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Being Railroaded: A Candidate’s Struggle to Stay on Track
Abstract
This paper examines transference-countertransference convergences contributing to an impasse in the treatment of a patient with a history of being bullied and neglected. Issues of power and control saturate the patient’s intrapsychic and interpersonal worlds and impact the countertransference of an analytic candidate, eliciting shame, doubt, confusion, and alienation. To what extent do these feelings reflect empathic immersion in the patient’s world? To what extent are they byproducts of a budding analyst’s struggles with his own internal objects and with growing pains associated with choosing a theoretical orientation and developing one’s analytic voice in a pluralistic landscape? Clinical material is offered, tracing a clinical process in which the analyst’s varied attempts to engage with the patient culminate in a holding stance that is sometimes potentially defensive but ultimately facilitative.
... Interpretation is not all, nor does every interpersonal vicissitude or event need to be verbally interrogated or even articulated. These analytic activities can in fact be counterproductive (Aibel, 2014a(Aibel, , 2014bGrossmark, 2012a). What happens while the dyad speaks beneath the words-energetically, affectively, unconsciously-is equally important; what use the patient makes of the analyst matters; how the two might in time construct something new is of paramount importance. ...
The author discusses a pair of articles exploring non-interpretative aspects of contemporary psychoanalytic work, Ofra Shapira-Berman’s “When Should We Not Interpret: The Analyst’s Transformative Act as a Vital Contribution to the Patient’s Sense of Being Real and Alive” and Bnaya Amid and Eytan Bachar’s “At-one-ment: Beyond Transference and Countertransference.” Aibel notes that these authors join a number of contemporary analysts exploring and codifying a shift in thinking about therapeutic action, which Ogden has described as a move from the epistemological to the ontological, from knowledge and understanding to experiencing and becoming. Among analysts of multiple theoretical orientations, a process “allowing the patient the experience of creatively discovering meaning for himself, and in that state of being, becoming more fully alive” today takes precedence over sharing insight. Abdicating a stance of knowledge about the unconscious in favor of co-creating moments of affective meeting is seen as central to facilitating clinical growth.
... The effectiveness of Slochower's (1996) holding stance is predicated on the analyst's awareness and tolerance of the doubts and discomfort that the approach often produces: Grappling with these discordant feelings, she argues, is what keeps holding relational and alive as a process. In spite of the feeling of stasis and the seemingly undetectable results, this receptive approach does indeed instantiate a process (Aibel, 2014a(Aibel, , 2014b. I believe that our dyad's eventual shift into (moderate) freedom bears this out. ...
I assert that embarrassment, shame, and concern for professional reputation have inhibited analysts from discussing their struggles with countertransferential sleepiness, a phenomenon presumably more widespread than is generally acknowledged. Analysts may thus be insufficiently armed with understanding of this vexing predicament to which our work can leave us so vulnerable—its causes, trajectories, and even, potentially, its usefulness. Building on McLaughlin’s 1975 McLaughlin, J. T. (1975). The sleepy analyst: Some observations on states of consciousness in the analyst at work. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 23(2), 363–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306517502300207[Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar] paper on the topic, I acknowledge the analyst’s sleepiness as a defense against affect in the patient and analyst, and explore it as an enactment of parental unavailability and abandonment and a primitive communication from the patient about early states of psychological deadness and unintegration. Noting a recent trend in the relational literature toward valorizing engaged and enlivened registers, I consider the problems and potentials of dwelling in a distanced and deadened intersubjective field.
... But what about another interpretation, one that troubles me more than lack of discipline: Am I in fact colonising rather than mentalizing my patients (Silverman, 2015)? Am I doing to them what was once done to me (Aibel, 2014;Benjamin, 2017;Shaw, 2014), and what I tend to re-experience when my younger son insists I watch his battles? I am feeling too much done-to (Benjamin, 2004(Benjamin, , 2017. ...
Caught in the unforgiving bind of maintaining an analytic private practice while caring for two young children at home during the coronavirus pandemic quarantine, the author locates his clinical work as a site of heightened vitality and connection against a background of extended periods of challenging, draining, parenting demands. What to make, he wonders, of his reliance upon his remotely conducted practice for his psychological well-being during this period of not-enough-me-time? A mode of countertransferential confession yields to consideration of a need for heightened self-vigilance. Also considered is the possibility that the analyst's dispositional shift may in fact prove to be facilitative to some treatments. The author seeks to bring as much good-humoured grace and humility to his inevitable discombobulation as he can. "Rolling with it" may be the best one can hope for whilst doing clinical work under such strained conditions.
... Ehrenberg (1992) likewise extols the virtues of direct, if selective, countertransference disclosures. Even analysts who aim to hold back their dysjunctive subjectivities (Slochower, 1996; see also Aibel, 2014) must reckon with the inescapable nature of the analyst's self-disclosure and self-expression (Bass, 1996;Kuchuck, 2009Kuchuck, , 2015. As a result, and as daunting as this may sound in an area as ripe for conflict as partisan politics, the analyst as political animal is vulnerably exposed, implicated, and on the spot. ...
The political is understood as an essential, irreducible aspect of our self-representations and an undeniably consequential factor in our difficulties in living. It can thus no longer be considered taboo in psychoanalytic theory and practice. I examine challenges of working with political material, especially as treatment conducted during the highly partisan, embattled Trump Era may instantiate fierce complementarity or collusive concordance in the dyad. I argue that we can neither ameliorate patients’ suffering nor widen and deepen understanding of their lives if we don’t help them discover how their (and our) embeddedness in particular historical and sociopolitical webs of competing interests hold them (and us) in place. Psychoanalysis’s disavowal of sociopolitical impacts is historicized, and its gradual theoretical relegitimization is traced. The relational turn’s emphasis on the analyst’s subjectivity, intersubjectivity, coconstruction, mutual recognition, and advances in cognizing social inequities offer theoretical scaffolding and strategies of engagement.
The writer offers a combined experience in analysis and the performing arts to explore uncanny aspects of the unconscious subtext of the patient's inner drama; subtext which can remain hidden from view in supervision. Freud and Jung's understanding of uncanny experience is considered together with a painting from medieval alchemy and Matte Blanco's conceptions concerning the symmetrical nature of unconscious process. Theatre and the work of the theatre director and actor in approaching the multidimensional aspects of a play are then introduced. Finally clinical case material from group supervision demonstrates how the 'theatre of therapy' and the work of the supervisory couple and group promote the emergence of a more authentic conscious asymmetrical response to the patient's 'script' that can break the 'spell' of the transference/countertransference relationship. This in turn brings meaning to the underlying and implicit 'stage directions' that the patient has been unconsciously communicating.
Discusses countertransference as part of the analyst's larger experience of the patient, to capture the complexity of the analyst's involvement and correctly place it as a central guide for inquiry and interventions. The analyst's experience of the patient is shaped not only by the patient, but also by his listening perspective, models, and subjectivities. The analyst experientially can resonate with the patient's affect and experience from within the viewpoint of the patient (subject centered), or of the other person in a relationship with the patient (other centered). The analyst's listening from within and without, oscillating in a background–foreground configuration, can illuminate more fully the patient's experience of self and of self in relation to others. Case studies of 2 women and 1 man are included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Reviews the book,
Awakening the dreamer: Clinical journeys by Philip M. Bromberg (see record
2006-08993-000). Engaging with the many dimensions of Bromberg’s absorbing writing opens the reader/clinician, of whatever theoretical persuasion, to other self states and new and “other” thoughts about the psychoanalytic process. Bromberg approaches psychoanalytic work in a deeply personal manner that enables him to articulate the reasons why it is not only acceptable but also entirely necessary for the analyst to engage personally with the patient. He also creates a personally impactful psychoanalytic reading experience for his readers. The engagement of reader and author also captures one of the major themes in Bromberg’s contribution: that healthy psychological functioning involves the freedom to access different self states, to live in the “polyphony” of the self rather than in fragmented dissociated and sequestered self states, and, through that polyphony, to find self-coherence and immediacy in living. This volume draws on contemporary developments in psychoanalysis, attachment theory, neuropsychology, child development, and Bromberg’s abiding faith in literature, poetry, and the imagination. It presents a thorough and fully formed statement of Bromberg’s unique body of work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
In this paper, Winnicott describes the interstices between illusion and reality and their importance in emotional development. He discusses in detail the use of transitional objects by the infant, and uses two clinical examples to illustrate how the object becomes decathected as cultural interests develop.
In this essay, Winnicott describes clinical examples illustrating fantasies and possible memories of the birth experience. In many child analyses birth play is important. The clues to the understanding of infant psychology, including birth trauma, come through psychoanalytic experience where regression is a feature. When birth material turns up in an analysis in a significant way, the patient is showing signs of being in an extremely infantile state. A child may be playing games that contain birth symbolism, and an adult reports fantasy related consciously or unconsciously to birth. This is not the same as the acting out of memory traces derived from birth experience, which provides the material for study of birth trauma.
Bion's central thesis in this volume is that for the study of people, whether individually or in groups, a cardinal requisite is accurate observation, accompanied by accurate appreciation and formulation of the observations so made. The study represents a further development of a theme introduced in the author's earlier works, particularly in Elements of Psychoanalysis (1963) and Transformations (1965). Bion's concern with the subject stems directly from his psycho-analytic experience and reflects his endeavor to overcome, in a scientific frame of reference, the immense difficulty of observing, assessing, and communicating non-sensuous experience. Here, he lays emphasis on he overriding importance of attending to the realities of mental phenomena as they manifest themselves in the individual or group under study. In influences that interpose themselves between the observer and the subject of his scrutiny giving rise to opacity, are examined, together with ways of controlling them.
In Awakening the Dreamer: Clinical Journeys, Philip Bromberg continues the illuminating explorations into dissociation and clinical process begun in Standing in the Spaces (1998). Bromberg is among our most gifted clinical writers, especially in his unique ability to record peripheral variations in relatedness - those subtle, split-second changes that capture the powerful workings of dissociation and chart the changing self-states that analyst and patient bring to the moment.
This article highlights the analysis of the patient's experience of the analyst's subjectivity in the psychoanalytic situation. Just as psychoanalytic theory has focused on the mother exclusively as the object of the infant's needs while ignoring the subjectivity of the mother, so, too, psychoanalysis has considered the analyst only as an object while neglecting the subjectivity of the analyst as the analyst is experienced by the patient. The analyst's subjectivity is an important element in the analytic situation, and the patient's experience of the analyst's subjectivity needs to be made conscious.
Tentative pour preciser le concept de reddition, etude de ses relations ou masochismes et a la soumission. Le masochisme en tant que perversion de la reddition le sadisme en tant que perversion de l'usage de l'objet (Winnicott). Quelques applications possibles du concept de reddition
Much has been written about the impact of gender and sexual orientation on the intersubjective field. Yet remarkably little has been written about the unique dilemmas faced by gay clinicians who treat patients of different genders and sexual orientations. Given the particularities of growing up gay in our culture, issues of secrecy, shame, alienation, difference, and internalized homophobia necessarily enter into any gay therapist's developmental history. These factors have a shaping impact on the gay analyst's sensibility, on the way he learns to listen to his patients.
Perception par le patient en cure des conflits contre-transferentiels qui agitent son therapeute. Tentative de modele theorique a partir des theories post-freudiennes du transfert et de l'interpretation
Chapter 7 The Analyst's Knowledge and Authority There is no issue on the contemporary psychoanalytic scene, either in our literature or in our clinical conferences and discussions, more important than our ongoing, wide-ranging efforts to understand and redefine the nature of the analyst's knowledge and authority. In some sense, this problem subsumes all other current issues and developments, for it raises questions both about the very claims psychoanalysis makes for itself as a discipline and about what we, as clinicians, think we are offering our patients. It is also a key ingredient of any position on both the history of psychoanalysis and the important question of the relationship between contemporary psychoanalysis and the classical tradition. What sort of expertise do psychoanalysts have? Is the kind of knowledge and authority we claim for ourselves today the same kind of knowledge and authority claimed by Freud and his generation of clinicians? There are many different facets to the problem of knowledge and authority in psychoanalysis, and it would take a hefty volume even to begin to do them justice. What I intend to do in this chapter is to outline the kind of knowledge and authority that I believe today's analytic clinician can justifiably claim, an expertise in meaning making, self-reflection, and the organization and reorganization of experience. The kind of authority and knowledge that I highlight in this chapter, however, has often been difficult to see clearly and hold on to because it becomes obscured by other, closely related problems concerning psychoanalytic politics and transformations in philosophy of science. Our task here is to get to the heart of the problem for today's clinicians, but to do that, we first have to peel back other dimensions of the problem, to traverse some sweeping historical and philosophical terrain.
I describe an unobtrusive relational approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of nonalive and nonspeakable states and ways of being. I build upon a contemporary relational sensibility that values the intersubjective engagement of analyst and patient and the enactment of dissociated and unformulated states, together with the concepts of regression and the unobtrusive analyst central to the work of the British independent analysts, with a special focus on Michael and Enid Balint. I stress that in being unobtrusive, the analyst is not neutral or abstinent, but deeply engaged and becomes the analyst the patient needs. A case is offered as an account of analytic work that was enhanced and made possible by my engaged but unobtrusive presence, and the privileging of the patient's own idiom, object relating and early developmental needs. I offer a contemporary rendition of regression that encompasses mutuality, regulation and accompaniment. I suggest a concept of “benign regressive mutual regulation” and outline and differentiate some of the influences from the contemporary psychoanalytic field.
The analyst's loyalty to a single paradigm is sometimes challenged by certain recent developments in psychoanalytic theory-making. Among these are (1) a trend toward metatheory, in which theories are formulated at levels of abstraction that can encompass concepts and technical recommendations from multiple theories; (2) expanded opportunities for influence among authors from diverse theoretical orientations; and (3) an emphasis on qualities of engagement between patient and analyst, which highlight the analyst's unique subjectivity and self-expression. For instance, the analyst's authenticity, spontaneity, creativity, playfulness, humor, and empathy (used as a guide to action) can lead to more affective and improvisational interactions between patient and analyst and to a theory's seeming to play a lesser role.Using clinical fragments and an extended vignette, this paper explores some of the ways that these intersecting theoretical developments can affect the treatment, the patient, and the analyst's ways of thinking about her work.
Clearly recognized by researchers in the field as one of the major long‐term sequelae of childhood trauma, discussion of the process of dissociation remains embedded in the classical psychoanalytic literature and is not often referred to in contemporary psychoanalytic writing. This article attempts to update the definition of dissociation in accordance with contemporary research on traumatic stress and posttraumatic stress disorders and to demonstrate the manifestations and impact of dissociative phenomena in the psychoanalytic treatment of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Several points are emphasized: (1) treatment of the adult survivor of childhood sexual abuse involves recognition of the simultaneous coexistence and alternation of multiple (at least two) levels of ego organization; (2) at least one level represents, in split‐off form, the entire system of self‐ and object representation, including unavailable, affectively loaded memories and fantasied elaborations and distortions originating in the traumatogenic abusive situation; and (3) there is present a kaleidoscopic transference‐countertransference picture that shifts illusively but can often be understood as based on the projective‐introjective volleying of a fantasized victim, abuser, and idealized, omnipotent savior.
The term “bad-enough” participation refers, in a general sense, to the inevitable ways that all analysts cause their patients to suffer and, more specificaelly, within each analysis, to the ways in which the analyst's participation confirms some version of the patient's worst fears. These manifestations of “badness,” as long as they are honestly considered and creatively used, are expectable, and even therapeutically essential, aspects of analytic relatedness. Frequently, however, an analyst's bad-enough participation, despite its ubiquity and transformational potential, is attenuated or selectively overlooked. As a result, the therapeutic possibilities of analytic work may be compromised. In this paper the analyst's bad-enough participation is considered conceptually, and an argument is advanced for its therapeutic salience. Two cases are discussed, the first involving a treatment impasse, and the second, the beginning phase of a long-term treatment.
present a theoretical system / the derived hypotheses that are intended to admit of empirical test, and to a lesser extent the theoretical system itself, bear the same relationship to the observed facts in a psychoanalysis as statements of applied mathematics, say about a mathematical circle, bear to a statement about a circle drawn upon paper / intended to be applicable in a significant number of cases
this model will serve for the theory that every junction of a preconception with its realization produces a conception
the model . . . is that of an infant whose expectation of a breast is mated with a realization of no breast available for satisfaction (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
suggest some preliminary outlines of the development of the capacity for recognition / focus on separation–individuation theory, showing how much more it can reveal when it is viewed through the intersubjective lens / [review] research on mother–infant interaction / the frame-by-frame studies of face-to-face play at three to four months have given us a kind of early history of recognition (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Using the contemporary critique of H. Kohut and H. Loewald as a touchstone of inquiry into the current status of psychoanalysis, the author focuses on a select group of postmodern theorists—L. Aron, J. Benjamin, I. Z. Hoffman, S. A. Mitchell, and O. Renik—whose recent writings comprise a questioning subtext to Kohut's and Loewald's ideas. The author believes that their respective contributions, which present psychoanalysis as an interactive process in which the analyst's own subjectivity plays a constitutive role in the joint construction of meanings, achieve shared significance as a postmodern critique of Kohut and Loewald. The author is especially concerned with the relationship—both theoretically and technically—between Kohut's emphasis on the analyst's empathic resonance with the analysand's viewpoint and affect, and the postmodern theorists' shared insistence on the expression of the analyst's own subjectivity in the treatment situation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This book recapitulates and extends a unique creative odyssey in modern clinical theory. Long regarded as one of the most original writers in contemporary psychoanalysis, Bromberg here reprises some of his classic essays and offers new contributions as he continues his journey toward a relationally informed view of the clinical process. Early in these essays, Bromberg contemplates how one might engage schizoid detachment within an interpersonal perspective. He finds that the road to the patient's disavowed experiences most frequently passes through the analyst's internal conversation, as multiple configurations of self-other interaction, previously dissociated, are set loose first in the analyst and then played out in the interpersonal field. This insight leads to other discoveries. Beneath the dissociative structures seen in schizoid patients, and also in other personality disorders, Bromberg regularly finds traumatic experience—even in patients not otherwise viewed as traumatized. This discovery allows interpersonal notions of psychic structure to emerge in a new light, as he arrives at the view that all severe character pathology masks dissociative defenses erected to ward off the internal experience of trauma and to keep the external world at bay to avoid retraumatization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
In "Holding and Psychoanalysis: A Relational Perspective," Slochower brings a contemporary relational framework to bear on D. Winnicott's notion of the analytic holding environment. She presents [an] integration of Winnicott's seminal insights with contemporary relational and feminist/psychoanalytic contributions. She addresses holding in a variety of clinical contexts and focuses especially on holding processes in relation to issues of dependence, self-involvement, and hate. She also considers clinical work with patients "on the edge"—patients who seem desperately to need a holding experience that remains paradoxically elusive.
Throughout [the book, Slochower] emphasizes the analyst's and the patient's co-construction, during moments of holding, of an essential illusion of analytic attunement; this illusion serves to protect the patient from potentially disruptive aspects of the analyst's subjective presence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Using vivid case examples, psychoanalyst Darlene Bregman Ehrenberg invites readers to experience the intimacy of the consulting room. In this context she elaborates why the recognition of the interactive nature of the analytic field has profound and radical implications for one's thinking about analytic technique, regardless of theoretical orientation.
She distinguishes between theory of technique, which relates to what one does with awareness and intention, and theory of therapeutic action, which has to do with what is healing in the psychoanalytic interaction, whether or not it evolves from "technique."
Stressing the importance of attending to the affective relationship and the role of unconscious communication and enactment in the analytic interaction, she illustrates how the analytic expanse is enlarged, and a unique kind of intimacy and contextual safety generated, as these dimensions of the interaction, often beyond words and accessible only through the countertransference, begin to be explicitly acknowledged and addressed.
Extensive data from the treatment of patients who have traditionally been considered unanalyzable reveal the rich rewards of working at this "intimate edge," the unique value of playfulness, and the role of encounter in the process of working through.
This book will be welcomed by clinicians at all levels of expertise with an interest in expanding the reaches of analytic possibility. It will also be of interest to anyone who has ever been a patient, who has thought of becoming one, or who is curious about how the analytic process can change people's lives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
An analyst has to display all the patience and tolerance and reliability of a mother devoted to her infant, has to recognize the patient's wishes as needs, has to put aside other interests in order to be available and to be punctual, and objective, and has to seem to want to give what is really only given because of the patient's needs.There may be a long initial period in which the analyst's point of view cannot be (even unconsciously) appreciated by the patient. Acknowledgment cannot be expected because at the primitive root of the patient that is being looked for there is no capacity for identification with the analyst, and certainly the patient cannot see that the analyst's hate is often engendered by the very things the patient does in his crude way of loving.In the analysis (research analysis) or in ordinary management of the more psychotic type of patient, a great strain is put on the analyst (psychiatrist, mental nurse) and it is important to study the ways in which anxiety of psychotic quality and also hate are produced in those who work with severely ill psychiatric patients. Only in this way can there be any hope of the avoidance of therapy that is adapted to the needs of the therapist rather than to the needs of the patient.
This paper describes a very malignant type of self-destructiveness seen in a small group of patients. It is active in the way that they run their lives and it emerges in a deadly way in the transference. This type of self-destructiveness is, I suggest, in the nature of an addiction of a particular sado-masochistic type, which these patients feel unable to resist. It seems to be like a constant pull towards despair and near-death, so that the patient is fascinated and unconsciously excited by the whole process. Examples are given to show how such addictions dominate the way in which the patient communicates with the analyst and internally, with himself, and thus how they affect his thinking processes. It is clearly extremely difficult for such patients to move towards more real and object-related enjoyments, which would mean giving up the all-consuming addictive gratifications.
Analytic work based on the intersubjective view of two participating subjectivities requires discipline rooted in an orientation to the structural conditions of thirdness. The author proposes a theory that includes an early form of thirdness involving union experiences and accommodation, called the one in the third, as well as later moral and symbolic forms of thirdness that introduce differentiation, the third in the one. Clinically, the concept of a co-created or shared intersubjective thirdness helps to elucidate the breakdown into the twoness of complementarity in impasses and enactments and suggests how recognition is restored through surrender.
Winnicott's concept of holding and Bion's idea of the container-contained are for each of these analysts among his most important contributions to psychoanalytic thought. In this light, it is ironic that the two sets of ideas are so frequently misunderstood and confused with one another. In this paper the author delineates what he believes to be the critical aspects of each of these concepts and illustrates the way in which he uses these ideas in his clinical work. Winnicott's holding is seen as an ontological concept that is primarily concerned with being and its relationship to time. Initially the mother safeguards the infant's continuity of being, in part by insulating him from the 'not-me' aspect of time. Maturation entails the infant's gradually internalizing the mother's holding of the continuity of his being over time and emotional flux. By contrast, Bion's container-contained is centrally concerned with the processing (dreaming) of thoughts derived from lived emotional experience. The idea of the container-contained addresses the dynamic interaction of predominantly unconscious thoughts (the contained) and the capacity for dreaming and thinking those thoughts (the container).
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