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Hosting major sports events: The challenge of taming white elephants
... Авторы [18] ) рассматривают мега-события как разовые и краткосрочные события, которые обычно оказывают долгосрочное влияние на принимающие сообщества. Эти события, как правило, организованы национальными правительствами совместно с международными неправительственными организациями [21] (Alm, Solberg, Storm R. et al., 2014). ...
... Кроме того, мега-события могут обеспечить ряд экономических выгод, таких как рост ВВП, занятости и розницы [19,30,36,45,46] . Хотя такие блага зависят от многих факторов, в том числе количества ресурсов и инфраструктуры, которые доступны или могут быть мобилизованы для поддержки события, тесно связанного с размером принимающего города [19,21,23]. Увеличение занятости в секторах строительства и розничной торговли приносят пользу местной экономике, а также повышает качество предоставляемых услуг для посетителей и жителей. ...
... Так, положительный эффект может длиться долго для отрасли туризма в принимающей стране [3,36,42], предоставить возможности для увеличения международной публичности и признания [31,38,41,46] или улучшить качество жизни местного сообщества [30,36,43] (Kim, Petrick, 2005). При этом авторы признают, что, как показывает обзор эмпирической литературы, при наличии возможности извлечения такого рода эффектов от реализации мега-события истинное экономическое влияние таких событий на принимающую экономику может также оказаться незначительным, как подчеркивается в работах, в частности, [21,23,25] и др. ...
Мега-события, спортивные и неспортивные, привлекая большое количество посетителей, оказывают большое влияние на экономику принимающего города, региона и страны в целом. Это влияние обусловлено необходимостью строительства новых стадионов или реконструкцией старых, созданием необходимой транспортной и социальной инфраструктуры, что предполагает значительные затраты и изменение городской среды. Однако обзор международного опыта реализации мега-событий и анализ краткосрочных и долгосрочных последствий их реализации должен предваряться формулировкой определения того, что именно понимается под мега-событием. В настоящей статье проводится обзор понятий мега-событий, описанных в литературе; приводятся примеры зарубежного опыта реализации таких событий; а также прослеживается их роль в экономике и социальной сфере различных стран. Данный обзор представляет значимость с точки зрения дальнейшего изучения краткосрочных и долгосрочных эффектов от реализации мега-событий как за рубежом, так и в России.
... Grounded on this premise, each pillar, and its respective factors may be analyzed. Some of these pillars have already been examined using other methodologies related to, for example, training facilities (Alm, Solberg, Storm & Jakobsen, 2016) or sports participation (Weed et al., 2015). However, regarding legacy, an important actor in this context has been ignored: the coach. ...
The purpose of this study is to identify the legacy of the Olympic Games for sports
coaches with a special focus on professional education. Thus, in framing this study,
two research questions are posed: 1) How did Olympic Games affect the
characteristics of the educational activities for coaches? 2) What was the perception
about the coaches' education in Brazil, and the legacy of the event for coach's
education and career? The methodology used was the content analysis of the websites
of National Sports Confederations, Institutions of Higher Education in the State of
Rio de Janeiro, and the National and Regional Professional Councils in Brazil, totaling
70 institutions. Concomitantly, interviews were conducted with members of the
Ministry of Sport, the Brazilian Olympic Academy, and the Federal Council of
Physical Education. The interview questions were grounded on the theoretical
framework of Sports Policy Factors Leading To International Sporting Success -
SPLISS, which included: 1) the existence of well-trained and experience elite coaches
in the country; 2) opportunities to develop their coaching career to become a worldclass
elite coach; 3) the status of coaches and the recognition of their work as valuable
throughout the country. The results indicated that the event brought few benefits to
coaches. In addition, according to the interviews, coaches play a secondary role in the
organization of the Olympic Games, although they are considered fundamental for the
development of the sport. Based on the results, this study discusses the education of
coaches and the perceived importance of coaches according to the sports and
educational institutions.
... Grounded on this premise, each pillar, and its respective factors may be analyzed. Some of these pillars have already been examined using other methodologies related to, for example, training facilities (Alm, Solberg, Storm & Jakobsen, 2016) or sports participation (Weed et al., 2015). However, regarding legacy, an important actor in this context has been ignored: the coach. ...
The purpose of this study is to identify the legacy of the Olympic Games for sports coaches with a special focus on professional education. Thus, in framing this study, two research questions are posed: 1) How did Olympic Games affect the characteristics of the educational activities for coaches? 2) What was the perception about the coaches' education in Brazil, and the legacy of the event for coach's education and career? The methodology used was the content analysis of the websites of National Sports Confederations, Institutions of Higher Education in the State of Rio de Janeiro, and the National and Regional Professional Councils in Brazil, totaling 70 institutions. Concomitantly, interviews were conducted with members of the Ministry of Sport, the Brazilian Olympic Academy, and the Federal Council of Physical Education. The interview questions were grounded on the theoretical framework of Sports Policy Factors Leading To International Sporting Success-SPLISS, which included: 1) the existence of well-trained and experience elite coaches in the country; 2) opportunities to develop their coaching career to become a world-class elite coach; 3) the status of coaches and the recognition of their work as valuable throughout the country. The results indicated that the event brought few benefits to coaches. In addition, according to the interviews, coaches play a secondary role in the organization of the Olympic Games, although they are considered fundamental for the development of the sport. Based on the results, this study discusses the education of coaches and the perceived importance of coaches according to the sports and educational institutions.
Hosting major sport events can cause positive shifts in tourism demand on a long-term basis, but the additional revenues might not counterbalance the investment costs that are required of the host destination. Whether positive shifts have actually occurred cannot be measured solely by counting the additional number of tourists. Increases might also come from positive shifts in supply. Megaevents require expensive investments in sport facilities, as well as in nonsport city-related infrastructure. These investments must fit into the city's long-term plan to make the event economically successful. The demand from tourists can subsidize the production of goods and services that are characterized by the advantages of economies of scale. This provides local residents with goods and services that they otherwise could have only consumed outside the region. Many of the benefits from sport events fall into the category of public goods. This represents a rationale for governmental funding if those who benefit are driven by free-rider incentives. The prospect of governmental funding, however, provides motives to exaggerate the socioeconomic value of the events. This complicates thejob of deciding which events to support and by how much.
Sports mega-events have considerable significance in re-imaging strategies of urban growth in highly developed economies. This inquiry into the relationship of the 2002 Football World Cup, public policy and regional development in Japan has been prompted by theoretical considerations on the changing background of regional politics in the 1990s and empirical observations of current trends in sports politics and professional sports. The introductory discussion of losers and winners in the World Cup reflects on the basic question of why regional authorities invest in sports promotion. A theoretical section sums up academic discussions on hosting politics, while an empirical section provides data on the anticipated and actual effects in Japan. The findings imply that local governments placed different hopes and expectations on the tournament, depending on the environment and conditions surrounding the host authorities. Regions with more soft assets tended to attach less value to the event, since they envisioned less need to enhance regional image. The comparison of survey data with macro-economic figures does not establish a direct relation between the degree of involvement of regional authorities and economic performance, but demonstrates that in mature economies the business of mega-events has no or, at best, a negligible effect.
From the Olympics to the World Cup, mega sporting events are a source of enjoyment for tens of thousands of people, but can also be a source of intense debate and controversy. This insightful Handbook addresses a number of central questions, including: How are host cities selected and under what economic conditions? How are these events organized, and how is local resistance overcome? Based on historical and empirical experience, what are the pitfalls for the organizers of these events? What are the potential economic benefits, including any international image effects? How can the costs be minimized and the benefits maximized for host cities and countries? How do these mega events impact the challenges of globalization and what is their environmental legacy?
This study concerns research related to mega events, such as the Olympic Games, to determine whether the economic impact of the Olympic Games on the host countries is significant. This study uses two methods, panel data analysis and event study, to test hypotheses based on the data from 15 countries that have hosted 24 summer and winter Olympic Games. The results indicate that the economic impact of the Olympic Games on the host countries is only significant in terms of certain parameters (i.e., gross domestic product performance and unemployment) in the short term. These findings provide decision makers with comprehensive and multidimensional knowledge about the economic impact of hosting a mega event and about whether their objectives can be realized as expected.
Over recent years the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) nations have secured the right to host several major international sporting events. Growth in tourism from developed countries is crucial to turn these events into a successful strategy for economic development. In this paper we use monthly country-by-country arrival data toassess the impact of organising the FIFA 2010 World Cup on tourism in South Africa. We find that South Africa attracted around 220,000 extra arrivals from non-Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries during the event, and 300,000 over the entire year. These numbers are less than the predictions made by the organisers prior to the event andimply that the total cost per extra non-SADC visitor amounted to $13,000. © Theauthor 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for the Study of African Economies. All rights reserved.
After hosting the 1994 Winter Olympics, the Norwegian national and local authorities expected a ‘big boom’ in tourism; the actual effects have been less than, and different from, the predictions, and 40% of the full-service hotels in Lillehammer have gone bankrupt. This paper compares ex ante theories and predictions with the ex post reality. Reference areas and time-series analysis are used to clarify the counterfactual and internal validity. International comparisons among Olympic hosts identify general patterns. The aim is to help planners of mega-events and other rare projects to improve their forecasting and decisions. Ex post studies can improve the quality of future ex ante impact assessment of unique projects, but it is important to clarify partial, interaction and cumulative effects. Also, much more careful market and cost-benefit studies are needed.
Governments pay far more to participate in the development of major league sports facilities than is commonly understood due to the routine omission of public subsidies for land and infrastructure, and the ongoing costs of operations, capital improvements, municipal services, and foregone property taxes. Adjusting for these omissions increases the average public subsidy by $50 million per facility to a total of $177 million, representing a 40% increase over the industry-reported average of $126 million, based on all 99 facilities in use for the “big four” major leagues during 2001. For all 99 facilities, these uncounted public costs total $5 billion.