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Biomass production and distribution in seedlings of Coffea Arabica genotypes under contrasting nursery environments in southwestern Ethiopia
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In Ethiopia, the natural forests with the occurrence of wild Arabica coffee gene pools are under constant threats, largely due to anthropogenic activities. The study was conducted to compare the variability among the wild arabica coffee genotypes in biomass assimilation and allocation patterns under varying light and irrigation conditions at the Jimma Research Center, southwestern Ethiopia. The treatments included irradiance (moderate and full sunlight), irrigation (well watered and water stressed) regimes and twelve coffee genotypes of different geographical areas. One-year-old seedlings were used to record dry mass of leaves, main stem, primary branches and root growth. Each organ was separately oven-dried and total dry matter production and allocation patterns were measured and analyzed. The results depicted highly significant differences between the contrasting irradiance and irrigation regimes as well as among coffee genotypes. Significantly the lowest and highest stems dry mass values recorded for Berhane-Kontir and Harenna genotypes, respectively. Most accessions had relatively lower assimilations in shade as compared to full sun light conditions. Likewise, coffee seedlings significantly differed in root dry mass and root to shoot ratio, dry matter partitioning due to the main and combined treatment effects. Overall, total biomass assimilation and partitioning were higher for unshaded, water stressed and Harenna genotypes from the respective treatment groups. Conversely, leaf dry matter, leaf share was significantly high under moderate shade environments. The total dry matter share varied for the seedling growth parts (root = 22%, leaf = 35%, stem = 43% and whole shoot = 78%). The root growth followed the order of Harenna > Yayu > Bonga > Berhane-Kontir populations. The reverse was true for the leaf and whole-shoots, demonstrating the completion between above and below ground growth parts and thus the need to consider both dry matter assimilation and partitioning patterns in identifying desirable genotypes and optimum environments for future breeding program in Ethiopia.
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... Seedlings grown in nurseries in full sun commonly have a higher assimilate production than nurseries in shade conditions (Moraes et al., 2010;Rodríguez-López et al., 2014;Kufa, 2012). Although, it does not ever occur (Tatagiba et al., 2010;Córdova et al., 2016). ...
... These results indicated that kaolinite did not have a specific effect on the accumulation of seedling dry mass and that the differences were only attributable to the light gradient. In several studies, C. arabica seedlings grown in shade have had a lower dry mass than those grown in full sun (Moraes et al., 2010;Kufa, 2012;Rodríguez-López et al., 2014), because under low light conditions, lower ATP synthase activity decreases the amount of ATP necessary for carbon fixation and carbohydrate biosynthesis; as a result, growth decreases (Mathur et al., 2018). Changes in dry matter are a clear indicator of the ability of seedlings to respond and take advantage of variations in light availability (Rodríguez-López et al., 2014). ...
... In general, the RDMF increases consistently with the in both herbaceous and woody species (Poorter and Nagel, 2000). In the present investigation, the RDMF tended to be greater when the seedlings were exposed to direct solar radiation, which has also been reported in coffee (Moraes et al., 2010;Kufa, 2012). On the other hand, seedlings in treatments with kaolinite that invest more dry mass in their roots would have slower growth, but the greater absorption surface could give them an advantage where water and nutrients are limiting (Valladares, 2004) after of transplant at field. ...
... Plants respond to changing light conditions by adjusting a suite of morpho-physiological traits [5]. According to [6] a 95% plant biomass is derived from carbohydrates manufactured by green parts by the process of photosynthesis and the remaining 5% from mineral elements absorbed by the roots. Pervious results indicated that morpho-physiological and chemical leaf traits vary in response to differences in shade management and nutrients [7]. ...
... Dry matter production is depending upon leaf area index, structure of the canopy, photosynthetic rates and strength of the metabolic sinks [6]. It is varied with accessions, nutrient [8,9] as well as population density or low light. ...
... Similar reports indicate that variation in morphology and proportions of distribution and allocation of dry matter in the structures [12]. Photosynthetic and nitrogen assimilates are allocated to various parts of the plant in ratios are due to regulatory mechanisms [6]. Cultivar-75227 was highest fresh and dry biomass as compared with cultivar-74110 (Figure 1a) it might be due variations in morphological growth. ...
Biomass partitioning is important process for energy distribution among their leaves, stem and roots. The study was designed to evaluate the effect of population densities and fertilizer rates on biomass production and partitioning of Arabica coffee cultivars under nursery conditions. It was conducted at Jimma Agricultural Research Center from (February 29 to October 29), 2018 season. The treatments were arranged by using completely randomized design and a factorial experiment with three replications. Treatments consisted of combinations of two Arabica coffee cultivars (74110 and 75227), four population densities (one, two, three and four plants per polythene tube) and three compound NPK (22:6:12 + Te) rates (control, 5g and 10g). The results showed that, interaction effect of coffee genotypes, population densities and fertilizer rates was highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) for SFW, TFW and TDW, whereas significant (P ≤ 0.05) for RFW, LFW, ShFW, RDW, SDW, LDW and ShDW. The result revealed that, the maximum values of fresh weight (RFW, SFW, LFW, ShFW and TFW) and dry weight (RDW, SDW, LDW, ShDW and TDW) were obtained from treatment combinations of 74110*PD2*5g of NPK and 75227*PD1*5g of NPK in cultivar-74110 and cultivar-75227, respectively. Similarly, maximum biomass partitioning was observed from leaf dry weight as compared stem and root dry weight which were treated with 5g of NPK for both cultivars. Biomass partitioning optimization is very important to minimize the stress imposed by the limiting resource and more attention should be given on a biotic and biotic factor which affects biomass partitioning under field conditions.
... Different researchers investigated that the tree species changes in root: shoot ratio or the temporary build up of reserves in the stem is accompanied by change in nutrient, water availability and carbon metabolism, which affects dry matter partitioning [18][19][20]. According to some finding the net result of growth responses to decreased soil moisture availability is not only a decrease in plant growth rate, but a shift in the distribution of dry matter in favor of root biomass [20,21]. ...
... Different researchers investigated that the tree species changes in root: shoot ratio or the temporary build up of reserves in the stem is accompanied by change in nutrient, water availability and carbon metabolism, which affects dry matter partitioning [18][19][20]. According to some finding the net result of growth responses to decreased soil moisture availability is not only a decrease in plant growth rate, but a shift in the distribution of dry matter in favor of root biomass [20,21]. The allocation of dry matter among roots and shoots in seedlings developed different, because in each condition, the amount of water available to the seedling is varied. ...
... The investment made in the root organ at expense of shoot is to overcome limited moisture and extract more water from the deeper soil layer, if moisture is limited in soil layer within rooting depth. This finding agrees with Taye [20] who reported that higher root dry mass in drought-stressed than in well-irrigated seedlings. This response could suggest a drought-stress tolerance strategy investing more of the daily biomass production in the root system at the expense of the shoot system; enable the plants for searching moisture from deeper soil layer. ...
In Ethiopia, the coffee production is highly constrained by drought. To overcome such problem, knowing the behavior of coffee genotype's biomass accumulation pattern to different parts under contrasting moisture stress is important in selection of drought tolerant genotypes. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate and characterize the biomass partitioning patterns of Harerghe coffee genotypes as influenced by deficit irrigation in rain shelter at Jimma agricultural research center. An experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with three replications, where treatments consisted of three deficit level (40, 80 and 120% of ETc) and six genotypes (H-674/98, H-739/98, H-823/98, H-981/98, H-929/98 and H-857/98). The result showed that the coffee dry-biomass partitioning patterns were significantly varied due deficit irrigation and genotypes as well as their interactions. Overall, the biomass assimilation and allocation were higher for roots (37%) under 40% ETc and finally dropped to 23% under well watered seedlings, the investment made in root at the expense of shoot in drought conditions, enables the plants to extract more water from dipper soil layers, if water is limited in upper soil layers Conversely, the dry matters portioned to leaf were greater (48%) under well watered seedlings and finally dropped to 26% under water stressed conditions. The accumulation of more dry-mater to leaf in well irrigated environment enables the plants to enhance photosynthetic capacity and thereby improve plant growth. Lastly, the study of dry biomass partitioning patterns in different parts of coffee plant is crucial important to decide appropriate watering amount and identifying drought tolerant genotypes for future breeding program under variable climatic conditions.
... Coffee can adapt to different soil types and the soil requirements for sustainable high yield of arabica coffee should be of deep profile, over about 180 cm, moderately to heavy texture, good drainage and of high organic matter content [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. It can then be inferred that the infertility of the coffee soils in the western, south-western, and southern parts of Ethiopia can be attributed to excessive accumulations of aluminum, iron and manganese causes for deficiencies in available phosphorus and basic cations [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. In the high rainfall areas of western Ethiopia are strongly acidic, high in exchangeable aluminum throughout the profile, but low in CEC, exchangeable bases, available phosphorus, and organic matter [2]. ...
... Coffee root dry matter partition one of the most important parameters which showed the ability of the seedlings to distribute the dry matter part across to their root parts. Anteneh [3] reported that the increase in dry matter partitioned to roots with increasing lime rate could be attributed to the impaired chemical characteristics of the soil, such as increase in pH and decrease in available P. This finding agrees with the findings of Taye et al. [19] reported enhanced partitioning of the total; assimilate to roots of coffee seedlings under relatively nutrient deficient and poor physical media condition. This depicts that root is much stronger sink of the total assimilate under relatively nutrient stressed condition. ...
Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is indigenous to the tropical rain forests of Ethiopia in the South and Southwest where there was persistent usage since ancient times. Coffee soils in the southwestern parts of Ethiopia can be attributed to excessive accumulations of aluminum, iron or manganese which leads to deficiencies of phosphorus other nutrients. This low soil pH and nutrient deficiencies encountered in the soils of the study area are expected to decrease the growth and dry matter of coffee seedlings. Liming is more effective in combination with phosphorus fertilization or that the secondary effect of liming is higher phosphorus fertilizer availability to the coffee seedlings. The research was conducted at Jimma Agricultural Research Center, south west Ethiopia to evaluate the response of lime and phosphorus rates on coffee seedlings dry matter production and partitioning. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The treatments were arranged in factorial combinations of five levels of lime (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g) and four levels of phosphorus (0, 400, 600 and 800 mg) 2.5 kg-1 top soil. The statistical data was analyzed through SAS software and treatment means were compared at 5% probability using Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results revealed that the interactions of lime and P rates significantly increased dry matter production, partitioning and shoot to root ratio. The maximum dry matter production, partitioning and shoot to root ratio were recorded from the interaction of 10 g lime and 800 mg P rates 2.5 kg-1 top soil. Hence, combined application of 10 g lime and 800 mg P rate 2.5 kg-1 top provides the optimum dry matter production, partitioning and shoot to root ratio for the growth of coffee seedlings under nursery conditions.
... Series: Materials Science and Engineering 420 (2018) 012066 doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/420/1/012066 because of some success indicators. Selection for drought tolerance could be potential in coffee genotypes ( [5], [6], [7]). ...
... Parental environment of Arabica coffee in Ethiopia could affect performance of coffee offspring as well as interaction of offspring genotype and its growth environment might be significant [6]. Because Arabica coffee in North Sumatra Province were growing at a wide range of environmental condition, performance of descendant might be different due to this parental environment. ...
Drought tolerant genotype has to be created due to changing of world climate. Performance of Arabica coffee offspring might be affected by parental environment. In North Sumatra province of Indonesia, Arabica coffee were growing at a wide range of elevation, precipitation and temperature. Hence, drought tolerant genotype might be available in this coffee plantation. The objectives of this research were to determine effect of water stress on performance Arabica coffee genotypes. Seven genotypes which were selected from seven different environments as well as four level of water treatments (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% field capacity) were used. Paramaters were increment of plant height, stem diameter, and leaf number. Factorial experiment namely completely block design with two factors and three replications was conducted in the green house. The result revealed that interaction of genotype and level of water treatment was highly significant. Genotype Tobe2 seemed to be the most tolerant to water stress. Increment of leaf number of descendant had a negative significant correlation with minimum precipitation of parental environment. Increment of stem diameter of offspring positively significantly correlated with average temperature of parental environment. It could be concluded that it could be possible to carry out selection for drought tolerant genotype from the existing population of Arabica coffee. However, selection should be conducted in a controlled condition due to significant GxE interaction.
... As soil moisture Coffee Genotypes at Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia increases the leaf area increases and vice versa. This could related to [18], the plant has mechanism of adjusting itself to reduced soil moisture either by reducing its leaf area to reduce evaporating surface or retard shoot growth, rather invest growth into root parts as drought become progressed. The Author [19] reported that plants in well-watered plots exhibited significantly higher shoot growth, expressed as plant height, girth at the base, number of nodes, internodes length, number of branches, total branch length, number of leaves and total leaf area. ...
Coffee plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy; it is a major source of revenue, accounting for almost 70% of total export earnings. However, the recurrent drought and seasonal moisture deficit impacted the coffee production. Therefore, the experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of Harerghe coffee genotypes under different deficit irrigation levels at Jimma (Malko) in rain shelter. Six Harerghe coffee genotypes seedlings with age of eleven months were subjected to three deficit irrigation levels (40, 80 and 120% of ETc) with randomized complete block design, which replicated three times. It was observed that different deficit levels significantly affected water productivity, dry mater yield production and growth traits for all genotypes. Based on mean values of total dry matter production, genotype H-823, H-957 and H-981 were classified as more productive than H-929 and H-979 under 80%ETc irrigations, while H-929 found to be less productive in terms of dry matter production. The 40%ETc of irrigation significantly improved water productivity, but, 120%ETc considerably reduced the water productivity of most genotypes. As supply of irrigation increased the water productivity was linearly decreased and opposite trend is observed for dry mater yield and plant growth. Regardless of genotypes, almost all genotypes differentially responded to irrigation amounts, the highest and lowest water productivity had produced from H-823 and H-929, respectively, but similar values was observed among H-857 and H-981. The genotype X irrigation interaction significantly impacted all measured plant traits. Among genotypes, H-823 produced highest water productivity under 80%ETc and followed by H-674, H-857 and H-929 under 40%ETc, while the lowest had from H-981 and H-674 with 120%ETc. In contrast, the 40%ETc significantly reduced dry matter production as well as inhibit plant growth. But, under 80%ETc coffee seedlings gave medium water productivity, maximum dry matter and promoted vegetative growth. However, this finding should further proofed with replicated field experiments under different agro-ecological conditions.
... In its original natural habitats, arabica coffee occurs in the multi-strata of forest ecosystems and thus it is a shade-adapted plant. Its response to light has caused it to be traditionally considered a heliophobic plant requiring high, somewhat dense cover in a plantation (Taye, 2012). Although the crop is said to be a shade loving plant, it thrives best in moderate shading. ...
Coffee is one of the most important commodities in international agricultural trade and its production forms the economic backbone of many countries including Ethiopia. Among numerous factors that affect coffee productivity shade, nitrogen and types of coffee cultivars are the most important ones. However, there is still an open controversy among investigators in recommending the optimal shading level for coffee growth as well as little is known about the interactive effects of light and N supply in different types of coffee cultivars. Therefore, this study was initiated to evaluate the morphological and physiological responses of different coffee cultivars (74-40, 74-4 and 74-110) grown under artificial shade levels (0, 30, 50, and 70 %) and rates of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 100, 160, and 220 kg N/ha) at Jimma, South Western Ethiopia, from June 2012 to April 2013. The experiment was arranged in a randomized split-split plot design with three replications. Data were collected on morphological and physiological response variables and analyzed using SAS Version 9.2 statistical software. The result showed that highly significant (P < 0.01) interaction effect among the three factors under investigation in all morphological and physiological yield attributes considered in this study. Cultivar 74-4 grown under 50 % of shade showed the highest value in individual leaf area (65.36 cm2), leaf dry weight (0.41g) and total leaf area per plant (16802 cm2) with application of 100, 160 and 220 kg N ha-1. Similarly, this cultivar grown under similar shade level (50 %) showed the highest value in LAI (2.63) and length of primary branches (47.57 cm) at the application of 160 and 220 kg N ha-1. The tallest plant height (112.83 cm) was observed from the same cultivar grown under 70 % shade at application of 220 kg N ha-1. Regarding the physiological response variables, cultivar 74-4 grown under 50 % of shade showed the highest value in photosynthetic rate (6.38 µmolm-2s-1) and stomatal conductance (0.11mol m-2s-1) at application of 160 kg N ha-1. On the other hand, this cultivar grown under 50 % shade level showed the highest water use efficiency at the application of 100 and 160 kg N ha-1. While the lowest value of photosynthetic rate was observed from cultivars 74-40 and 74-110 grown under full sunlight condition with 0 and 220 kg N ha-l (2.5, 2.48 µmolm-2s-1), respectively. This observation indicates that coffee plants show lower morphological and physiological plasticity for excessive radiation and this is an evidence coffee’s origin as an understory species. Generally, cultivar 74-4 grown under 50 % of shade showed superior performance in most of the studied yield attributes. Therefore, based on the findings of the current study, growing coffees under moderate (50%) shade and 160 kg N ha-1 is commendable to increase coffee production and productivity. Since, the present study was done only for one season; it would be advisable to repeat the experiment for more number of years including other cultivars and response variables to come up with comprehensive recommendations.
... Periods of drought during growing season initiate water stress and adversely affects quality and yield (Damatta, 2004;DaMatta and Ramalho, 2006;DaMatta et al., 2007;Cheserek and Gichimu, 2012;Mariga et al., 2016). Water stress in C. arabica induces changes in resources allocation favouring root development and increased root:shoot ratio (Silva et al., 2004;Dias et al., 2007;D'Souza et al., 2009;Worku and Astatkie, 2010;Kufa, 2012). Total annual rainfall of about 300 mm at Fifa Mountain falls short of C. arabica water requirements and plants experience water stress at midday during the long dry season. ...
Work aimed at assessing status and introducing water conservation regimes for coffee production in southern Saudi Arabian highlands. Data on farm locations, altitudes, areas, practices, irrigation, tree density, and annual coffee production were analyzed. Field experiment using chlorophyll fluorescence and different irrigation regimes was conducted to examine effects of reducing irrigation frequency on photosynthesis. Results indicated that Coffea arabica L. is commonly grown at altitudes of 1300–1400 m. Plants grown at 4–6 Trees m ⁻² using 100 kg ha ⁻¹ mineral fertilizer produce an average of 3 t ha ⁻¹ . High frequency 2-day-intervals irrigation regime practiced by farmers during the dry season presents ecological challenge to limited local artesian water resources. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence under 14-day-intervals irrigation regime initiated water stress that markedly inhibited Photosystem II efficiency and quantum yield and increased non-photochemical energy dissipation. Applying a 7-day-intervals irrigation regime induced less inhibitory effects on Photosystem II. Results also indicated that shifting from 2-day-intervals irrigation regime to 7-day-intervals regime improves coffee agroecology and directs coffee production towards sustainability.
... December [23]. The experimental areas have the potential for coffee production and each location has different altitudes. ...
... This was also confirmed by [18] who found that every growth characteristics in coffee seedlings is affected by drought stress. Reduction in the growth of coffee under field and/or greenhouse conditions due to drought stress or deficit irrigation was also observed by various authors [2] [19] [20]. ...
Drought is an environmental factor that produces water deficit or water stress in plants. Internal water deficit is initiated when low water potential develops and cell turgor begins to fall below its maximum value. The aim of this study was to identify genotypes from the seedling stage that could withstand moisture stress. The seedlings were raised from seed and at 10 months after transplanting they were arranged in a three replicate randomized complete block design (RCBD) under controlled conditions in a green house. Response measurements were made (i) 30 days after moisture stress period, and (ii) at the end of 15 days recovery period. The measurements were made by uprooting three seedlings in the morning then separating the plants into leaves, stems and roots respectively to obtain the Dry Matter, Leaf Mass Ratio, Root Mass Ratio and Shoot Mass Ratio. Other parameters measured included Plant height and girth. The data was be subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using COSTAT statistical software and effects declared significant at 5% significance level. Least Significance Difference was used to separate means. Significant changes on Dry Matter partitioning, Leaf Mass Ratio, Plant height and girth was recorded during both water stress and during recovery period. Batian 1, Batian 2, Batian 3, DR 2, Rume Sudan, Code 135 and Code 2 performed better under moisture stress varieties and should be evaluated further in the field for drought tolerance to be able to select the best performing genotype.
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