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The Enneagram: A Review of the Empirical and Transformational Literature
Abstract
The enneagram is an ancient system of personality development represented by a symbol signifying 9 character orientations composed of habitual patterns of perception, emotion, and behavior. By exploring their orientation, individuals can identify and transcend the strengths and limitations of their value systems and work toward an integrated worldview conducive to others' growth. | CORRECTION: On p. 28, the end of the first paragraph should have read, "Possibilities include correlations between the enneagram orientations and ... interpretations of the clinical scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) and the MMPI-2" (not "the MMPI and the MMPI-2").
... Enneagram mizaç modeli ile ilgili en temel kısıtlılık bilimsel kanıtlara dayanmıyor oluşundan gelmektedir. Çoğunlukla bireysel deneyimler ve öznel yorumlamalar ile şekillenen Enneagram'ın, kişilik ölçüm aracı olarak değerlendirilebilmesinin geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik aşamalarından geçmesine bağlı olduğu belirtilmiştir (Bland, 2010). ...
... Enneagram ile ilgili bir başka eleştiri ise kültürel farklılıkları yok sayıyor oluşundan gelmektedir. Enneagram'ın sıklıkla bireyci kültüre odaklanarak uygulanıyor oluşu toplulukçu kültür için uyarlanabilirliğini kısıtlamaktadır (Bland, 2010). ...
The aims of this study are to develop Turkish Enneagram analysis temperament
inventory and examine its construct validity. Enneagram analysis temperament
inventory that is composed of 9 temperaments are named respectively as:
perfectionist, advisor, achiever, individualist, thinker, guardian, optimist, challenger,
and mediator. In literature, Enneagram model is considered as a personality type and
in general, is measured by grouping Enneagram personality types under one
dimension. There are studies in which Enneagram personality types are measured by
inadequate items and have low reliability levels. In this study, Enneagram modelling
was handled on the basis of psychoanalytic, biologic and cognitive approaches by
embracing humanistic approach. Dimensions that represent Enneagram are taken
into consideration as temperaments and nine separate dimensions are created. Item
pool was created by the operational definition of every temperament and
observations of researchers and items that did not represent related dimension were
omitted. By this way, the concept was measured by 81 items. Factor analysis was
performed for every temperament dimension. Alpha values for temperament
dimensions range from 0.73 (Temperament 5) and 0.82 (Temperament 1) and alpha
value for total 81 items is 0.87. The data were gathered 1162 respondents lend color
to validity and reliability of both the 9 temperaments separately with its total 81
items.
... The name enneagram derives from the Greek words enna, which means 'nine,' and grammos, which means 'dots' (Kurt, 2019). Enneagram's examination of nine distinct personality types based on emotion, behavior, and perception patterns enables individuals' limits, value systems, and strengths to be identified (Bland, 2010). The personality types in the enneagram are as follows: Type 1-Perfectionist/Reformer, Type 2 -Helper, Type 3 -Achiever, Type 4-Individualist, Type 5-Investigator, Type 6-Loyalist, Type 7-Enthusiast, Type 8-Challenger, Type 9-Peacemaker (Bland, 2010). ...
... Enneagram's examination of nine distinct personality types based on emotion, behavior, and perception patterns enables individuals' limits, value systems, and strengths to be identified (Bland, 2010). The personality types in the enneagram are as follows: Type 1-Perfectionist/Reformer, Type 2 -Helper, Type 3 -Achiever, Type 4-Individualist, Type 5-Investigator, Type 6-Loyalist, Type 7-Enthusiast, Type 8-Challenger, Type 9-Peacemaker (Bland, 2010). ...
... It is far more complex than other models. It gives awareness of advantages and disadvantages for each personality which helps to reach personality's growth [6]. It is composed of nine personalities: Reformer, Helper, Achiever, Individualist, Investigator, Loyalist, Enthusiast, Challenger and Peacemaker. ...
Researchers are keen on finding out about people’s emotions and interests. Personality prediction helps in this issue. Recognizing consumers’ sentiments and desires assists in the development of better recommendation systems and dating applications. Previous personality prediction systems studies had shown personality theories such as Big Five Traits, Three Factor Model, etc. More informative personality model is required because it offers a greater understanding. The target is enabling machines to understand the person more deeply than the previously used models. Enneagram is a distinct personality theory which demonstrates personalities’ motivations, desires and fears. The questionnaire-based exam is the way to inform a person’s Enneagram personality. People are not motivated to complete the exam because it takes time. Enneagram personality prediction system is presented utilizing Enneagram personality model and Twitter text. This does not require any time or effort to predict the personality of the Enneagram. Personality prediction of the Enneagram applies ontology, lexicon and a statistical method. The system’s performance is evaluated using precision, recall, f1-score, and accuracy. The highest personality type recall output is the Enthusiast which is 95%. This is the first technique to predict Enneagram personality from text. The result indicates a good start to predict Enneagram personality.
... The main advantage of the Enneagram is describing what drives human behavior. It can teach a person about his/her strengths, weaknesses, and aim for his/her growth [10]. This personality model is more personal than other models. ...
Understanding people’s emotions and orientations attracts researchers nowadays. Current personality detection research concentrates on models such as the big five model, the three-factor model. The Enneagram is deeper than these models for providing a comprehensive view. This theory is a unique personality model because it illustrates what drives human behavior. This recognition helps in building smarter recommendation systems and intelligent educational systems. Enneagram personalities are realized through a long questionnaire-based test. People are not concerned about doing a test because it is time-consuming. A proposed case study employs Twitter’s text to detect Enneagram personality because it requires no time or effort. The proposed case study is based on an approach that uses a combination of ontology, lexicon, and statistical technique. This proposed case study uses the biography description text and 40 tweets of a Twitter profile text. The highest probability percentage is peacemaker personality which is 15.58%. This result means that the identified personality is the peacemaker. The outcome is equivalent to the determination of the Enneagram’s specialized people. This result promises more positive outcomes. This is the first automated approach to determine the Enneagram from text.
... These types are Type 1-The Reformer, Type 2-The Helper, Type 3-The Achiever, Type 4-The Individualist, Type 5-The Investigator, Type 6-The Loyalist, Type 7-The Enthusiast, Type 8-The Challenger, and Type 9-The Peacemaker (Riso & Hudson, 2008). Enneagram is a scientifically proven model that assumes that none of these nine personality types are superior to the other (Bland, 2010), and each type perceives the world differently (Riso & Hudson, 1999). One of the potentially promising features of the Enneagram is that it describes the behavior and developmental levels of individuals in situations of stress and growth (Sutton et al., 2013). ...
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which emerged suddenly in 2019 and became a global epidemic, caused the construction industry to face many stress factors. Construction project professionals need to cope with these sudden stressors to survive. Future professionals must prepare for future possibilities and build resilience. The university has an important role in encouraging future construction project professionals to initiate a learning process that will continue throughout their careers. Personality traits can be used to cope with stress and support resilience development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the personality types and resilience skills and stress factors experienced by students during the pandemic era, and offer suggestions for future construction project professionals to cope with stress and develop resilience. The Enneagram model is chosen to determine personality types. Ninety-six architecture students participated in the survey. As a result of the statistical analysis of the collected data, significant relationships were found between Enneagram personality types and resilience skills and stress factors experienced during the pandemic era. The research findings support the resilience of future construction professionals and move forward in the direction of development against possibilities such as pandemics.
... Humility, shown as the virtuous aspect of Type 2, is not to think less of oneself but rather to think less about oneself. They are sincere, friendly, generous, self-sacrificing and always happy to be around others to enjoy their accomplishments (Bland, 2010). ...
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Enneagram personality types on organisational dissent strategies. A convenience sampling was used and 509 Turkish participants completed the online survey questionnaire. Basic Linear Regression Analysis using SPSS 24.0 was used to analyse the data. The results show that “the Peacemaker” and “the Helper” have a negative effect on organisational dissent. On the other hand, “the Adventurer” and “the Skeptic” personality types have a positive effect on organisational dissent. For articulated dissent, the Peace-maker” and “the Helper” both have a negative effect whereas “the Adventurer” type has a high positive effect. Lastly “the Observer” and “the Skeptic” have a positive effect on latent dissent. Considering these results, it can be said that extraverted and fearless employees use articulated dissent more. In addition, latent dissent is used more by employees who have commitment to the job and who like to keep quiet and focus on the task at hand rather than to create an unexpected result. Overall, the results support the association between certain Enneagram personality types and employee dissent. Organisations might use the findings to create a more open and democratic organisational climate that supports the expression of different ideas and thoughts in order to achieve greater success in the employees’ personal targets and organisational targets. Organisational leaders may apply the study outcomes regarding the role of employee personality to create an objective employee selection process in order to find and assign the right person to the right job.
... Enneagram demonstrates the person's fears, desires, motivation, stress and growth. A person can learn from the Enneagram his point of strengths, his limitations and targeting their growth [10]. Enneagram demonstrates human behavior in depth. ...
Personality prediction catches research attention nowadays. In social media, attracting more users means getting more advertisements. Enneagram is a personality model which is used by psychiatrists. Enneagram is utilized to understand patients’ personalities. This knowledge helps them to give the right support. The current method to realize Enneagram is questionnaire based. Humans feel boring to do long questionnaire. Enneagram personality detection system is required. There is not any knowledge representation for the Enneagram. Enneaontology provides an ontology for Enneagram. Enneaontology contains seven classes and nine objects. These classes are Enneagram, key motivation, fear, feature, desire, problem and best classes. These objects are reformer, helper, achiever, individualist, investigator, loyalist, enthusiast, challenger and peacemaker. Enneaontology is designed relative to METHONTOLOGY principles. Enneaontology is evaluated with Enneagram personality detection application. The promising results verify Enneaontology. Enneaontology is the first Enneagram ontology.KeywordsOntologyEnneagramKnowledge representationPersonality modelArtificial intelligencePsychology
The enneagram (pronounced any-a-gram) is a tool consisting of nine points that depict personality styles. It is a tool that can be integrated into theoretical counseling approaches to better serve the therapeutic relationship and is adaptable to the unique personality of each client. This manuscript includes correlations between the enneagram and psychological precepts such as the diagnostic criteria found within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV, Ivey's Developmental Counseling theory, and Transactional Analysis theory. To demonstrate the enneagram's compatibility with other counseling theories, each of the nine styles is explained with corresponding theories recommended for each style. A case study and examples are provided to demonstrate effectiveness as a tool to promote awareness in the counseling relationship.
This investigation was conducted to estimate the reliability and validity of scores on the Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (D. R. Riso & R. Hudson, 1999a). Results of 287 participants were analyzed. Alpha suggests an adequate degree of internal consistency. Evidence provides mixed support for construct validity using correlational and canonical analyses but strong support for heuristic value.