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La cooperación transfronteriza de “segunda generación” entre España y Portugal: Naturaleza, problemática, estrategias y perspectivas

DOI:10.5261/2012.ESP2.02
Authors:
Eusebio Medina at Universidad de Extremadura
Eusebio Medina
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... Con el POCTEP (2007-2013) e INTERREG VA (2014-2020), los proyectos de segunda generación se centraron en acciones de cooperación con una mayor y directa participación de las instituciones públicas y asociativas (Medina, 2012). Esta línea se refuerza en el actual INTERREG VI (2021-2027) pero con una mayor descentralización. ...
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La frontera ibérica, la Raya, es la más antigua de Europa y se extiende a lo largo de 1.234 km, atravesando distintas regiones y territorios. Las comunidades fronterizas han sufrido a menudo los conflictos y la distancia de los poderes estatales, lo que ha provocado un desarrollo difícil. Hoy se caracterizan por el despoblamiento y el envejecimiento demográfico, el abandono de las actividades primarias, la debilidad del tejido industrial y la precariedad de los servicios. En los últimos 30 años, la Unión Europea tiene políticas y recursos para favorecer la cooperación transfronteriza. Por ello, están surgiendo nuevas instituciones o estructuras de relación y gobernanza compartida. Desde la Geografía Regional, estas nuevas fronteras representan una oportunidad para la geografía aplicada, activando el desarrollo local y regional y la resiliencia territorial. En este contexto, se aborda la singularidad y diversidad de la frontera, su persistente crisis demográfica y la cooperación territorial, especialmente desde nuevos instrumentos como eurorregiones y eurociudades.
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... These aspects have already been pointed out by Medina (2012) and Garrinhas (2018), who added a third obstacle linked to cultural barriers coming from language differences. ...
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The territories of Alentejo, Extremadura and Andaluzia, are low population density and dependent on small and medium-sized cities for the provision of basic and high level services. The importance of the primary sector in both territories, reinforces the lower human habitation along the border. These specific characteristics, define economic and demographic discontinuities and reinforce the legal and administrative obstacles and the language barriers.
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... However, despite the wide reach of this program, a study by Medeiros [15] found that both the European Commission and the national and regional governments involved have, up to now, used these programs as a complementary tool for underpinning their regional development strategy. Despite this, since its inception and through its quantitative expansion, cross-border cooperation has also qualitatively advanced towards a type of cooperation termed second-generation and proximity-based [16]. The project content in this cooperation developed from the predominance of infrastructural schemes and economic competitiveness towards projects based more on the social dimension [17] in an area of proximity, combined with more multilevel governance through the creation of institutions from a bottom-up approach, which, in a decentralized way that gives a greater prominence to local actors, are seen as the instruments of governance closest to the territory itself and its population [18]. ...
Eurocity: From Political Construction to Local Demand . . . Or Vice-Versa?
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This study presents a diagnostic analysis of the concept of the Eurocity. It aims to compare the initial intentions of the concept with its actual results from the perspective of a sustainable local development approach, particularly assessing the attention given to local governance and its potential for boosting this development paradigm. To this end, a range of internal documents and press reports of the Guadiana Eurocity were analyzed, and 15 in-depth interviews and one focus group were conducted with the main stakeholders involved in implementing local development policy in order to uncover the cognitive structure of their collective discourse and the potentials and expectations of the Eurocity. The results showed that the Guadiana Eurocity seemed to be the cross-border and European integration entity with the most legitimacy among these municipalities for carrying out sustainable local development strategies. Its structure and closeness to residents’ daily lives, however, were not sufficient guarantees of its success.
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... En Europa, el caso de las ligas de ciudades, o redes de ciudades, no suponía ninguna novedad, ya que se contaba con estructuras similares, que agrupaban entidades urbanas y rurales de cooperación, como la MOT francesa o las City Twins bálticas. Sin embargo, en la para algunos autores considerada la frontera más antigua de Europa 10 (Medina, 2006b;López, 1998), la iniciativa de la RIET, como nueva entidad de cooperación de "segunda generación" (Medina, 2012), va a ser impulsada por el Eixo Atlântico do Noroeste Peninsular, actor local transfronterizo hispanoluso que lleva funcionando en el ámbito de la cooperación transfronteriza local, de forma ininterrumpida, desde el año 1992. ...
Construyendo "Europolis" a partir de la cooperación local “informal” en los espacios transfronterizos de Europa: el caso de la RIET
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After twenty five years of cross-border formal cooperation in Europe with origins in the landmark launch of the Communitarian Initiative Interreg (1990), this exploratory analysis offers a model for the study of “second generation” cooperation based on the experience of the Red Ibérica de Entidades Transfronterizas (RIET) that operates in the border space between Spain and Portugal. The case of RIET enables the observation of a model of widened (formal-informal) and reinforced (isopoliteia and sympoliteia) cooperation. Under the name of Europolis, it is based on practices of cross-border local governance that address the processes of cross-border cooperation from diversity and flexibility standpoints. For the examination of the model, the construction of the isopoliteia and sympoliteia put in practice by the leagues of classical Greek cities is taken as an example; and, in turn, applied to the realities of the cities’ networks that boost the development of projects across the European Union’s inner borders ―in our case, the RIET. To this end, their path-dependence is explored from a historical neo-institutionalist perspective, as well as their influence in the definition of cross-border public issues and the political agendas of the Iberian Summits, which brought Spain and Portugal together in the years 2013 and 2014.
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Trabajadores fronterizos y transfronterizos en España y Portugal a lo largo de la historia
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  • Jan 2008
En este artículo rastreamos los orígenes y la presencia de " trabajado-res " fronterizos y transfronterizos en España y Portugal a lo largo de la historia. Para ello, utilizamos una interpretación flexible y amplia del concepto de " trabajador " , abarcando dicho término a ocupaciones y profesiones de diversa naturaleza que, a nuestros parecer, han sido históricamente relevantes, y están relacionadas, en su mayor parte, con la existencia y la presencia de la frontera. En este sentido, distinguimos entre " trabajadores en la frontera "-aquellos cuyas ocupaciones y actividades profesionales se realizan en la misma frontera o en sus inmediaciones pero que no cruzan habitual ni sistemáticamente dicha frontera, aunque pueden hacerlo ocasio-nalmente-y " trabajadores transfronterizos "-aquellos que sistemáticamente atraviesan la frontera para desempeñar todas o parte de sus actividades en el otro lado de la frontera, en el otro Estado. Como veremos, la mayor parte de las " profesiones " que hemos documentado derivan de dos núcleos de ac-tividad principales: la guerra y el comercio transfronterizo; remitiéndonos a la naturaleza esencialmente ambigua y paradójica del fenómeno frontera. En la medida que lo permita la información disponible, haremos especial referencia a la presencia de " trabajadores fronterizos " en las euroregiones fronterizas lindantes de Extremadura con Portugal.
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