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Battery charging stations for home lighting in Mekong region countries
Abstract
The role of energy services in social and economical developments is well recognized. However, rural populations in developing countries are deprived of affordable and reliable energy services. Batteries are considered as potential and relatively cheap source of power for home lighting in remote rural areas. These can be charged at affordable fee at Battery Charging Stations (BCSs) with a diesel generator and/or solar BCSs. Diesel generators are emitting CO2 green house gas and contributing to environmental pollution. While, the Solar Battery Charging Stations (SBCSs) with battery backup (i) address the issue of environmental pollution, (ii) reduce the production and use of fossil fuels, and (iii) also prevent the energy intermittency in rainy or cloudy days.
... In this, a comparative analysis is performed between MPPT-based chargers and non-MPPT-based chargers. In [29], the authors have proposed charging stations welcomed in isolated places but not interconnected to the grid. A novel MPPT scheme for PV-based battery chargers was developed by Eldahad et al. [30], and its key feature is remote monitoring of various system components. ...
... u pid (s) and V e (s) are PID controller output and input, respectively. The ZN tuning method is used to obtain the parameters of C-PID [28,29] using relations as given by (22). ...
... So, for any mentioned rule, i is obtained via the multiplication of membership of V e for a given fuzzy subset of error and the value of membership of dV e dt For the given fuzzy subset of change in error. The output of the F-PID controller is a function of V e and dV e dt Furthermore, dependent on the fuzzy sets as depicted via Equation (29). Therefore, the controller output is changed according to the input variables. ...
This paper proposes an intelligent battery charging scheme for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) with a fuel cell as the primary energy source and solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery as the auxiliary energy sources. While dealing with the PV, a minimized oscillation-based improved perturb and observe (I-P&O) maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT) scheme is designed to mitigate the impact of oscillations around MPP and loss of tracking direction. The DC–DC boost and DC–DC buck power converters are connected in a cascade manner to harvest optimal power from PV and as a charging circuit for HEV, respectively. An intelligent fuzzy logic-based proportional integral derivative (PID) (F-PID) controller is employed for the buck converter to get the constant voltage and constant current for the effective charging of the battery. The two primary objectives of this work are (1) maximum utilization of the designed PV array via the I-P&O MPPT scheme to enhance the system efficacy, reduce system cost, and reduce complexity. (2) To obtain minimum battery losses and an enhanced life cycle of HEV. The proposed MPPT scheme provides a maximum 99.80% tracking efficiency of the considered PV array at an insolation level of 1000 W/m2. Moreover, almost nominal voltage and current ripples have appeared in HEV's proposed intelligent battery charging circuit.
... In this, a comparative analysis is performed between MPPT-based chargers and non-MPPT-based chargers. In [29], the authors have proposed charging stations welcomed in isolated places but not interconnected to the grid. A novel MPPT scheme for PV-based battery chargers was developed by Eldahad et al. [30], and its key feature is remote monitoring of various system components. ...
... u pid (s) and V e (s) are PID controller output and input, respectively. The ZN tuning method is used to obtain the parameters of C-PID [28,29] using relations as given by (22). ...
... So, for any mentioned rule, i is obtained via the multiplication of membership of V e for a given fuzzy subset of error and the value of membership of dV e dt For the given fuzzy subset of change in error. The output of the F-PID controller is a function of V e and dV e dt Furthermore, dependent on the fuzzy sets as depicted via Equation (29). Therefore, the controller output is changed according to the input variables. ...
This paper proposes an intelligent battery charging scheme for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) with a fuel cell as the primary energy source and solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery as the auxiliary energy sources. While dealing with the PV, a minimized oscillation-based improved perturb and observe (I-P&O) maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT) scheme is designed to mitigate the impact of oscillations around MPP and loss of tracking direction. The DC-DC boost and DC-DC buck power converters are connected in a cascade manner to harvest optimal power from PV and as a charging circuit for HEV, respectively. An intelligent fuzzy logic-based proportional integral derivative (PID) (F-PID) controller is employed for the buck converter to get the constant voltage and constant current for the effective charging of the battery. The two primary objectives of this work are (1) maximum utilization of the designed PV array via the I-P&O MPPT scheme to enhance the system efficacy, reduce system cost, and reduce complexity. (2) To obtain minimum battery losses and an enhanced life cycle of HEV. The proposed MPPT scheme provides a maximum 99.80% tracking efficiency of the considered PV array at an insolation level of 1000 W/m 2. Moreover, almost nominal voltage and current ripples have appeared in HEV's proposed intelligent battery charging circuit.
... In this, a comparative analysis is performed between MPPT-based chargers and non-MPPT-based chargers. In [29], the authors have proposed charging stations welcomed in isolated places but not interconnected to the grid. A novel MPPT scheme for PV-based battery chargers was developed by Eldahad et al. [30], and its key feature is remote monitoring of various system components. ...
... u pid (s) and V e (s) are PID controller output and input, respectively. The ZN tuning method is used to obtain the parameters of C-PID [28,29] using relations as given by (22). ...
... So, for any mentioned rule, i is obtained via the multiplication of membership of V e for a given fuzzy subset of error and the value of membership of dV e dt For the given fuzzy subset of change in error. The output of the F-PID controller is a function of V e and dV e dt Furthermore, dependent on the fuzzy sets as depicted via Equation (29). Therefore, the controller output is changed according to the input variables. ...
... In this, a comparative analysis is performed between MPPT-based charger and non MPPT-based charger. In [29], authors have proposed charging stations welcomed in isolated places but not interconnected to the grid. A novel MPPT scheme for PV-based battery chargers was developed by Eldahad et al. [30], and its key feature is remote monitoring of various system components. ...
... ( ) and ( ) are PID controller output and input, respectively. ZN tuning method is used to obtain the parameters of C-PID [28], [29] using relations as given by (22) (20) in standard forms, first-order Pade approximation for delay term. Therefore, the (20) is as follows: ...
... The symbol , , and are the parameters of the F-PID controller, fuzzy system's crisp output is Uf and finally the F-PID controller's output is upid. (21) and (29), yields = + , = and = (30) Equation (29) represents the parameters of the PID controller in terms of gains of the F-PID controller. Because of (29), the term + can be claimed that the behavior of mentioned duty cycle is equivalent to a time-varying F-PID controller. ...
This paper proposes a smart battery charging scheme for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) with a fuel cell as the primary energy source and solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery as the auxiliary energy sources. While dealing with the PV, a minimized oscillation-based improved perturb and observe (I-P&O) maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT) scheme is designed to mitigate the impact of oscillations around MPP and loss of tracking direction. The DC-DC boost and DC-DC buck power converters are connected in a cascade manner to harvest optimal power from PV and as a charging circuit for HEV, respectively. An intelligent fuzzy logic-based PID (F-PID) controller is employed for the buck converter to get the constant voltage and constant current for the effective charging of the battery. The two primary objectives of this work are (1) maximum utilization of the designed PV array via I-P&O MPPT scheme to enhance the system efficacy, reduce system cost, and reduce complexity. (2) to obtain minimum battery losses and an enhanced life cycle of HEV. The proposed MPPT scheme provides a maximum 99.80% tracking efficiency of the considered PV array at an insolation level of 1000 W/m 2. Moreover, almost negligible voltage and current ripples are appeared in the proposed intelligent battery charging circuit of HEV.
... The lack of access to electricity areas in rural areas is especially compounded by the geographic remoteness of such communities and relatively low income. Access to modern energy services such as electricity is reported to be intrinsically linked to, income generation, economic development, agricultural productivity, gender and safety issues, access to water, health, education, and overall, a better quality of life (Pode, 2015).This has been confirmed, in part by the "Energy Plus" modelwhich was first reported by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)that combining access to electricity with capacity development and productive uses of electricity for income generation can help guarantee the ability to pay for electricity services, ensure longevity of the intervention and overall, improvement in livelihood (Velumail et al., 2015;Larsen et al., 2016;UNDP, 2012). ...
... Electricity consumption included 2015 GWh for households, 1850 GWh for industrial, 1071 GWh for commercial and 57 GWh for small lighting (MOEP, 2013a). However biomass accounts for roughly 80% of the country's total final energy consumption, and about 70% of households depend on diesel, kerosene, batteries or candles for lighting (Pode, 2015;IGES, 2014). ...
... Neighbouring countries such as Thailand, Vietnam and China have managed to Table 2 Two examples of loan repayment calculations (Sharif, 2013;Haque, 2015 increase electricity coverage from 30% to 100% within two decades, and to achieve the same, Myanmar is required to double the current average annual electrification rate (Columbia University, 2014). In addition, Myanmar aims to increase the share of non-hydro renewables to 15-18% of total installed capacity by 2020 (Pode, 2015;Myint, 2012). One of the most comprehensive electrification planning documents in Myanmar is the geospatial least cost electrification rollout plan by Columbia University (Table 7) and funded by the World Bank (Columbia University, 2014). ...
Myanmar's rural population has very low access to electricity, mainly due to low disposal income and the remoteness of communities. This paper attempts to test the potential applicability of Grameen Shakti-
Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), which is a Bangladeshi public private partnership
microfinance model, to rural Myanmar towards enhanced solar home systems (SHS) deployment. Rural poor
are enabled by this microfinancing scheme to own SHSs in a few years for as low as US$6.40 per month. The objectives of this paper are to assess the experience of Grameen Shakti-IDCOL and other similar projects for invaluable lessons, identify barriers to sustainable electrification for Myanmar's rural poor and to apply these lessons learned to overcome barriers by developing policy recommendations for sustainable electrification for rural poor in Myanmar. Recommendations are provided suggesting the revision of some assumptions in the National Electrification Plan (NEP) and the creation of a microfinance-based public private partnership, with a polycentric structure, strong local presence and effective after sales service, to increase the deployment of SHSs to sustainably and economically supply modern energy to Myanmar's rural poor.
... Some good works based on a shunt or series charge controller has already existed, but it uses more switches individually to control the operation of batteries fed from any source. Moreover, shunt controllers are limited to use for high current and need heat sink for power dissipation [21], [22]. ...
... The control algorithm including MPP tracking, dc voltage control and the power management system are implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The performance of solar system integrated with battery charge controller under constant load and variable load conditions for a step change in insolation is analyzed [22]− [25]. The control strategy of the PMS is verified for different modes of operation under various loaded conditions. ...
span lang="EN-US">In recent decades, the matching between the growing energy demand and generation is becoming the challenging task to the researcher’s leads for the development of standalone solar photo voltaic (SSPV) power system. The SSPV system is more suited for electrification of essential loads uses DC power as it offers high efficiency. This work aims to model and simulate SSPV with lead acid battery is used as a DC source. The proposed series shunt charge controller with power management strategy (PMS)is designed and modeled to control the power flow among SSPV, battery and the load. adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller effectively regulates the output voltage by controlling duty ratio of the suitable converter for driving a DC load. A PMS is developed for selecting the operating mode of SSCC by sensing and regulating the battery voltage within 11.6-12.95 V. Here, the 250 Wp panel has been employed to charge a 12 V, 34 AH battery. The practicability of SSPVB system is verified under various loaded conditions using MATLAB/Simulink for a period of 24 hours. A simulation result proves that this SSPV Battery system is capable to electrify the essential loads in rural and isolated areas and also reduce the dependency of grid power.</span
... In the paper [7] author shows a novel strategy for Local Government Authorities (LGAs) to characterize proper situations for the underlying arrangement of private onroad PEV (Plug-in Electric Vehicle) energizing set in urban zones to help expel boundaries to PEV endorsement. The strategy is real for use by LGAs with constrained monetary assets as it depends on basic Geographic Information System (GIS) examination of routinely accessible enumeration and stopping information to distinguish the spatial covers between zones where occupants are destined to be PEV clients and territories where there is a high dependence on private on-road places. ...
... The strategy is real for use by LGAs with constrained monetary assets as it depends on basic Geographic Information System (GIS) examination of routinely accessible enumeration and stopping information to distinguish the spatial covers between zones where occupants are destined to be PEV clients and territories where there is a high dependence on private on-road places. The procedure has been actualized practically speaking to oversee a charging foundation establishment strategy for Southampton, UK, where 128 avenues (out of 1924 altogether) were proposed as proper areas [7][8]. ...
Electric vehicles (EVs) have uncovered great enthusiasm from people in communal, the administration, and the foundation in recent years. The pervasiveness of EVs is contributed by their excellent ideal circum-positions diverging from ordinary inner-combustion vehicles including comfort, economy , and cleanness. EVs use power to control the vehicle, in this manner they are progressively steady and there would be no smell of petroleum derivatives. The expense of the power is lower than that of petroleum derivatives, in this way EV is progressively efficient. In addition, petroleum derivatives are restricted assets and it takes excessively long for them to renew. In spite of that, power is increasingly ecological generous. The utilization of petroleum derivatives by vehicles has caused genuine air contamination, particularly in urban areas. With previously mentioned preferences, society has made a great effort to research and develop EVs in the past years. However, with the high penetration of EVs load on the grid increases, and a problem arises for placement and sizing of the charging station. In this paper, various methods adopted for best placement and sizing of EVs are discussed in detail.
... SPV system is used in conjunction with batteries which act as energy soak pit and are utilized under the transient condition when the SPV system alone fails to generate the required power. In remote and rural areas batteries are considered as most potent and pocket-friendly source for home lightning (Pode, 2015) whereas it is being widely employed in the battery-powered electric vehicle (Larminie and Lowry, 2003;Wirasingha and Pihef, 2011) and as a backup source in the hybrid renewable energy system (Fakham et al., 2011). ...
... Mirzaei et al. (2017) designed a control topology for power management in a standalone hybrid system. Pode (2015) details battery charging stations which are quite welcomed in lonesome which are yet not connected to the grid. The implementation of digital control strategy through DSP has been done by Lopez et al. (2016) for buck converter charging a battery through solar generated power under various atmospheric conditions. ...
... In this scale 9 items to assess the conscientiousness. Items number 2,6,8,9,12,18,21,23,27,31,34,35,37,41,43 are reverse coded. ...
... Authors concluded that the proposed strategy will help to improve the economic usability and sustainability to utilize biomass via gasification [17]. Ramchandra Pode [18] conducted a study of rural areas and he concluded that millions of people of rural area are deprived from much necessary needs including to clean cooking facilities and electricity. These areas are enriched with livestock dung and solar radiations, abundant resources of energies. ...
The word Urdu is derived from Turkish language and it means ―swarm‖. Urdu borrows most of its vocabulary from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Pashto and other regional languages. In order to arrive at an appropriate teaching of Urdu language, a contrastive analysis and comparative study is imperative. The influence of actual meaning in Urdu may not be possible unless the root word and the borrowing traces are studied. The understanding of Urdu is better achieved when the connection of Urdu, Persian and Pashto is drawn on scientific basis. This research paper deals with the loan words of Persian and Pashto in the present-day Urdu vocabulary. No language is exempted from vocabulary and linguistic borrowings. In terms of loan words Urdu is a considered to be a child of Persian. A large number of Persian and Pashto words are used in Urdu. We used a general genre Urdu corpus of size 1.8 million words for experimentation of this research study. We collected this corpus from different news agencies, because the language used in newspapers is considered to be the contemporary and simple communicative language of society. We identified, extracted and calculated frequency distributions for computing the weightage of these loan words. Based on our experiments and analysis, our research quantifies that a large number of Persian and Pashto words are now part of Urdu with significantly frequent use. The findings of this study are expected to be helpful in the Urdu language classrooms, especially for teachers in teaching Urdu vocabulary systematically on scientific basis.
... V2H corresponds to a sharing of energy from an EV battery and a residential power grid. During this particular instance, EV batteries can be used as energy storage, where it also leads to energy support for electrical appliances in residence and renewable energy sources in household [13]. The electrical capacity of the battery in between. ...
The electrification of the automobile would have a massive effect on the electricity grid as energy usage rises. The rising popularity of EVs leads to a huge count of charging stations which have a significant impact on the electricity grid. In order to minimize the detrimental effects of EV charging and to increase the efficiency of EV grid integration, different operational techniques for grid integration must be established. Intelligent coordination for automotive charging and discharging is essential for such situations to be under control. The optimized design of the renewable energy network is done to ensure that the EV charging station has ample electricity supply. The Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technologies is also an efficient and cost-effective approach to integrate EVs to be incorporated into the power grids. To address the state of the art in related fields, this study effectively presents the Power sharing mode for V2G deployment between EVs and power grids and the scheduling approach. This paper provides a clear overview of the EV industry, charging infrastructure and the effect of EV charging on the grid. The energy market is analysed considering the role of EV aggregators and personal EV buyers, and numerous EV grid optimization algorithms-connected systems are investigated. The paper also provides an overview on the impact of the integration of EV grids and the evolution of the power grid moving towards sustainable energy and EVs influencing, supporting future energy growth. Finally, it evaluates and outlines the issues and recommendations for the potential growth of the EV charging and grid integration system.
... A standalone solar PV system that is equipped with any kind of backup energy storage, such as a battery, can produce the required power for the loads. Batteries are regarded as the highest effective source for home energy supply in isolated as well as rural regions [32]. Besides, due to the trend of the smart city, smart buildings, smart homes, smart gadgets, and the economical use of electricity without hampering human comfort [33,34], a smart device is needed that can harness and distribute the energy in an algorithmic way from the PV system. ...
Amid growing demand for solar photovoltaic (PV) energy, the output from PV panels/cells fails to deliver maximum power to the load, due to the intermittency of ambient conditions. Therefore, utilizing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) becomes essential for PV systems. In this paper, a novel internet of things (IoT)-equipped MPPT solar charge controller (SCC) is designed and implemented. The proposed circuit system utilizes IoT-based sensors to send vital data to the cloud for remote monitoring and controlling purposes. The IoT platform helps the system to be monitored remotely. The PIC16F877A is used as a main controller of the proposed MPPT-SCC besides implementing the perturb and observe (P&O) technique and a customized buck-boost converter. To validate the proposed system, both simulation and hardware implementation are carried out by the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and laboratory set up, respectively. The proposed MPPT-SCC can handle the maximum current of 10 A at 12 V voltage. Results show that the efficiency of the proposed system reaches up to 99.74% during a month of performance testing duration.
... This enables a two-way flow of energy into grid and vice versa. This provides not only a greater flexibility to power system but also increases reliability and sustainability of it [46][47][48]. Other than V2G two other grid connected technologies are also evolving namely vehicle to home(V2H) and vehicle to vehicle(V2V) [49]. ...
Continuous degradation in environment due to pollution has encouraged the idea of implementation of electrified transportation in day-today life. Hence it becomes a necessity to develop an infrastructure which supports the upcoming need of the consumer. This paper reviews thetechnology that is presently used for charging such as conductive method which is classified into ON board and OFF board charging, further categorized into Level 1(basic), Level 2 (primary), Level 3 (fast charging) and inductive method of charging. Comparison of different types of current and future battery types is discussed. An emerging technology which enable to transfer power to grid, V2G or vehicle to grid technology is also conferred in following sections.
... Transport electrification presents several challenges for the smart grid, such as energy quality, reliability, and control [6]. 2 of 19 There are three emerging concepts of EVs connected to the network: vehicle-to-home (V2H), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and vehicle-to-power grid (V2G) [7]. V2H refers to the exchange of energy between the EV battery and the domestic power grid, where batteries can function as the power generator to provide the backup power to the electric home [8]. V2V refers to the local exchange between EVs that can charge or discharge battery power between them. ...
This paper presents a control strategy to regulate voltage and share reactive power from distributed generators in a microgrid when electric vehicles (EVs) are connected and disconnected at different nodes and times. The control strategy considers fixed and variable virtual impedances created in the microgrid (MG) when loads change (EVs are connected or disconnected). Fixed virtual impedance is related to the distance from each house to the power inverter and is used as an input of the primary control. Variable virtual impedance is associated with the distance from each EV to the power inverter and is also used as an input of the primary control. Thus, the control of the inverter seeks to regulate the voltage where the EVs create variations in the network. The results show that the control strategy regulates well the voltage of different nodes, and the reactive power is distributed to renewable generators based on the distance from the loads to the inverters. By considering the fixed and variable virtual impedances in the primary control, voltage can be regulated, assuming various consumptions of EVs in the network. This result is promising for reactive power control and sharing for each distributed generator (DG) in a microgrid where a great number of EVs affect the operation.
... Accordingly, the governments and several institutions across the world, promote the use of renewable energies as a prevention tool in view of this fact. Nowadays one of the sources of renewable energy most promising because of being clean, renewable, secure and abundant power is solar energy 7,8 . Solar power is derived from the sun emitted electromagnetic radiation collection by means solar energy pick-ups as thermic collectors or Photovoltaic cells, which transform this radiation on electric or thermic power 9 . ...
... The increase in the level of CO2 in the atmosphere is directly associated with global warming (Koçar and Civaş 2013;Mofijur et al 2015). Many households in Asian continue to depend on expensive fossil fuel-based sources which are energy inefficient and pollute the environment (Pode 2015). ...
The study was conducted to design, manufacture and test a household rice husk gasifier for families in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The downdraft gasifier can supply 5,500 kcal/h with a reaction chamber diameter of 0.254 m and height 0.6 m. The rice husk feed stock rate was 6.1 kg/h; synthesis gas was generated at 29.2 m³/h. The treatments were: five levels of the equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35 and 0.4. ER is defined as the ratio of the actual air flow rate with the stoichiometric air flow rate, according to the formula ER = Qac/Qst (the stoichiometric air flow rate is the air required to burn completely); each ER was studied at three removal rates of biochar (10, 12 and 14 rpm of the motor driving the screw that removes the biochar. The syngas low heating value (LHV) was highest when the equivalence ratio (ER) was 0.3 at all three rotation levels of the biochar removal system. The specific gasification rate (SGR) was increased when ER increased. The highest thermal efficiency was 54% at ER = 0.3 and the rotation of biochar removal was 14 rpm. The corresponding syngas components were CO 24.0%, CnHm 0.76%, H2 7.69%, O2 0.82% with LHV of 1,627 kcal/m³ and SGR 122 kg/h/m².
... Vehicle to Home (V2H) referring a system that allows supplying electricity stored in the EV battery to a home electric network and vice versa [13], Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) referring to power exchange among an EVs local community [14] and, Vehicle to Grid (V2G), indeed, referring to exchange and trade betwixt the EV battery and the grid through the management of local aggregator [15]. V2G represents the most interesting technology among the major three concepts of grid-connected EVs. ...
... Apart from the stand-alone solar photovoltaic-based systems, solar charging stations are also accepted by the rural communities in various parts of the world such as in Cambodia (Chhim et al., 2014) and Mekong region countries (Pode, 2015) where battery-charging services are provided. Similarly, apart from the tried and tested standalone solar lantern models (that include a lantern and a small module), the centralised solar lantern charging station (CSLCS) has also been explored for implementation in rural areas as reported in Mohanty et al. (2010) and Mukhopadhyay et al. (1993). ...
With the ever improving lighting and photovoltaic industries and the initiatives of various solar lighting programs, the market is witnessing a gamut of solar lighting products and delivery models for the same. Besides the widely used stand-alone model, the lighting services of solar lanterns and other portable solar lighting products can be alternatively delivered through charging station models; especially catering to the populace who are unable to purchase standalone models. This paper presents an approach towards designing a central charging station model for solar LED lanterns for rural areas considering the various climatic conditions throughout India, the available technology and the field dynamics. Theoretical design based on the available climatic data is presented followed by the experimental observation at a typical site in one climatic zone as a case. The paper concludes with a discussion on the way-forward towards design and operation improvements for this present model.
... Mekong River, running through several countries, has traditionally been considered as the most important source for the economic activities of the people, such as fishery, agriculture, and forestry, in the region [32]. The GMS has developed its fame for the cultivation of a variety of crops, mainly rice, sugarcane, cassava, maize, oil palm, and rubber wood, residues of which could provide abundant biomass, such as rice straw, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, oil palms fruit bunches, and rubber branches [33][34][35]. These agricultural residues have a huge potential for the production of the second-generation biofuel without sacrificing the regional food security [36,37]. ...
... For example in Europe, it is planned as 20-20-20 climate-energy package where until 2020, 20% of consumption should be met by renewable energies [27]. As a result of high variability and the non-dispatchable nature of these intermittent resources [28][29][30][31][32], increasing their share has caused many challenges in operation of power systems [33]. In this complicated situation, electricity market modeling has become considerably more important than before. ...
By increasing renewable resource penetration, the need for developing fast and reliable market modeling approaches in the presence of these resources has gained greater attention. In this paper, fuzzy Q-learning approach is proposed for hour-ahead electricity market modeling in presence of renewable resources. The proposed approach is implemented on IEEE 30-bus test system. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated and compared with Q-learning approach for both normal and stressful cases. Simulation results indicate that the proposed approach is able to model electricity market for a range of continuous multidimensional renewable power penetration in considerably less iterations compared with Q-learning approach. Moreover, the probability of finding Nash equilibrium is becoming higher by using fuzzy Q-learning approach, while the other indices such as average social welfare, average of locational marginal prices (LMPs), and average standard of deviation of LMPs do not change considerably.
Electric vehicles (EVs) have uncovered great enthusiasm from people in communal, the administration, and the foundation in current years. The pervasiveness of EVs is subsidized by their excellent ideal circum-positions diverging from ordinary inner-combustion vehicles including well-being, economy, and cleanness. EVs use power to control the vehicle, in this manner they are progressively steady and there would be no aroma of petroleum derivatives. The expense of the power is lower than that of petroleum derivatives, in this way EV is progressively efficient. In addition, petroleum derivatives are restricted assets and it takes excessively long for them to renew. In spite of that, power is increasingly ecological generous. The utilization of petroleum derivatives by vehicles has caused genuine air contamination, particularly in urban areas. With previously mentioned preferences, society has made a great exertion to investigate and develop EVs in the earlier years. However, with the high penetration of EVs load on the grid increases, and a problem arises for placement and sizing of the charging station. In this paper, various methods adopted for best placement and sizing of EVs are discussed in detail.KeywordsElectric VehiclePlacement and sizingOptimal placement
Myanmar's energy poverty has significantly hindered the economic and human development in the country. 66% of total population lives in rural areas, but Myanmar's national grid is concentrated in urban low-land areas, limiting the energy access amid rural populations. Although conventional rural electrification projects have largely deployed diesel generators for their low upfront cost, this study demonstrates the economic competitiveness of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and solar energy in enhancing rural energy access. Contrary to the conventional belief that these relatively new technologies are exorbitant options for low income groups, this study provides a practical solution for the leap-frogging of developing countries by proving that enhanced energy efficiency can offset the high upfront-cost of new technology options. This study compares performance among various energy configurations using HOMER and examines economic aspects of each option. For simulation, three load scenarios are designed and used to better reflect different local energy demands in rural villages. Findings confirm that a hybrid smart grid system maintains its economic and technical competitiveness under changing load conditions, while diesel based power generation is still necessary to ensure stable power supply. Finally, cost comparison with a grid extension option which the government of Myanmar is currently pursuing under its National Electrification Plan will reaffirm that the country should consider extensive adoption of sustainable energy technologies.
Energy crisis and environmental issues have encouraged the adoption of electric vehicle as an alternative transportation option to the conventional internal combustion engine vehicle. Recently, the development of smart grid concept in power grid has advanced the role of electric vehicles in the form of vehicle to grid technology. Vehicle to grid technology allows bidirectional energy exchange between electric vehicles and the power grid, which offers numerous services to the power grid, such as power grid regulation, spinning reserve, peak load shaving, load leveling and reactive power compensation. As the implementation of vehicle to grid technology is a complicated unit commitment problem with different conflicting objectives and constraints, optimization techniques are usually utilized. This paper reviews the framework, benefits and challenges of vehicle to grid technology. This paper also summarizes the main optimization techniques to achieve different vehicle to grid objectives while satisfying multiple constraints.
This paper presents the technical and economic analysis of PV battery charging stations in Kampot, Cambodia's situation. The solar radiation reflected by the air molecules, clouds and ground was obtained from the satellite data. The absorption of solar radiation due to water vapor was calculated from precipitable water derived from ambient relative humidity and temperature from Cambodian meteorological stations. The annual solar radiation from January to reach a peak in the summer months of March and April each year and the yearly map showed the features of a high solar radiation pattern in the southeast of Cambodia. The average value is 5.10kWh/m 2 /day can be observed in the southeast of the country. With the highest values of solar radiation, solar PV battery charging stations (PVBCS) will be installed in each village, which are not electrified by national grid or mini-grid projects by 2020, and where no battery charging station is currently operating in order to ensure that the Royal Government of Cambodia's political objective of 100% village having electricity supply by 2020 from different sources of energy. With capacity of 10kW PV battery charging station in Kampot was calculated to evaluate and compare the technical and economic evaluation of c-Si PV modules and diesel battery charging station under the Kampot climate. The present electricity price of rural areas is about 0.22US$/kWh showed that c-Si PV modules present not only high NPV (15,986US$), IRR (0.041%), BCR (1.52) but shorter payback period (8.82 years) than the diesel battery charging station of 0.22US$/kWh with the NPV (7,450US$), IRR (12%), BCR (1.70) and payback period (14.74 years) values. Based on the technical and economic evaluation of c-Si PV battery charging station, in fact, pointed the most suitable technology for people in rural areas in the kingdom of Cambodia. Index Terms—Techno-economic analysis, PV battery charging.
Myanmar is among the least electrified countries in the world. Prospects are examined to assess the opportunity for a paradigm shift to deliver rapid relief from electricity poverty and change the trajectory of national development. Expansion of electricity supply is currently planned around the model of large power plants and a national grid. Experience elsewhere suggests it will take several decades for this model to supply electricity to most of the population and come at considerable cost to environmental quality, particularly rivers. However, there are signs that a distributed generation model could be widely developed over several years. Already, local markets are supplying domestic electricity generation systems. In 2012 development partners identified opportunities for interventions to reduce electricity poverty. Several successful commercial models for supplying affordable electricity to poor people in neighbouring countries could be adapted to Myanmar. Furthermore, market and technological trends in distributed power generation are coherent with national policy goals of securing energy independence and increasing use of renewable sources. Given the scale of unmet demand and clean energy resources, particularly solar and biomass, an opportunity is open for alleviating electricity poverty in years, rather than decades. If a hybrid centralized-distributed power system emerges over the next few years Myanmar may be better placed to resist and adapt to climate change and global shifts in energy markets.
Developing countries have collectively displayed relatively high growth rates in the last decade. Although large disparities still persist in standards of living, low and middle income countries averaged economic growth of 6.2% between 2000 and 2008, pulling 325 million people out of poverty (World Bank, 2010). Global growth has been accompanied by environmental degradation and in some cases there are growing numbers of people still living in poverty. Key questions for development planning today in countries include: Can developing countries strike a balance between economic growth, societal well-being and environmental protection? Can inclusive, green growth be a way forward? This report presents a case study on Cambodia designed to answer these questions. The case study draws on several sources of information to compile a “snapshot” of the situation today. In particular, qualitative information was gathered through a two-day, multi-stakeholder workshop and through bilateral interviews conducted with relevant actors from both public and private sectors. It also draws on relevant literature to present a balanced picture of the state of play on green growth in Cambodia.
Battery charging systems are very important in many developing countries where rural families cannot afford a solar-battery home system or other electricity options, but they can afford to own a battery (in some cases more than one battery) and can pay for it to be charged on a regular basis. Because the typical households that use batteries are located far from the grid, small wind battery charging stations can be a cost-competitive options for charging batteries. However, the technical aspects of charging numerous 12-volt batteries on one DC bus with a small permanent magnet alternator wind turbine suggest that a special battery charging station be developed. NREL conducted research on two different types of wind battery charging stations: a system that uses one charge controller for the entire DC bus and charges batteries in parallel strings of four batteries each, and one that uses individual charge controllers for each battery. The authors present test results for both system configurations. In addition, modeling results of steady-state time series simulations of both systems are compared. Although the system with the single charge controller for the entire bus is less expensive, it results in less efficient battery charging. The authors also include in the paper a discussion of control strategies to improve system performance and an economic comparison of the two alternative system architectures.
Solar energy systems (photovoltaics, solar thermal, solar power) provide significant environmental benefits in comparison to the conventional energy sources, thus contributing, to the sustainable development of human activities. Sometimes however, their wide scale deployment has to face potential negative environmental implications. These potential problems seem to be a strong barrier for a further dissemination of these systems in some consumers.To cope with these problems this paper presents an overview of an Environmental Impact Assessment. We assess the potential environmental intrusions in order to ameliorate them with new technological innovations and good practices in the future power systems. The analysis provides the potential burdens to the environment, which include—during the construction, the installation and the demolition phases, as well as especially in the case of the central solar technologies—noise and visual intrusion, greenhouse gas emissions, water and soil pollution, energy consumption, labour accidents, impact on archaeological sites or on sensitive ecosystems, negative and positive socio-economic effects.
Energy consumption is one of the indices in determining the levels of development of a nation. Therefore, availability of energy supply to all sectors of life in any country is crucial for its development. These exists shortage of all kinds of energy, particularly electricity which is badly needed for economic development. Electricity from the sun which is quite abundant in most of the developing countries is used in rural areas to meet basic electricity needs of a rural community. Today's electricity supply in Myanmar is generated by fuel generators and hydroelectric power plants. However, far-flung areas which are away from National Grids cannot enjoy the electricity generated by these sources. Since Myanmar is a land of plentiful sunshine, especially in central and southern regions of the country, the first form of energy-solar energy could hopefully become the final solution to its energy supply problem. The direct conversion of solar energy into electricity using photovoltaic system has been receiving intensive installation not only in developed countries but also in developing countries. It is mainly intended to present solar energy potential and application in Myanmar. It is also wanted to get the benefits of using solar energy for people in remote areas which are not yet connected to the national grids because of the high price of fossil fuel.
In rural areas of the Mekong Countries, the problem of electricity supplying rural communities is particularly alarming. Supplying power to these areas requires facilities that are not economically viable. However, government programs are under way to provide this product that is vital to community well being. A nation priority of Mekong Countries is to provide electrical power to people in rural areas, within normal budgetary constraints. Electricity must be introduced into rural areas in such a way that maximize the technical, economic and social benefit. Another consideration is the source of electrical generation and the effects on the natural environment. The main research purpose is to implement field tests, monitoring and evaluation of the PV-Diesel Hybrid System (PVHS) at the Energy Park of School of Renewable Energy Technology (SERT) in order to test the PVSH working under the meteorological conditions of the Mekong Countries and to develop a software simulation called RES, which studies the technical and economic performance of rural electrification options. This software must be easy to use and understand for the energy planner on rural electrification projects, to evaluate the technical and economic performance of the PVHS based on the renewable energy potential for rural electrification of the Mekong Country by using RES. Finally, this project aims to give guidance for the possible use of PVHS application in this region, particularly in regard to its technical and economic sustainability. PVHS should be promoted according to the principles of proper design and adequate follow up with maintenance, so that the number of satisfied users will be achieved. PVHS is not the only possible technology for rural electrification, but for the Mekong Countries it is one of the most proper choices. Other renewable energy options such as wind, biomass and hydro power need to be studied in future. In ländlichen Gebieten der Mekong-Länder stellt die Elektrifizierung abgelegener Dörfer und Gemeinden ein besonderes Problem dar. Die Energieversorgung dieser Gegenden erfordert Versorgungseinheiten, die häufig unter ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten nicht sinnvoll realisierbar sind. Allerdings wurden staatliche Förderungsprogramme initiiert, die den Aufbau von Energieversorgungsanlagen ermöglichen, die für den Wohlstand einer Region eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Eines der Hauptziele der Mekong-Länder ist es, die ländliche Elektrifizierung im Rahmen normaler finanzieller Möglichkeiten durchzuführen. Die Einführung der Energieversorgung in den betreffenden Regionen muss in einer Weise durchgeführt werden, die einen maximalen Nutzen für die Gebiete in technischer, ökonomischer und sozialer Hinsicht bedeutet. Weiterhin ist die Wahl der Energiequelle und deren Einfluss auf die Umwelt zu bedenken. Der Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit liegt in der Implementierung von Feldtests und der Überwachung und Auswertung des PV-Diesel-Hybridsystems (PVHS) im Energy Park der School of Renewable Energy Technology (SERT), um die Funktion des PVHS unter den klimatischen Bedingungen eines Mekong-Landes zu testen. Des weiteren wurde eine Simulationssoftware entwickelt, mit der Energieversorgungssysteme unter Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen (RES) auf ihre ökonomische Eignung zur Elektrifizierung ländlicher Gebiete untersucht werden können. Diese Software muss einfach zu handhaben und für den Anlagenplaner leicht verständlich sein. Das PVHS wird im Hinblick auf die technische und ökonomische Leistungsfähigkeit unter dem Dargebot der Erneuerbaren Energiequellen in einem Mekong Land untersucht. Im Anschluss wird eine Anleitung für mögliche Anwendungen von PVHS in den genannten Regionen gegeben, insbesondere im Hinblick auf ihre technische und ökonomische Nachhaltigkeit. PVHS sollten vorangetrieben werden, indem sie angemessen ausgelegt und in der Folge in ausreichendem Maße für Wartung und Reparatur gesorgt ist. Nur dann können die Nutzer auf Dauer zufrieden gestellt werden. PVHS sind nicht die einzige Möglichkeit zur Elektrifizierung abgelegener Gebiete, aber für die Mekong-Länder stellen sie eine gute Wahl dar. Andere Optionen zur Nutzung Erneuerbarer Energien wie Wind, Biomasse und Wasserkraft sollten Gegenstand zukünftiger Forschung sein.
It is a cliché to say that we live in a globalized world in which investment flows. Communications, and the operations of multinationals from all parts of the world have changed the character of the international business environment. But they say the concept of globalization poses as many questions as it answers, and it is the purpose of this book to address these challenges. In Governments, Globalization, and International Business a prestigious group of international scholars describe and analyse the deepening globalization of the world economy and its implication for governments, firms, and different regions of the world. In doing so, they also consider the increasing mobility of knowledge and information, the role of multinational entrepreneurs, and the sovereignty of nation states in an emerging borderless world. After the introduction by the editor, the book is arranged in three parts: The analytical framework (5 chapters), Country case studies (10 chapters), and The implications for national and supra‐national governments (2 chapters).
Introduction * Myths, Pitfalls and Oversights * Ten Features of Successful Renewable Markets * An A to Z of Stakeholders * The Politics of Achieving Legislation * A Harsh Environment: The Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation and the UK Renewables Industry * Renewable Policy Lessons from the US: The Need for Consistent and Stable Policies * Development of Renewable Energy in India: An Industry Perspective * Spanish Renewable Energy: Successes and Untapped Potential * A History of Support for Solar Photovoltaics in Germany * Sustainable Energy Policy Reform in Cambodia *
A hybrid power system is an emerging power generation technique which involves a combination of different energy systems, mostly renewables for optimal output configuration. In modern pursuit for renewable energy (RE) development, optimum conditions for the production and utilization of energy system are considered to be an indispensable feature for economic load dispatch. This is a rationalizing fact taking into consideration the rising price of energy for socio-economic development. Therefore, this paper reviews primary issues regarding the drivers and specific benefits of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES). Moreover, this paper presents discussions on the various renewable energy sources which can be explored for HRES implementation. Finally, the framework unfolds a vivid review on factors to be considered for designing and implementation of HRES in general including simulation and optimization software packages for making such analyses.
An attempt to assess solar lantern based lighting option for street vendors (often without access to grid electricity) in the city of Dehradun through a questionnaire based survey is presented. Survey results indicate that the vendors are more likely to adopt a lighting device on rental mode that offers the benefit of low operation cost and high reliability.
The study points that the city has potential for 10 Central Charging Stations of 1200 Wp capacity each. Each station would cater to the lighting needs of 100 vendors. Based on the vendors willingness to pay for lighting services, estimated minimum acceptable daily rental to an entrepreneur operating a station is Rs 3.97. This is about 45% of the average daily rental of Rs 8.90 that the vendors are willing to pay. For daily rental ranging between Rs 4.00 to Rs 9.00, the mark-up for the entrepreneur would range from 16 to 160%.
In Lao PDR, a least developed country in South-East Asia, provision of electricity to remote areas is a high priority for the Government, which has the objective of electrifying 90% of the population (in terms of number of households) by the year 2020. While this objective is commendable and tremendous progress has been made over the past 10 years in terms of rural electrification, some important questions remain unanswered. Currently, grid extension is the main technical option considered. One of the main reasons for this push for grid extension is the assumption that access to the grid means development. However, when analysed closely, the reality from the field is far more complex. Although grid electricity has tremendous potential to provide economic development opportunities in rural areas, it also has some drawbacks. In particular, productive activities fail to develop in many grid connected villages where the demand for electricity remains low even after a few years after having been grid electrified. This paper argues that alternative options to grid extension, e.g. off-grid decentralised renewable energy (DRE), exist, are often more attractive financially and could be promoted more effectively. These technologies can be cheaper than grid extension, even on a like-for-like comparison.2 DRE technologies also provide opportunities for development, even without driving large productive loads. These opportunities are presented in terms of 1) the flexibility of needs that DRE technologies can satisfy, 2) empowerment of rural communities and 3) decentralised decision making processes. So far, the promotion of DRE in Laos has not always been successful, but this should not be an argument against promoting these options. A close look at recent rural electrification project budgets reveals indeed that grid extension is far more subsidised than DRE, raising concerns about the social equity of such projects.
Every hour, the sun emits more energy onto the Earth's surface than our entire world population uses in one year (Green Fuel, 2013, http://www.greenfuelsolar.com/solar-fact-or-fiction/) Solar power provides us with the possibility of a cleaner and more renewable future. Global climate change as a result of greenhouse gases and the effects of low air quality caused by pollutants have become very substantial issues in our world today. The costs associated with greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions, and the effect they have on human lives and human health, are major and growing concerns. The development and installation of solar powered charging stations will reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere, future costs associated with climate change, and health issues. Thus, there is environmental, social, and economic value associated with the installation of solar powered charge stations. Solar powered charging stations have the potential of significantly reducing air pollutants and improving urban air quality. The electrification of transportation and the use of solar powered charging stations as an electricity source will improve people's quality of life. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2013
Research works on hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrifications have been quite intensive in recent years. Traditional power systems for remote or rural areas are based on fossil fuels. After addition of renewable energy resources, solar energy applications have become popular in remote energy systems. The recent study and research works show that adding other possible renewable energy resources such as wind, hydro and biomass could make a hybrid system more cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Hence, in the present study, an overview of applied hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for worldwide villages with special attention on Malaysia has been proposed to help present and future works for better achievement in this field. Furthermore, a proper design and analysis for one village in Malaysia based on proposed combination is provided. The results show that combination of photovoltaic-wind -battery is defined as a cost-effective HRES for villages in Malaysia.
Diesel power technology has been utilized worldwide, especially in remote regions, because of its low initial capital cost. But it has negative effects on the surrounding environment and causes global warming. On the other hand, depleting oil and fuel resources has made it inevitable to seek alternative/renewable energy resources. In Iran, the cost of fuel is highly subsidized. If Iran removes the fuel subsidy, the cost of diesel fuel would increase and the photovoltaic (PV) or hybrid PV/diesel systems would become more attractive. Hybrid photovoltaic/diesel/battery (PV/diesel/bat) systems which use PV energy, combined with diesel generation power and battery bank storage are an excellent solution to decrease diesel generator costs, pollution, and electrification of remote rural areas. In this article, a study using PV/diesel/bat power systems to meet typical load requirements in a remote region in Kerman, Iran is investigated under four different diesel generator fuel price scenarios. A simple optimization method is used to determine the systems with high reliability and low costs. The method used, which is based on annual electrical demand, solar radiation data, and rated power of the diesel generator consists of two parts: The model of loss of power supply probability and the model of the levelized cost of energy. Results show that only under a subsidized diesel fuel price scenario, the diesel-only system has the minimum cost, but by the elimination of diesel fuel price subsidies, the role of the diesel generator decreases in hybrid (PV/diesel/bat) energy systems.
Lao PDR is in the process of developing a renewable energy strategy. Renewable energy is of central importance in achieving the electrification goal set by the government, particularly in the rural areas and outside the electricity grid. Furthermore, most of the household energy is based on renewable sources. A renewable energy strategy would facilitate the increase in the overall use and more effective use of renewable energy. The Ministry of Energy and Mines is the central agency in charge of the energy sector and of renewable energy and has the ieading role in preparing a renewable energy strategy. This paper will discuss the salient points of the new renewable energy strategy.
In this work, monthly average daily global solar irradiation over Cambodia was estimated from a long-term satellite data. A 14-year period (1995–2008) of visible channel data from GMS5, GOES9 and MTSAT-1R satellites were used to provide earth-atmospheric reflectivity. A satellite-based solar radiation model developed for a tropical environment was used to estimate surface solar radiation. The model relates the satellite-derived earth-atmospheric reflectivity to absorption and scattering coefficients of various atmospheric constituents. The absorption of solar radiation due to water vapour was calculated from precipitable water derived from ambient relative humidity and temperature. Ozone data from the TOMS and OMI satellite data were employed to compute the solar radiation absorption by ozone. The depletion of radiation due to aerosols was estimated from the visibility data. Five new solar radiation measuring stations were established at Cambodian cities, namely Siem Reap (13.87°N, 103.85°E), Kompong Thom (12.68°N, 104.88°E), Phnom Penh (11.55°N, 104.83°E), Sihanouke Ville (10.67°N, 103.63°E) and Kampot (10.70°N, 104.28°E). Global solar radiation measured at these stations was used to validate the model. The validation was also carried out by using solar radiation measured at four Thai meteorological stations. These stations are situated near the Cambodian border. Monthly average daily global irradiation from these stations was compared with that calculated from the model. The measured and calculated irradiation is in good agreement, with the root mean square difference of 6.3%, with respect to the mean values. After the validation, the model was used to calculate monthly average daily global solar irradiation over Cambodia. Based on this satellite-derived irradiation, solar radiation maps for Cambodia were generated. These maps show that solar radiation climate of this country is strongly influenced by the monsoons. A solar radiation database was also generated for solar energy applications in Cambodia.
Renewable energy resources provide a large share of the total energy consumption of many developing countries. Evaluation of these resources has not been made in many countries and in many cases, data necessary to estimate the resource availability is also not easily available. However, for the profitable and sustained exploitation of these resources, a knowledge of their availability should be known. This article presents a review of the current energy use of Laos, a country in South East Asia, and its renewable energy resource potential. Renewable energy resources, such as solar, biomass, wind, and hydro resources have been estimated and presented.
In line with sustainable development path, electrification with the aid of renewable energy resources is a key element for the developing countries. Cambodia with almost 85% rural population is one of the countries with high renewable energy resources but at the same time has a low installed capacity. In the context of this study, the potential and status of sustainable energy generation in Cambodia are studied in detail. The renewable energy policies, strategies and programs are investigated, and the implemented projects based on the determined policies are reviewed. Considering the existing governmental policy of enabling 70% of rural households to reach reliable electricity services by 2030, the renewable energy resources are found as the best option for rural electrification. The economic, regulatory, financial and institutional barriers are shown as the main cause of the significant deviation between the potential and installed capacity. It is essential to overcome the challenges in order to achieve a sustainable development in rural electrification in Cambodia.
a b s t r a c t Energy poverty and lack of electricity in the rural area exacerbate the poverty of the developing countries. The sustainable renewable technologies can be considered as efficient tools to reduce energy poverty whenever they are conducted based on an appropriate policy. Electricity can improve the human's lifestyle by increasing the level of health, education, welfare and technology. Currently, Sub-Sahara Africa with only 14.2% of rural electrification has the first rank in the world with lowest access to electricity, in that region around 585 million citizens has almost no access to electricity. The present study focuses on the general global policies to electrify the rural areas. In this regard, variety of plans and programs conducted by governmental and private institutes are investigated. In the year 2011, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has developed three global strategies based on the world energy market that defines the overall world energy approach. In the present work, different technologies for rural electrification are taken into account in two major categories of grid connected and off-grid systems. Furthermore, based on sustainable development with emphasis on environmental considera-tion, the feasibility of electrification by using different types of renewable energies such as solar, biomass, hydro, wind and wave have been studied. Despite reliability of grid connection, results indicate that renewable energy sources are the best choice especially in areas far from grid connections. Challenges between financial institutes and executive agencies result in resource management and technology development in order to overcome existing barriers and issues.
Electrical energy for remote areas has traditionally been obtained from diesel-engine driven alternators characterised by high running costs, low efficiency and high maintenance. Hybrid energy systems integrate renewable energy technologies with diesel generators, batteries, and inverters to provide highly reliable 24-h grid quality AC power to remote communities. This paper describes the application of hybrid energy systems to the electrification of remote communities in Australia. Results from a few field installations using solar and wind power are also included.
Around 76% of the 10,452 villages of Cambodia will still be without electricity in the year 2010. We examined the potential of biomass gasification fuelled by alternative resources of agricultural residues and woody biomass to increase rural power supply, using geographic and social economic databases provided by the Royal Government of Cambodia. About 77% of villages currently without electricity have sufficient land available for tree planting for electricity generation based on a requirement of 0.02 ha per household. Among 8008 villages with sufficient land, we assumed that those villages that had greater than 10% of households owning a television (powered by a battery or a generator) would have both a high electricity demand and a capacity to pay for electricity generation. Those 6418 villages were considered appropriate candidates for mini-grid installation by biomass gasification. This study demonstrated that while agricultural residues such as rice husks or cashew nut shells may have high energy potential, only tree farming or plantations would provide sufficient sustainable resources to supply a biomass gasification system. Cost per unit electricity generation by biomass gasification is less than diesel generation when the plant capacity factor exceeds 13%. In order to ensure long-term ecological sustainability as well as appropriate tree-farming technology for farmers, there is an urgent need for studies aimed at quantifying biomass production across multiple rotations and with different species across Cambodia.
The continuous decline of costs for renewable energy technology, together with the establishment of a mature alternative energy industry, has led to the increased utilisation of renewable energy sources for remote area power generation. Rural households in industrialised and less developed countries attach high value to a reliable supply of electricity even if its capacity is limited. The paper reviews the current state of the design and operation of stand-alone PV-diesel hybrid energy systems. It highlights future developments, which have the potential to increase the economic competitiveness of such systems and their acceptance by the user.
Photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems can make a positive contribution to the sustainability of rural communities in developing countries that do not have access to electricity grid. Integration of solar photovoltaic system with diesel generator for remote and rural areas would assist in expanding the electricity access in the tropical region. A survey of PV hybrid system in Thailand during the last decade regarding to status of technology, performance in terms of technical and economic aspects, and their prospects has been presented in this paper.
A relatively few successful applications of solar photovoltaic electric systems in developing countries may open the door to massive worldwide deployment of similar systems, conditioned upon affordable finance. The author discusses the implementation of PV systems from the 1960s to date, and then discusses five problems associated with such schemes: financial, institutional, interpersonal, infrastructural, and technical.< >
557 9.3.5. PV battery charging station at pale 558 10. Best Practices in BCS system
- ..........................................................................................., Thongwa Township................................................................................................................................................................................................. Yoma
Yoma bank............................................................................................ 557 9.3.5. PV battery charging station at pale, Thongwa township........................................................ 558 10. Best Practices in BCS system........................................................................................... 558 11. Conclusions........................................................................................................ 558 References............................................................................................................. 558 248,000 MW. Myanmar has also a huge hydropower potential of 100,000 MW. Most of the fossil fuel resources are in Yunnan Province and to a lesser extent in Vietnam. Myanmar has gas fields, mainly offshore. Thailand has limited domestic gas and oil reserves and relies on imports for its energy needs. Cambodia also relies on Fig. 1. Technology options for off-grid electrification. Fig. 2. Map of Mekong region countries. R. Pode / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 44 (2015) 543–560 References
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