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Carnosine Supplementation and Endurance Performance
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.4, 86-94, 2006
http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
86
1. Introduction
Carnosine (β-alanyl–L-histidine)is a
histidine-contained
dipeptide (Hipkiss et al., 1998;
Quinn et al., 1992), which exists in many tissues,
especially in muscle cells (Crush, 1970) and nerve
cells (Quinn et al., 1992). Physiologically carnosine
has been studied from the aspect of anti-glycosylation
activity (Boldyrev et al., 1999; Galant et al., 2000;
Hipliss and Brownson, 2000), quenching free radicals
activity (Chasovnikova et al., 1990; MacFarlane
et al., 1991), enzyme regulation activity (Johnson
and Aldstadt, 1984), and Ca
2+
regulation in muscle
sarcoplasmic reticulum activity (Batrukova and
Rubstov, 1997; Boldyrev and Severin, 1990).
Carnosine is also known as a multifunctional
dipeptide (Begum et. al., 2005). It has been suggested
that because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of
carnosine is 6.83 (Bate-Smith, 1983; Tanokura et
al., 1976), carnosine maintains a buffering action
in high intensity exercise, in which a large amount
of lactate-originated H
+
is produced within the
physiological pH
range
(Abe, 2000; Hultman and
Sahlin, 1980; Parkhouse et al., 1985; Suzuki et al.,
Effects of Carnosine and Anserine Supplementation
on Relatively High Intensity Endurance
Performance
Hirohiko Maemura
*
, Kazushige Goto
**
, Toshitsugu Yoshioka
***
, Mikako Sato
*
,
Yoshihisa Takahata
*
, Fumiki Morimatsu
*
and Kaoru Takamatsu
****
*
R & D Center Nippon Meat Packers, Inc
.
3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2646 Japan
h.maemura@nipponham.co.jp
**
Japan Society for the promotion of Science
***
Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
****
Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba
1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574 Japan
[Received February 16, 2006 ; Accepted July 23, 2006]
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term chicken breast extract
(CBEX) supplementation, a rich source of carnosine and anserine, on relatively high intensity
endurance performance. Sixteen healthy male subjects were divided into CBEX group (n
= 8) and placebo group (n = 8). The CBEX group was orally administered 200 ml CBEX
drink which contained 4g of carnosine and anserine per day for 30 days. The placebo group
was orally administered 200ml the same taste CBEX drink which contained no carnosine
and anserine. Before and after the ingestion period, the subjects performed three sessions
of consecutive endurance exercise ( rst session: 30-min at 50%
V
4
and anserine. Before and after the ingestion period, the subjects performed three sessions
4
and anserine. Before and after the ingestion period, the subjects performed three sessions
O
2
max; second session:
15-min at 75%
V
4
of consecutive endurance exercise ( rst session: 30-min at 50%
4
of consecutive endurance exercise ( rst session: 30-min at 50%
O
2
max; third session: until exhaustion at 100%
V
4
of consecutive endurance exercise ( rst session: 30-min at 50%
4
of consecutive endurance exercise ( rst session: 30-min at 50%
O
2
max) to measure exercise
duration time at 100%
V
4
max; third session: until exhaustion at 100%
4
max; third session: until exhaustion at 100%
O
2
max, blood lactate concentration and ratings of perceived exertion
(RPE) dur ing the three sessions of consecut ive endurance exercise. The exercise durat ion
time at 100%
V
4
(RPE) dur ing the three sessions of consecut ive endurance exercise. The exercise durat ion
4
(RPE) dur ing the three sessions of consecut ive endurance exercise. The exercise durat ion
O
2
max was signi cantly increased after supplementation in the CBEX group.
Blood lactate concentration and RPE at 75%
V
4
max was signi cantly increased after supplementation in the CBEX group.
4
max was signi cantly increased after supplementation in the CBEX group.
O
2
max was signi cantly decreased after
supplementation in the CBEX group. These results suggest that the long-term ingestion
of carnosine and anserine could enhance muscle buffering capacity, and in turn improve
relatively high intensity endurance performance such as the so-called “last spurt” resulting
from attenuation of the muscle fatigue at submaximal exercise.
Keywords:
chicken breast extract, buffering action, muscle fatigue
Materials : Physiology
[International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.4, 86-94, 2006]
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.4, 86-94, 2006
Maemura, H. et al.
http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
87
2002).
Previously, we succeeded in taking extract
ef ciently from chicken breast (Chicken Breast
Extract: CBEX) richly containing carnosine and
anserine (β-alanyl-1-methyl-L-histidine) which
is similar to carnosine in its structure. We found
that long-term supplementation with CBEX to rats
(Harada et al., 2002a, 2002b) and humans (Sato
et al., 2003) signi cantly increased carnosine
concentration in skeletal muscle and improved
high intensity exercise performance suggesting that
carnosine greatly contributes to the buffering action
of organisms.
In the meantime, recent endurance exercise
(e.g. eld track events of 5000m and 10000m) is
characterized by high-pace racing from an early
stage of the race
. This implies that speed capacity
is required in
endurance exercise. In addition,
toward the end of the race when the pace is increased
and a “last spurt”, high blood lactate concentration
(13-18mmol/L) is observed (Svedenhag and Sjodin,
1984) and
degradation
of muscle pH is expected. In
considering these, oral supplementation of carnosine,
which maintains a buffering action in organisms,
may enhance endurance performance, especially
performance at the last spurt, which accompanies a
large amount of lactate accumulation. Nevertheless,
there have been no studies examining the effect
of oral carnosine supplementation on endurance
performance.
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect
of long-term supplementation with CBEX rich in
carnosine and anserine extracted from chicken breast
on
relatibely
high intensity endurance performance.
2. Methods
2.1.
Preparation of CBEX and placebo drink
We prepared an extract (Chicken Breast Meat
Extract: CBEX) richly containing carnosine
and anserine from chicken breast. CBEX is
speci cally strong in taste and avor so that direct
supplementation was dif cult. Therefore, we
manufactured a drink mixed with approximately 20g
CBEX (containing 2g carnosine/anserine) per drink
(100ml) as our test drink (Sato et al., 2003; Suzuki
et al., 2004). A placebo drink was also prepared with
almost the same ingredients and similar taste as the
CBEX drink except for CBEX
(Table 1)
.
2.2. Subjects
Sixteen healthy males (age: 24.5±0.7yrs; height:
173.5±1.5 cm; weight: 70.1±1.8 kg; maximum
oxygen intake: 46.7±1.7 ml/kg/min) were assigned
to either a CBEX group (n=8, height: 174.0±2.1 cm,
weight: 69.4±2.4 kg, maximum oxygen intake: 46.9
±2.4 ml/kg/min) or a placebo group (n=8, height:
173.0±2.2 cm, weight: 70.7±2.8 kg, maximum
oxygen supplementation: 46.6±3.3 ml/kg/min). The
mean of maximum oxygen uptake (
V
4
O
2
max) was
equal in both groups. Prior to the experiment, we
explained to all subjects about the purpose, method,
and safety margin of the present study and received
their consent under the condition that they could
withdraw at any time. This experiment was approved
by the Ethics Committee for Human Experiments
of the reseach and development of Nippon Meat
Packers, Inc.
2.3. Experimental design
The duration of CBEX and placebo drink
supplementation was set to be thirty days. The
subjects of both groups took two bottles a day. They
were instructed to take one bottle in the morning
and one more in the afternoon. There were no other
time-related instructions (e.g. time interval). The
present study was performed double blind, in which
no subject knew which group he belonged to. Before
and after ingested period, the subjects performed
three sessions of consecutive endurance exercise test.
Drink supplementation started within a week after the
end of the pre-test, and the post-test was conducted
Moisture
Protein
Lipid
Ash
Saccharide
Carnosine
Anserine
Creatine
Creatinine
Calories
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(g)
(g)
(g)
(g)
(kcal)
Nutrient CBEX Placebo
95
3.5
0.0
1.2
0.3
98.7
0.3
0.0
0.6
0.4
0.6
1.4
0.0
0.0
0.05
0.26
0.0
0.0
28.5 5.7
Table 1. Nutrients of the experiment drink (/100ml).
Table1
Nutrients of the experiment drink (/100ml)
Carnosine Supplementation and Endurance Performance
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.4, 86-94, 2006
http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
88
immediately after the end of drink supplementation.
The subjects were instructed orally about the
following: 1) they should not engage in erce
physical activity for 24 hours before the exercise
test; 2) they should not eat for three hours before the
exercise test; 3) they should consume a normal diet
during the experiment. The subjects’ dietary habits
were checked for three consecutive days before,
during and after drink supplementation, by self-entry.
Entries of the content of meals were analyzed
using commercial software (Dietary Consulting
Room, OLYMPUS Co., Ltd.) in intake of nutrient
composition.
2.4. Three sessions of consective exercise test
Figure 1
shows three sessions of consective
exercise test protocol used in the present study.
Exercise tests were conducted using a bicycle
ergometer (ERGOMEDIC 818E, Monark). 50%
V
4
O
2
max intensity exercise was measured in advance
for thirty minutes from the start of exercise followed
by measurement at 75%
V
4
O
2
max intensity for
fteen minutes and at 100%
V
4
O
2
max intensity until
exhaustion. Such test protocol was used in order
to simulate endurance exercise which exist pace
increase and last spurt at the nal stage of the race.
Pedaling rev was set to be 60 rpm. We set a criterion
that pedaling rev below 55 rpm was exhaustion. As a
warm-up, subjects performed 60W pedaling exercise
for about ve minutes before the exercise test and
started testing approximately ten minutes after the
end of warm-up.
Blood was sampled from ngertips before the
exercise, at 15min, 30min, 37.5min, and 45min
during the exercise, and immediately after the end of
exercise. Blood lactate concentration was promptly
measured by an automatic blood lactate analyzer
(1500 sport, YSI). Standard solutions of 5mmol/L and
15mmol/L were used to calibrate the automatic blood
lactate analyzer. This took place immediately before
measurement.
Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was
determined by interview at the same point as LA
measurement using a borg scale.
2.5. Statistical Analysis
Values of each measurement items were expressed
by means ± standard error (SE). The signi cant
difference of duration of 100%
V
4
O
2
max intensity
exercise before and after CBEX and placebo drink
supplementation was tested using a paired t-test. The
mean difference between blood lactate concentration
and RPE with time elapse was tested using two-way
ANOVA with repeated measurements. Statistical
signi cance was set at
p
< 0.05.
3. Result
Table 2
shows each nutrient composition intake
(i.e. total energy, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, salt)
before, during and after drink supplementation.
Neither group recognized signi cant differences
among before, during and after.
Fi gure 2
shows changes of exercise duration
until exhaustion in 100%
V
4
O
2
max intensity at pre-
and post-supplementation. Exercise duration until
exhaustion in 100%
V
4
O
2
max intensity did not
50%
VO2max
75%
VO2max
100%
VO2max
0 30 4515 37.5
Exhaustion
Exercise
☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆
(min)
: blood sampling
☆: RPE
All out
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of three sessions of consecutive
endurance exercise test protocol.
・
・
・
Figure 1
Schematic illustration of three sessions of consecutive endurance exercise test protocol.
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.4, 86-94, 2006
Maemura, H. et al.
http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
89
acknowledge signi cant changes in the placebo group
(Pre: 88.9±24.2 s, Post: 84.3±28.6 s) while in the
CBEX group a signi cant increase was found after
supplementation (Pre: 83.3±22.4 s, Post: 108.1±28.0
s).
Figure 3
shows blood lactate concentration
changes in each intensity at pre-and
post-supplementation. No signi cant change was
found in blood lactate concentration in all intensities
in the placebo group while signi cantly low values
were observed in 75%
V
4
O
2
max intensity in the
CBEX group. In the CBEX group blood lactate
concentration at exhaustion in 100%
V
4
O
2
max
intensity tended to show higher values at
post-supplementation than pre-supplementation.
Figure 4
shows RPE changes in each intensity at
pre- and post-supplementation. No signi cant change
was observed in RPE in all intensities in the placebo
group. In the CBEX group, low values tended to be
observed in 50%
V
4
O
2
max intensity and signi cantly
low values were observed in 75%
V
4
O
2
max intensity.
4. Discussion
It has been reported that carnosine and anserine
perform a buffering action in muscle and blood (Abe,
2000; Hultman and Sahlin, 1980; Parkhouse et al.,
1985, Suzuki et al., 2006) since their pKa are 6.83
and 7.04, respectively (Bate-Smith, 1983; Tanokura
et al., 1976). However, because anserine does not
exist in human skeletal muscle (Mannion et al., 1992)
many studies have focused on carnosine. Suzuki et al.
(2002) recognized that there is a signi cant positive
correlation between the skeletal muscle carnosine
concentration and mean power output during 30-s
maximal cycle ergometer sprint, especially, the
mean power output at the nal two phase when a
30-s sprint is divided into six phase. Our research
group, experimenting with human supplementation
using CBEX rich in carnosine for thirty days,
acknowledged that there was a signi cant increase
in skeletal muscle carnosine concentration and that
there was a positive signi cant correlation between
changes in skeletal muscle carnosine concentration
and changes in mean power output during 30-s
40
60
80
100
120
140
Pre Post
(s) *
Exercise duration time
Figure 2. Changes in exercise duration time at 100%VO2max in last phase of
endurance exercise with CBEX (■) and placebo (□) group. Values are means
±SE. *; P < 0.05, Significant difference from pre - supplementation.
・
Table 2
Comparisons of nutrient compasition during each period.
Energy (kcal)
Protein (g)
Lipid (g)
Carbohydrate (g)
Salt (g)
CBEX
Placebo
CBEX
Placebo
CBEX
Placebo
CBEX
Placebo
CBEX
Placebo
Pre During Post
1781�99.9
1725�101.1
1651�87.7
1761�97.1
1689�92.1
1698�96.6
60.3�10.1
60.4�9.8
61.2�9.8
58.9�10.4
58.3�14.5
56.9�12.3
56.2�6.4
59.6�5.4
54.9�5.8
56.8�4.8
58.1�6.2
58.6�5.8
221.2�20.5
216.4�18.1
233.5�16.4
226.2�14.8
229.6�18.6
220.6�20.4
7.9�1.6
8.1�0.8
7.1�1.2
7.6�1.1
7.4�1.0
7.9�0.9
Table 2. Comparisons of nutrient composition during each period.
・
Dietary intake was recorded on three consecutive days during each period, and a nutrient composition
was analyzed based on the recorded intake.
・
Values are means ± SE.
Figure 2
Changes in exercise duration time at 100%
V
4
O
2
max in last phase of endurance exercise with
CBEX
( ■ )
and placebo
( □ )
group.
Values are means ± SE.*,
p
<
0.05,
Signi cant difference from pre-supplementation.
Carnosine Supplementation and Endurance Performance
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.4, 86-94, 2006
http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
90
maximal ergometer sprint (Sato et al., 2003). Thus,
it is suggested that skeletal muscle carnosine is an
important substance related to high intensity exercise
performance which accompanies extreme lactate
accumulation. However, there have been no studies
examining the relationship between skeletal muscle
carnosine concentration and endurance performance
or the effect of carnosine supplementation on
endurance performance.
Most studies on physical factors affecting
endurance performance have examined the aerobic
capacity, measured by
V
4
O
2
max and lactate threshold
(Costill et al., 1973; Farrell et al., 1979; Power et
al., 1983; Tanaka et al., 1984; Yoshida et al., 1990).
Costill et al. (1973) reported that the utilization of
high oxygen capacity (85-90%
V
4
O
2
max) without
lactate accumulation in active muscles is important
for successful endurance performance. In addition,
6
10
14
18
22
6
10
14
18
22
**
CBEX group Placebo group
0 15 30 37.5 45 all out
(min)
0 15 30 37.5 45 all out
(min)
RPE score
Figure 4
Time course of the RPE score in three sessions of consecutive endurance exercise with CBEX
and placebo
group.
〇
and
●
denote pre-and post-supplementation, respectively. Values are means ±
SE.*,
p
<
0.05, Signi cant difference from pre-supplementation.
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
6
8
Blood lactate concentration
CBEX group Placebo group
**
0 15 30 37.5 45 all out
(min)
0 15 30 37.5 45 all out
(min)
(mmol/L) (mmol/L)
Figure 3
Time course of the blood lactate concentration in three sessions of consecutive endurance
exercise with CBEX
and placebo
group.
〇
and
●
denote pre-and post-supplementation, respectively.
Values are means ± SE.*,
p
<
0.05, Signi cant difference from pre-supplementation.
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.4, 86-94, 2006
Maemura, H. et al.
http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
91
toward the end of the race when the pace is increased
and a “last spurt”, high blood lactate concentration
(13-18mmol/L) is observed (Svedenhag and Sjodin,
1984) and muscle pH is expected to decrease.
Considering these, oral supplementation of carnosine
which has buffering action in organisms
may
enhance endurance performance, especially at last
spurt, which accompanies a large amount of lactate
accumulation.
To verify this hypothesis, the present study
examined the effect of CBEX supplementation on
relatively high intensity endurance performance
(index of endurance performance: exercise duration
time at 100%
V
4
O
2
max in last phase of three
sessions of consecutive endurance exercise). As a
result, the exercise duration time until exhaustion
in100%
V
4
O
2
max intensity (Pre: 88.9±24.2 s, Post:
84.3±28.6 s) found no signi cant change before and
after drink supplementation in the placebo group
while in the CBEX group (Pre: 83.3±22.4 s, Post:
108.1±28.0 s) a signi cant increase was found
after supplementation (Figure 2). Performance was
enhanced in the CBEX group because long-term
supplementation of CBEX might enhance skeletal
muscle buffering capacity by increasing skeletal
muscle carnosine concentration. It is widely thought
that muscle buffering capacity affect the short-time
high intensity exercise performance (Parkhouse et
al., 1985; Denis et al., 1992). However, Weston et al.
(1997) reported that bicycle athletes performing 80%
peak power output (PPO) intensity interval training
signi cantly increased skeletal muscle buffering
capacity. Those who showed greater increase rate in
skeletal muscle buffering capacity tended to improve
in time in a 40 km time trial. It suggests that skeletal
muscle buffering capacity is closely associated with
not only sprint capacity but relatively high intensity
endurance performance. This supports the result of
the present study.
If CBEX supplementation increases skeletal
muscle carnosine concentration, muscle buffering
capacity should be enhanced and blood lactate
concentration should rise at exhaustion. The fact
that the present study observed a tendency of high
blood lactate concentration values at exhaustion in
100%
V
4
O
2
max intensity after CBEX supplementation
(Figure 3)
supports the above-described hypothesis.
Yet, interestingly enough, blood lactate concentration
showed signi cantly low values at sub-maximal
exercise (75%
V
4
O
2
max) after CBEX supplementation
(Figure 3)
. Blood lactate concentration is affected
by such factors as the balance between production
and removal, and diffusion from muscle to blood.
The present study found this result because amount
of lactate diffusion from muscle to blood might be
decreased after supplementation. Buffering action
in organisms is classi ed into the non-bicarbonate
buffering system including muscle protein and
carnosine in muscles, and the bicarbonate buffering
system including bicarbonate ions ([HCO
3
-
]) in
blood. In general, buffering ef ciency of bicarbonate
buffering system affects the non-bicarbonate
buffer value (Yano, 1987; Yunoki et al., 2000;
Maemura et al., 2004). Maemura et al. (2004)
found a signi cant positive correlation between the
excess CO
2
output (CO
2
excess) during exercise,
index of the bicarbonate buffering system, and
the capillary-to- ber ratio, suggesting that the
buffering ef ciency of bicarbonate system affect
the amount of lactate diffusion from muscle to
blood. Considering these, oral supplementation of
a non-bicarbonate buffering substance, carnosine,
may increase the buffer value by non-bicarbonate in
muscle and decrease the amount of lactate diffusion
from muscle to blood. In fact, Suzuki et al. (2006)
indicated that the degree of blood [HCO
3
-
] decline
at high intensity exercise was smaller in CBEX
supplementation than in placebo supplementation and
that oral supplementation of carnosine heightened the
non-bicarbonate buffering ef ciency rate in muscle,
reducing the bicarbonate buffering ef ciency rate in
blood.
Other reasons that CBEX supplementation
enha n c e s pe r f orma n c e may i n clud e a mus c l e
fatigue alleviating effect for carnosine’s antioxidant
properties (Chasovnikova et al., 1990; MacFarlane et
al., 1991). It has been reported that exercise-induced
muscle oxidation affects tissue damage (Clarkson
and Ebbeling, 1988) and Ca
2+
regulation in muscle
sarcoplasmic reticulum (Favero et al., 1998;
Gutierrez-Martin et al., 2004), and that it greatly
affects muscle fatigue. The result of the present study,
which showed signi cantly low values in RER of
75%
V
4
O
2
max intensity in the CBEX group (Figure
4), may explain that the same intensity exercise could
be easily performed by alleviating muscle fatigue.
The present study could not objectively evaluate the
muscle fatigue alleviating effect by antioxidant action
of carnosine. Further detailed study is needed.
Improvement of skeletal muscle buffering
Carnosine Supplementation and Endurance Performance
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.4, 86-94, 2006
http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
92
capacity and antioxidant action accompanying
increase of skeletal muscle carnosine concentration
contributes to performance enhancement through oral
supplementation of carnosine and anserine. However,
the present study did not examine if long-term
supplementation of CBEX rich in carnosine
and anserine increased concentration of skeletal
muscle carnosine, which is a buffering agent in
organisms. Previous studies have reported that most
supplemented carnosine is absorbed as dipeptide
(Hama et al., 1976), dissolved by serum carnosinase
into βalanine and histidine, and thereby used to
reproduce carnosine in skeletal muscle (Bauer and
Schultz, 1994; Bakardjiev and Bauer, 1994). In our
previous study, from human supplementation with
CBEX for thirty days, we recognized that the group
with low skeletal muscle carnosine concentration
(low carnosine group)
before supplementation
signi cantly increased skeletal muscle carnosine
concentration (Sato et al., 2003). In considering
these, it is assumed that the subjects participating
in the present study (general healthy males who do
not engage in physical training) increased skeletal
muscle carnosine concentration by taking CBEX rich
in carnosine for a long time. In adition, anserine is
hardly detected in human organisms (Mannion et al.,
1992) and its metabolic mechanism is unknown. In its
molecular architecture, we know that it is composed
by adding methyl group to carnosine (Boldyrev et
al., 1993) and, like carnosine, it is decomposed to
constituent amino acid after supplementation and is
used for reproducing carnosine
in muscle
.
In conclusion, the present study recognized that
long-term supplementation of a CBEX extract rich
in carnosine and anserine signi cantly decreased
blood lactate concentration at sub-maximal exercise
and RER, and that it signi cantly prolonged exercise
duration
time
until exhaustion in 100%
V
4
O
2
max
intensity. These results suggest that, the long-term
ingestion of carnosine and anserine could enhance
muscle buffering capacity, and in turn improve
relatively high intensity endurance performance such
as the so-called “last spurt” resulting from attenuation
of the muscle fatigue at submaximal exercise.
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Carnosine Supplementation and Endurance Performance
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.4, 86-94, 2006
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94
Name:
Hirohiko Maemura
Af liation:
R & D Center Nippon Meat Packers, Inc.
Address:
3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2646 Japan
Brief Biographical History:
2000- Doctoral Program in Health and Sport Sciences, University
of Tsukuba
2005- Researcher, R & D Center, Nippon Meat Packers Inc.
Main Works:
• Factors in uencing excessCO
2
out put during a nd after shor t
du r ation int e nsive e xe r cis e: fo cus ing on s kelet a l muscle
char act eri stics. In ter nat iona l Journal of Sp ort a nd Health
Science, Vol.2, 129-135, 2004.
Membership in Learned Societies:
• American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
• Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences
• The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine
• Japan Society of Exercise and Sports Physiology
• Japan Society of Athletics
• Japanese Society of Nutrition and Food Science