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Body Image Satisfaction Enhances Self-Esteem

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Abstract

The present research aims to through light on the impacts of body image satisfaction on the self-esteem of the participants. Four hundred male (M = 19.63, SD = 1.12; M = 19.31, SD = 1.08) and female (M = 19.49, SD = 1.12; M = 16.36, SD = 1.12) having rural and urban domicile served as the participants in the study whose body image satisfaction and self-esteem were assessed with the help of Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ)-Modified Version (Cooper, Taylor, Cooper & Fairburn, 1987) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). The results indicated that female participants demonstrated mean higher body dissatisfaction as compared to their male counterparts and the urban participants showed greater degree of body dissatisfaction as compared to the rural participants. Likewise, the male participants showed higher mean scores on self-esteem as compared to females and the mean self-esteem score was higher for rural in comparison to urban participants. There were significant gender and domicile differences among the mean scores of body image satisfaction and self-esteem of the participants. The body image satisfaction accounted for 74.50% variance in the scores of self-esteem of the participants. The results have significant implications for the understanding of body image satisfaction and self-esteem in shaping self- concept of the individuals.
Body Image Satisfaction Enhances Self-Esteem
G. K. Tiwari *
The present research aims to through light on the impacts of body image satisfaction on
the self-esteem of the participants. Four hundred male (M = 19.63, SD = 1.12; M = 19.31, SD =
1.08) and female (M = 19.49, SD = 1.12; M = 16.36, SD = 1.12) having rural and urban domicile
served as the participants in the study whose body image satisfaction and self-esteem were
assessed with the help of Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ)-Modified Version (Cooper, Taylor,
Cooper & Fairburn, 1987) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). The results
indicated that female participants demonstrated mean higher body dissatisfaction as compared to
their male counterparts and the urban participants showed greater degree of body dissatisfaction as
compared to the rural participants. Likewise, the male participants showed higher mean scores on
self-esteem as compared to females and the mean self-esteem score was higher for rural in
comparison to urban participants. There were significant gender and domicile differences among
the mean scores of body image satisfaction and self-esteem of the participants. The body image
satisfaction accounted for 74.50% variance in the scores of self-esteem of the participants. The
results have significant implications for the understanding of body image satisfaction and self-
esteem in shaping self- concept of the individuals.
Key terms: Body Image Satisfaction, Self-esteem, Self-Worth
Introduction : An individual’s perception of body image impacts his psychological functioning
and well-being. It is a multidimensional construct representing cognitive, affective and behavioural
responses to an individual’s own physical attributes (Muth & Cash, 1997). Muth and Cash
revealed two components of body image satisfaction: satisfaction or dissatisfaction with one’s
physical attributes and experience of discrete emotions. Body image is central to adolescents’
development of self-concept as it serves as an important base for self-evaluation and evaluation by
others (Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999). The nature and extent of the
individuals’ body image has important bearing on their functioning in almost all aspects of life
especially in growing periods. A variety of consequences have been found to be associated with
one’s level of body satisfaction. School absenteeism (Yanover & Thompson, 2008), sense of
muscularity, self-confidence and mental health (Furnham & Calnan, 1998), achievements in life
(McCabe, Ricciardelli, & Finemore, 2002), eating behavior and addictions (Drewnowski & Yee,
1987) have been reported to be correlated with one’s body satisfaction.
Perceptions of physical appearance and self-worth are closely linked and the former is the
strongest single predictor of self-esteem among both male and female children and adolescents
(Harter, 1999). Physical appearance serves different functions in male and females with equally
significance for both for popularity and self-confidence (Cohane & Pope, 2000; Coyl, 2009). The
U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2008) concluded that obesity negatively affects
psychological and social well-being of children. Contrarily, negative body image is associated with
negative or low self esteem (Lawrence & Thelen, 1995; Clay, Vignoles & Dittmar, 2005). Self-
esteem refers to a positive or negative attitude toward self that makes the person feel that he is a
person of worth (Rosenberg, 1965). Feeling of belonging or being needed, sense of being accepted
* Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, School of Humanities & Social Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour
Central University, Sagar, M. P.
G. K. Tiwari
8
and a feeling of being a competent person are important aspects of self-esteem. A person with a
low self-esteem demonstrates self-rejection, self-dissatisfaction, and self-contempt, lacks self-
respect, and paints a disagreeable self-picture (Glasser, 1969).
The perceptions of body appearance and self-worth have strong connections. The issues of
self-worth become prominent in adolescence during which the establishment of identity and
coherent sense of self are major developmental task to be accomplished (Seligman, 2006). The
Contingencies of Self-Worth Theory proposes that satisfaction with body has important impacts on
global self-esteem (Crocker, Luhtanen, Cooper, & Bouvrette, 2003). Poor self-esteem may cause
eating disorders and finally lead to body image dissatisfaction (Lawerence & Thelen, 1995). The
individuals who report higher degree of body dissatisfaction and dieting also showed inferior self-
esteem (Lawrence & Thelen, 1995; Tiggemann, 2005).
The changes in the availability and use of various means of communication technology,
mass media especially electronic and internet, new societal changes and increased competition
coupled with pressure to excel in academic performance and other areas of life have reshaped the
body image perceptions of the individuals having a noteworthy contributions in restructuring the
nature and dynamics of self-esteem of youths worldwide. Taking this perspective into
consideration, the present study has been designed to evaluate the role of body image satisfaction
in accruing the nature and extent of self-esteem of male and female students having rural and
urban domiciles.
Methods
Participants: Four hundred participants with equal number of males (M = 19.63, SD = 1.12; M =
19.31, SD = 1.08) and females (M = 19.49, SD = 1.12; M = 16.36, SD = 1.12) aged 18 to 21 and
newly admitted in Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar, M. P. with rural and urban domiciles
served as the participants in the present study. They all belonged to lower middle socio-economic
status and had affiliation with joint family.
Tools: Two questionnaires were used in the study. A modified short version of the Body Shape
Questionnaire (Cooper et al., 1987) was applied to assess the concerns pertaining to the
participants’ body shape comprising 14 items with a six-point Likert scale ranging from never (1
point) to always (6 points). It has widely been used to assess body dissatisfaction and treatment of
eating disorders. The internal consistency of the original questionnaire as measured by Cronbach
Alpha ranged from 0.96 - 0.97 and 0.93 short version (Dowson & Henderson, 2001). The
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale standardized by Rosenberg (1965) consisting 10 items with four
points from strongly agree (3 points) to strongly disagree (0 point) was used to assess self-esteem
of the participants. Its test-retest reliability has been found to range from .82 to .88 and Cronbach
Alpha from .77 to .88.
Procedure : After having been planned and selected the sample of the study, the whole sample
was divided into twenty groups comprising twenty participants each for the convenience of
administering the tools. Before conducting the actual study, an integrated strategy was developed
and a thorough study of the questionnaires and other details including the precautions and
instructions were read and understood. As per the formulated plan of the study, the scales were
administered and the scoring was carried out as per the guidelines described in their manuals. The
raw score so obtained were statistically analyzed.
Results: The mean body image satisfaction scores of rural (M = 32.36, SD = 1.76) and urban (M =
47.65, SD = 1.61) males were significantly higher as compared to their rural (M = 37.73, SD =
1.62) and urban female counterparts (M = 55.44, SD = 3.28) which was approved by statistically
significant values of t (t = 21.47, p = .001; t = 20.49, p = .001). It indicated that both rural and
urban male participants were more satisfied with their body image in comparison to their female
VAICHARIKI ISSN 2249-8907, Vol. IV, Issue 4, December 2014
9
counterparts as the higher scores on body image satisfaction indicated lower satisfaction and vice
versa. In addition, rural participants demonstrated higher body image satisfaction (M = 35.05, SD
= 3.18) as compared to the urban (M = 51.55, SD = 4.68) participants, and the males (M = 40.01,
SD = 7.85) showed greater satisfaction with their body image as compared to the female
participants (M = 46.59, SD = 9.24). The same were attested by the statistically significant values
of t (t = 72.49, p = .001; t = 27.12, p = .001). The Figures 1 a (i) and 1 a (ii) of simple effect
interaction demonstrate that the body image satisfaction scores of the participants were constituted
as a results of interaction effect of their domicile and gender.
The mean self-esteem scores of rural (M = 19.44, SD = 1.14) and urban (M = 14.26, SD =
1.40) males were higher as compared to their rural (M = 16.56, SD = 1.13) and urban female
counterparts (M = 12.50, SD = 1.14). The t values of the two pairs of mean scores (t = 18.25, p =
.001; t = 10.35, p = .001) demonstrated these differences to be statistically reliable. It indicated that
both rural and urban male participants evinced higher self-esteem in comparison to their female
counterparts. Further, rural participants demonstrated higher (M = 18.00, SD = 1.84) mean self-
esteem score as compared to the urban (M = 13.38, SD = 1.55) participants, and the males (M =
16.85, SD = 2.89) demonstrated greater self-esteem as to those of the female participants (M =
14.53, SD = 2.33). These differences were statistically reliable (t = 35.32, p = .001; t = 18.97, p =
.001). The Figures 1 b (i) and 1 b (ii) of simple effect interaction evinced the role of the domicile
and gender of the participants in shaping the self-esteem of the participants.
The scores of body image satisfaction and self-esteem were poloed for computing Pearson
Product moment coefficient of correlation which demonstrated that there was a statistically
significant negative correlations among the scores of body image dissatisfaction and self-esteem of
the male (r = .886, p = .001) and ehe female participants (r = .825, p = .001). Statistically
G. K. Tiwari
10
significant coefficients of correlation among the scores of body image dissatisfaction and self-
esteem of the rural (r = .652, p = .001) and the urban participants (r = .473, p = .001) were also
observed. The regressional analysis showed that body image satisfaction of the participants
accounted for 74.50% variance in their scores of self-esteem.
Discussion : The results of the present study made it evident that the level of body image
satisfaction of the male and female participants having rural and urban affiliation has strong
impacts on their levels of their self-esteem. The male participants of both rural and urban
domiciles have shown higher body image satisfaction as compared to their female counterparts.
This gender difference may be indicative of the fact that the competition for socially valued and
socially determined goals such as employment and romantic partners, might be increasing
dissatisfaction with aspects of the self, such as physical appearance which in turn limiting their
success in obtaining maximum outcomes. The second reason for higher body image dissatisfaction
of the female participants as compared to the male participants may be due to the social
expectations and media influences which emphasize that attractive facade is greater for women. It
has been reported in previous study that physical attractiveness is a stronger determinant of
popularity with the opposite sex for women than it is for men (Feingold, 1990).
The results of the study have also indicated that both male and female participants of rural
domicile have shown greater body image satisfaction in comparison to their urban counterparts.
This might be due to the fact that urban participants have a greater opportunity to be affected by
the messages of modern ideals of beauty through electronic and print media which in turn might
have increased their sensitivity towards their body image. Previous studies have also concluded
that self-esteem was the most important predictor of body dissatisfaction, with females having low
self-esteem experience more body dissatisfaction than those with high self-esteem" (Griffiths &
McCabe, 2000). The conclusions of the present study indicate that the body image satisfaction
with biographic attributes such as gender and domicile have significant impacts on the functioning
of the self-esteem the participants.
The presence of body image dissatisfaction among adolescents and pre-adults is high.
Modern society portrays a very perverted image of beauty for men and women worldwide. Owing
to these constructions, the individuals get ragged between their actual body image and their
perceived body image which is damaging. Illogical expectations from family, media, peers, and
society compel the individual to believe that they should pass any hurdles to make themselves look
as per the expectations of these forces not as they really are (Feingold & Mazzella1998). The
present study suggests for future researchers to evaluate the impacts of various forces which act
upon the individuals to determine the nature and extent of their body image satisfaction and
dissatisfaction and finally important of constructing self and uncovering the nature of
psychopathologies.
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The aim of conducting this research is to enlighten the impact of body shape concerns on an individual’s self-esteem and appearance anxiety and to examine whether there is a gender difference in this case or not. There are a total of 220 numbers of participants, with equal number of males and females in the sample set. The tool that’d be using here is a modified short version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) by Cooper et. Al. in the year in 1987, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale by Morris Rosenberg (RSES) in the year 1965, and the Appearance Anxiety Inventory by Veale et. Al. The current research proved that whenever there’ll be higher body shape concerns and higher appearance anxiety, it’ll result in less self-esteem.
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In India, several detailed studies have been carried out on Body Image and Self-esteem because of the fact that viewing and thinking about how we look to ourselves and also to others is very important. The idea of perceiving a woman has changed a lot in the last few decades due to socialization and media exposure. Women, either working or non-working, do bear an excessive burden of responsibilities, thus suffering from mental and physical stress. Because of increase in socialization and media exposure, nowadays, women become more concerned about how they look (affects their body image) which directly or indirectly affects their self-esteem. Body Image is defined as the self-perception and acceptance of one"s own body i.e. how they look and appear. Body Image can be both positive and negative which leaves a great impact on an individual"s life. If an individual is having positive body image this means he/she is having the real image of their own body and are satisfied with it whereas if they are having negative body image, they are not satisfied with their own body and always feel shy and discomfort of their body. In an individual, body image arises when he/she starts being aware and cautious about their appearance and how their body is viewed by others, which directly or indirectly influences their self-esteem. Exposure to several social media platforms influences the body image of an individual and thus affects the overall personality. Negative body image leads to low self-esteem and positive body image helps in boosting the self-esteem of an individual. Thus, in this paper the impact of body image on self-esteem among educated working and non-working women analyzed. Participants were 200 educated working and non-working women, randomly selected from two cities of Rajasthan (Jaipur and Jodhpur). Body image scale and self-esteem scale were used to collect the data. The result shows that body image was significantly related to self-esteem which supported the hypothesis.
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The aim to conduct this research is to enlighten the impact of body image dissatisfaction on an individual’s self-esteem and to examine whether there is a gender difference in this case or not. There are a total of 220 numbers of participants, with equal number of males and females in the sample set. The tool that’d be using here is a modified short version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) by Cooper et. Al. in the year in 1987 and The Rosenberg self-esteem scale by Morris Rosenberg (RSES) in the year 1965. The current research proved that whenever there’ll be higher body image dissatisfaction, it’ll result in less self-esteem. Other than that, it stated that females (M= 22.69 and SD= 3.64) have a higher mean score in body image dissatisfaction than and males (M=23.28 and SD= 3.6), therefore, the men have a higher mean score of self-esteem than females.
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The current study evaluated the variables associated with disordered eating and body dissatisfaction among early adolescent girls. The impact of the following variables on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating were assessed: perceived views of society, parents and peers regarding weight, self esteem, locus of control, onset of menarche, body mass index and the importance placed on appearance. One hundred and eleven girls enrolled in year 7, aged between 11 to 13 years (x=12.46) participated in this study. The results indicated that young adolescent girls expressed moderate levels of disordered eating and moderate dissatisfaction with their bodies. Respondents who were more dissatisfied with their bodies exhibited higher levels of disordered eating. The most important predictors of body dissatisfaction were self esteem, body mass index, and the perceived views of society. Prediction of disordered eating was not improved by the perceived views of significant others, after the other variables were accounted for. Limitations and direction of future research are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
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It has been speculated that the prevalence of eating disorders in women has risen because of increases in women's body dissatisfaction. We conducted a meta-analysis of gender differences in attractiveness and body image using 222 studies from the past 50 years. The analysis shows dramatic increases in the numbers of women among individuals who have poor body image. Moreover, these trends were found across multiple conceptualizations of body image, including self-judgments of physical attractiveness.
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Body image issues are at the core of major eating disorders. They are also important phenomena in and of themselves. Kevin Thompson and his colleagues provide an overview of a wide variety of body image issues, ranging from reconstructive surgery to eating disorders. The book will be a valuable resource for even the most established researchers in the field, as it is filled with data, information about assessment tools, and a thorough treatment of virtually all major theoretical perspectives on the development of body image and their implications for treatment and prevention. At the same time, the authors' decision to include numerous experiential anecdotes makes the book easily accessible to those just entering the field who are trying to understand the nature of these phenomena. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Addressed body image concerns, dieting behaviors, self-concept and the relation among these variables in 125 African American (70 girls) and 95 Caucasian (46 girls) students in Grade 3 and in 103 African American (51 girls) and 90 Caucasian (49 girls) students in Grade 6. Ss completed the Dieting and Body Image Questionnaire and the Self-Perception Profile for Children. Girls were more concerned than boys about issues related to being overweight, and Caucasian girls reported more dieting behavior than did Caucasian boys and African American boys and girls. Caucasians also had less body image satisfaction than did African Americans. Dieting behavior was associated with lower general self-worth for Caucasian boys and girls, but not for African American boys and girls. Results suggest that body image concerns are related to how young children view themselves, particularly among Caucasian girls. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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This study assessed body dissatisfaction, self-esteem and attitudes as well as behaviours relating to disordered eating in adolescent boys. The results indicated that males who were dissatisfied with their bodies are equally divided between those who wish to gain weight and those who wish to lose weight. In addition exercising for physical tone, attractiveness, health, fitness and weight control were all related to measures of disordered eating, while exercising for mood, and enjoyment were not. There was no relationship between self-esteem and body weight dissatisfaction. The best predictors of satisfaction with weight were the ‘reasons for exercise’ variables. The findings are discussed in terms of differences between male and female body dissatisfaction and the cultural pressure to obtain male ideal body shapes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Attitudinal body image is a multidimensional construct that includes body-image evaluation, cognitive-behavioral investment, and affect. This study examined the nature and extent of gender differences in body-image attitudes. College students (n = 277) completed 2 standardized measures of each of the 3 facets of body image. As hypothesized, relative to men, women had more negative body-image evaluations, greater investments in their appearance, and more frequent, cross-situational body-image dysphoria. Gender differences on body-image affect (d= .76) surpassed those on evaluation (d = .51) and investment (d= .40). Body weight and body-image evaluation/affect were linearly related for women, but curvilinearly related for men. For both genders, body-image affect was a predictable function of evaluation and investment combined. Scientific and clinical implications are discussed.
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Evolutionary and sociocultural theories of mate selection preferences contend that men place greater value on physical attractiveness than do women. Thus, meta-analyses were conducted of findings from 5 research paradigms that have the hypothesis: (a)questionnaire studies, (b) analyses of lonely hearts advertisments, (c) studies that correlate attractiveness with opposite-sex popularity, (d) studies that correlate attractiveness with liking by a dyadic interaction partner, and (e) experiments that manipulate the attractiveness and similarity of an opposite-sex stranger. The anticipated sex difference emerged in all five meta-analyses, although it was larger in research that examine self-reprots than in research that examined social behavior.
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En esta obra, el autor, manifiesta su punto de vista sobre los factores que originan el fracaso de la educación en Estados Unidos. Expone aquí, que el principal obstáculo en la educación actual radica en una filosofía de "no involucramiento, no relevancia y un énfasis limitado sobre la acción de pensar". Propone que precisamente la educación debe enfocarse en el sentido diametralmente opuesto, o sea, en el involucramiento, la relevancia y el pensamiento.