Available via license: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
acta mechanica et automatica, vol.8 no.1 (2014), DOI 10.2478/ama-2014-0005
27
SOMATOTYPES IN SPORT
Teodor TÓTH*, Monika MICHALÍKOVÁ*, Lucia BEDNARČÍKOVÁ*, Jozef ŽIVČÁK*, Peter KNEPPO**
*Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement,
Technical University, Letná 9, Košice, Slovak Republic
**Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Technology,
Czech Technical University, Nám. Sítná 3105, Kladno, Czech Republic
teodor.toth@tuke.sk, monika.michalikova@tuke.sk, lucia.bednarcikova@tuke.sk, jozef.zivcak@tuke.sk, kneppo@fbmi.cvut.cz
Abstract: The submitted article deals with the evaluation of the somatotype of persons and determination of a suitable somatotype for se-
lected sports. In the introduction the method for determining and evaluating a somatotype according to Carter and Heath is characterised.
The processes used for calculating the individual components – endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy – are presented as well as a de-
scription of these elements. The calculated components are subsequently put into a somatograph. The evaluation of a somatotype
is of great benefit and offers a guideline with the selection of sporting activities; it subsequently helps assign athletes into a suitable posi-
tion where they will be able to best develop their talents in view of their bodily construction. In this work two types of sports are evaluated –
basketball and bodybuilding. With each sport the measurements which give the prerequisites for the given sport are presented. The selec-
tion of the presented sports was made with regard to the different requirements and demands in the scope of bodily constitution. The aim
of the presented paper is to assess physical parameters of subjects groups in relation to selected sports (basketball and bodybuilding).
Based on the body constitution to determine the conditions for developing the physical condition and success in the appointed sports.
Another objective is to compare the rating form and equation methods for somatotype determination. The sample consist 32 subjects
with age between 22-28 years of both sexes, who are dedicated to basketball, or bodybuilding at amateur level.
Key words: Somatotypes, Somatometry, Sport
1. INTRODUCTION
Somatometry is a fundamental research method in anthropol-
ogy. It involves the measurement of bodily proportions and sizes
in living individuals. Before the start of measuring it is necessary
to ask three basic questions:
What is necessary to measure and evaluate and what kind
of data should be obtained by measuring?
How will the given dimensions be obtained? (determination
of anthropometric points)
What instruments should be chosen?
A somatotype is understood as the description of the current
morphological condition of an individual, expressed through
3 numbers, where each of them represents one of the 3 basic
components of body composition (Carter, 1996).
The values of the components and their mutual ratio express
the specific individual variations in the shape and composition
of a human body and its parts. Sheldon typoogy is a new version
of somatotypology by classifying people into endomorphic,
mesomorphic, and ectomorphic, based on many photographs
and measurements of nude figures at Ivy League schools (Carter
and Heath, 1990).
Division of somatotypes:
Ectomorph: the slim and thin type, signs of slenderness pre-
dominate, fragility, weak bones and musculature, anterodorsal
diameters small, sloped shoulders, a relatively short torso,
relatively long limbs, not always a tall figure, a flat and narrow
thorax, rounded arms, aliform protrusion of the shoulder
blades, weak thighs and arms, fragile and long fingers, weak
dry skin. Rapid energetic expenditure, few fat cells. Gains
muscle mass poorly, requires less demanding training, longer
pauses between series, a high intake of protein and sufficient
rest (Carter and Heath, 1990).
Endomorph: The chunky type with a large number of fat cells,
rounded shapes, the appearance of softer musculature, an-
terodorsal diameters are balanced by the frontal diameter, the
circumference of the waist is larger than that of the thorax,
a large head, a wide face, short neck, rounded features of the
shoulders, relatively short and weak limbs and fingers, rela-
tively small feet and hands, relatively strong bones. Endomor-
phic types often have good potential for adding muscle,
but have difficulty losing fat. Little activity leads to a risk
of obesity and heart diseases (Carter and Heath, 1990).
Mesomorph: the muscular type with a strong skeleton, sharp
musculature relief, broad shoulders and thorax, muscular
limbs, a firm stomach wall that does not protrude, a massive
pelvis, good posture, medium fast energetic expenditure. Re-
acts to strength training with rapid accumulation of muscle
mass (Carter and Heath, 1990, Isak, 2001).
The technique of somatotyping is used to appraise body
shape and composition. The somatotype is defined as the quanti-
fication of the present shape and composition of the human body.
The Heath-Carter method of somatotyping is the most com-
monly used today. There are three ways of obtaining the somato-
type.
The anthropometric method, in which anthropometry is used
to estimate the criterion somatotype.
The photoscopic method, in which ratings are made from
a standardized photograph.
The anthropometric plus photoscopic method, which com-
bines anthropometry and ratings from a photograph - it is the
criterion method.
A somatotype is evaluated on the basis of three numbers –
- 10.2478/ama-2014-0005
Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/10/2016 02:22:07AM
via free access
Teodor Tóth, Monika Michalíková, Lucia Bednarčíková, Jozef Živčák, Peter Kneppo
Somatotypes in Sport
28
the first number indicates the endomorphic, the second number
the mesomorphic and the third the ectomorphic component.
If a component is lower than 2.5 it is considered to be low,
from 3.0 to 5.0 medium and from 5.5 to 7.0 as high. Values higher
than 7.5 are considered as extreme. The calculated triple-
numbers are applied to a spherical triangle (a somatograph)
on which the peaks are like the marginal types, the centre the
balanced types and inside the medium types.
2. DETERMINATION OF A SOMATOTYPES
For determination of a somatotype, it is necessary to obtain
the following measurements:
Body heigh (BH) [cm] - Taken against a height scale or stadi-
ometer. Take height with the subject standing straight, against
an upright wall or stadiometer, touching the wall with heels,
buttocks and back. Orient the head in the Frankfort plane
(the upper border of the ear opening and the lower border
of the eye socket on a horizontal line), and the heels together.
Instruct the subject to stretch upward and to take and hold
a full breath. Lower the headboard until it firmly touches
the vertex.
Weight (W) [kg] - The subject, wearing minimal clothing,
stands in the center of the scale platform. Record weight
to the nearest tenth of a kilogram. A correction is made
for clothing so that nude weight is used in subsequent calcula-
tions.
Triceps skinfold (TS) [mm] - With the subject's arm hanging
loosely in the anatomical position, raise a fold at the back
of the arm at a level halfway on a line connecting the acromi-
on and the olecranon processes.
Subscapular skinfold (SbS) [mm] - Raise the subscapular
skinfold on a line from the inferior angle of the scapula in a di-
rection that is obliquely downwards and laterally at 45 de-
grees.
Supraspinal skinfold (SpS) [mm] - Raise the fold 5-7 cm (de-
pending on the size of the subject) above the anterior superior
iliac spine on a line to the anterior axillary border and on a di-
agonal line going downwards and medially at 45 degrees.
Calf skinfold (CS) [mm] - Raise a vertical skinfold on the me-
dial side of the leg, at the level of the maximum girth of the
calf.
Width of the elbow joint (EW) [cm] - The width between the
medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus, with the shoul-
der and elbow flexed to 90 degrees. Apply the caliper at an
angle approximately bisecting the angle of the elbow. Place
firm pressure on the crossbars in order to compress the sub-
cutaneous tissue.
Width of the knee joint (KW) [cm] - Seat the subject with knee
bent at a right angle. Measure the greatest distance between
the lateral and medial epicondyles of the femur with firm pres-
sure on the crossbars in order to compress the subcutaneous
tissue.
Circumference of the flexed bicep (BC) [cm] - The subject
flexes the shoulder to 90 degrees and the elbow to 45 de-
grees, clenches the hand, and maximally contracts the elbow
flexors and extensors. Take the measurement at the greatest
girth of the arm.
Circumference of the calf muscle (CC) [cm] - The subject
stands with feet slightly apart. Place the tape around the calf
and measure the maximum circumference (Carter and
Heath, 1990, Duquet, Carter, 2001).
All measurements are recorded in the measurements list.
There are two ways to calculate the anthropometric somato-
type:
1. Enter the data into equations derived from the rating form
(2.1).
2. Enter the data onto a somatotype rating form (2.2).
2.1. Enter the data into equations derived from the rating form
Endomorphy: relates to the relative fatness or relative thin-
ness (slimness) of a person. The degree of endomorphy reflects
the amount of subcutaneous fat and is placed on a continuum
from the lowest to the highest values. The equation according
to Carter and Heath (1990):
(1)
where:
(2)
where: BH, TS, SbS, SpS are from measurements list.
One degree of endomorphy corresponds approximately to 5%
fat (Carter and Heath, 1990).
Mesomorphy: relates to the relative muscular and skeletal de-
velopment relating to body height.
At first it is necessary to adjust the circumference of the bi-
ceps by subtracting the thickness of the skinfold of the triceps
[cm]. The same is performed with the circumference of the calf
skinfold.
The equation according to Carter and Heath:
(3)
where: BH, EW, KW, BC, CC are from measurements list (Carter
and Heath, 1990).
Ectomorphy: relates to the length of part of the body. Determi-
nation is based on the index of the ratio of height and the third
power of the weight. A low value establishes the assumption
of relative shortness of different bodily dimensions and a high one,
in contrast, their relative length. It also evaluates the form
and degree of the lengthwise distribution of endomorphy and
mesomorphy.
(4)
where: BH, W are from measurements list.
This ratio is called height-weight ratio (HWR).
If HRW is (Carter and Heath, 1990):
greater than or equal to 40.75: EC = 0.732(HWR) – 28.58.
between 40.75-38.25: EC = 0.463(HWR) – 17.63.
smaller than or equal to 38,25: EC = 0.1.
2.2. Enter the data onto a somatotype rating form
For somatotype rating is used the form in Fig. 1. The determi-
nation of somatotype is perform via following steps.
- 10.2478/ama-2014-0005
Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/10/2016 02:22:07AM
via free access
acta mechanica et automatica, vol.8 no.1 (2014), DOI 10.2478/ama-2014-0005
29
Endomorphy rating:
Record the measurements for each of the four skinfolds.
Sum the triceps, subscapular, and supraspinale skinfolds;
record the sum in the box opposite SUM3 SKINFOLDS. Cor-
rect for height by multiplying this sum by (170.18/height
in cm). See equation 2.
Circle the closest value from equation 2 in SKINFOLDS table
to the right. The table is read vertically from low to high in col-
umns and horizontally from left to right in rows. "Lower limit"
and "upper limit" on the rows provide exact boundaries for
each column. These values are circled only when SUM3
SKINFOLDS are within 1 mm of the limit. In most cases circle
the value in the row "midpoint".
In the row for endomorphy circle the value directly under the
column for the value circled in previous step above.
Mesomorphy rating
Record height and breadths of humerus and femur in the
appropriate boxes. Make the corrections for skinfolds before
recording girths of biceps and calf.
In the height row directly to the right of the recorded value,
circle the height value nearest to the measured height of the
subject.
For each bone breadth and girth circle the number nearest the
measured value in the appropriate row.
Deal only with columns, not numerical values for the two
procedures below. Find the average deviation of the circled
values for breadths and girths from the circled value in the
height column. Column deviations to the right of the height
column are positive deviations. Deviations to the left are nega-
tive deviations. (Circled values directly under the height col-
umn have deviations of zero and are ignored.) Calculate the
algebraic sum of the ± deviations (D). Use this formula: mes-
omorphy = (D/8) + 4.0. Round the obtained value of meso-
morphy to the nearest one-half (½) rating unit.
In the row for mesomorphy circle the closest value for meso-
morphy.
Fig. 1 Blank somatotype rating form
Ectomorphy rating:
Record weight (kg).
Obtain height divided by cube root of weight (HWR). Record
HWR in the appropriate box.
Circle the closest value in the HWR table to the right.
In the row for ectomorphy circle the ectomorphy value directly
below the circled HWR.
In the bottom section of the rating form in the row for Anthro-
pometric Somatotype, record the circled ratings for Endomorphy,
Mesomorphy and Ectomorphy. (Singh, Mehta,2009)
3. PLOTTING THE SOMATOTYPE
Traditionally, the three-number somatotype rating is plotted
on a two-dimensional somatochart using X,Y coordinates derived
from the rating. The coordinates are calculated as follows:
X = ectomorphy – endomorphy
Y = 2 x mesomorphy - (endomorphy + ectomorphy)
These points on the somatochart are called somatoplots
(Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 The 2-D somatochart and X,Y coordinates
- 10.2478/ama-2014-0005
Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/10/2016 02:22:07AM
via free access
Teodor Tóth, Monika Michalíková, Lucia Bednarčíková, Jozef Živčák, Peter Kneppo
Somatotypes in Sport
30
4. RELATIONSHIP OF SOMATOTYPE TO MOVEMENT
CAPABILITIES
Presumptions regarding movement activities can be deter-
mined according to location on a somatograph (Fig. 3).
A. individuals with the most all-around talent for sports,
B. individuals with a talent for endurance sports and finesse,
C. a lower degree of talent due to a low mesomorphic compo-
nent,
D. individuals with the worst prerequisites for sports activities,
E. individuals with the worst prerequisites for sports activities,
F. individuals with a very good prerequisites for power sports
(http://www.sportvital.cz/zdravi/diagnostika/co-je-to-somatotyp-a-jak-
ho-merime/).
Fig. 3. Relationship of somatotype to movement capabilities
4.1. Somatometry in basketball and bodybuilding
In Department of biomedical engineering and measurement
was assessed the sample of 32 subjects with age between 22-28
years of both sexes, who are dedicated to basketball (19 sub-
jects), or bodybuilding (13 subjects) at amateur level.
The determination of the conditions for developing the physi-
cal condition and success in the appointed sports is based on the
rating form and equation methods for somatotype determination.
For basketball a fluctuating intensity of the weight is typical.
During a game a player runs perhaps 5 - 7 km, jumps up approx-
imately 40-50 times, changes directions up to 640x and changes
speed up to 440x. Basketball is a collective sport with great differ-
ences in the somatotypes and physiologies among the player
positions (Vitek, 2012).
Player positions in basketball:
PG, point guard,
SG, shooting guard,
SF, small forward,
PF, power forward,
C, centre.
The tallest, with a large arm span, are used also during defen-
sive and attacking activities and play in the post position, in the
centre. Their primary domain is rebounding. Because of the signif-
icant bodily dimensions they are athletically the least efficient. The
forwards (SF,PF) need to have a combination of the characteris-
tics of the centre and the guards, and thus sufficient mass and
strength for the ability of guarding the ball (the centre) but also
quickness and leaping (guards). A guard is usually the smallest
player with the lowest centre of gravity and is the best at keeping
the ball (Komadel, 1985; Vitek, 2012; Novotny, 2013; Pavlik,
1999).
Anthropometric measurements in basketball:
The arm span measured as the direct distance from the left
and right dactylion point upon maximum spreading of the
arms.
Bodily fat from the endomorphy formula, where one degree
of endomorphy corresponds to 5% fat
Reach when standing is measured as the distance of the point
of the dactylion from the ground, when arms are raised and
stretched upward and the fingers are together and stretched
upward.
The length of the hand measured as the direct distance linking
both points of the styloid point on the upper limb from the
dactylion point.
The width of the hand measured as the direct distance in the
broadest area of the palm of the hand.
Tab. 1. Calculated values of somatotypes for basketball players
No.
Ectomorphy
Mesomorphy
Endomorphy
1
4
1.344
4.6
2
2.2664
4.5218
2.81
3
3.32
2.392
4.422
4
5
2.5
3.5
5
2.7018
5.93
2.017
6
5.07
1.64
3.56
7
3.47
2.64
4.1
8
2.99
2.699
1.019
9
2.56
2.85
3.0182
10
1.17
6.01
3.27
11
4.34
2.74
3.38
12
2.44
3.63
5.25
13
2.4
2.9
3.1
14
3.35
2.17
3.97
15
3.42
1.61
3.27
16
2.88
2.06
3.81
17
2.74
2.68
2.92
18
0.96
5.14
5.13
19
2.85
2.58
3.18
Height rises according to the positions: the closer to the bas-
ket, the taller the player is, and this allows in connection with the
jump and span of the arms the highest chance for a successful
rebound. Weight likewise rises from the guards to the pivot man.
In the position of the guards mobility is important, which is,
in combination with the high mass, a unique phenomenon. Pro-
fessionals in basketball do not have a high value of bodily fat
because of preservation the lowest mass possible so that their
mass does not inhibit their jumping and the time they spend in the
air after a jump. Specific traits of guards are relatively small height
and weight, a lower arm span and a low content of fat. Specific
traits of forwards are a higher value of bodily height and weight
than in the guards, a higher arm span but reduced mobility. Spe-
- 10.2478/ama-2014-0005
Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/10/2016 02:22:07AM
via free access
acta mechanica et automatica, vol.8 no.1 (2014), DOI 10.2478/ama-2014-0005
31
cific traits of the pivot position are very high values of bodily height
and weight and of reach when standing.
The study presents the most frequent averages of somato-
types of basketball players: 2 – 4.5 – 3.5. The highest difference
is in the values of mesomorphy and endomorphy. The average
somatotype of the measured subjects were 3.7 – 2.7 – 2.7
(Grasgruber and Cacek, 2008, Bernacíková, Kapounková and
Novotný, 2010).
In Tab. 1 are calculated values of somatotypes for basketball
players. The variance of somatotypes for basketbal players
is affected with player position.
Bodybuilding is a sport which places emphasis on physical
appearance, the shape of the muscles and the symmetry of the
body. The goal of training is maximum musculature and physical
symmetry with the lowest amount of preserved fat. The somato-
type of bodybuilders is the closest to the ideal mesomorph
and often achieves extreme mesomorphic values (Grasgruber
and Cacek, 2008).
Tab. 2. Calculated values of somatotypes for bodybuilders
No.
Ectomorphy
Mesomorphy
Endomorphy
1
1.406
2.377
5.713
2
1.03621
2.07895
7.81341
3
1.77
3.213
6.71
4
0.59
4.501
7.696
5
0.1
4.76
7.216
6
2.4
3.5
3.07
7
0.96
4.97
6.68
8
2.32
3.038
5.25
9
-0.627
1.998
7.867
10
2.41
4.27
5.72
11
0.63
5.01
5.14
12
1.22
4.47
6.07
13
0.96
4.8
2.35
Anthropometric measurements in bodybuilding:
The circumference of the thorax meter applied at the height
of the nipples, arms located freely along the body, without in-
haling.
The circumference of the waist measured at the narrowest
location, upon relaxation of the abdominal muscles (without
exhaling).
The circumference of the thigh upon bending the leg at a right
angle, upon relaxation of the musculature.
The circumference of the calf measured at the widest place,
the knee is bent at a right angle.
The circumference of the forearm measured at the widest
place, the muscle flexed, the fist closed and tilted in the direc-
tion of the biceps.
The circumference of the wrist is measured at the narrowest
place, while the muscles are relaxed.
The circumference of the biceps at the location of the largest
volume.
From our measured results it was found that the measured
subjects who participate in bodybuilding have a very low value
of ectomorphy in the range of 0.63 to 1.22, which is caused
by higher values of fat and muscle mass. These attributes again
cause a high number of endomorphy and mesomorphy. Subject
no. 6 and 13 shows the lowest value of endomorphy, because
of the differently oriented of the training (training for reduction
of fat) (Tab. 2).
The measurements of basketball player are located in the
centre of the somatograph so that it is not possible to assign them
to categories. The measurements of bodybuilders belong to cate-
gory F, thus, individuals with a talent for power sports (Fig. 4).
Example of somatotype evaluation with somatotype rating
form is in Fig. 5
Fig. 4. Location of measured reults in somatograph
Fig. 5. Evaluated Heat – Carter somatotype rating form
- 10.2478/ama-2014-0005
Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/10/2016 02:22:07AM
via free access
Teodor Tóth, Monika Michalíková, Lucia Bednarčíková, Jozef Živčák, Peter Kneppo
Somatotypes in Sport
32
5. RESULTS
The main advantage of the equation method of calculating the
somatotype is its accuracy. If the computer support is available
(eg MS Excel, etc.), this method is faster than table form. Ad-
vantage of equation method is template creation for input parame-
ters. In another case, the equation method is more difficult and
time consuming. Table form method is less accurate, opened
to random and rough errors. Its lower accuracy is caused by the
need to choose the numerical value from the table – it is not con-
sidered directly with the measured value. It is also necessary
to know and precede procedures and methodology in the evalua-
tion using the table form. However, without the use of computer
technology the table form method is faster and less difficult
in terms of calculations.
The accuracy of both methods is affected by the measure-
ment errors by the collection of the body dimensions, which de-
pends on the experience of the person performing the measure-
ments.
Group of bodybuilders is localized in endo - mesomorphic ar-
ea. The average value of somatotype is 1.17 – 3.61 to 6.03. Bas-
ketball players group is distributed over the entire surface of so-
matoplot. Types of players in basketball at individual positions are
diverse. For this reason, it is not determinative of an individual
somatotype for basketball.
REFERENCES
1. Bernacíková M., Kapounková K., Novotný J. (2010), Basketball
in: Masaryk University Brno multimedial internet book http://is.muni.
cz/do/rect/el/estud/fsps/ps10/fyziol/web/sport/hry-basketbal.html
(in Czech)
2. Carter J.E.L., Heath, B.H. (1990), Somatotyping - Development and
Applications, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
3. Carter L. (1996), Somatotyping, in: Norton K., Olds T. (Eds.):
Anthropometrica, Chapt. 6, Sydney, University of New South Wales
Press, 147-170.
4. Duquet W., Carter, J.E.L. (2001), Somatotyping, in: Eston R., Reilly
T. (Eds.): Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory
Manual: Tests, Procedures and Data, Vol. 1, Anthropometry,
Chapt. 2. London: E & F.N. Spon.
5. Grasgruber P., Cacek J. (2008), Sport genes, in Computer Press
Brno (in czech - Sportovní geny)
6. Hrstková, L. (2011) Somatotype Evaluation of Czech Woman
Alpine Ski Team – Master thesis, in Masaryk University, Brno
http://is.muni.cz/th/102301/fsps_m/?lang=en;id=214680 (in Czech)
7. Isak (2001), International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment,
Underdale, International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthro-
pometry.
8. Komadel, L. (1985), Sports Medicine, in SPN Bratislava (in Slovak
9. Norton K., Olds T. (1996), Anthropometrica: A Textbook of Body
Measurement for Sports and Health Courses, UNSW Press.
10. Novotný J. (2013), Anthropology in sport – electronic teaching
materials, in Masaryk University Brno, http://www.fsps.muni.cz/
~novotny/Antropologie.pdf (in Czech).
11. Pavlík J. (1999), A body build as a sportsmans performance factor -
monograph, in Masaryk University Brno, http://home.pf.jcu.cz/~
rvobr/somatotyp.htm (in Czech).
12. Rempel R. (1994). A modified somatotype assessment methodology,
M.Sc. Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
13. Rosique J., Rebato E., Gonzalez Apraiz A., Pacheco J. L. (1994),
Somatotype related to centripetal fat patterning of 8- to 19-year-old
Basque boys and girls, American Journal of Human Biology, 6,
171-181.
14. Singh S. P., Mehta P. (2009), Human Body Measurements:
Concepts And Applications, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
15. Sodhi H. S. (1991), Sports Anthropometry (A Kinanthropometric
Approach), Mohali, ANOVA Publications.
16. Trebuňová M., Gdovinová Z., Habalová V., Slabá, E. (2008), ACE
I/D polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease, Central European Journal
of Biology, 3 (1), 49-54.
17. Trebuňová M., Slabá E., Habalová V., Gdovinová Z. (2009), The
Role of the -427T/C Apolipoprotein E Promoter Polymorphism in the
Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular Dementia and Mixed
Dementia, Journal of Neural Transmission, 116 (3), 339-344.
18. Vitek L. (2012), What is somatotype and how do we measure it?
http://www.sportvital.cz/zdravi/diagnostika/co-je-to-somatotyp-a-jak-
ho-merime/ (in Czech)
This contribution is the result of the project implementation KEGA
031TUKE-4/2013: Prosthetic and orthotic proposal process in education.
- 10.2478/ama-2014-0005
Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/10/2016 02:22:07AM
via free access
