... At the conclusion of child welfare investigations, Black children are more likely than White children to be substantiated (Antwi-Boasiako et al., 2020;Antwi-Boasiako, Fallon, King, Trocmé, & Fluke, 2021;Boatswain-Kyte, Esposito, & Trocmé, 2020;King et al., 2017), transferred to ongoing services (Antwi-Boasiako et al., 2020;King et al., 2017), and placed in out-ofhome care (Antwi-Boasiako et al., 2020;Boatswain-Kyte et al., 2020;King et al., 2017). Canadian qualitative studies also reveal that factors such as lack of cultural understanding, differential treatment, poverty, mental health, inadequate support system, and lack of diversity among workers place Black youths, mothers, and families at increased risk of child welfare involvement (Adjei & Minka, 2018;Cénat et al., 2021;Cénat, Noorishad, Czechowski, McIntee, & Mukunzi, 2020;Clarke, 2011Clarke, , 2012. Gosine and Pon (2011) also found that workplace discrimination inhibited Black child welfare workers from making decisions that could have better served racial minorities. ...