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Einblicke in eine außergewöhnlich große Südseezuchtperle mittels Röntgen-Mikrocomputertomographie

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Zusammenfassung Eine außergewöhnlich große, barocke Südseezuchtperle aus Indonesien, wurde mit hochauflösender Röntgen-Mikrocomputertomographie untersucht. Mit den Maßen 34,6 mm x 40,3 mm gilt sie als die größte bekannte Südseezuchtperle. Die Untersuchungen zeigen einen inneren Hohlraum, der dem Verlauf des Perlmutts folgt und mit Flüssigkeit, Gas, sowie organischem Material gefüllt ist. Da die Perle noch ungebohrt war, sind diese Substanzen über die Dauer ihres Wachstums im Inneren der Perle eingeschlossen. Der Zuchtperlenkern misst 9,08 mm und ist lose. Die Stärke des Perlmutts beträgt durchschnittlich 2,3 mm und ist damit im oberen durchschnittlichen Bereich für Südseezuchtperlen. Die hier entwickelte Hypothese geht davon aus, dass der Hohlraum ursprünglich von schwammigem, wasserhaltigem, organischem Material eingenommen wurde, dessen frühe Bildung den jungen Perlsack aufblähte. So konnte sich Perlmutt auf dieser stützenden Oberfläche, aber mit Abstand zum Kern anlagern. Nachdem das organische Material vollständig von Perlmutt überzogen war, führte dessen Zersetzung zu den im Hohlraum beobachteten Gasen und Flüssigkeiten. Abstract A lustrous and exceptionally large baroque-shaped South Sea cultured pearl from Indonesia was studied by high-resolution X-ray computed microtomography (in the following: X-ray µ-CT). The specimen measures exceptionally 34.6 mm in width and 40.3 mm in length. Investigations showed a large internal cavity, filled with liquid, gas, and organic material. These substances are trapped within the pearl, since the specimen was yet undrilled. Furthermore the bead was localized in the lower part of the cavity and is unconnected to the surrounding layer of nacre. The nacre thickness averages 2.3 mm and the bead measures 9.08 mm, both well within the typical ranges for South Sea cultured pearls. It is proposed here, that the cavity was originally occupied by spongy, water-bearing organic material, which had inflated the young pearl sac and provided a supporting surface for nacre deposition at a far distance from the bead. After the organic material was fully coated by nacre, disintegration processes began, thus clearing the cavity and liberating gases, which accumulated within the pearl.
... Instead, the μ-CT datasets show the density changes between organic material and nacre. The not fully enclosed organic layers could represent "pseudoannuli" growth rings (Jacob et al., 2011), which are characteristic of continuous growth within a mollusk, whereas the use of beads as nuclei for fur-ther pearl growth would likely produce a prominent concentric layer of organic material, as often observed for bead cultured pearls (e.g., Karampelas et al., 2010;Krzemnicki et al., 2010;Otter et al., 2014b). These inner unenclosed growth rings also lead to questions about the intensity of the pearls' optical X-ray fluorescence, since most saltwater layers that cover freshwater layers/components (i.e., freshwater nuclei in most bead cultured pearls) mask the effects, producing weak to moderate fluorescence. ...
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Nacreous pearls are usually found in saltwater (SW) or freshwater (FW) environments, yet there are some reports of pearls originating from a brackish environment. Likewise, nacreous pearls may form naturally or by human manipulation (bead and non-bead cultured), but in some cases the origin is hard to prove and professional opinions are not always unanimous. Two pearls were examined by the authors, who were in the unique situation of being unable to positively identify either their origin (natural or cultured) or growth environment (FW versus SW). This in turn had a direct impact on the ability to determine which mollusk produced the pearls, a factor that would have helped answer the former two questions. It is very rare to find pearls for which all three of these criteria are in doubt, as usually it is straightforward to determine at least two of them. The results of this study illustrate the challenges that laboratories sometimes face when testing pearls.
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An exceptionally large, lustrous baroque-shaped South Sea cultured pearl from Indonesia was studied by high-resolution X-ray computed microtomography (X-ray μ-CT). The undrilled specimen measured 34.6 mm wide and 40.3 mm long. It was hollow and contained a loose bead. Analysis revealed a large internal cavity filled with liquid, gas, and organic material. The nacre thickness averaged 2.3 mm, and the bead measured 9.1 mm, both well within the typical ranges for South Sea cultured pearls. It is proposed that the cavity was originally occupied by spongy, water-bearing organic material, which inflated the pearl sac and provided a supporting surface for nacre deposition at a distance from the bead. After the nacre coating fully enclosed the organic material, gases were liberated and trapped inside the pearl. Online Version: http://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2014-otter-south-sea-cultured-pearl All rights by GIA/Gems & Gemology.
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The distinction of natural from cultured pearls traditionally has been based on X-radiography. X-ray computed microtomography (μ-CT) has recently been applied to gain more insight into pearl structures. Using this technique, this article presents features observed in a selection of natural pearls and beaded and non-beaded cultured pearls. Based on these observations, μ-CT is shown to be a powerful tool for pearl identification.
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X-ray computed microtomography reveals the internal features of pearls with great detail. This method is useful for identifying some of the natural or cultured pearls that are difficult to separate using traditional X-radiography. The long measurement time, the cost of the instrumentation, and the fact only one pearl at a time can be imaged are some of this method's disadvantages.
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