisciplinary nature of clinical reasoning. Furthermore, a thorough philosophical investigation on the values involved in health care is provided, based on both the clinical and philosophical literature. The book concludes by proposing an integrative approach to health and disease going beyond the so-called “classical biomedical model of care”.
... The first two examples clearly illustrate high place attachment, which in human geography is thought of as "sense of place" (Williams & Vaske, 2003). In general, higher place attachment is correlated with a higher sense of security and lower risk perceptions (Michel-Guillou & Meur-Ferec, 2017;Sjöberg, 2000). "When attachment is very strong, any environment, even if known to be very dangerous, may still be perceived as being good enough to live in, making one's home one's castle" (Michel-Guillou & Meur-Ferec, 2017, p.263-264). ...
... This is partially due to "confirmation bias" in which people tend to recall, favor, and search for information that supports their desires and beliefs, such as wanting to continue living on the coast. People tend to see mostly good properties in objects they like, in this case places they live, and mostly bad properties in objects they dislike (Sjöberg, 2000). ...
On October 29, 2012 Superstorm Sandy collided with the Rockaway Peninsula, a
thin barrier beach lying between Jamaica Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. The Rockaways,
home to over 100,000 people, was inundated with 30-foot waves from the Atlantic, a 14-
foot storm surge that crept in from Jamaica Bay, and a rising water table from below,
resulting in the loss of nine lives and $19 billion in damage. Eight years following the
storm, recovery is still in progress in some parts of this deeply socioeconomically and
ethno-racially divided peninsula. I wanted to understand how climate resilience applied to
this shifting barrier beach and the people who live there. After interviewing Rockaway
residents, I found that environmental risk perceptions can serve as a key catalyst or
barrier to supporting adaptive actions that can build or erode community social and
ecological resilience. This project seeks to understand how the storm affected
environmental risk perceptions and how these individual cognitions are related to broader
scale community social-ecological resilience in the Rockaways. I adopt panarchy as a
tool to visualize the complex adaptive cycles and multiple cross-scalar interactions that
ultimately confer a community’s resilience and adaptive capacity to cope with our future
climate reality.
... Factors related to the nature of the risk in risk perception are the following: "new risk", "dreaded risk", "number of exposures" and "unnatural and immoral risk" (Sjöberg 2000a). At any rate, it is also necessary to understand whether the perceived risk has a general or personal target, since there is a considerable difference between these two kinds of risk. ...
... Risk is often not merely an issue concerning the cognitive assessment of probability; as a consequence, heuristics are sometimes hard to apply to concrete cases of risk perception (Sjöberg 2000a). This happens also because social factors may provide an amplification or attenuation of public risk assessment (Kasperson et al. 1988). ...
The beliefs involved in the placebo effect are often assumed to be self-fulfilling, i.e. the truth of these beliefs would merely require the patient to hold them. Such a view is commonly shared in epistemology. In fact, many epistemologists focused on the self-fulfilling nature of these beliefs, which have been investigated because they raise some important counterexamples to Nozick’s “tracking theory of knowledge”. I challenge the view on the self-fulfilling nature of placebo-based beliefs in multi-agent contexts, analysing their deep epistemological nature and the role of higher-order beliefs involved in the placebo effect.
... Factors related to the nature of the risk in risk perception are the following: "new risk", "dreaded risk", "number of exposures" and "unnatural and immoral risk" (Sjöberg 2000a). At any rate, it is also necessary to understand whether the perceived risk has a general or personal target, since there is a considerable difference between these two kinds of risk. ...
... Risk is often not merely an issue concerning the cognitive assessment of probability; as a consequence, heuristics are sometimes hard to apply to concrete cases of risk perception (Sjöberg 2000a). This happens also because social factors may provide an amplification or attenuation of public risk assessment (Kasperson et al. 1988). ...
Patients are interested in receiving accurate diagnostic and prognostic information. While models and reasoning about diagnoses have been extensively investigated from a foundational perspective, prognosis yet needs to receive a comparable degree of philosophical and methodological attention, which may be due to the difficulties inherent in accurate prognostics. In the light of these considerations, I discuss a substantial body of critical thinking on the topic of prognostication and its strict relations with diagnostic reasoning, starting from the distinction between nosographic and pathophysiological types of diagnosis and prognosis. I then identify various forms of hypothetical reasoning that can be applied to reach diagnostic and prognostic judgments, comparing them with specific forms of abductive reasoning. The main thesis is that creative abduction regarding clinical hypotheses in diagnostic process is very unlikely to occur (though still possible), whereas this seems to be often the case for prognostic judgments. The reasons behind this distinction are based on the different types of uncertainty involved in diagnostic and prognostic judgments.
... Factors related to the nature of the risk in risk perception are the following: "new risk", "dreaded risk", "number of exposures" and "unnatural and immoral risk" (Sjöberg 2000a). At any rate, it is also necessary to understand whether the perceived risk has a general or personal target, since there is a considerable difference between these two kinds of risk. ...
... Risk is often not merely an issue concerning the cognitive assessment of probability; as a consequence, heuristics are sometimes hard to apply to concrete cases of risk perception (Sjöberg 2000a). This happens also because social factors may provide an amplification or attenuation of public risk assessment (Kasperson et al. 1988). ...
The chapter addresses the normative analysis of the value-based aspects of nursing. Values are commonly distinguished into: (a) epistemic, when related to the goals of truth and objectivity; (b) non-epistemic, when related to social, cultural or political aspects. Furthermore, values can be called constitutive when necessary for a scientific enterprise, or contextual when contingently associated with science. Analysing the roles of the various forms of values and models of knowledge translation helps us understand the specific role of values in nursing. A conceptual framework has been built to classify some of the classical perspectives on nursing knowledge and to examine the relationships between values and different forms of knowledge in nursing. Adopting a normative perspective in the analysis of nursing knowledge provides in fact key-elements to identify its proper dimension.
... This theory considers that there are two groups of personality traits: risk-averse (the group that likes to seek safety) and risk-loving (the adventurous group). In general, risk perception is understood as the degree to which mental recognition factors relate to potentially hazardous activities or technologies which determine the risk judgments of individuals [27,28,67]. In addition, the risk level measurement varies with each specific condition, and the individual decision-making process is determined by the perceived cost, benefit, damage and risk appetite [68]. ...
... Thus, emotional differences may increase the influence of risk perception on consumer behavior during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, people may feel that other factors, such as financial risks and functional risks, are less of a threat than the risk of developing a respiratory disease. Hence, we used the CRP variable described by Huynh [26] to distinguish it from the SRP variable [27,28]. Accordingly, CRP refers to concern regarding the spread of disease that causes people to limit certain behaviors, such as gatherings and face-toface meetings, but also leads to the implementation of other behaviors, such as food hoarding and participating in online classes. ...
... This theory considers that there are two groups of personality traits: risk-averse (the group that likes to seek safety) and risk-loving (the adventurous group). In general, risk perception is understood as the degree to which mental recognition factors relate to potentially hazardous activities or technologies which determine the risk judgments of individuals [27,28,67]. In addition, the risk level measurement varies with each specific condition, and the individual decision-making process is determined by the perceived cost, benefit, damage and risk appetite [68]. ...
... Thus, emotional differences may increase the influence of risk perception on consumer behavior during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, people may feel that other factors, such as financial risks and functional risks, are less of a threat than the risk of developing a respiratory disease. Hence, we used the CRP variable described by Huynh [26] to distinguish it from the SRP variable [27,28]. Accordingly, CRP refers to concern regarding the spread of disease that causes people to limit certain behaviors, such as gatherings and face-toface meetings, but also leads to the implementation of other behaviors, such as food hoarding and participating in online classes. ...
The Covid 19 pandemic has strongly influenced different social aspects such as economic, political, cultural, and social issues. The education industry also cannot avoid the severe damage that has caused educational administrators to find out many solutions to improve the teaching and learning system during the pandemic. Zoom is one of the most effective online training tools to overcome the limitations of communications caused by social distanc-ing in response to the Coronavirus spreading. This study uses the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) model combined with both Corvid 19 risk perception and online security risk perception variables to examine the intention to employ Zoom-a web-based platform-for online learning of students in a university of Vietnam. 185 students from Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City were interviewed and data from the interview results were used to evaluate the model's hypotheses. The results show that the combination of the TRA model and risk perception is a very good choice to assess the intention to adopt Zoom for dis-tancing learning.
... Factors related to the nature of the risk in risk perception are the following: "new risk", "dreaded risk", "number of exposures" and "unnatural and immoral risk" (Sjöberg 2000a). At any rate, it is also necessary to understand whether the perceived risk has a general or personal target, since there is a considerable difference between these two kinds of risk. ...
... Risk is often not merely an issue concerning the cognitive assessment of probability; as a consequence, heuristics are sometimes hard to apply to concrete cases of risk perception (Sjöberg 2000a). This happens also because social factors may provide an amplification or attenuation of public risk assessment (Kasperson et al. 1988). ...
Reasoning in medicine requires the critical use of a clinical methodology whose validity and limits must be evaluated. In the last decade, an increasing amount of evidence has shown severe limitations and flaws in how prognostic studies have been carried out. The main reason behind this fact is that prognostic judgments are at high risk of error. In this chapter I investigate the pragmatic and illocutionary aspects of different forms of linguistic acts and judgments involved in clinical practice. More specifically, I analyse the role of (fundamental) uncertainty with regard to ‘particular’ clinical judgments, and its relation to the ‘general’ evidence. By focusing on how prognostic judgments are formulated and justified, the purpose of this chapter is to highlight the explication, the structure and the limits of prognosis from a linguistic and epistemological perspective.
... In accordance with the psychometric model, in the present study perceived risk related to horse use was based on the perceived probability of having a collision/incident while using a horse and severity of consequences. Although the psychometric model has been the dominant approach to explain perceived risk, a newer model proposing attitudes, risk sensitivity, and fear as the explanatory variables were shown to be more successful explaining the perceived risk (Sjöberg, 2000), especially attitude was an important predictor of the perceived risk. The present findings showing road safety attitudes as the strongest predictors of the perceived road collision/incident risk among the horse users support this newer model about risk perception (Sjöberg, 2000). ...
... Although the psychometric model has been the dominant approach to explain perceived risk, a newer model proposing attitudes, risk sensitivity, and fear as the explanatory variables were shown to be more successful explaining the perceived risk (Sjöberg, 2000), especially attitude was an important predictor of the perceived risk. The present findings showing road safety attitudes as the strongest predictors of the perceived road collision/incident risk among the horse users support this newer model about risk perception (Sjöberg, 2000). In terms of the rules and regulations applying to horse use, the present findings show that the level of knowledge especially related to the rules for the use of walking and cycling lane is quite low. ...
Although horse users in traffic are a vulnerable road user group, traffic safety problems among them are scantly examined by previous research. The main aim of the present study was to examine the role of some demographic variables, traffic safety attitudes, and level of knowledge about rules and regulations applying to horse use in traffic for predicting perceived road collision/incident risk in a sample of horse users in Norway. An online survey was conducted to collect data from a total of 1733 horse users including horse riders and drivers of horse-drawn sulky, wagon or sled. The respondents accessed the survey via a link put to the website of the Norwegian Horse Centre, which is in contact with many different horse user environments in Norway. The majority of the respondents were female and between the ages of 18–30. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the predictors of the perceived collision/incident risk involving other motor vehicles. Results showed that traffic safety attitudes among horse users were the strongest predictor of the perceived collision/incident risk. In particular, horse users reported a negative attitude towards the other road users (e.g. drivers) indicating that they perceive the other road users’ actions and approaches as the biggest source of risk in road traffic. The level of knowledge about the rules and regulations applying to horse use, especially in walking and cycling lane, was relatively low among the respondents. However, knowledge about rules and regulations did not appear as a strong predictor of the perceived collision/incident risk. Results indicate the need to increase road users, especially drivers’, awareness about the problems and needs of horse users in traffic.
... The perception of risk is a phenomenon in search of an explanation (Sjöberg, 2000, Hawkes and Rowe, 2008, Bonem et al., 2015. The perception of risk has advanced from being considered a product of the population's lack of awareness to becoming a complex problem and one which is studied by a large number of professionals from varied disciplines such as psychology, sociology or engineering (López and Reyes, 1999). ...
... In this case, the results coincide with (Cordellieri et al., 2016), which shows that both men and women have the same perception regarding risk situations. Although other authors state; that the perception and interpretation of occupational risks between the two genders do not always share a perspective (Cifre et al., 2011), or that there is an opinion that women have a greater sense of responsibility towards health issues, or that they are more alarmists, (Williams and Florez, 2002;Sjöberg, 2000), or that men reinforce their male identity by underestimating risk situations (Courtenay, 2000, Calvario Parra, 2007 or that apprehensions of women differ from men (Jerez Ramírez, 2015). These biases do not manifest themselves in the case of construction in Andalusia. ...
Available at https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1bnYe3IVV9kYy6
Risk perception is studied in many research disciplines. Although many of the factors that influence the perception of risk in the field of occupational risk prevention are known, there is still no complete understanding of the ways in which professionals in this sector perceive risks. This study analyzes the incidence of socio-demographic variables (gender, age, university degree, seniority of the qualification and professional experience) in the perception of the probability and consequences of accident risk of a group of Construction Safety and Health Experts. Additionally, the incidence of these variables has been evaluated in various stages of a construction. On the basis of a questionnaire survey of 30 construction processes, and applying a linear multilevel regression model, statistically significant differences in perceived risk were obtained depending on the age of the Construction Safety Experts, while it was determined that there is no significant difference in the perception of risk between men and women in this professional sector. Greater discrepancies were found when evaluating the overall risk of construction activities in the early stages of a construction site. Nevertheless, in spite of the sociodemographic differences between Construction Safety Experts, we conclude that their risk assessments are highly coherent.
... Previous studies suggest that people are willing to give up their information for tangible and intangible benefits (Grossklags and Acquisti, 2007;Castro and McLaughlin, 2019;Taylor, 2003), whereas other studies show significant willingness to pay for privacy (Gopavaram et al., 2020;Egelman et al., 2009). Prior research has identified variations in privacy perceptions as a function of participants' awareness and knowledge of privacy practices (Liu et al., 2005;Malhotra et al., 2004); perceived control over information collection and usage (Castañeda and Montoro, 2007;Brandimarte et al., 2013); perceived sensitivity of information (Castañeda and Montoro, emerging infectious diseases (Sjöberg, 2000;Slovic P. E., 2000;Weinstein, 1988;Weinstein, 1984). Therefore, it is arguable that perceptions of COVID-19 risks are unrealistically high and result in unnecessary exposure to the more familiar privacy risk through protection-seeking behaviors (e.g., adopting contact tracing apps). ...
The on-going COVID-19 pandemic has brought surveillance and privacy concerns to the forefront, given that contact tracing has been seen as a very effective tool to prevent the spread of infectious disease and that public authorities and government officials hope to use it to contain the spread of COVID-19. On the other hand, the rejection of contact tracing tools has also been widely reported, partly due to privacy concerns. We conducted an online survey to identify participants’ privacy concerns and their risk perceptions during the on-going COVID-19 pandemic. Our results contradict media claims that people are more willing to share their private information in a public health crisis. We identified a significant difference depending on the information recipient, the type of device, the intended purpose, and thus concretize the claims rather than suggesting a fundamental difference. We note that participants’ privacy preferences are largely impacted by their perceived autonomy and the perceived severity of consequences related to privacy risks. Contrarily, even during an on-going COVID-19 pandemic, health risk perceptions had limited influence on participants’ privacy preference, given only the perceived newness of the risk could weakly increase their comfort level. Finally, our results show that participants’ computer expertise has a positive influence on their privacy preference while their knowledge to security make them less comfortable with sharing.
... Concern can be conceptualized as an emotional construct that includes feelings of worry and anxiety, which are often associated with risk perceptions (Burger et al., 1998;Gore et al., 2006). Perceived risks represent the extent to which a person identifies a risk from a specific source (Siegrist and Cvetkovich, 2000;Sjöberg, 2000). The 12 items consisted of crop losses, stored commodity losses, damage to pastures, damage to wetlands, habitat degradation, damage to water, damage to personal property, loss of land value, loss of lease value, livestock injury or disease, wildlife competition or predation, and human disease or injury. ...
Invasive species and their establishment in new areas have significant impacts on the ecological, economic, and social well-being of our planet. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are one of the world's most formidable invasive species, particularly in the United States. They cause significant damage to agriculture and ecosystems, and can transmit diseases to livestock, wildlife, and people. There is an inherent social dimension to the issue of wild pigs due in part to the fact that people hunt them. Hunting contributes to both the control and spread of this species. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine hunters' overall tolerance for wild pigs; and 2) identify what factors predict hunters' tolerance. Results obtained from a survey of Texas hunters in 2019 indicated that 83% of hunters had a low level of tolerance for wild pigs, with approximately 63% preferring to see the population reduced and 20% preferring to see the population completely removed. Fourteen percent preferred that wild pig numbers remain the same, and 2% preferred to see numbers increase. Results from regression analysis indicated that approximately 53% of the variance in tolerance for wild pigs was explained by motivations and preferences for hunting wild pigs, level of concern for wild pig damage, and overall attitudes toward wild pigs. Results of this research are useful in expanding current knowledge about human tolerance for wildlife, including those species that are non-native and invasive, and in identifying important factors affecting how hunters perceive and interact with wild pigs. Study findings are also helpful in informing the development of effective and socially acceptable management plans for wild pigs, as well as communication efforts aimed at influencing hunters' attitudes and behaviors in the wild pig management context.
... PCA showed that global and personal risk perception are two different constructs, which is in line with Sjoberg (2000) and van der Linden (2015). Therefore, future studies clearly need to distinguish between these constructs. ...
Heavy precipitation events are expected to increase in frequency and intensity in many parts of Europe as a result of climate change. These events can affect regions located far from rivers that have never been affected before. As warning times are short, there are hardly any effective emergency measures to mitigate the severe damage caused by pluvial floods. Therefore, long‐term mitigation measures are necessary for sustainable urban flood management. However, people first need to realise their personal risk in order to become active and take private precautionary measures. To get a better understanding of the processes underlying public risk perception of pluvial floods, a questionnaire‐based telephone survey was conducted analysing two case studies in western Germany. Key findings reveal that risk perceptions need to be distinguished between personal and global perception. Personal risk perception was low among the participants, while their global risk perception was far higher. The determinants of global and personal risk perception on pluvial flooding were identified. The study also showed that mitigation behaviour is influenced by personal risk perception, knowledge, education, and housing conditions. These determinants should receive attention when future risk communication and flood management strategies are developed.
... Additionally, RRAs can be transformative in aligning a community's risk perception to more accurately reflect reality and facilitate improved risk communications. The perception of risk has been shown to often be misjudged by both the public, community leaders, and even by experts (Lundgren & McMakin, 2013;Sjoberg, 2000;Slovic, 1987). Residual risk offers a uniform comparison of hazards, which can help reduce risk overestimation or underestimation, and can also help in garnering public and official support for mitigation and adaptation actions to reduce risk. ...
In the United States, there is a disconnect between critical stakeholders in the risk management and risk reduction fields – notably public health, emergency and disaster management, and vulnerability and resilience science. Nationally mandated hazard mitigation plans tend to focus on physical exposure, overlook socioeco-nomic analysis, and routinely omit public health considerations. At present, there is a lack of research on the intersection of vulnerability studies, risk assessments, and public health risk assessments and healthcare systems. Through the inclusion of stakeholder input and feedback, the case study within this article from the Idaho public health sector develops an objective, science-informed, and data-driven methodology that advances the state of risk assessments. This Idaho Public Health Jurisdictional Risk Assessment (PHJRA) distinguishes itself as an assessment tool that employs a sub-county vulnerability model, and to couple socioeconomic, demographic, and public health indicators allowing multiple stakeholders improved visualization of risk in their jurisdictions. This case study helps define a new method for identifying the risk that remains after mitigation measures are implemented - labeled here as Residual Risk Assessment (RRA). Results demonstrate spatially variable social and health system vulnerability across the study area, in addition to variable mitigation capabilities and residual risk of the health districts. This outcome showcases an RRA driven vulnerability index that carries national or in-ternational applicability for disaster management and public health sectors.
(2) (PDF) Residual risk in public health and disaster management. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348676003_Residual_risk_in_public_health_and_disaster_management [accessed May 25 2021].
... The items were thus subjected to principal component factor analysis, and seven factors explained the cumulative effect of the variable, constituting 78.85%. The major factor explained 28.99% of the total variance, consistent with Sjoberg's (2000) statement that the variance should not be higher than 50%. In other words, no single factor explained most of the covariance of the variables (predictor and criterion). ...
... The public's perception of disease risk is among the factors that may influence their willingness to adopt disease prevention behaviors [4][5][6]. Risk perception has two components: (1) perceived personal vulnerability relative to the severity of the threat and (2) the likelihood that the threat will come to pass [6,7]. Previous studies have suggested that the success of strategies taken to control an epidemic depends largely on the public's perception of risk and its response to it [8]. ...
Background
The 2019 novel coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) is one of the most serious health risks facing the global population. Teachers’ responses are important in the management of the outbreak in schools. The purpose of this study is to examine teachers’ risk perception, self-efficacy, response efficacy, and approach to disease prevention during the COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwan.
Methods
A descriptive, cross-sectional online survey was completed by 344 teachers across four levels of education. Pearson correlations between major variables were calculated. General linear model with a posthoc test was used to estimate the least squares means for each level of the independent variables and test the mean differences between the response scores.
Results
The teachers with a higher risk perception showed a stronger adoption of disease prevention measures, but they also showed lower self-efficacy. In addition, teachers with higher self-efficacy had higher response efficiency. Female teachers had relatively stronger adoption of disease prevention measures than their male colleagues, and age was associated with a 0.040 point increase in adoption scores. Elementary school teachers were significantly stronger in this regard than teachers at junior high schools, high schools and universities in terms of behavior scores.
Conclusions
High implementation rate of Taiwanese teachers’ disease prevention measures came from their higher risk perceptions. Among them, older female teachers, especially those who teach at elementary schools, are key to implementing disease prevention measures.
... Risk perception refers to an individual's feeling and understanding of objective risks in the outside world. This concept emphasizes the influence on cognition caused by the experience gained from the individual's intuitive judgment and subjective feelings [16] . The assessment of risk perception is influenced by a considerable number of factors pertaining to an individual or society [17] . ...
Objective:
Correctly understanding and evaluating the level of public risk perception toward public health emergencies not only helps experts and decision-makers understand the public's preventative health behaviors to these emergencies but also enhances their risk information communication with the public. The aim of this study was to develop a risk perception scale for public health emergencies and test its validity and reliability during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods:
Guided by the theoretical model of risk perception, an initial scale was generated through literature review, group meetings, resident interviews, and expert consultation. A pretest and item screening were then conducted to develop a formal risk perception scale for public health emergencies. Finally, the reliability and validity of the scale were validated through a questionnaire survey of 504 Chinese adults.
Results:
The final scale had 9 items. The content validity index of the scale was 0.968, and the content validity index of individual items ranged from 0.83 to 1.00. Three common factors, dread risk perception, severe risk perception, and unknown risk perception, were extracted for exploratory factor analysis, and together they explained 66.26% of the variance in the score. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model had a satisfactory fit, where χ2/df = 1.384, the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) = 0.989, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.028, root mean square residual (RMR) = 0.018, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.995, normed fit index (NFI) = 0.982, and non-normed fit index (NNFI) = 0.990. The correlations between dimensions ranged from 0.306 to 0.483 (P < 0.01). Cronbach's α was 0.793 for the total scale and ranged between 0.687 and 0.801 for the individual dimensions. The split-half coefficient was 0.861 for the total scale and ranged from 0.727 to 0.856 for induvial dimensions. The test-retest coefficient was 0.846 for the total scale and ranged from 0.843 to 0.868 for induvial dimensions.
Conclusion:
The developed scale for the risk perception of public health emergencies showed acceptable levels of reliability and validity, suggesting that it is suitable for evaluating residents' risk perception of public health emergencies.
... Therefore, what would actually affect individual decisions is not the actual risk, but its perception, which is influenced by social, political and psychological factors (Slovic, 1999). Some individual dimensions can be considered in risk perception studies, such as age, sex, educational level and income, among others (Chauvin et al., 2007;Sjöberg, 2000). ...
Marine bivalve mollusk farming in Santa Catarina, located in South Brazil is a noteworthy productive activity that generates jobs and income. However, workers in this sector are exposed to several workplace risks due to lack of security and occupational health policies. In order to contribute to the generation of knowledge in the sector, this study evaluated oyster and mussel farm worker occupational risk perception in Florianopolis, Brazil. An ergonomic analysis and the application of a semi-structured interview (n = 38) were carried out, as well as observation of the work environment. Results indicate that most of the participants are men with low educational level and that the most common accidents are cuts, shocks and falls. In addition, reports of muscle pain and allergies were also noted. The interviewees displayed ignorance regarding the occupational risks present at cultivation farms, and were also shown to underestimate accidents suffered during task execution. The data obtained herein indicate the need for the development of risk management policies, specific for marine bivalve mollusk farming, especially regarding worker education and organization work measures in mariculture.
... There have been some findings that indicate that higher education and socio-economic status give people an increased sense of control and decreases their risk perceptions; however, similar to van der Linden [56] our study did not find any correlation between age, education and risk perceptions of climate change. Our study supports previous research [25,44,57] indicating that although there are many commonalities concerning climate change and climate change perceptions, the socio-cultural factors of specific sites are extremely important to understand in order to promote more effective mitigation efforts and uptake. Using an interdisciplinary approach integrating environmental, communication and psychological methods could be a step forward to improving climate change mitigation and acceptance in the future [58]. ...
Acceptance of mitigation and adaptation strategies is related more to the perceived levels of threats as opposed to real risks. Understanding public perception of climate change is crucial for the implementation of appropriate and effective actions. This study analyzed the perceptions of climate and global changes in two European Mediterranean deltas in order to determine the similarities and differences at a regional scale and to apprehend potential adaptation and mitigation strategies necessary for the future. A total of 395 participants responded to a questionnaire through person to person interviews. Survey analysis was conducted through a multi-method approach using standard descriptive statistics and qualitative data analysis. The majority of participants in both deltas expressed that climate change was a serious problem and that human activity was a contributing factor. Despite the recognition of the importance of climate change, little action was being taken to adapt or mitigate these changes. Our results suggest that a site specific approach using confirmed information sources with adapted communication techniques is necessary to be more effective and to spur changes in practice at a local scale.
... 22,25 Risk perception, which describes how people identify and measure risk based on information they have about that risk, 30 does not always match calculated risk, or ''real'' risk. 31 For example, an individual living in a major evacuation zone may not evacuate during a hurricane if they have past experience with the hazard and do not feel they are in danger, despite officials warning to do so. 32 The disconnect between risk perceptions ''real'' risk can also occur due to knowledge about a risk (or lack thereof), cultural, social, and ethnic contexts, biases from media sources, information sources, previous hazard experience, vested interest, and perceived benefits from partaking in risky behavior. ...
Communities in close proximity to petrochemical and industrial pursuits are at particular risk of anthropogenic hazards. It is vital for these communities to have an effective and functioning warning system to receive critical information in a timely manner to prevent negative public health outcomes. There is growing evidence that not all communication strategies produce equal results and that a locally involved strategy that takes into account communal needs and social spheres can fare better than traditional methods. This cross-sectional study collected data from the city of Deer Park, TX, following a petrochemical fire at the Intercontinental Terminals Company that seeped carcinogenic compounds into the neighborhood and initiated several shelter-in-place commands along the Houston Ship Channel. This study (n = 126) evaluated where individuals received warnings from and what effect this had on their willingness to follow the emergency instructions. Of the sources of emergency communications-radio, social media outlets, outdoor warning sirens, friends and family, or the CodeRED® system-an increase in willingness to shelter-in-place was only significantly shown when individuals heard from family or friends (p-value 0.02) and through social media sources (p-value <0.001). Our findings suggest that cities need to become part of the information sphere before having a disaster. Including residents and participants in educational and outreach efforts poised at improving adherence to health and safety improves overall outcomes, especially in regard to public health measures.
... Newspapers report on risk if their reporters feel the situation is urgent (Wakefield & Elliott, 2003). Risk perception is socially constructed (Sjöberg, 2000), and the risks associated with environmental catastrophes are dependent upon the reporter's evaluation of the urgency for the issue, which draw from the daily experiences and opinions of the reporter's social network (Phillimore & Moffat, 1994). ...
... In 1975, Peter and Tarpey Sr (10) added time risks as the sixth dimension in the comparison and analysis of consumers' behaviors. Across different domains, dimensions of risk perception varied from each other, and diverse assessment standards and approaches were adopted (11)(12)(13)(14). However, to the best of our knowledge, few studies have attempted to establish reliable tools that can assess the risk perception of medical help-seeking behavior. ...
Background:
When people require medical treatment, many risk factors including adverse medical events, economic burdens, and social-psychological consequences may contribute to their hesitation to seek medical help. Therefore, a reliable and valid instrument that can comprehensively assess the risk perception of medical help-seeking behavior among ordinary Chinese adults should be developed.
Methods:
The basic dimensions of the scale were determined based on literature review and in-depth interviews with patients. Then, an item pool with 32 items and six dimensions was developed. After the item reduction process based on item and factor analyses, a three-factor, 16-item scale was established. From March 2019, this scale was distributed among 639 healthy adults, outpatients, or inpatients in 20 provinces and municipalities in the mainland of China by convenience sampling. Then, the reliability and validity of the scale were examined.
Results:
The scale consists of three dimensions (treatment risks, burden risks, and stigma risks) and 16 items. The root-mean-square error of approximation, comparative fit index, and Tucker-Lewis index of this model were 0.069, 0.925, and 0.910, respectively. The internal consistency reliability of the scale was 0.893, and the test-retest reliability was 0.784. The criterion-related validity was 0.720 (P<0.01).
Conclusions:
The risk perception scale of medical help-seeking behavior is a reliable and valid instrument to measure Chinese adults' perception for potential risks in the process of medical treatment.
... Given the significant long-term social, economic, and health consequences associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding perceptions of disease susceptibility is of critical importance. Studies find perceived risk (subjective), rather than actual risk (objective), often determine how populations respond to preventative practices during infectious disease outbreaks (Sjoberg, 2000;Smith, 2006;Weinstein, 1988). Across a myriad of infectious disease outbreaks, including the COVID-19 pandemic, perceived risk of disease susceptibility has been associated with a range of preventative behaviors, such as mask-wearing (Lau, Yang, Tsui, & Pang, 2004;Tang & Wong, 2003), disinfection of home dwellings (Lau, Yang, Tsui, & Kim, 2003;Rubin, Amlôt, Page, & Wessely, 2009;Wong & Tang, 2005), and handwashing (Brug et al., 2004;Harper, Satchell, Fido, & Latzman, 2020;Jones & Salathe, 2009;Tang & Wong, 2003;Wise, Zbozinek, Michelini, & Hagan, 2020). ...
Previous studies find preventative behaviors designed to reduce the number of infections during emerging infectious disease outbreaks are associated with perceived risk of disease susceptibility. Few studies have attempted to identify the underlying factors that explain differences in perceptions of risk during an infectious disease outbreak. Drawing on representative data from two Waves of American Trends Panel (N=7,441) and a National Science Foundation funded, Qualtrics national survey (N=10,368), we test whether race and ethnicity, gender, and age are associated with six perceived threat and fear outcomes related to COVID-19. Results demonstrate race and ethnicity, gender, and age play a significant role in shaping threat and fear perceptions of COVID-19, but depending on the outcome, relationships vary in direction and magnitude. In some cases, historically marginalized racial and ethnic groups are more likely to report high fear and perceive coronavirus as a major threat to population and individual health, whereas, in others cases, historically marginalized racial and ethnic groups are less likely to perceive coronavirus to be a serious threat to the immune-comprised and the elderly population. We also find women are generally more likely to report high levels of threat and fear of COVID-19. Finally, we observe a clear age gradient, whereby adults in older age groups report high-risk perceptions of COVID-19. Findings can inform public health programs designed to educate communities on the benefits of engaging in effective preventative practices during emerging infectious disease outbreaks.
... P=0.28), it could be said that the health-related postgraduate programs in Greece, at least in the early 2010 decade, were disorientative with reference to the likelihood of occurring infectious acth disease disasters, and hence to the infectious diseases-related disaster preparedness. [4][5][6] Conclusions At the present research, was detected that a high percentage of the Greek medical and nursing personnel (82.2%) perceived the likelihood of happening infectious disease disasters as "Likely". Furthermore, at the present study, was found that the female physicians and nurses perceived the likelihood of occurring infectious disease disasters as more likely, a detection that indicates that might be more effective in disaster response planning. ...
Introduction: Infectious diseases, such as the Novel 2019 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, with the potential of spreading internationally, continue to menace and shut down the health systems of weak, but also developed countries. Risk perception portrays a valid disaster preparedness behavior precursor variable. Aim: The objective of the study was the exploration of the medical and nursing personnel perception regarding the likelihood
of occurring infectious disease disasters analyzing 2010 decade data, for explaining the current SARS-Cov-2 response. Methods: A cross-sectional research was conducted from February 2012 to April 2013. Three hundred and sixty-four physicians and nurses participated. A disaster preparedness questionnaire was used. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis for the sociodemographic characteristics’ parameters and
their relation to the dependent variable of the likelihood perception of occurring infectious disease disasters were performed. Results: Eighty-two-point two percent of the responders perceived the likelihood of occurring infectious disease disasters in the future as “Likely”. The univariate logistic regression analysis was significant (P≤0.05) for sex (reference category: men) (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.74–6.04, P<.001) and for education level (reference category: undergraduate degree) (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.28-0.91, P=.023). The responders with postgraduate degree perceived the likelihood of occurring infectious disease disasters as “Likely” at a lower percentage than those with only undergraduate one (74.2% versus 85.1%) (x2(1)=5.26, P=.022). In relation to the sociodemographic characteristics’ multivariate logistic regression analysis, only sex was significant (OR 4.42, 95% CI 1.01–19.44, P=.049). Conclusions: At the present research, it was detected that a high percentage of the Greek medical and nursing personnel (82.2%) perceived the likelihood of happening infectious disease disasters as “Likely”. Furthermore, at the present study, it was found that the female physicians and nurses perceived the likelihood of occurring infectious disease disasters as “Likely” more frequently, a detection that indicates that might be more effective in disaster response planning. For
the further enhancement of the perception that infectious disease disasters are likely to occur, and by extension for the infectious diseases-related disaster preparedness, appropriate adjustments in medicine and nursing undergraduate and postgraduate programs should be done.
... Understanding risk is complex, with little consensus over definition regardless of many attempts to define, conceptualise and understand it (Aven and Renn, 2009;Boholm et al., 2016;Renn, 2017;Sjoberg, 2000;Slovic and Weber, 2002). For this study's purposes, risk is defined simply as the potential to lose something of value (Priest, 1990). ...
The global coronavirus pandemic has devastated the cruise sector with widespread disruption and cancellations affecting millions of cruise passengers. The cruise industry was negatively affected due to the enclavic
and confined environment onboard, the high infection rates among both crew and passengers, and widespread
negative media coverage. This study explores the impact of COVID‐19 on willingness to cruise and attitudes
towards cruising for both cruisers and non‐cruisers living in Australia and the United Kingdom. Data analysis
of respondents’ comments was undertaken using both Leximancer text analytic software and manual content
analysis. Findings indicate country of residence has a significant influence on risk perceptions for a cruise holiday and affects future intentions to cruise. Specific impacts for the cruise industry are discussed and recommendations proposed for policy and practice.
... 4. COVID-19-related perception factors: Perceptions regarding the COVID-19 and the preventive measures were assessed using several five-point Likert scales: Perceived risk of COVID-19 was assessed by a nine-item self-report questionnaire that was designed for this study based on the risk perception literature (23). For example, "How likely are you to get COVID-19?". ...
To determine factors that predict non-adherence to preventive measures for COVID-19 during the chronic phase of the pandemic, a cross-sectional, general population survey was conducted in Israel. Sociodemographic, health-related, behavioral, and COVID-19-related characteristics were collected. Among 2055 participants, non-adherence was associated with male gender, young age, bachelorhood, being employed, lower decrease in income, low physical activity, psychological distress, ADHD symptoms, past risk-taking and anti-social behavior, low pro-sociality, perceived social norms favoring non-adherence, low perceived risk of COVID-19, low perceived efficacy of the preventive measures, and high perceived costs of adherence to the preventive measures. There appears to be a need for setting out and communicating preventive measures to specifically targeted at-risk populations.
... We note that, because of the complex nature of the relationship between perceived challenges, perceived benefits, and affective evaluations, hypotheses H2 to H3 do not aim to uncover the fundamental determinants of perceived challenges to and benefit of a UIC, which are numerous and complex both at the individual (Sjöberg, 2000) and organizational levels (Das and Teng, 2001;Delerue, 2004;Kim, 2017), nor do they concern causal effects; rather, they theorise the existence of several complex associations between the variables of interest. ...
University-industry collaborations (UICs) play a crucial role in the knowledge-based economy; however, past research has paid surprisingly little attention to the role played by the ‘subjective’ determinants of collaborations and their influence on ‘objective’ collaboration outcomes. By performing a sentiment analysis on a dataset of 415 final reports from completed UICs, we find that there is a negative relationship between the collaborators’ perceived challenges and benefits of UICs, mediated by negative affective evaluation. Instead, a positive affective evaluation of the UIC is positively correlated with its perceived benefits, which, in turn, are a predictor of an important objective outcome of UICs: the likelihood of future collaboration. A positive affective evaluation also negatively moderates the positive relationship between perceived challenges and negative affective evaluation. Therefore, a positive affective evaluation may increase the likelihood of future collaboration, even in a context in which a UIC is perceived to be challenging. Besides generating theoretical implications, our findings are of significant value for practitioners, as we highlight the need to regulate perception and affective evaluation to achieve successful UICs. We showcase sentiment analysis as a helpful foresight tool to identify those UICs that are more likely to continue over time.
... Evacuation decisions are influenced by societal norms, different population subgroups, with different norms, may have different rates of evacuation (Moore, 1963). Case studies involving toxic spills, near nuclear meltdowns, and varied natural disasters such as hurricanes, volcanoes and floods have assumed that disaster behaviors such as evacuations or preparedness are prompted primarily by risk perceptions of an impending disaster (Sjoberg, 2000). ...
Disasters can strike anywhere at any time that may result in injuries or loss of life for those individuals who are
ill-prepared for disaster situations. Evacuation is a vital part of disaster management. Successful evacuation
requires involvement of the community by understanding evacuation orders, knowing evacuation routes and
timely decision making to evacuate. This study was conducted to measure the relationship between evacuation
dimensions (behavioral, organizational, physical hazard, response, social, and warning) and risk perception using
questionnaires gathered from the Malaysian students who studied at Jakarta, Medan, and Acheh in Indonesia. The
outcomes of SmartPLS path model showed six important findings: firstly, behavioral not significantly correlated
with risk perception. Second, organizational significantly correlated with risk perception. Third, physical hazard
significantly correlated with risk perception. Fourth, response significantly correlated with risk perception. Fifth,
social significantly correlated with risk perception. Sixth, warning significantly correlated with risk perception.
Statistically, this result confirms that the implementation of organizational, physical hazard, response, social, and
warning have been important determinant of risk perception. Conversely, the implementation of behavioral had
not enhanced the risk perception in the organizational sample. In addition, discussion, implications and conclusion
are elaborated.
... Risk perception is frequently measured as an individual's general assessment of a specific threat, but the clarity of this construct depends on a consistent definition of risk, a term which can take on different meanings across different contexts (Slovic and Weber 2002). While risk perception has many psychological determinants (Fischhoff et al. 1978;Slovic 1987;Sjöberg 2000Sjöberg , 2007Slovic et al. 2004), it is normatively defined as an expected value involving both likelihood and consequence severity (which we refer to as its normative subcomponents). Yet the degree to which lay estimates of risk depend on these normative subcomponents of likelihood and severity is unclear. ...
There is great value in understanding the public’s reactions to terror attacks, though such reactions pose stark challenges for sound psychological investigation. Reactions to terrorism (as with any other threat) involve emotional and cognitive components, and the degree to which they reciprocally interact is not well understood. Furthermore, much of the literature on the public response to terrorism is based on the construct of “risk perception,” whose precise definition and correlates are still ambiguous. This study aimed to more clearly disentangle the various emotional and cognitive facets that predict individuals’ response to the terrorism threat in the United States. We employed a longitudinal survey from a representative U.S. sample (n = 1057) and measured attitudinal and cognitive reactions to the threat of terrorism at both time points. An autoregressive latent variable model was used to assess the stability of such variables over time, as well as their reciprocal effects on one another. Participants’ emotional and cognitive reactions to the threat of terrorism evolved independently over time, contrary to the predictions of some prior risk perception literature. Furthermore, measurements of risk perception depended mostly on prior estimates of attack likelihood, emphasizing the importance of individuals’ assessments of hazard probability in the risk judgment process.
... For example, many people may not understand complex terms and concepts used in relation to hazards, such as tornado categories or context-specific risk predictions (e.g., '100-year-flood'). Indeed, the very notion of 'risk' -a term that is used to capture the combination of the probability of a hazardous event and its negative consequencesis in itself rather complicated and can be understood or perceived in different ways due to psychological as well as cultural factors [41]. Individuals with limited cognitive capabilities, especially children, may not recognise signs of environmental danger or understand the threats [33]. ...
The concept of social vulnerability has been increasingly applied in disaster literature, but its communicative drivers have remained understudied. In this article, we put forward a heuristic framework for explaining how communication-related factors may adversely affect people's capacity to prepare for and respond to disasters. This will help researchers, policy makers, and practitioners in the field of disasters and crises to systematically identify individual, social-structural, and situational factors of vulnerability that shape how people access, understand , and act upon information about hazards. We integrate ideas from recent literature on information disorders – various forms and effects of false or harmful information that are characteristic to modern communication ecosystems – to improve our understanding of how the new media environments may transform the ways people learn about hazards and cope with disasters.
... En els darrers 60 anys s'ha aprofundit en l'estudi científic del risc i de la seva percepció des de diverses perspectives teòriques i metodològiques (Sjöberg, 2000). Així, per exemple, s'hi han aproximat disciplines com l'antropologia i la sociologia (Douglass i Wildavsky 1982;Douglass, 1996;Beck, 2006;Rippl 2002;Godard, 2004;Ekberg, 2007; Alaszewski 2009), la psicologia (Puy, 1994;Portell i Solé, 2001;Kouabenan, Cadet, Hermand i Muñoz-Sastre. ...
La percepció del risc juga un paper clau en les decisions que prenem els éssers humans en molts àmbits de la nostra vida. Així, es comprova que les diferències a l’hora de percebre el risc es converteixen en el centre de debat entre els governs, la comunitat científica, els tècnics, la societat, entre els homes i les dones i entre els diversos grups culturals. El risc és una construcció social i per tant un fet subjectiu i relatiu que hem de tenir en compte a l’hora d’avaluar-lo i gestionar-lo. Aquesta recerca vol analitzar la relació entre la percepció dels treballadors del sector de l’esquí, pel que respecta als diferents atributs del risc, l’avaluació del risc realitzada pels tècnics de prevenció, el grau d’engagement o compromís que manifesten envers l’empresa i la gestió organitzacional de dos sistemes de gestió de seguretat i salut laboral diferenciats.
Els resultats ens permeten emprendre actuacions que integrin aquestes opinions dels treballadors dins de les avaluacions de risc laboral, els plans de prevenció i les millores en el pla de comunicació de riscos de les organitzacions. També ens permet conèixer quines són les variables significatives a tenir en compte pels responsables de prevenció en relació amb el risc: edat, sexe, ocupació i anys d’experiència, entre altres variables.
... Subjective risk, that is, how risk is perceived by part of the population and the elements that influence it, is an important factor pertaining to its study (Knuth et al., 2015). This is a very compelling area of research as, to some extent, it is clearly a reflection of objective risk, especially in the cases where the hazards are well known (Sjöberg, 2000). The study of risk perception in the workplace is in fact a crucial issue as it can play a major role in putting protective actions into place (Lindell & Perry, 2012). ...
This study addresses the question of risk perception among firefighters of four Spanish-speaking countries (Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and Spain). It identifies (i) the conditions that generate high and low risk perception. Moreover, the study analyses (ii) the impact of the type of labor system (volunteer vs. professional) on the risk perception. From the methodological point of view, the study applies the psychometric paradigm to a large sample of firefighters (N = 690) and resorts to a statistical analysis applying data mining, and bivariate and multivariate parametric techniques. The findings reveal for the first time that risk perception among firefighters can be discerned through the dimension known as delay of consequences (risks that may arise in the long-term). In addition, the dimension of personal vulnerability, as well as that of catastrophic potential, can contribute to a more accurate understanding of this perception in certain situations. Secondly, the study reveals that professional firefighters tend to have a greater risk perception than their volunteer counterparts. Nationality, by contrast, does not play a determining role in the formation of a high/low risk perception. The findings represent an advance for both academia and management, in particular for security managers.
... Although local publics commonly experience natural hazards and disasters, risk perception of the disaster varies by individuals' psychological frames and/or previous experiences and reflects specific individual values. From the cultural theory perspective, risk perception is viewed within the social contexts in which an individual finds her/ himself (Sjöberg 2000). This subjective variability, when coupled with sociocultural influences, often makes risk perception multifaceted and difficult to explain. ...
Floods are among the most frequent and devastating natural hazards and disasters in many southern states in the United States. This study examined the relationship and reciprocal predictability between two theoretical constructs risk perception attitude (RPA) and information-seeking efficacy (ISE)-in regard to pluvial floods. In addition, this study extended these theoretical constructs to investigate differences in RPA and ISE among potential audience segments, providing practitioners with applicable insights for designing effective flood prevention and risk management campaigns. Analysis of data from 716 residents in south Louisiana revealed a statistically strong relationship between RPA and ISE. This research also identified specific audience segments that would benefit from an increase in RPA and ISE concerning floods. These meaningful findings inform a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of the relationship between RPA and ISE and guide future disaster preparation campaigns and policies.
... In the case of general risk or infection or disease, personal knowledge negatively affects the perception of risk danger (Shook et al., 2019). In turn, risk perception impacts behaviors (Sjöberg, 2000), specifically between different risk dimensions regarding infection, perceived fatality, severity, vulnerability, and uncontrollability, and are proven to have effects on protective conduct . In regard to pandemic-related risk perceptions, two main factors emerged as relevant, that is, vulnerability (a person's subjective perception of the risk of acquiring an illness or disease) and severity (a person's feelings on the seriousness of contracting an illness or disease) of harm (Carpenter, 2010). ...
Due to COVID-19 spreading in Italy, on March 11 the Prime Minister of Italy declared a lockdown and imposed severe restrictive measures impacting citizens' freedom at several levels. People were required to stay at home and go out only to satisfy basic needs. Several risk models have postulated a link among online searching behavior, affect, anxiety, and complaints by individuals toward government restrictions (GR), which emerged as also related to an increased perception of knowledge toward risk. However, to date, no study has addressed how these key risk-related aspects (i.e., affect, anxiety, perceived knowledge on risk, and risk dimensions) can act jointly to orient online health information-seeking behavior, and people's complaints toward GR imposed during the lockdown. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying online health information-seeking behavior and people's complaints toward the government's restrictions during a COVID-19 emergency in the Italian population. Drawing from the health belief model (HBM), which postulates a link between sociodemographic variables, risk, and affect dimensions in emergency, we assumed risk factors as predictors of affect and anxiety, which, in turn, were posited as mediators between risk dimensions, online health information-seeking behavior, and complaints toward GR. Participants (1,031) were involved during the first week of the quarantine (March 11-18) and completed an online survey composed of (i) an adapted version of the Italian Risk Perception Questionnaire; (ii) the Italian Positive (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) Schedule (PANAS-10); (iii) the State Anxiety Scale (STAI-Y1); (iv) ad hoc personal knowledge measure about novel coronavirus; (v) ad hoc item measuring information search behavior regarding the novel coronavirus; (vi) ad hoc measure of the complains regarding GR; and (vii) sociodemographic questions. General linear models and structural equation modeling (SEM) were carried out to test the model. Sociodemographic and cognitive factors predicted the participants' affect and anxiety, which, in turn, motivated and fully mediated both information search behavior and complaint toward GR. This research can offer useful suggestions for policy-makers during the COVID-19 emergency, and it advanced the knowledge on the risk-emotion link in emergency situations.
This paper proposes a conceptual framework that considers religiosity as a moderator of the relationship between personality trait and perceived risk. This paper also examines five dimensions of personality traits in exploring the relationship of personality trait and perceived risk. The review finds that perceived risks towards financial products are affected by personality traits and influence by moderating factor; religiosity. Such an extensive review of examining variouspersonality traits to investigate the consumer perceived risk has not been done before. This paper will be useful to researchers, professionals and others concerned about understanding consumers' perceived risk when introducing new financial products and services.The proposed framework would lead to operational efficiencies through effective marketing strategies and a better understanding of the religiosity andcustomer traits.
While individual perceptions of risk are central to many behavioral theories of hazard response and are of considerable interest in both conceptual and applied work surrounding risk, hazards, and decision making, there is currently no consensus on how perceived risk should best be measured. Several recent efforts have laid the groundwork for a conceptual model outlining four key factors that make up risk perception: exposure, susceptibility, severity, and affective response. In this article, we use an extensive scale-development process to develop empirically supported 3-4 item subscales to measure each of those four dimensions. Using cognitive interviewing techniques and several quantitative psychometric methods including exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and item-response theory analyses, we reduce a large set of potential items to the highest-quality items to assess each subscale. These subscales can be used to make comparisons across perceived risk in different hazard contexts and populations.
This (draft) report assesses peer-reviewed and grey literature on risk communication concepts and practices, as requested by the European Commission to support the implementation of a 'General Plan for Risk Communication', i.e. an integrated framework for EU food safety risk assessors and risk managers at Union and national level, as required by the revised EU General Food Law Regulation. We conducted a scoping review of social research studies and official reports in relation to risk communication in the following areas: understanding and awareness of risk analysis roles and tasks, reducing misunderstanding of the different meaning of the terms 'hazard' and 'risk', tackling misinformation and disinformation, enhancing confidence in EU food safety, taking account of risk perceptions, key factors in trade-offs about risks, audience segmentation, and tools, channels and mechanisms for coordinated risk communications. We structured our findings as follows: i) definitions of key concepts, ii) audience analysis and information requirements, iii) risk profiling, models and mechanisms, iv) contributions to communication strategies. We make several recommendations for consideration by the Commission, both in terms of actions to support the design and implementation of the general plan, and research needs that we consider crucial to further informing appropriate risk communication in the EU. © European Food Safety Authority
Please see the final version of this report here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351178136_Technical_assistance_in_the_field_of_risk_communication
This book explores the inputs with regard to individuals and companies who have developed technologies and innovative solutions, bioinformatics, datasets, apps for diagnosis, etc., that can be leveraged for strengthening the fight against coronavirus. It focuses on technology solutions to stop Covid-19 outbreak and mitigate the risk. The book contains innovative ideas from active researchers who are presently working to find solutions, and they give insights to other researchers to explore the innovative methods and predictive modeling techniques. The novel applications and techniques of established technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of things (IoT), big data, computer vision and machine learning are discussed to fight the spread of this disease, Covid-19. This pandemic has triggered an unprecedented demand for digital health technology solutions and unleashing information technology to win over this pandemic.
It is an undeniable fact that coronavirus has impacted every human on this globe directly or indirectly. There are a lot of technological advancements, but still, humans suffer from natural calamities like earthquakes, tsunami, and pandemics like coronavirus. There is a paradigm shift in healthcare services since the spread of this pandemic. It is no doubt true that telemedicine has emerged as the essential technology in these times as it minimizes the point of contact between patients and doctors. Though it is not yet adopted widely, still it has a vast potential and has grown exponentially since the spread of the disease. It has undoubtedly replaced the conventional method of providing medical services. Moreover, telemedicine has bridged several gaps in the healthcare sector including the shortage of doctors, access to rural areas, and others. Furthermore, Governments of various countries including India, France, and Canada have also taken initiatives to encourage the adoption of telemedicine in hospitals. It has a vast scope and if implemented in the right earnest, it can bring about a revolution in the health sector. In spite of various challenges, various domains in information technology like Artificial Intelligence, Big Data can act as a catalyst in making telemedicine solutions better and reliable. The COVID-19 has posed several challenges to the healthcare providers, which have led to several innovative solutions and opportunities. Further, it is expected that telemedicine will serve as one of the essential platforms for strengthening healthcare services as well as creating opportunities for others. This chapter explains the status of telemedicine in different countries, technologies that can further improve the status, and how it has emerged as a priceless boon for COVID and non-COVID patients.
The article focuses on the populations perception and understanding of their vulnerability to dangers, assessment of risks, threats and environmental security in the context of all these factors influence on political and social relations. The authors consider a number of issues related to the influence of social-demographic characteristics, political attitudes, level and quality of life on the perception of risks; identify social, institutional and political grounds of risk perception. The article aims at identifying the relationship between risk reflections of different social groups in the Russian society and practices of political participation. The article is based on the data of the all-Russian survey conducted in November 2019 with the support of the Resource Center of the Science Park of the Saint Petersburg State University Sociological and Internet Studies. The authors show the attitude of Russians to real actual threats, their willingness to participate in mass protests and various forms of political action. Based on the analysis of z-values, the authors show a possible relationship between the structure of real threats and the willingness of social groups to participate in political actions, and also the impact of age, profession, and income on this relationship. The authors identified groups more inclined to non-conventional political action. Their potential protest is determined not only by dissatisfaction with the level and quality of life, but also by solidarity with other groups and the desire to improve the situation.
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China on December 2019 has led to a global outbreak of COVID-19, which spread worldwide and became an international public health issue. People all over the world must fight in this unexpected battle and the part each individual plays, is important. The health care system has done an excellent job, and the government has done various actions to help the community control the virus spreads as well. On the other hand, in most cases people help to improve the situation alongside the policies. However, the role of information technology in helping various social institutions to fight COVID-19 is hidden and is not well appreciated. The purpose of this study is to discover the hidden role of information technology (IT) that ultimately helps to control the epidemic. Research has shown that strategies for using potential technologies can be beneficial. These IT strategies can also be tailored either to control the epidemic or to support community exclusion during the epidemic which in turn, helps control the spread of infection. This article sheds light on the impact of various technologies that help health care systems, government and public in different aspects to fight COVID-19. In addition to the technologies implemented, this paper also deals with the potential unexpected technologies that can be effective in controlling epidemic conditions for future applications. It has also tried to provide IT-based solutions to deal with the disease epidemic as well.
When the novel coronavirus entered the US, most US states implemented lockdown measures. In April-May 2020, state governments started political discussions about whether it would be worth the risk to reduce protective measures. In a highly politicized environment, risk perceptions and preferences for risk mitigation may vary by political inclinations. In April-May 2020, we surveyed a nationally representative sample of 5517 members of the University of Southern California's Understanding America Study. Of those, 37% identified as Democrats, 32% as Republican, and 31% as Third Party/Independent. Overall, Democrats perceived more risk associated with COVID-19 than Republicans, including for getting infected, being hospitalized and dying if infected, as well as running out of money as a result of the pandemic. Democrats were also more likely than Republicans to express concerns that states would lift economic restrictions too quickly, and to report mask use and social distancing. Generally, participants who identified as Third Party/Independent fell in between. Democrats were more likely to report watching MSNBC or CNN (vs. not), while Republicans were more likely to report watching Fox News (vs. not), and Third Party/Independents tended to watch neither. However, political inclinations predicted reported policy preferences, mask use, and social distancing, in analyses that accounted for differences in use of media sources, risk perceptions, and demographic background. In these analyses, participants' reported media use added to the partisan divide in preferences for the timing of lifting economic restrictions and reported protective behaviors. Implications for risk communication are discussed.
Supplementary information:
The online version of this article (10.1007/s11166-020-09336-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Global tourist flows have increased in recent decades, but so have the outbreak and spread of epidemics, with enormous social and economic costs for the tourism sector. These developments affect the tourists’ decisions to travel through their perception of travel risk and safety. Tourists need to assess whether destinations can identify and manage epidemiological risks to improve travel safety. This paper responds to this challenge by constructing an index of epidemiological susceptibility risk using objective information on the quality of health, environmental safety and communications infrastructures, demographics, economic activity, and institutional governance. The index appears to be a significant predictor of inbound tourist flows and occasionally of outbound flows. The effect on inbound flows is stronger in larger countries and weaker for outbound flows. It remains robust after applying sensitivity and endogeneity tests and economic and non-economic controls. The index could potentially provide a useful policy tool for predicting and managing the implications of epidemics on the tourism industry.
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