Resveratrol supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective, open label, randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Resveratrol has been reported for its wide ranging beneficial effects on the biological system. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oral supplementation of resveratrol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A prospective, open label, randomized controlled trial was, therefore, conducted at Government Headquarters Hospital, Ootacamund, India, in which sixty two patients with T2DM were enrolled. Patients were randomized into control and intervention groups. The control group received only oral hypoglycemic agents whereas the intervention group received resveratrol (250 mg / day) along with oral hypoglycemic agents for a period of six months. HbA1C, lipid profile, oxidative stress, urea nitrogen, creatinine and protein were measured at the base line and at the end of six months. Of the 62 recruited subjects, 57 completed the study, namely 29 patients in the control group and 28 patients in the intervention group. The results reveal that supplementation of resveratrol for six months significantly decreases body weight, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea nitrogen and total protein. Significant increase in the level of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione was also observed, in addition to significant decrease in the lipid peroxidation. Resveratrol also decreases the levels of HbA1c and fasting blood glucose. However, these changes were not statistically significant. Resveratrol supplementation in patients with T2DM is found to be effective in improving associated vascular risk factors and glycemic control. Resveratrol could, therefore, be used as an effective adjuvant therapy with a conventional hypoglycemic regimen for the management of diabetes.

Full text

Bhatt Jayesh Kumar et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013, 4 (8)
Page 245
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY
www.irjponline.com ISSN 2230 – 8407
Research Article
RESVERATROL SUPPLEMENTATION IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS:
A PROSPECTIVE, OPEN LABEL, RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Bhatt Jayesh Kumar, Nanjan Moola Joghee*
JSS College of Pharmacy (Off campus, JSS University, Mysore), Rocklands, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding Author Email: mjnanjan@gmail.com
Article Received on: 19/07/13 Revised on: 27/07/13 Approved for publication: 11/08/13
DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.04849
IRJP is an official publication of Moksha Publishing House. Website: www.mokshaph.com
© All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Resveratrol has been reported for its wide ranging beneficial effects on the biological system. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of
oral supplementation of resveratrol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A prospective, open label, randomized controlled trial was, therefore, conducted at
Government Headquarters Hospital, Ootacamund, India, in which sixty two patients with T2DM were enrolled. Patients were randomized into control and
intervention groups. The control group received only oral hypoglycemic agents whereas the intervention group received resveratrol (250 mg / day) along with
oral hypoglycemic agents for a period of six months. HbA1C, lipid profile, oxidative stress, urea nitrogen, creatinine and protein were measured at the base
line and at the end of six months. Of the 62 recruited subjects, 57 completed the study, namely 29 patients in the control group and 28 patients in the
intervention group. The results reveal that supplementation of resveratrol for six months significantly decreases body weight, systolic blood pressure, total
cholesterol, triglyceride, urea nitrogen and total protein. Significant increase in the level of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase, catalase,
reduced glutathione was also observed, in addition to significant decrease in the lipid peroxidation. Resveratrol also decreases the levels of HbA1c and fasting
blood glucose. However, these changes were not statistically significant. Resveratrol supplementation in patients with T2DM is found to be effective in
improving associated vascular risk factors and glycemic control. Resveratrol could, therefore, be used as an effective adjuvant therapy with a conventional
hypoglycemic regimen for the management of diabetes.
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Resveratrol, Glibenclamide, Metformin, Human
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common and
complex diseases of worldwide significance. It has been
estimated that worldwide prevalence of diabetes is 366
million people in 2011 and the number is set to increase up to
552 million people by 2030.1 Type 2 diabetes mellitus
(T2DM) is characterized by high incidence of vascular
complications. Hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress,
disturbances of lipid metabolism and various growth factors
are among the major causes of chronic diabetic
complications.2 The existing T2DM treatments limit their use
because of the accompanying side effects particularly weight
gain, hypoglycaemia and contraindications. Moreover, none
of the current antidiabetic treatments have any significant
impact on the associated risk factors. There is a need,
therefore, for new therapies that may improve not only
hypoglycaemic effect but also the associated problems.
Resveratrol (3, 5, 4′-trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally
occurring phytoalexin. It has received the attention of the
research community for its wide ranging beneficial effect on
biological system including antidiabetic3, cardioprotective4,
anti inflammatory and antioxidant5 effects. Though numerous
animal studies have been reported on its wide ranging
beneficial effects, only limited clinical data are available
concerning its potential effects.6 The present study was,
therefore, undertaken to investigate the effect of oral
supplementation of resveratrol in patients with T2DM, in a
prospective, open label, randomized controlled trial.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Population
Patients with known T2DM were enrolled after explaining
the objectives of the study at the screening visit after
verifying the inclusion criteria. The main inclusion criteria
were; patients with known T2DM, aged between 30 to 70
years, either sex, with or without co-morbidities, minimum of
6 months ongoing oral hypoglycaemic treatment (metformin
and/or glibenclamide) and ≥ 3 years duration of the disease.
None of the patients were on antioxidant supplementation.
Patients with Type 1 diabetes, juvenile diabetes, pregnant
women and lactating mothers, voluntary withdrawals and
patients with any significant hepatic and renal dysfunction
were excluded.
Ethics Committee Approval
The experimental protocol was approved by Institutional
Human Ethical Committee, JSS College of Pharmacy,
Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India. The trial was also registered
with Clinical Trial Registry of India, Government of India
(Registration Number: CTRI/2011/05/001731). Informed
written consent was obtained from each subject. The study
was carried out at the Outpatient Department of Government
Headquarters Hospital, Ootacamund, The Nilgiris, Tamil
Nadu, India, during the period of February 2011 to March
2012. Registration number of clinical trial: CTRI
/2011/05/001731
Study Design
A summary of study design is shown in Figure 1. The study
design was prospective, open label, randomized controlled
involving T2DM patients. The enrolled patients were
randomized by using computer assisted randomization
procedure and assigned to control group and intervention
group. Patients in the intervention group received 250 mg /
OD resveratrol capsule (Biofort; Biotivia Bioceuticals
International, USA) supplementation along with oral
hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) like glibenclamide and / or
metformin for a period of six months, whereas patients in
control group received only OHAs for a period of six months.
The primary objective of the study was to assess HBA1c,
body weight, body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic

Bhatt Jayesh Kumar et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013, 4 (8)
Page 246
blood pressure, lipid profile, oxidative stress, urea nitrogen,
creatinine and protein. Measurements were performed at both
baseline and after six months follow up.
Procedure
Demographic data and general health characteristics
including height, social habit, smoking status and food habits
were collected on a standard structured data collection form
during the baseline visit. Height was measured to the nearest
0.5 cm and the weight to the nearest 0.1 kg. BMI was
calculated as weight in kg divided by the square of height in
cm.7 Blood pressure was measured using a mercury
sphygmomanometer according to standard protocol. Subjects
were seated at rest for at least 10 minutes and three
measurements were taken at 5 minutes intervals. The
Korotkoff V sound was used to determine diastolic blood
pressure. Fasting (12 h) venous blood sample (5 mL) was
collected from the patients for biochemical estimation at the
baseline and after six months. HbA1c was measured by using
A1C Now+ monitor (A1C Now+ Bayer Healthcare LLC,
USA) and fasting blood sugar was monitored by using Dr.
Morepen Gluco-One blood glucose monitor system.
Triglyceride, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein
cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured by enzymatic methods
of Allain andcoworkers8. Serum low density lipoprotein
cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated by Frederickson-
Friedwald’s equation.9 Urea nitrogen was measured by the
method of Murray.10 Creatinine was estimated by the method
of Bower.11 Total protein was measured by the method of
Kjeldahl12 and albumin was measured by the method of
Gendler.13 All biochemical estimations were carried with
commercially available kits using semi auto analyser Merck
Microlab 200. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was measured
using the method by Kakkar.14 Lipid peroxides were
estimated by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive
substances (TBARs) in plasma by the method of Okhawa.15
Catalase (CAT) was measured based on the ability of CAT to
inhibit oxidation of hydrogen peroxide.16 Reduced
glutathione (GSH) was determined using the method by
Beutler.17 Oxidative stress parameters were determined using
spectrophotometric method (Shimadzu; UV-1700).
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed by using GNU PSPP
version 0.7.5-g70514b software. Data are presented as means
± SD. A p value of less than 0.05 was taken as statistically
significant. Patients were randomly allocated to control and
intervention group in 1:1 ratio. Per protocol analysis was
used. Kolmogrov-Smirnov goodness of fit test was used. To
determine the normality of distribution Descriptive analyses
were used for the baseline characteristics of populations. The
Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon paired rank test were
used for nonparametric distributions. An independent
unpaired t test and paired t test were used for numerical
normally distributed data. All statistical tests were two sided.
Figure 1: Subject disposition during the trial
Enrolment
Computer assisted
randomized (n=62)
Excluded (n=18)
· Not meeting inclusion criteria
(n=10)
· Refuse to participate (n=4)
· Other reason (n=4)
Allocated to control group (n=32)
Received allocated intervention (n=32)
Did not received intervention (n=0)
Allocated to intervention group (n=30)
Received allocated intervention (n=30)
Did not received intervention (n=0)
Lost to follow up (n=2)
Discontinued intervention (n=1)
Lost to follow up (n=2)
Analysed (n=29)
Analysed (n=28)
Assessed for eligibility
(n=80)

Bhatt Jayesh Kumar et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013, 4 (8)
Page 247
Table 1: Baseline characteristics of participants
Variables
Control group (n = 29)
Intervention group (n=28)
p value
Age
57.75 ± 8.71
56.67 ± 8.91
0.64
Sex (Female / male)
20 / 9
16 / 12
0.43
Educationa
I = 10, P = 6, M = 6, S = 2,HS = 3, G = 2
I = 4, P = 6, M = 4, S = 5, HS = 5, G = 4
-
Occupationb
H = 12, FT = 4, PT = 5, R = 6, D = 2
H = 12, FT = 5, PT = 4, R = 5, D = 2
-
Duration of disease
6.68 ± 4.70
7.57 ± 4.56
0.37
Family history of diabetes
9
12
0.43
Smoking
6
6
0.96
Alcoholic
6
6
0.96
Non-vegetarian / Vegetarians
28 / 1
24 / 4
0.46
Co morbidity
18
17
0.93
a I Illiterate, P Primary, M Middle, S Secondary, HS Higher Secondary, G Graduate b H House wife, FT Full Time, PT Part Time, R Retired, D Disable to work
Results are expressed as means ± SD, median and (range) or absolute numbers, as applicable
Table 2: Biochemical and Clinical Variables at Baseline and After Six Months for the Control and Intervention Groups
Variables
Control group (n = 29)
P value
Intervention group (n = 28)
P value
Baseline
After 6
months
Baseline
After 6 months
Body weight (kg)
63.10 ± 9.02
63.62 ± 9.20
0.01**
64.78 ± 9.25
63.10 ± 8.49
0.002**
BMI (kg / m2)
24.92 ± 3.05
24.97 ± 2.98
0.94
24.66 ± 3.57
24.13 ± 3.25
0.017**
Fasting blood glucose (mmol / l)
10.11 ± 2.56
11.24 ± 2.59
0.10
11.82 ± 3.58
11.22 ± 3.71
0.38
HbA1c (mmol / mol)
72 ± 3
78 ± 7
0.23
86 ± 7
85 ± 5
0.93
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
134.51 ± 14.61
138.82 ± 13.93
0.06*
139.71 ± 16.10
131.14 ± 9.86
0.01**
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
78.62 ± 10.86
84.82 ± 7.33
0.0008***
81.42 ± 9.58
82.28 ± 10.82
0.64
Total cholesterol (mmol / l)
4.89 ± 0.89
5.29 ± 0.95
0.0001***
4.70 ± 0.90
4.08 ± 0.61
0.0001***
Triglyceride (mmol / l)
1.89 ± 0.59
1.95 ± 0.62
0.32
1.70 ± 0.63
1.22 ± 0.35
0.001**
LDL cholesterol (mmol / l)
2.80 ± 0.80
3.14 ± 0.79
0.0001***
2.58 ± 0.83
2.29 ± 0.50
0.05*
HDL cholesterol (mmol / l)
1.26 ± 0.17
1.25 ± 0.16
0.49
1.37 ± 0.27
1.23 ± 0.27
0.02**
Urea nitrogen, mmol / l
10.44 ± 1.42
10.66 ± 1.13
0.09*
11.78 ± 2.11
10.59 ± 2.00
0.005**
Creatinine, (mmol / l)
83.98 ± 9.72
88.4 ± 7.07
0.01**
90.16 ± 15.02
84.86 ± 16.79
0.15
Total Protein (g / l )
76.5 ± 3.5
77.7 ± 2.80
0.001**
75.6 ± 4.6
68.6 ± 6.00
0.0001***
Superoxide dismutase (U / ml)
4.19 ± 0.67
4.05 ± 0.54
0.17
4.41 ± 0.77
7.15 ± 1.02
0.0001***
Catalase (U / mg)
7.51 ± 0.93
7.38 ± 0.87
0.01**
8.17 ± 1.48
8.20 ± 1.50
0.01**
Reduced glutathione (mmol / l)
1.28 ± 0.06
128 ± 0.06
0.11
1.26 ± 0.09
1.27 ± 0.09
0.0003***
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (nmol / ml)
6.80 ± 0.36
6.86 ± 0.35
0.89
6.99 ± 0.35
6.81 ± 0.41
0.02**
Values are expressed as means ± SD (Student’s pair t test was used); *** p < 0.001, **p < 0.05, *not quite significant
Table 3: Change in the Bi ochemical and Clinical Variables during t he Study Period (end of the study minus baseline) for the Control and
Intervention Group
Variables
Control group (n = 29)
Intervention group (n = 28)
P value
Body weight (kg)
0.51 ± 1.08
-1.67 ± 2.70
0.0002***
BMI (kg / m2)
0.05 ± 0.44
-0.52 ± 1.10
0.01**
Fasting blood glucose, (mmol / l)
1.13 ± 1.26
-0.60 ± 3.62
0.01**
HbA1c mmol / mol
6 ± 18
-1 ± 11
0.08*
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
4.31 ± 12.26
-8.57 ± 17.29
0.008**
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
6.20 ± 8.90
0.85 ± 9.71
0.02**
Total cholesterol (mmol / l)
0.35 ± 0.31
-0.65 ± 0.72
0.0001***
Triglyceride (mmol / l)
0.05 ± 0.28
-0.48 ± 0.69
0.0003***
LDL cholesterol (mmol / l)
0.34 ± 0.28
-0.28 ± 0.77
0.0002***
HDL cholesterol (mmol / l)
-0.01 ± 0.11
-0.14 ± 0.31
0.03**
Urea nitrogen (mmol / l)
0.20 ± 0.64
-1.18 ± 2.05
0.001**
Creatinine (mmol / l)
3.53 ± 7.07
-5.30 ± 20.33
0.03**
Total Protein, (g / dl)
1.1 ± 1.7
-7.0 ± 6.3
0.0001***
Superoxide dismutase (U / ml)
-0.13 ± 0.53
2.73 ± 0.94
0.0001***
Catalase (U / mg)
-0.12 ± 0.26
0.07 ± 0.15
0.001**
Reduced glutathione (mmol / l)
-0.002 ± 0.007
0.005 ± 0.012
0.009***
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (nmol / ml)
0.003 ± 0.13
-0.18 ± 0.23
0.0005***
Values are expressed as means ± SD, Mean values were significantly different from control group (independent sample t test or Mann-Whitney U test):
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.05
RESULTS
Out of the 32 patients in the control group, 2 moved to other
places because of job relocation and 1 discontinued for
personal reasons. Of the 30 intervention subjects, 2 were lost
during the follow up. In total, data for 29 patients on control
group and 28 patients for intervention group were used for
the analysis at the end of six months. In the control group 3
patients were on metformin, 3 on glibenclamide and 23 were
on the combination of these two drugs. Among the control
group 18 patients had hypertension co-morbidity. In the
intervention group 5 patients were on metformin, 5 on
glibenclamide and 18 on the combination of these two drugs.
In the intervention group 17 patients had hypertension co-
morbidity. Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of the
enrolled patients. No significant differences were observed
between the control and intervention groups at the baseline.
Table 2 shows the biochemical and clinical variables at
baseline and after six months of study in both the groups. The
data reveal that significant changes in the body weight (p =
0.002), BMI (p = 0.01), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.01),
total cholesterol and triglyceride (p < 0.001), urea nitrogen (p
= 0.01) and total protein (p = 0.01) after six months of

Bhatt Jayesh Kumar et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013, 4 (8)
Page 248
resveratrol supplementation. Resveratrol supplementation
significantly increases the level of SOD, CAT and GSH and
decreases the level of TBARs. No statistical significant
change was observed in fasting blood glucose, HbA1c level
and creatinine level within the group after six month of
supplementation.
Table 3 shows changes in the biochemical and clinical
variables during the study period for the control and
intervention group. The results reveal that significant
differences between the control and the intervention group
with respect to all the variables except HbA1c level.
Resveratrol supplementation decreases the level of HbA1c.
The change, however, is not quite significant.
DISCUSSION
The effect of resveratrol as a supplement in patients with
T2DM was studied for the first time in this clinical trial
carried out in India. Our results reveal that daily oral
supplementation of resveratrol in patients with T2DM for a
period of 6 months significantly reduces body weight, BMI,
systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea
nitrogen and total protein. Earlier studies have reported
hypoglycemic effect of resveratrol18,19 though some
investigations have observed a contrary effect.20 The present
study reveals that resveratrol supplementation does decrease
HbA1C level and fasting blood glucose level. The change,
however, is very small and statistically not significantly. But
any small change can also be very beneficial in controlling
long term complications. The mechanism of hypoglycemic
effect of resveratrol is still not clear though some proposal
have been made.21-24 Diabetes is associated with a high risk
for micro vascular and macro vascular complications with a
high risk of premature death. Not only hyperglycaemia but
also disturbances of lipid metabolism are among the major
causes of chronic diabetic complications. The present study
reveals that resveratrol supplementation significantly
decreases total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL cholesterol.
During the study period, it was observed that the systolic
blood pressure in the control group increases significantly
while in the intervention group it decreases significantly. An
earlier study reports that resveratrol reduces dyslipidemia and
has been described as an efficient antihypertensive agent.5 In
the present study, a significant change was observed in the
body weight of T2DM patients after six months of resveratrol
supplementation. It has been reported that resveratrol
prevents diet induced obesity.25 It has also been suggested
that longer duration of treatment with resveratrol significantly
reduces the body weight.5 Oxidative stress also plays a
central role in the development of diabetic complications. In
humans, the antioxidant system includes a number of
antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD),
catalase (CAT), non enzymatic antioxidant such as reduced
glutathione (GSH). Altered antioxidant enzyme levels have
been reported in patients with diabetes mellitus.26 In the
present study, resveratrol supplementation significantly
increases the levels of SOD, CAT and GSH. The activation
of CAT and GSH activity may possibly be due to the ROS
scavenging activity of resveratrol.27 It is also possible that
resveratrol allows an increase in the expression of antioxidant
enzyme levels as reported earlier with antioxidants like
vitamin C and E.28 Cao and Li have investigated the
mechanism underlying the protective effect of resveratrol in
various cardiovascular disorders and demonstrated that a
number of endogenous antioxidants and phase 2 enzymes
including SOD, CAT and GSH can be induced by a low
concentration of resveratrol.29 In another study, it has been
reported that resveratrol possesses antioxidative enzyme
activating potential. Resveratrol supplementation also
decreases lipid peroxidation in the T2DM patients. Our
results are in agreement with an earlier report.30 The strength
of this study is its prospective randomized control design
which decreases the probability of confounding as the
baseline data reveal equal distribution of covariates. Our
study has some limitations in that it is an open label trial and
the sample size is small. We did not include insulin related
parameters, daily intake and daily energy consumption. In
addition, no manipulation checks were included. Study
participation may also evoke motivation for life style changes
in the individual, irrespective of the treatment. Our finding,
therefore, may not be generalised to populations of other
ethnicities and may need to be confirmed in other
independent cohorts with larger sample size and different
ethnic groups. This is only a preliminary clinical study to
evaluate the effect of resveratrol in patients with T2DM. In
conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that
resveratrol supplementation may improve the associated risk
factors and glycemic control in patients with T2DM.
Resveratrol can, therefore, be used as an effective adjuvant
therapy with a conventional hypoglycemic regimen to treat
T2DM. Our preliminary study provides data about the
possible clinical effects of resveratrol supplementation on the
glycemic and cardiovascular risk factors control in T2DM
patients and a base for future studies with larger number of
patients and longer duration.
ACKNOWLEDGEME NTS
We thank the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for the award of a
Senior Research Fellowship to Jayesh Kumar Bhatt and Biotivia Bioceuticals
International, USA, for their generous gift of resveratrol capsules.
REFERENCES
1. David RW, Leonor G, Clara W, Jonathan S. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global
estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes
Research and Clinical Practice 2011; 94(3): 311-321. http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.029 PMid:22079683
2. Abou Seif MA, Youssef A. Evaluation of some biochemical changes in
diabetic patients. Clinica Chimica Acta 2004; 346: 161-170.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cccn.2004.03.030 PMid:15256317
3. Dirks Naylor AJ. Cellular effects of resveratrol in skeletal muscle. Life
Sciences 2009; 84: 637-640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2009.02.011
PMid:19233212
4. Soleas GJ, Diamondis EP, Goldberg DM. Wine as a biological fluid:
history, production, and role in disease prevention. J Clin Lab Anal
1997; 11: 287-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2825(1997)11:
5<287::AID-JCLA6>3.3.CO;2-K
5. Rivera L, Morón R, Zarzuelo A, Galisteo M. Long-term Resveratrol
administration reduces metabolic disturbances and lowers blood
pressure in obese Zucker rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77: 1053-1063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2008.11.027 PMid:19100718
6. Szkudelska K, Szkudelski T. Resveratrol, obesity and diabetes.
European Journal of Pharmacology 2010; 635: 1-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.02.054 PMid:20303945
7. Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith SC Jr, Lenfant C.
American Heart Association, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute:
Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute / American Heart Association conference on
scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 2004; 109: 433-438.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000111245.75752.C6
8. Allain CC, Poom LS, Cjan C, Richmond W, Fu PC. Enzymatic
determination of total cholesterol. Clin Chem 1974; 20: 470-5.
PMid:4818200
9. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the
concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol without the use of
the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 449.
10. Murray RL. Non Protein compounds, In Clinical Chemistry: Theory,
analysis and correlation, Kalpan LA and Pesce AJ, Eds. Mosby CV,
Toranto; 1984. p. 1230-1268.

Bhatt Jayesh Kumar et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013, 4 (8)
Page 249
11. Bower LD. Kinetic serum creatinine assay. The role of various factors in
determining specificity. Clin Chem 1980; 26(5): 551-54.
12. Kjeldahl J. Neue methodezur bestimmung des stickstoffs in organischen
korpeen. Z Anal Chem 1983; 22: 366-82. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1007/BF01338151
13. Gendler S. Proteins, In Clinical chemistry: Theory, analysis and
correlation, Kalpan LA and Pesce AJ, Eds. Mosby CV, Toranto; 1984.
p. 1268-1327.
14. Kakkar PS, Das B, Viswanathan PN. A modified spectrophotometric
assay of superoxide dismutase. Indian J. Biochem Biophys 1984; 21:
130-132. PMid:6490072
15. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal
tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979; 95: 351-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
16. Beers RF and Sizer IW. A spectrophotometric method for measuring the
breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. The Journal of Biological
Chemistry 1952; 195: 133-140. PMid:14938361
17. Beutler E, Duron O, Kelley BM. Improved method for the determination
of blood glutathione. J Lab Clin Med 1963; 61: 882-8. PMid:13967893
18. Chi TC, Chen WP, Chi TL. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase is involved in
the anti hyperglycemic effect induced by Resveratrol in streptozotocin-
induced diabetic rats. Life Science 2007; 80: 1713-1720.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2007.02.002 PMid:17346750
19. Bhatt JK, Thomas S, Nanjan MJ. Resveratrol supplementation improves
glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition Research 2012; 7:
413-443.
20. Ates O, Cayli SR, Yucel N, Altinoz E, Kocak A, Durak MA, et al.
Central nervous system protection by resveratrol in streptozocin-induced
diabetic rats. J Clin Neurosci 2007; 14: 256-260. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.jocn.2005.12.010 PMid:17258134
21. Hambrock A, de Oliveira Franz CB, Hiller S. Resveratrol binds to the
sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) and induces apoptosis in a SUR subtype-
specific manner. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 3347-3356. http://dx.
oi.org/10.1074/jbc.M608216200 PMid:17138562
22. Chen WP, Chi TC, Chuang LM, Su MJ. Resveratrol enhances insulin
secretion by blocking KATP and KV channels of beta cells. Eur J
Pharmacol 2007; 568: 269-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016
/j.ejphar.2007.04.062 PMid:17573071
23. Sharma S, Misra CS, Arumugam S, Roy S, Shah V, Davis JA,
Shirumalla RK, Ray A. Antidiabetic activity of resveratrol, a known
SIRT1 activator in a genetic model for type 2 diabetes. Phytotherapy
Research 2011; 25(1): 67-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3221
PMid:20623590
24. Jiang WJ. Sirtuins: novel targets for metabolic disease in drug
development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 29: 341-344.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.048 PMid:18577374
25. Lagouge M, Argmann C, Gerhart Hines Z, Meziane H, Lerin C, Daussin
F, et al. Resveratrol improve mitochondrial function and protect against
metabolic diseases by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1 alpha. Cell 2006;
127: 1109-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.013 PMid:17
112576
26. Low PA, Nickander KK, Tritschler HJ. The roles of oxidative stress and
antioxidant treatment in experimental diabetes neuropathy. Diabetes
1997; 46(2): S38-S42. PMid:9285497
27. Ashutosh K, Ravindra KK, Seethalakshmi I, Shyam SS. Effect of
resveratrol on nerve function, oxidative stress and DNA fra gmentation
in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Life science 2007; 80: 1236-1244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.036 PMid:17289084
28. Sindhu RK, Koo JR, Roberts CK, Vaziri ND. Dysregulation of hepatic
superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidise in diabetes:
response to insulin and antioxidant therapies. Clinical and Experimental
Hypertension 2004; 26: 43-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CEH-
120027330 PMid:15000296
29. Cao Z, Li Y. Potent induction of cellular antioxidants and phase 2
enzymes by resveratrol in cardiomyocytes: protection against oxidative
and electrophilic injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 489: 39-48.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.02.031 PMid:15063153
30. Khan MM, Ahmad A, Ishrat T, Khan MB, Hoda MN, Khuwaja G, et al.
Resveratrol attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative damage
and dopamine depletion in rat model of parkinson’s disease. Brain Res
2010; 1328: 139-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.031
PMid:20167206
Cite this article as:
Bhatt Jayesh Kumar, Nanjan Moola Joghee. Resveratrol supplementation in
patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus: A prospective, open label,
randomized controlled trial. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013; 4(8):245-249 http://dx.
doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.04849
Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared