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An evaluation of Map Ta Phut
Industrial Estate s air pollution reduction
and elimination policy
S. Vajirakachorn & W. Phoochinda
School of Social and Environmental Development,
National Institute of Development Administration, Thailand
Abstract
This study is aimed at evaluating the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate air pollution
reduction and eliminating policy by applying Stake’s Countenance Model.
Data collection was performed using a questionnaire from 157 industrial factories
in the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate. For the assessment, the antecedent
factors included personal quality and resource availability. The transaction factors
included developing an action plan by the factory, the efficiency of the machine,
campaigning and public relations, and participation of the worker. The outcome
factors included the continuity of policy implementation. The main results showed
that the participation of the worker received the highest average score of 3.3
followed by efficiency of the machine with an average score of 3.2, developing an
action plan by the factory received the average score of 3.0, personal quality
received the average score of 2.90, availability of resources received the average
score of 2.75, and campaigning and public relations received the average score of
2.63. In addition, the outcome factor was equal to 2.93 for the continuity of policy
implementation.
Keywords: policy evaluation, air pollution policy, Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate.
1 Introduction
Under the East Coast Development Project (Phase 1, 1981–1994), Map Ta Phut
Industrial Estate was built in 1982 and declared as an industrial area, which used
natural gas as raw materials and materials for downstream industries. This was a
proactive strategy in developing the country during the period of the 5th National
’
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doi:10.2495/SC141292
The Sustainable City IX, Vol. 2 1523
Economic and Social Development plan (B.E.2525–2529). The industrial estate
was built to be a new manufacturing and industrial base for the country [1]. As the
industrial sector grew, there was no effective control of pollutants released by
factories to be in line with the law. Turning of residential areas into industrial areas
caused the buffer zone to disappear and led to many problems including the
problem of industrial pollution, the danger of chemical leaks, and lack of
confidence on the part of people resulting in complaints from the community. The
problem of chemical leaks started in June 1996 with the problem of unpleasant
smells of gas released by the refinery of Star Petroleum Refining Company
Limited. Following this, in 1997, Rayong Provincial Health Office coordinated
with the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate to investigate the refinery and nearby
factories to control the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. However,
circumstances worsened when teachers and students of Map Ta Phut Pittayakarn
School in the Mueng District in Rayong Province were exposed to strong chemical
smells produced by nearby factories on 23 June 1997. Forty students suffered from
various symptoms including headache, vomiting and chest pain. Some cases were
so severe that they had to be admitted into hospital. Later, the school had to be
closed. From this incident, the National Environment Board formed an ad hoc
working committee consisting of 4 units including the Pollution Control
Department, the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning, the Department of
Industrial Works and the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand to help reach a
solution to the problem. The committee resolved to evaluate the effect of air
quality in the atmosphere by using a mathematic model and suggested some
guidelines to manage the air pollution carrying capacity of Map Ta Phut areas [2].
From 2005 to 2006, Greenpeace Southeast Asia inspected air pollution in the
Map Ta Phut industrial areas and found that the level of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) such as vinyl chloride, dichloroethane and chloroform,
exceeded the air quality screening level of US-EAP (EPA Region 6 Screening
Level) of the United States [3]. This indicated that the air quality in Map Ta Phut
areas was in crisis and that people were at risk of developing cancer. The Pollution
Control Department, therefore, investigated the information and found that the
information was accurate. After that the National Environment Board suggested
that the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment consider the feasibility of
declaring Map Ta Phut as a pollution control area. Later, the National Environment
Board resolved to appoint an ad hoc sub-committee to address the pollution
problem and regulate the development of the areas in Rayong province with
respect to pollution control. An operational plan to reduce and eliminate pollution
in Rayong province from 2007 to 2011 was created.
The fact that Map Ta Phut was not declared as a pollution control area led the
people, communities and private development organizations launching an appeal
because they disagreed with the solution. Representatives from the people filed a
complaint on behalf of the Eastern People’s Network to the National Environment
Board asking the board to declare Map Ta Phut as a pollution control area but
received no answer. Therefore, they filed a lawsuit with the Administrative Court
against the National Environment Board claiming that the board was negligent in
their duties as determined by the Enhancement and Conservation of National
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1524 The Sustainable City IX, Vol. 2
Environment Quality Act, B.E. 2535 because the board did not declare Tambon
(sub district) Map Ta Phut and Map Ta Phut municipality and nearby areas as a
pollution control area. On 3 March 2009, the Rayong Administrative Court ruled
that the National Environment Board was negligent in not announcing the Map Ta
Phut Industrial Estate and nearby areas as a pollution control area. Later on 30
September 2009, the Central Administrative Court demanded that the 76 new
projects in the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate be suspended stating that
governmental units approved these projects while failing to comply with Section
67(2) of the Constitution B.E. 2550 which holds that any project or activity which
may seriously affect a community’s environmental quality, its natural resources or
its people’s health, is prohibited unless these environmental and health impacts are
studied and assessed; public hearings process are held to obtain the opinions of
people and stakeholders; and independent organizations provide opinions and
comments prior to the implementation of such project or activity [4].
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the air pollution reduction and
elimination policy of the government, including the declaration of Tambon Map
Ta Phut and nearby areas as a pollution control area, the resolution of the problem
of adhering to Section 67(2) of the Thai Constitution B.E. 2550, the approval of
urgent projects to address people’s problems and reduce and eliminate pollution
in 32 projects in Map Ta Phut and nearby areas totally 1,432 million baht starting
from December 2009.
2 Evaluation framework and methodology
An evaluation may be defined as the careful, retrospective assessment of merit,
worth, and value of the administration, output and outcome of government
interventions, which is intended to play a role in future practical action situation
[5]. This research project studied the success of government policy
implementation in reducing and eliminating air pollution produced by industrial
factories in the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate. The research methods included a
study of secondary data gathered from literature review, and questionnaires
conducted with 157 industrial factories in the Map Ta Phut real estate. Stake’s
Countenance Model [6] served as a framework for the evaluation.
According to the Stake model which was originally developed for educational
program, his scheme draws attention to the differences between descriptive and
judgmental acts following the phase in an educational program; antecedent,
transaction, and outcome [7]. However, in order to apply the model for policy
evaluation, Vedung [8] elaborates that the antecedent phase consists of events and
conditions existing prior to the intervention that may determine, or relate to, its
results. The transaction stage involves processes preceding program delivery as
well as program delivery itself. Finally, outcome is events and actions immediately
succeeding the delivery of the intervention. It might be equated to “outcome” in
the general systems scheme.
In this study, the success of policy was assessed in 3 phases according to Stake
model which were antecedent factors, transaction factors, and outcome factors.
For our assessment, the antecedent factors included personal quality, and available
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of resource. The transaction factors included developing an action plan by the
factory, efficiency of the machine, campaigning and public relations,
and participation of worker. The outcome factor included the continuity of policy
implementation. The evaluation framework can be concluded as shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1: Evaluation framework.
3 The assessment of policy implementation
3.1 Antecedent factors
3.1.1 Personal quality
More than half (51.6%) of the respondents agreed that there were enough
personnel to implement the policy. The percentage of the respondents who felt
neutral equaled that of those who strongly agreed at 19.7%. 1.3% strongly
disagreed. More than half (56.7%) agreed that the personnel had good knowledge
regarding the reduction and elimination of air pollution. 24.8% strongly agreed
and 0.6% strongly disagreed. 54.1% agreed that the personnel were experienced
in reducing and eliminating air pollution. 23.6% strongly agreed and 1.3% strongly
disagreed. The highest majority of the respondents (42.7%) agreed that the
personnel in the unit had been trained in how to reduce and eliminate air pollution.
26.8% strongly agreed and 1.3% strongly disagreed. The question that received
the highest average score (3.1) in this category (personnel quality) was the
question that asked if the personnel directly responsible had good knowledge
The assessment of policy in reducing and eliminating
air pollution
Antecedent
- Personal quality
- Availability of
resources
Transaction
- Developing an action
plan
-Efficiency of the machine
- Campaigning and public
relations
- Participation of worker
Outcome
- Continuity of policy
implementation
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1526 The Sustainable City IX, Vol. 2
regarding the reduction and elimination of air pollution. The question that received
the second highest average score (3.0) was the question that asked if the personnel
directly responsible were experienced in reducing and eliminating air pollution.
The question that received the lowest average score (2.6) was the question that
asked if the personnel in the unit had been trained how to reduce and eliminate air
pollution. The results are shown in Table 1.
3.1.2 Availability of resources
The highest majority (39.5%) of the respondents agreed with the fact that there
was enough budget allocated for the reduction and elimination of air pollution
compared to the amount of work the unit had. 28.7% had neutral opinions and
3.2% strongly disagreed. 39.5% agreed with the fact that there were enough
personnel responsible for the unit’s projects and campaigns aimed to reduce and
eliminate air pollution. 30.6% had neutral opinions and 2.5% strongly disagreed.
The highest majority (43.9%) of the respondents agreed that techniques and
technologies used to reduce and eliminate air pollution could be used efficiently.
26.1% strongly agreed and 1.9% strongly disagreed. 51.6% agreed with the fact
that equipment and apparatus related to the reduction and elimination of air
pollution were adequate and of good quality. 21.7% strongly agreed and 1.3%
strongly disagreed. As for the information in this category, the question that asked
whether techniques and technologies used to reduce and eliminate air pollution
could be used efficiently received the highest score of 2.9. The question that
received the second highest score (2.8) was the one that asked whether equipment
and apparatus related to the reduction and elimination of air pollution were
adequate and of good quality. The question that received the lowest score (2.6)
was the one that asked if there were enough personnel responsible for the unit’s
projects and campaigns aimed to reduce and eliminate air pollution. The results
are shown in Table 1.
3.2 Transaction factors
3.2.1 Developing an action plan
More than half (51.0%) of the respondents agreed that the unit developed an action
plan to implement the policy. 27.4% strongly agreed with this while the percentage
of those who strongly disagreed equaled that of those who disagreed at 1.9%. More
than half (56.1%) agreed that the unit followed the action plan to implement the
policy. 26.1% strongly agreed with the fact while 1.9% strongly disagreed. More
than half (53.5%) of the respondents agreed that the unit followed up and evaluated
the results of following the action plan to implement the policy. 28.7% strongly
agreed while 1.3% strongly disagreed. Three questions regarding developing the
action plan received the equal highest average score (3.0). These three questions
were the question that asked if the unit developed an action plan to implement the
policy, the question that asked if the action plan was followed in order to
implement the policy to reduce and eliminate air pollution, and the question that
asked if the results of the action plan were followed up. The results are shown in
Table 2.
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Table 1: Data related to antecedent factor.
Question 1 2 3 4 5 N/A Average
Personal quality
1) There are enough personnel
to implement the policy in
eliminating and reducing
pollution.
2
(1.3)
12
(7.6)
31
(19.7)
81
(51.6)
31
(19.7)
0
(0.0)
2.9
(medium)
2) The personnel have good
knowledge regarding the
reduction and elimination of air
pollution.
1
(0.6)
6
(3.8)
22
(14.0)
89
(56.7)
39
(24.8)
0
(0.0)
3.1
(medium)
3) The personnel are
experienced in reducing and
eliminating air pollution.
2
(1.3)
7
(4.5)
26
(16.6)
85
(54.1)
37
(23.6)
0
(0.0)
3.0
(medium)
4) The personnel in the unit
have been trained how to
reduce and eliminate air
pollution.
2
(1.3)
6
(3.8)
40
(25.5)
67
(42.7)
42
(26.8)
0
(0.0)
2.6
(medium)
Average 2.90
(medium)
Availability of resources
5) There is enough budget
allocated for the reduction and
elimination of air pollution
compared to the amount of
work the unit has.
5
(3.2)
6
(3.8)
45
(28.7)
62
(39.5)
37
(23.6)
2
(1.3)
2.7
(medium)
6) There are enough personnel
responsible for the unit’s
projects and campaigns aimed
to reduce and eliminate air
pollution.
4
(2.5)
12
(7.6)
48
(30.6)
62
(39.5)
37
(23.6)
2
(1.3)
2.6
(medium)
7) Techniques and
technologies used to reduce
and eliminate air pollution
could be used efficiently.
3
(1.9)
5
(3.2)
37
(23.6)
69
(43.9)
41
(26.1)
2
(1.3)
2.9
(medium)
8) Equipment and apparatus
related to the reduction and
elimination of air pollution are
adequate and of good quality.
2
(1.3)
11
(7.0)
27
(17.2)
81
(51.6)
34
(21.7)
2
(1.3)
2.8
(medium)
Average 2.75
(medium)
Remark The average of 1–2.33 means low; The average of 2.34–3.66 means medium;
The average of 3.67–5 means high
5 = Strongly agree; 4 = Agree; 3 = Neutral;
2 = Disagree; 1 = Strongly disagree
3.2.2 Efficiency of the machine
The highest majority (42.7%) of the respondents agreed with the fact that the
current machines were modern and could reduce air pollution at a standard level.
36.9% strongly agreed and 1.3% disagreed. The highest majority (47.8%) of the
respondents agreed with the fact that the machines were constantly maintained
according to their maintenance schedule. 43.3% agreed while 1.3% had strongly
disagreed. 41.4% agreed with the fact that air pollution gauges were accurate and
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reliable. 39.5% strongly agreed with this while 0.6% said they strongly disagreed
and another 0.6% said they disagreed. For the questions regarding the efficiency
of machines, the question that asked if the machines were constantly maintained
according to their maintenance schedule received the highest average score of 3.3.
The question that asked if air pollution gauges were accurate and reliable received
the second highest average score of 3.2. The question that asked if the current
machines were modern and could reduce air pollution at a standard level received
the lowest score of 3.1 as shown in Table 2.
3.2.3 Campaigning and public relations
The highest majority (45.2%) of the respondents agreed that the unit constantly
informed news on the reduction and elimination of air pollution. 23.6% felt neutral
while 3.2% strongly disagreed. The highest majority (33.8%) of the respondents
agreed that the unit continually posted information and statistical data regarding
the updated levels of air pollution on a notice board. 31.2% felt neutral and 5.7%
strongly disagreed. 43.3% agreed that there were public relations done to inform
employees about air pollution reduction. 25.5% felt neutral while 3.8% strongly
disagreed. Two questions regarding campaigning and public relations received the
equal highest average score of 2.7. These two questions were the question that
asked if the unit constantly informed news on the reduction and elimination of air
pollution and the question that asked if there were public relations done to inform
employees and communities about air pollution reduction. The question that asked
if the unit continually posted information and statistical data regarding the updated
levels of air pollution on a notice board received the second highest score of 2.5
as shown in Table 2.
3.2.4 Participation of workers
More than half (55.4%) of the respondents said they always immediately report to
the person in charge when any equipment or machines were out of order. 38.2%
said they often did it and 5.1% said they sometimes did it. More than half (51%)
of the respondents said they always performed their duty willingly when assigned
to be a member of a committee or a working team that was responsible for
activities related to the reduction and elimination of air pollution. 40.8% said they
often did it while 1.3% said they never did it. The highest majority (44.6%) said
they often encouraged their colleagues to form a working team in managing
projects related to the reduction and elimination of air pollution. 31.8% said they
always did that while 1.3% said they never did it. The question that received the
highest average score (3.5) in this category was the question that asked
the respondents if they immediately reported to the person in charge when any
equipment or machines were out of order. The question that received the second
highest average score (3.4) was the one that asked if the respondents always
performed their duty willingly when assigned to be a member of a committee or a
working team that was responsible for activities related to the reduction and
elimination of air pollution. The question that received the lowest average score
(3.0) was the question that asked whether the respondents encouraged their
colleagues to form a working team in managing projects related to the reduction
and elimination of air pollution as shown in Table 2.
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Table 2: Data related to transaction factors.
Question 1 2 3 4 5 N/A Average
Developing an action plan
1) The unit developed an action
plan to implement the policy
3
(1.9)
3
(1.9)
26
(16.6)
80
(51.0)
43
(27.4)
2
(1.3)
3.0
(medium)
2) The unit followed the action
plan to implement the policy.
3
(1.9)
4
(2.5)
19
(12.1)
88
(56.1)
41
(26.1)
2
(1.3)
3.0
(medium)
3) The unit followed up and
evaluated the results of
following the action plan to
implement the policy.
2
(1.3)
3
(1.9)
21
(13.4)
84
(53.5)
45
(28.7)
2
(1.3)
3.0
(medium)
Average
3.0 (medium)
Efficiency of the Machine
4) Current machines are modern
and could reduce air pollution at
a standard level.
3
(1.9)
2
(1.3)
23
(14.6)
67
(42.7)
58
(36.9)
4
(2.5)
3.1
(medium)
5) The machines are constantly
maintained according to their
maintenance schedule.
2
(1.3)
0
(0.0)
10
(6.4)
68
(43.3)
75
(47.8)
2
(1.3)
3.3
(medium)
6) Air pollution gauges are
accurate and reliable.
1
(0.6)
1
(0.6)
26
(16.6)
65
(41.4)
62
(39.5)
2
(1.3)
3.2
(medium)
Average 3.2 (medium)
Campaigning and Public Relation
7) The unit constantly informs
news on the reduction and
elimination of air pollution.
5
(3.2)
11
(7.0)
37
(23.6)
71
(45.2)
33
(21.0)
0
)0.0(
2.7
(medium)
8) The unit continually posts
information and statistical data
regarding the updated levels of
air pollution on a notice board.
9
(5.7)
17
(10.8)
49
(31.2)
53
(33.8)
29
(18.5)
0
(0.0)
2.5
(medium)
9) There were public relations
done to inform employees and
communities about air pollution
reduction.
6
(3.8)
12
(7.6)
40
(25.5)
68
(43.3)
31
(19.7)
0
(0.0)
2.7
(medium)
Average 2.63 (medium)
Participation according to the policy to reduce and eliminate air pollution
10) You immediately report to
the person in charge when any
equipment or machines are out
of order.
0
(0.0)
0
(0.0)
8
(5.1)
60
(38.2)
87
(55.4)
2
(1.3)
3.5
(medium)
11) You perform your duty
willingly when assigned to be a
member of a committee or a
working team that is responsible
for activities related to the
reduction and elimination of air
pollution.
2
(1.3)
0
(0.0)
9
(5.7)
64
(40.8)
80
(51.0)
2
(1.3)
3.4
(medium)
12) You encourage your
colleagues to form a working
team in managing projects
related to the reduction and
elimination of air pollution.
2
(1.3)
3
(1.9)
30
(19.1)
70
(44.6)
50
(31.8)
2
(1.3)
3.0
(medium)
Average 3.3 (medium)
Remark The average of 1–2.33 means low; The average of 2.34–3.66 means medium;
The average of 3.67–5 means high
5 = Strongly agree or Always; 4 = Agree or Often; 3 = Neutral or Sometimes;
2 = Disagree or Rarely; 1 = Strongly disagree or Not at all
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3.3 Outcome factors
42.7% of the respondents said their unit always continuity implement the policy
in eliminating and reducing pollution from the beginning. 40.1% said the unit often
did it and 10.8% said the unit sometimes did it. 44.6% of the respondents said that
since the beginning of the policy in eliminating and reducing pollution, the
administrators always give priority to the implementation of the policy. 37.6% said
they often did it while 10.2% said they sometimes did it. 33.8% said that the unit
always put the operation of the policy in eliminating and reducing pollution as the
agenda in the meeting. 40.1% said the unit often did that while 14.6% said the unit
sometimes did it. 28.8% of the respondents said their unit continuity creates the
activities related to the policy in eliminating and reducing pollution. 40.1% said
the unit often did it and 22.9% said the unit sometimes did it. 29.9% of the
respondents said their unit always applies the new innovation in order to eliminate
and reduce pollution in work. 43.3% said the unit often did it while 18.5% said
they sometimes did it. 28.7% said that the unit continuity organizes training in
order to improve knowledge and understanding of the method to eliminate and
reduce pollution. 36.3% said the unit often did that while 24.8% said the unit
sometimes did it. The question that received the highest average score (3.9) in this
category was the question that asked the respondents whether the unit always put
the operation of the policy in eliminating and reducing pollution as the agenda in
the meeting. The question that received the second highest average score (3.1)
were the one that asked whether the unit continuity implement the policy in
eliminating and reducing pollution from the beginning and since the beginning of
the policy in eliminating and reducing pollution, the administrators always give
priority to the implementation of the policy received the same score. The question
that received the lowest average score (2.8) were the question that asked whether
the unit continuity creates the activities related to the policy in eliminating and
reducing pollution and whether the unit continuity organizes training in order to
improve knowledge and understanding of the method to eliminate and reduce
pollution received the same score. The results are shown in Table 3.
4 Conclusion and discussion of the results
Possible explanations on the medium level of antecedent, transaction, and outcome
assessment in government policy implementation in reducing and eliminating air
pollution could be because of the relationship among the policies, plans, projects,
and tasks; in which plans are formulated to support a certain policy, projects
are parts of a certain plan, and a project consists of various tasks
(Worathepputthiphong, 2003). Policies should be laid down by the government
sector, then plans should be formulated by the local and relevant units. However,
the plans in reducing and eliminating pollution were determined by the
government sector for the relevant units to implement, but without
the specification of the duty and responsibility of the private sector in concern. In
this way the plans in reducing and eliminating pollution were the responsibility of
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Table 3: Data related to outcome factors.
Question 1 2 3 4 5
N/A Average
Continuity of policy implementation
1) The unit continuity
implement the policy in
eliminating and reducing
pollution from the beginning.
4
)2.5(
2
)1.3(
17
)10.8(
63
)40.1(
67
)42.7(
4
)2.5(
3.1
(medium)
2) Since the beginning of the
policy in eliminating and
reducing pollution, the
administrators always give
priority to the implementation
of the policy.
3
)1.9(
5
)3.2(
16
)10.2(
59
)37.6(
70
)44.6(
4
)2.5(
3.1
(medium)
3) The unit always put the
operation of the policy in
eliminating and reducing
pollution as the agenda in the
meeting.
3
)1.9(
11
)7.0(
23
)14.6(
63
)40.1(
53
)33.8(
4
)2.5(
3.9
(high)
4) The unit continuity creates
the activities related to the
policy in eliminating and
reducing pollution.
4
)2.5(
6
)3.8(
36
)22.9(
63
)40.1(
44
)28.8(
4
)2.5(
2.8
(medium)
5) The unit always applies the
new innovation in order to
eliminate and reduce pollution
in work.
4
)2.5(
5
)3.2(
29
)18.5(
68
)43.3(
47
)9.29(
4
)2.5(
2.9
(medium)
6) The unit continuity
organizes training in order to
improve knowledge and
understanding of the method to
eliminate and reduce pollution.
4
)2.5(
8
)5.1(
39
)24.8(
57
)36.3(
45
)28.7(
4
)2.5(
2.8
(medium)
Average
2.93
(medium)
Remark The average of 1-2.33 means low; The average of 2.34-3.66 means medium;
The average of 3.67-5 means high
5 = Always; 4 = Often; 3 = Sometimes; 2 = Rarely; 1 = Not at all
just the government sector to a certain area, for example, in dealing with waste
and water pollution problems, but without any enforcement of the standard limit
on the emission of pollutants. With reference to Section 67(2) of the constitution
B.E. 2550, any project or activity which may seriously affect a community’s
environmental quality, its natural resources or its people’s health, is prohibited
unless prior to the implementation of such project or activity these environmental
and health impacts are studied and assessed; public hearings are held to obtain the
opinions of people and stakeholders; and relevant opinions and comments are
garnered from representatives from independent organizations such as those from
environment and health private organizations and tertiary education institutes
where studies on environment, natural resources, or health are provided
(Dharmniti Law Office, 2009). Some factories complied with this condition, while
some did not, resulting in the plans in reducing and eliminating pollution not as
successful as they should have been – for the plans were created by the
government, not the private sector.
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1532 The Sustainable City IX, Vol. 2
In implementing the policy to reduce and eliminate air pollution, the factories
followed the plans, in which various projects and activities were set up to achieve
the intended aims. Unfortunately, on May 5, 2012, an explosion occurred leading
to a big fire at a petrochemical plant in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate and resulting
in injuries and deaths. Due to the wide dispersal of chemical smells in the air, thirty
communities around Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate were declared a critical zone
(Charmondusit, 2012). This unexpected incident could contribute to the medium
level in the assessment of the effectiveness in reducing and eliminating air
pollution, reflecting the people’s reduced confidence in the effectiveness of the
policy.
Suggestions on the appropriate guideline in implementing government policy
to reduce and eliminate air pollution are as follows:
1. Dealing with the air pollution problem in the form of various relevant
campaigns implemented by either the government or the private sector, such as
the use of modern technology to treat the pollutants before they are released, the
use of production materials which incur minimal pollution, and so on.
2. Using the policy mechanism or tool to promote change or encourage
behavioral change, for example the measure of ‘Command and Control’, which is
enforced or regulated directly by the government through standards, prohibitions,
requirements and with supervision and follow-up.
3. Motivating the private sector to become involved in the attempt to reduce air
pollution, for example by making the data public, and enhancing the companies’
personnel on the knowledge and understanding about air pollution.
4. The campaigning and public relations should be improved. Implementing
agency should encourage the factory to formulate the campaigning and public
relations plan and set up a working group to look over and lunch the campaigning
and public relations activities more frequently and effectively.
References
[1] Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board. The 5th
National Economic and Social Development Plan, B.E.2525-2529,
www.nesdb.go.th/Default.aspx?tabid=87
[2] Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy. B.E.2553
Operational Plan to Reduce and Eliminate Pollution in the Pollution
Control Area, Rayong Province. B.E.2553-2556.
[3] Campaign for Alternative Industry Network (CAIN), Greenpeace Southeast
Asia (GPSEA), and Global Community Monitor (GCM). Thailand’s Air:
Poison Cocktail, 2005.
[4] Kanchanachitra, C. (ed.). Thai Health 2010: Capitalism in Crisis:
Opportunity for Society? Institute for Population and Social Research,
Mahidol University: Nakhon Pathom, pp. 42-45, 2010.
[5] Vedung, E., Public Policy and Program Evaluation, Transaction
Publishers: New Brunswick, p. 13, 2005.
WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, Vol 191,
www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line)
© 2014 WIT Press
The Sustainable City IX, Vol. 2 1533
[6] Stake, R.E., Toward technology for the evaluation of educational programs.
Perspectives of Curriculum Evaluation, eds. R.W. Tyler, R.M. Gagne, & M.
Scriven, Rand McNally: Chicago, pp. 1-12, 1967.
[7] Popham, W.J., Educational Evaluation, Allyn and Bacon: Boston, 1993.
[8] Vedung, E., Public Policy and Program Evaluation, Transaction
Publishers: New Brunswick, p. 63, 2005.
[9] Worathepputthiphong, T., Policy Formulation and Analysis: Theory and
Application, Semadharma Publishing: Bangkok, 2003 (in Thai).
[10] Dharmniti Law Office, Projects that may incur serious impacts on
communities with reference to Section 67 of the constitution, 2009,
www.dlo.co.th/publications
[11] Charmondusit, K., Analyzing the incident of the explosion and fire at BST
chemical plant in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, 2012,
www.matichon.co.th/news_detail.php?newsid=1336307072&grpid
WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, Vol 191,
www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line)
© 2014 WIT Press
1534 The Sustainable City IX, Vol. 2
