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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Abdelrahim Satti et al, The Experiment, Jan.2013, Vol.6 (2), 330-337
INSECTICIDAL EFFECTS OF NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. JUSS) OILS OBTAINED FROM
NEEM BERRIES STORED AT DIFFERENT PERIODS
ABSTRACT
Among the studied botanicals worldwide neem tree is proved to be the richest in active compounds and one of potent sources of
natural biocides. Crude extracts of neem seeds showed significant results as insecticides in Sudan where optimum doses are
recommended for several vegetable pests. Since neem products of different ages are used for this purpose, laboratory experiments
were conducted to compare the insecticidal effects of crude oils extracted from seeds of neem berries stored at different durations
under normal room conditions. The 3rd instar larvae of Trogoderma granarium were used as test insects. Comparing all treatments, the
highest insect mortalities were attained by the highest concentration (5%) used. The general performance of the different products
revealed insignificant slight decreases in oil activities as the storage period of neem fruits increased from one to seven years, afterward
a sudden significant drop in potency was occurred for the eight-year old product. Moreover, the same trends were attained regarding
sorghum grains damaged by the larvae, as the lowest losses were shown by the highest oil concentration of the products stored
between one to seven years. Accordingly, it was advised that oils of neem products stored between one to seven years can be equally
used as effective natural insecticides, but newest products of one to four years old are preferable. However, the additive materials
incorporated in neem oil, which seemed to improve its potency, may need additional investigations.
KEYWORDS Neem oil; storage period; insecticidal effect; Trogoderma granarium; Sudan.
INTRODUCTION
In order to counter the potential hazards associated with extensive usages of synthetic chemicals, botanical extracts have been
suggested by many workers as suitable ecologically safe alternatives for combating agricultural pests and diseases in different parts of
the world1,2,3,4. Studies on botanical pesticides in Sudan dated back to 1980s when neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seeds water
extract was attempted against some agricultural pests at Hudeiba Research Station in the River Nile Province5. But, organized research
on natural pesticides was commenced in 1990s at the Environment and Natural Resources Research Institute in collaboration with
some universities. Since then several indigenous plants were screened, and promising results were obtained from different
species6,7,8,9.
However, among the studied plants neem tree was proved to be the richest in active compounds and the most potent as a source of
effective natural pesticides7,10,11,12. Enormous active ingredients are found in all botanical parts of the neem tree, but concentrated
largely in the seed kernels. Among these ingredients, a group of limonoids (triterpenoids) including azadirachtin nimbin, nimbidin,
salanin, salannol, quercetin, gedunin and many others are known to possess insecticidal properties, with the former one thought to be
the principal active compound. Azadirachtin acts against insects in two ways; as a potent antifeedant and as an insect growth regulator
through interference with the synthesis and release of the insect moulting hormone (ecdysteroids). Neem products also showed very
good repellent effects on different insects; and the earlier observation of Schmutterer on neem repellent to the desert locust in Sudan
was the first trigger of worldwide research on neem insecticides1,13. Hence, neem extracts of various polarities were investigated and
proved effective in controlling wide range of insects among Lepidoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera and Coleoptera. Moreover,
various neem extracts were also showed comparable or sometimes better effects than different synthetic insecticides6,14,15,16,17. Due to
the fact that neem ingredients principally act through a stomach action rather than contact effects, they proved to be safe for the
general predators in the field13,15,16,17,18,19,20.
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In Sudan, neem water and organic extracts were tested under laboratory and field conditions for controlling various agricultural pests,
and optimum doses of crude preparations were indicated and recommended for some vegetable crops5,17,20. Therefore, mature neem
seeds are collected during a short period between June and July every year and stored to be used whenever needed in the same season
or in subsequent years. However, it is questionable to what extent such seeds can remain effective under storage conditions. The
lonely first study conducted on this aspect showed that water extracts of neem seeds stored for up to four years were effective as new
seeds in controlling the larvae of Trogoderma granarium21. Notably, neem oil represents the highest portion (>45%) of neem seeds
that can be extracted and used in crude form, besides water extract, as effective natural insecticides22. Hence, the objective of this
research was to compare the insecticidal effects of neem oils obtained from seeds of neem berries stored at different years under
normal room conditions, using the khapra beetle (T. granarium) as a test insect.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two laboratory experiments were conducted at the Environment and Natural Resources Research Institute (ENRRI), National Centre
for Research (NCR), Khartoum-Sudan, to compare the insecticidal effects of neem oils prepared from seeds of neem fruits stored at
different durations under normal room conditions. The first experiment was conducted during October-November 2006 comparing the
products of three years (2003, 2004 and 2005), whereas the second experiment was performed during October-November 2012 using
the products of eight years (2005-2012).
Preparations of neem treatments
The neem fruits indicated for the two experiments were already collected from Shambat area, Khartoum North, during the fruiting
period (June-July) in each year and stored under normal room conditions in the laboratory. Neem seeds were cleaned from their
fruiting parts after being soaked in water for 6hrs, then dried under shade and ground into fine powders using an electric blender
(Moulinex®, Type MS-223). In both experiments, all samples of neem powders were extracted with hexane solvent in a soxhlet
apparatus. The obtained neem oils for the different studied products were emulsified with a cattle’s bile and a liquid soap in the first
and second experiments, respectively. Moreover, 0.5% gum Arabic was added in the second experiment so as to improve the adhesive
and emulsification properties of oils. Three concentrations (5%, 2.5% and 1.25%v/v) were used in the first experiment, but in the last
experiment only two concentrations (5%, 2.5%) were applied.
Bioassay tests
The 3rd instar larvae of the khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) were used as test insects to evaluate the insecticidal effects of the
different neem oil treatments in each experiment. Such larvae were segregated from a culture already preserved at the Botanical
Pesticides Unit in ENRRI. Petri dishes were used to accommodate each experiment where ten grams of sound and clean sorghum
grains were placed after being treated with the respective extract concentration. Ten larvae were introduced in each Petri dish with the
seeds and covered. Three replications were prepared for the treatments assigned in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Records
of larval mortalities and other observational were taken at regular intervals from treatments. The sorghum grains were weighed again
after half a month for the first experiment, and after one month for the second, so as to compare the loss in seeds weights among
different treatments. The ANOVA analysis was performed for each experiment and treatments were compared using Duncan's
Multiple Range test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the first experiment are shown in Table 1. It compares the effects of oils extracted from neem seeds stored at one
(product of 2003), two (2004) and three (2005) years, on mortality of the tested insects and the consequent sorghum damage. No
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significant effects were found at the fourth day of treatments. At the 7th day, all products exerted significant mortality effects, as
compared with the untreated control. At this stage, some variations were detected between the different extracts, with slight decrease
in mortality levels as the storage period increased. The highest mortalities were generally attained by the highest concentrations.
Thereafter, no significant differences were found between all extracts at 14 days interval. However, due to such short period of the
experiment (2 weeks) in addition to the high mortalities of insects, the very poor damage reflected on sorghum grains couldn’t be
assessed (Table 1). But, the important fact is that no significant differences were recognized between the three years seeds extracts.
Since no significant variations were obtained between the extracted oils of three years (Table 1), products of wide range (1-8 years)
were tested in the second experiment (Table 2). The treatments were also evaluated at 48h (2days) to check for the knockdown effects,
and followed for a further extended period (21 days) to observe the delayed actions in the latter experiment. However, it is obvious
that superior results were recorded by oils treatments in this experiment since the first count (48h), compared to the previous
experiment. This might be related to the kind of additive materials (gum Arabic and soap) incorporated in the second experiment. The
real effects of these materials, in relation to quantities added, on oil activity should be evaluated in future studies.
As explained in Table (2), the first count showed significant larval mortalities by most neem treatments compared with the untreated
control. The highest concentrations (5%) of seven years (2012-2006) products showed significantly comparable results, with higher
effects than the lowest concentrations. However, the oldest product (2005) was not different from the control. During the subsequent
counts the same trends were maintained, but gradual increases in mortality percents were appeared with time for all products, proving
the delayed actions of neem13,20. Similarly, the highest concentrations of oils for seven products (2012-2006) revealed the best
significant effects during all counts. Although, slight decreases in mortality percents were detected between these treatments with an
increase in storage period from one year to seven years, but they were significantly alike as mentioned above. Nevertheless, the
newest products of the last four years (2012-2009) were the best treatments, as they showed 100% larval mortalities after one week of
application. Again, the oil treatments of the oldest eight years’ neem seeds (2005) showed the lowest effects during the 7, 14 and 21
days intervals without significant differences from the control, except in some late counts.
The results of sorghum grains damaged by T. granarium larvae during the second experiment are presented in Table (3). All neem
extracts reflected significant reduction in grains damage with variable levels (1-5% damage) as compared with the control check (8%
damage). In correspondence with the above bioassay mortality results, the amounts of grains consumed were significantly lower in the
highest oil concentrations of seven years (2012-2006) products (1-3% damage) than in the rest of neem treatments (4-5% damage).
The two oil concentrations of the oldest seeds (2005) came next in order without significant differences from the lowest
concentrations of the other extracts.
Oil represents the highest portion that can be extracted from neem seeds. Maydell (1986) reported that neem kernels contain about 45
– 60% oil, hence more than 46% was obtained in Sudan through hexane extraction22,23. This is an added value when
commercialization of such neem product is considered. Since pure neem oil free of water can be extracted with organic solvents, it
was suggested that more concentration of active ingredients and more insecticidal activities can be achieved from neem oil than from
seed water extract. As indicated in several literatures, neem oil proved superior mortality effects over water and other organic solvents
extracted polar materials, which attributed to potent apolar secondary compounds largely of triterpenoidal derivation in the oil22,24. It
was demonstrated that neem oil is rich in active ingredients mainly azadirachtin and many other terpenoids such as salannin, nimbin,
meliantrol, isonimolicinolide, azadirone, azadiradione, meldenin, nimbonin, nimbidinin, vepinin and mahmoodin1,10. These active
substances showed considerable potentialities against various pests of stored and field crops, primarily through repellent, antifeedant,
growth regulatory and toxic effects1,25,26,27,28,29,30.
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Another credit which can be added to the potentiality of neem oil according to the current results is the high tolerance to long storage
durations of neem fruits, as there were no significant variations found among oils extracted from berries stored between one to seven
years. In other way, very minor insignificant deterioration of insecticidal activities of oil was occurred over seven years of fruit
storage, but significant drop in activities abruptly appeared after eight years. Accordingly, neem fruits stored for up to seven years can
be used fairly to obtain oil for insecticidal purpose, though fruits of one to four years old are preferable. These results also manifested
the superiority of polar compounds in neem oil over apolar extracts when the age of neem fruits is considered. It was found that the
activities of water and ethanol extracts of seeds were significantly deteriorated in neem fruits stored for more than four and three
years, respectively21,31. Therefore, the present results advocated the potentiality of neem oil and invite more research for proper
exploitation in pests’ control.
CONCLUSIONS
The results indicated that seeds oils obtained from neem berries stored for one to seven years under normal room conditions gave
significantly comparable insecticidal effects against the 3rd instar larvae of Trogoderma granarium, though the newest products of one
to four years old were relatively the best. However, significant reductions in activities were reported in oil treatments prepared from
the oldest fruits of eight years old. Therefore, fruits stored for up to seven years were advocated for preparing crude oil extracts, but
additional studies are needed regarding the additive materials for quality improvement.
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11. Saadabi, A.M.A. (1998). Nematicidal Activity of certain Sudanese plants with special emphasis on neem (Azadiratchta indica
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26. Ketkar, C.M. (1987). Use of tree-derived on-edible oils as surface protectants for stored legumes against Callosobruchus
maculatus and C. chinensis. Proc. 3rd Int. Neem Conf., Nairobi, Kenya, 1986, pp. 535-542.
27. Saxena, R.C., Jilani, G., and Abdul Karim, A. (1989). Effects of neem on stored grain insects. In: M. Jacobson (ed.), Focus
on Phytochemical Pesticides, Vol. 1, The Neem Tree, Boca Raton; Arc Press, pp. 97-111.
28. Zein El Abdin, A. M., and Siragelnour, G. B. (1993). Behavioural and biological responses of Epilachna elaterii (Rossi) to
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29. Gorashi, N.E., Mohamed, S.A., Nasr, O.E., and Fadlelmula, A.M. (1994). The effect of neem seed kernels and leaves extracts
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30. Saxena, R.C. (1995). Pests of stored products. In: H. Schmutterer (ed.). The neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, and other
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31. Mahmoud, A.K., Bedawi, S.M. and Satti, A.A. (2012). Insecticidal effects of neem seed kernels ethanolic extract as affected
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Treatments Mortality mean (±S.E.) percents at different
intervals
Grains consumed
4 days 7 days 14 days X±S.E. %
NSO-2003, at 5%
NSO-2003, at 2.5%
NSO-2003,at 1.25%
NSO-2004, at 5%
NSO-2004, at 2.5%
NSO-2004,at 1.25%
NSO-2005, at 5%
NSO-2005, at 2.5%
NSO-2005,at 1.25%
Control (untreated)
14.3±1.2 a
10.0±0.6 a
14.3±0.6 a
32.9±1.2 a
28.6±0.6 a
04.3±0.3 a
14.3±0.6 a
04.3±0.0 a
04.3±0.0 a
00.0±0.0 a
52.9±2.3 cd
47.1±1.7 de
38.6±1.7 e
61.4±2.9 bc
61.4±1.7 bc
52.9±1.7 cd
71.4±2.9 a
67.1±2.3 ab
67.1±1.7 ab
00.0±0.0 f
88.0±4.0 a
70.0±4.0 a
70.0±3.5 a
88.0±3.5 a
70.0±4.0 a
70.0±4.6 a
88.0±3.5 a
70.0±4.0 a
70.0±4.0 a
00.0±0.0 b
0.1±0.0 ab
0.1±0.1 ab
0.1±0.1 ab
0.1±0.0 ab
0.1±0.1 ab
0.1±0.1 ab
0.1±0.0 ab
0.1±0.1 ab
0.1±0.1 ab
0.2 ± 0.1 a
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
2.0%
CV% 100.0 25.0 9.5 44.4
NSO = Neem seeds oil extract.
Table 1. Effects of neem oil extracted from seed products of three years (2003-2005) on mortalities and feedings of the 3rd instar
larvae of Trogoderma granarium, at different intervals from treatments, during October-November 2006.
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Treatments Mortality mean (±S.E.) percents at different intervals
2 days 7 days 14 days 21 days
NSO-2005, at 5%
NSO-2005, at 2.5%
NSO-2006, at 5%
NSO-2006, at 2.5%
NSO-2007, at 5%
NSO-2007, at 2.5%
NSO-2008, at 5%
NSO-2008, at 2.5%
NSO-2009, at 5%
NSO-2009, at 2.5%
NSO-2010, at 5%
NSO-2010, at 2.5%
NSO-2011, at 5%
NSO-2011, at 2.5%
NSO-2012, at 5%
NSO-2012, at 2.5%
Control (untreated)
00.0 ± 0.0 g
03.3 ± 0.3 fg
36.7 ± 0.3 cde
23.3 ± 0.3 def
40.0 ± 0.6 cd
26.7 ± 0.3 de
46.7 ± 0.3 c
30.0 ± 0.6 cde
73.3 ± 0.3 b
26.7 ± 1.2 de
73.3 ± 0.3 b
10.0 ± 0.5 fg
80.0 ± 0.6 ab
20.0 ± 0.6 ef
93.3 ± 0.3 a
23.3 ± 0.3 def
00.0 ± 0.0 g
06.7 ± 0.3 f
03.3 ± 0.3 f
80.0 ± 0.6 ab
40.0 ± 0.0 de
76.7 ± 0.9 ab
63.3 ± 0.9 bc
86.7 ± 0.9 ab
53.3 ± 0.9 cd
100.0 ± 0.0 a
43.3 ± 1.9 cde
90.0 ± 0.6 a
33.3 ± 0.3 de
100.0 ± 0.0 a
36.7 ± 0.3 de
100.0 ± 0.0 a
30.0 ± 0.6 e
00.0 ± 0.0 f
26.7 ± 0.3 fg
13.3 ± 0.3 gh
96.7 ± 0.3 a
60.0 ± 0.6cde
90.0 ± 1.0 ab
73.3 ± 0.7abc
93.3 ± 0.3 ab
63.3 ± 0.7 cd
100.0 ± 0.0 a
63.3 ± 1.3 cd
93.3 ± 0.3 ab
43.3 ± 0.9 ef
100.0 ± 0.0 a
43.3 ± 0.3 ef
100.0 ± 0.0 a
53.3 ± 0.7 de
00.0 ± 0.0 h
46.7 ± 0.3 d
23.3 ± 0.3 e
96.7 ± 0.3 a
70.0 ± 0.6 bc
96.7 ± 0.3 a
76.7 ± 0.3 b
96.7 ± 0.3 a
73.3 ± 0.3 bc
100.0 ± 0.0a
66.7 ± 1.2 bc
100.0 ± 0.0 a
60.0 ± 0.6bcd
100.0 ± 0.0 a
56.7 ± 0.9 cd
100.0 ± 0.0 a
60.0 ± 1.0bcd
03.3 ± 0.3 f
CV% 23.9 21.4 15.6 12.7
NSO = Neem seeds oil extract.
Table 2. Effects of neem oil extracted from seed products of eight years (2005-2012) on mortalities of the 3rd instar larvae of
Trogoderma granarium, at different intervals from treatments, during October-November 2012.
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Treatments Amount (g) of grains consumed
X±S.E. %
NSO-2005, at 5%
NSO-2005, at 2.5%
NSO-2006, at 5%
NSO-2006, at 2.5%
NSO-2007, at 5%
NSO-2007, at 2.5%
NSO-2008, at 5%
NSO-2008, at 2.5%
NSO-2009, at 5%
NSO-2009, at 2.5%
NSO-2010, at 5%
NSO-2010, at 2.5%
NSO-2011, at 5%
NSO-2011, at 2.5%
NSO-2012, at 5%
NSO-2012, at 2.5%
Control (untreated)
0.5 ± 0.0 b
0.4 ± 0.2 bcd
0.2 ± 0.0 de
0.4 ± 0.0 bcd
0.3 ± 0.1 cde
0.4 ± 0.0 bcd
0.2 ± 0.0 de
0.4 ± 0.0 bcd
0.1 ± 0.0 e
0.5 ± 0.1 b
0.3 ± 0.0 cde
0.5 ± 0.0 b
0.1 ± 0.1 e
0.5 ± 0.1 b
0.3 ± 0.0 cde
0.5 ± 0.1 b
0.8 ± 0.0 a
5.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
1.0
5.0
3.0
5.0
1.0
5.0
3.0
5.0
8.0
CV% 26.3
NSO = Neem se
Table 3. Sorghum grains damaged by the 3rd instar larvae of Trogoderma granarium, after one month post treatments with seeds oils
of eight neem products (2005-2012), during October-November 2012
Abdalla Abdelrahim Satti*, Mokhtar Mohamed Elamin and Amir Ibrahim Futuwi
Environment and Natural Resources Research Institute (ENRRI), National Centre for Research, Khartoum, Sudan,
Email: satisattisat@yahoo.com
