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Antibacterial Activities of Refined Deep Seawater on Helicobacter pylori

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... It is crucial to remember that in order to guarantee the greatest results and stop the emergence of antibiotic resistance, the selection and use of antimicrobials should always be overseen by a healthcare professional. Based on previous published studies, DSW have demonstrates promising antibacterial activity (Kawada and Takeuchi, 2013). ...
... This is due to the density of the deep-sea water which is rich with sea salt. Previously, a research have proved that DSW exhibits antimicrobial properties which was shown by the inhibition zone of bacterial strain called Helicobacter pylori (Kawada and Takeuchi, 2013). Figure 3 and Table 2 shows the diameter of inhibition zone measurement in mm. ...
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With the quick commercial expansion, demand for cosmetics made with natural materials has been rising steadily over time. A potential replacement that is substantially safer than the chemical ingredients would be a deep-sea water (DSW) based cosmetic that mostly consists of organic and biomaterial elements. This research attempts to demonstrate that DSW can be a good alternative to chemical cosmetics by examining its antibacterial capabilities. The antibacterial properties of DSW were ascertained using the well diffusion method and the Mueller Hinton Agar plate technique. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, two of the most prevalent bacteria on human skin, were used in the antimicrobial tests. The hollow zones that were produced as a result of the inhibition zones were assessed to demonstrate their potential as a replacement for numerous chemical-based products. In this research, the concentrated deep sea water showed bigger inhibition zone (12.5% and 12.75%) compared to pure deep-sea water (7.2% and 0%) for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. This study will serve as a foundation for the widespread use of DSW, which promises to be a safe and sustainable ingredient, in future cosmetics
... RDSW is widely consumed in Japan for reasons beyond simple hydration. Clinical trials confirmed diverse beneficial effects of RDSW in humans in broad areas such as hemorheology, allergy, immunology, and infectious diseases (e.g., anti-Helicobacter pylori activity) [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. No adverse effects of even long-term consumption (one year) of 1 L/day were reported in any clinical trials. ...
... We previously reported that food components and certain natural products from the Kochi Prefecture (Japan), such as Chinese chive [37] and RDSW produced from the DSW in the Muroto promontory, provide important health benefits [38]. In particular, RDSW, a mineral-rich drinking water, exerts potentially beneficial effects on human health, as demonstrated by previous clinical studies [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. ...
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World health trends are focusing on a balanced food and beverage intake for healthy life. Refined deep-sea water (RDSW), obtained from deep-sea water collected offshore in Muroto (Japan), is mineral-rich drinking water. We previously reported that drinking RDSW improves human gut health. Here, we analyzed the effect of drinking RDSW on the gut ecosystem to understand this effect. This was a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Ninety-eight healthy adults were divided into two groups: RDSW or mineral water (control). The participants consumed 1 L of either water type daily for 12 weeks. A self-administered questionnaire and stool and urine samples were collected through the intervention. The following were determined: fecal biomarkers of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), five putrefactive products, and nine short-chain-fatty-acids (SCFAs) as the primary outcomes; and three urinary isoflavones and the questionnaire as secondary outcomes. In post-intervention in the RDSW group, we found increased concentrations of five SCFAs and decreased concentrations of phenol and sIgA (p < 0.05). The multiple logistic analysis demonstrated that RDSW significantly affected two biomarkers (acetic and 3-methylbutanoic acids) of the five SCFAs mentioned above (p < 0.05). Similarly, the concentrations of urinary isoflavones tended to increase in post-intervention in the RDSW group. Constipation was significantly alleviated in the RDSW group (94%) compared with the control group (60%). Drinking RDSW improves the intestinal environment, increasing fecal SCFAs and urinary isoflavones, which leads to broad beneficial effects in human.
... It seems that long-term ingestion of DSW is safe to apply as a clinical medicine or functional supplement to cure or prevent some diseases. As to peptic ulcer, there was one paper reported the inhibitory effects of refined DSW on H. pylori growth and motility were found [41]. At a hardness of 1000, anti-H. ...
... In vivo anti-H. pylori effects were observed in $90% of subjects drinking DSW [41]. Our data also found that increased hardness of DSW dose-dependently inhibited H. pylori growth ( Figure 5). ...
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Deep-sea water (DSW), which is rich in micronutrients and minerals and with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities, may be developed as marine drugs to provide intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers. We determined several characteristics in the modified DSW. We explored duodenal pressure, oxygenation, microvascular blood flow, and changes in pH and oxidative redox potential (ORP) values within the stomach and duodenum in response to tap water (TW, hardness: 2.48 ppm), DSW600 (hardness: 600 ppm), and DSW1200 (hardness: 1200 ppm) in Wistar rats and analyzed oxidative stress and apoptosis gene expressions by cDNA and RNA microarrays in the duodenal epithelium. We compared the effects of drinking DSW, MgCl2, and selenium water on duodenal ulcers using pathologic scoring, immunohistochemical analysis, and Western blotting. Our results showed DSW has a higher pH value, lower ORP value, higher scavenging H2O2 and HOCl activity, higher Mg2+ concentrations, and micronutrients selenium compared with TW samples. Water infusion significantly increased intestinal pressure, O2 levels, and microvascular blood flow in DSW and TW groups. Microarray showed DSW600, DSW1200, selenium water upregulated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic genes and downregulated pro-apoptotic gene expression compared with the TW group. Drinking DSW600, DSW1200, and selenium water but not Mg2+ water significantly enhanced Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1 expression. Bax/Bcl-2/caspase 3/poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase signaling was activated during the pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration. DSW drinking reduced ulcer area as well as apoptotic signaling in acetic acid-induced duodenal ulcers. DSW, which contains selenium, provides intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers through the upregulation of Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1.
... Previous clinical trials using DSW-based drinking water have confirmed that DSWbased drinking water (RDSW; hardness, 1000 mg/L of Ca/Mg) has various beneficial effects on human health, for example with regard to hemorheology, allergies, immunology, infectious diseases (e.g., anti-Helicobacter pylori activity), and the intestinal environment [7][8][9][10][11][12]. For example, a recent clinical trial reported that drinking RDSW improved human health due to the increased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the intestinal environment and urinary isoflavones [12]. ...
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Global trends focus on a balanced intake of foods and beverages to maintain health. Drinking water (MIU; hardness = 88) produced from deep sea water (DSW) collected offshore of Muroto, Japan, is considered healthy. We previously reported that the DSW-based drinking water (RDSW; hardness = 1000) improved human gut health. The aim of this randomized double-blind controlled trial was to assess the effects of MIU on human health. Volunteers were assigned to MIU (n = 41) or mineral water (control) groups (n = 41). Participants consumed 1 L of either water type daily for 12 weeks. A self-administered questionnaire was administered, and stool and urine samples were collected throughout the intervention. We measured the fecal biomarkers of nine short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), as well as urinary isoflavones. In the MIU group, concentrations of three major SCFAs and sIgA increased postintervention. MIU intake significantly affected one SCFA (butyric acid). The metabolic efficiency of daidzein-to-equol conversion was significantly higher in the MIU group than in the control group throughout the intervention. MIU intake reflected the intestinal environment through increased production of three major SCFAs and sIgA, and accelerated daidzein-to-equol metabolic conversion, suggesting the beneficial health effects of MIU.
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Deep seawater (DS), obtained from a depth over 200 m, has health benefits due to its rich nutrients and minerals, and intake of DS has shown diverse immunomodulatory effects in allergies and cancer. Therefore, the immunostimulatory effects of Korean mineral-rich seawaters were examined in a cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced immunosuppression model. Three samples of Korean seawater, namely DS from the East Sea off the coasts of Pohang (PDS) and Uljin (UDS), and seawater from the West Sea off the coast of Boryeong (BS), were collected. The seawaters were abundant in several minerals (calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, etc.). Mice were orally administered the seawaters for 42 days, followed by CPA-induced immunosuppression. The CPA induction reduced the weight of the spleen and lymph nodes; however, the administration of seawaters increased the weight of the lymphoid organs, accompanied by stimulation of natural killer cells’ activity and NF-kB-mediated cytokine production (IFNγ, TNFα, IL1β, IL6, and IL12). The mouse-derived splenocytes showed lymphoproliferation without cytotoxicity in the seawater groups. Histopathological analysis revealed that the seawaters improved the CPA-induced atrophic changes by promoting lymphoproliferation in the spleen and lymph nodes. These results provide useful information for the use of Korean mineral-rich seawaters, particularly PDS and UDS, as alternative immunostimulants under immunosuppressive conditions.
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Deep sea water is sea water below a depth of 200 m. Japan is the leading country in the world on industrial applications of deep sea water, which has characteristics such as cleanliness, and is rich in various kinds of minerals and inorganic nutrients compared to surface seawater. In addition, applications of deep sea water as a useful resource have become a world interest, especially in fields of presymptomatic diseases called mibyo and in preventive medicine. Evidence of deep sea water applications in experimental and clinical medicine of the following diseases, lifestyle diseases such as dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, diabetes and arteriosclerosis and atopic dermatitis, osteoporosis, cancer, peptic ulcer, cataracts and constipation are given particular attention in this review.
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Deep sea water (DSW) commonly refers to a body of seawater that is pumped up from a depth of over 200 m. It is usually associated with the following characteristics: low temperature, high purity, and being rich with nutrients, namely, beneficial elements, which include magnesium, calcium, potassium, chromium, selenium, zinc, and vanadium. Less photosynthesis of plant planktons, consumption of nutrients, and organic decomposition have caused lots of nutrients to remain there. Due to this, DSW has potential to become a good source for health. Research has proven that DSW can help overcome health problems especially related to lifestyle-associated diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, cancer, and skin problems. This paper reviews the potential health benefits of DSW by referring to the findings from previous researches.
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Helicobacter pylori causes specific ultrastructural changes to the gastric mucosa. In developing countries a high percentage of infants acquire this infection, which initially causes a transient drop in stomach acid and thus allows transit of lower bowel pathogens, with consequent diarrhea and malnutrition. When infection occurs at an early age, the acid-producing cells of the stomach are involved in the inflammation, and the lifelong reduced acid output means a duodenal ulcer rarely develops. However, lifelong gastric inflammation leads in due course to atrophy, and in the presence of other factors gastric cancer may develop. People infected with H. pylori on average are of shorter stature than uninfected people. Adherence of H. pylori to the gastric mucosa is a prerequisite for infection, and a new binary model of adherence has been shown recently. Chaperonins of H. pylori induce macrophages to secrete cytokines, which leads to an immunologic cascade and inflammation.
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Various processed foods and beverages have been manufactured using deep seawater (DSW), desalted DSW (dDSW), and concentrated DSW in Japan. To confirm the safety of dDSW, we investigated hematologic and blood chemical effects of dDSW in mice. The dDSW and desalted surface seawater (dSSW) were diluted to 6.7%, 10%, and 20% with purified water. BALB/c mice were housed for 12 weeks, and administered the diluted dDSW, dSSW, or purified water as a control during the period. The results for dDSW were compared with those for dSSW and purified water. None of the groups of mice showed any clear abnormal growth or behavior; neither did any show signs of illness nor a single case of death during the 12 weeks study. We found no significant differences between the dDSW and control groups in terms of red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell count, and neutrophil counts, whereas white blood cell and lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in the 10% dSSW group at the end of 4 and 12 weeks than those in the control group. A significantly higher triglyceride level was detected only in the 6.7% dSSW group. Our results show no evidence of acute or subacute effects of diluted dDSW. Effects of diluted dDSW on hematologic and blood chemical values in mice are thought to be similar to those of purified water. This finding suggests that dDSW is as safe as purified water for drinking water.
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Using surface and deep seawater collected in the sea area of Muroto Cape (Kochi, Japan), desalinated drinking samples of about 1200 hardness were prepared and examined for the effects on the prevention of atherosclerosis in dietary induced hyperlipidemia rabbits. The plasma LDL cholesterol level was lower in the deep seawater group than in the surface seawater group. GPx activity was significantly higher in the deep seawater group than in the control group, while there was no difference between the surface seawater and control groups. The level of LPO was also significantly lower in the deep seawater group than in the control group. The Sudan IV lipid stained area ratio on the inner surface of the aorta was significantly lower in the deep seawater groups than in the control group, while there was no difference between the surface seawater and control groups. The oil red O stained cross section of the aorta in the control and surface seawater administration group foam cells had accumulated to form thick layers, while in the deep seawater administration group, the degree of their accumulation was very low. These results suggested that the deep seawater was useful for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis compared to the surface seawater, and it was found that reduction of the LDL cholesterol level and enhancement of GPx activity were involved in its effects.
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Helicobacter pylori infection is a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. This study postulated that cranberry juice would be effective in the suppression of H. pylori in an endemically infected population at high risk for gastric cancer. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in Linqu County of Shandong Province, China, where 189 adults aged 48.9 +/- 11.2 years (mean +/- SD) with H. pylori infection were randomly divided into two groups: cranberry juice (n = 97) and placebo (n = 92). Participants were assigned to orally receive two 250-ml juice boxes of cranberry juice or matching placebo beverage daily for 90 days. The degree of H. pylori infection was determined using the 13C-urea breath test before randomization at 35 and 90 days of intervention to assess the efficacy of cranberry juice in alleviating infection. A total of 189 subjects with positive 13C-urea breath test results prior to randomization completed the study. At day 35 of intervention, 14 of the 97 (14.43%) from the the cranberry juice treatment group and 5 of the 92 (5.44%) of the placebo recipients had negative 13C-urea breath test results. After 90 days, the study concluded that 14 of the 97 subjects in the cranberry juice treatment group versus 5 of the 92 in the placebo group yielded negative test results. Eleven individuals from the cranberry juice treatment group and only two from the placebo group were negative at 35 and 90 days of experiment. These results are significant (p < .05). Regular consumption of cranberry juice can suppress H. pylori infection in endemically afflicted populations.
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The effect of drinking deep-sea water on hair minerals was studied in patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS). Study of hair minerals revealed an imbalance of essential minerals and an increase in toxic minerals in AEDS patients. After drinking deep-sea water (Amami no Mizu) for 6 months in AEDS patients, hair minerals (essential minerals and toxic minerals), clinical evaluation of the skin symptoms were compared before drinking with after drinking. After obtaining informed consent, 33 patients (mean age 26 y, range 1-50 y, 13 male and 20 female subjects) with mild to moderate AEDS were enrolled. After drinking deep-sea water, the levels of the essential mineral, potassium (K), were significantly decreased, while the levels of selenium (Se) increased. On the other hand, drinking deep-sea water significantly decreased the levels of the toxic minerals, mercury and lead. Moreover, after drinking deep-sea water, the skin symptoms were improved in 27 out of 33 patients. These results indicate that the mineral abnormalities/imbalance may be involved in the pathogenesis of AEDS, and that drinking deep-sea water may be useful in the treatment of AEDS.
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We discovered that the cataract development in the Shumiya cataract rat (SCR) can be prevented by the administration of deep-sea drinking water (DDW). A standard diet based on the American Institute of Nutrition guidelines (AIN-76) and DDW containing a high mineral concentration such as low, medium and high Mg2+ content (50, 200 and 1000 mg of Mg2+/l, respectively) were used in this study. SCRs were freely fed with combinations of the standard diet and purified water or DDW during 5-15 weeks of age. The opacities of SCR lenses were documented by anterior eye segment analysis system EAS-1000. The onset of opacification of cataractous SCR lenses administered a combination of standard diet and purified water started at 11 weeks of age, and mature cataracts had formed at 13 weeks of age. However, the supplementation of Mg2+ by administration with medium DDW showed the greatest effect of delay of cataract onset in SCR. In addition, even cataractous SCR lenses at 14 weeks of age showed differences in opacity level. The opacification and Ca2+ of the lenses in cataractous SCR administered medium DDW were lower than those administered purified water. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that administration of DDW potently delays cataract development in SCR, and this may be caused by inhibiting the increase in Ca2+ levels in the lens.
Article
We examined the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (cITP) to clarify the development of H. pylori-associated cITP. cITP patients were classified into 3 different groups: Hp-negative (HP-N); Hp-positive, completely or partially responsive to treatment (CR); and Hp-positive and unresponsive to treatment (NR). Reactivity of antibodies to H. pylori before and after eradication was examined by immunoblotting. We used immunoblotting with immunoprecipitation to establish whether platelets form complexes with H. pylori proteins and if these complexes react with patients' sera. CR group showed large (>50 kDa) and low molecular weight protein bands, especially of 36, 27 and 17-kDa. These low molecular weight bands were detected significantly more in the CR group compared to other groups. When healthy human platelets were incubated with H. pylori lysate, they aggregated with the lysate, indicating that complexes were formed between the platelets and the lysate. The complexes immunoprecipitated with anti-human thrombocyte antibodies, and showed a 17 kDa band in the CR, but not in other groups. At least 3 low molecular weight proteins of H. pylori were involved in H. pylori-associated cITP. Immunocomplexes consisting of platelets, low molecular weight proteins of H. pylori and anti-H. pylori antibodies may represent an extra mechanism in development of H. pylori- associated cITP.
Article
On a global scale, gastric carcinoma is the second leading course of the cancer-related deaths. Recent studies have provided evidence that cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori plays a causal role for the development of gastric carcinoma. The cagA-encoded CagA protein is delivered into H. pylori-attached gastric epithelial cells via the bacterial type IV secretion system (TFSS). Delivered CagA undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation by Src family kinases at the conserved EPIYA motifs and then specifically binds and deregulates SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase, a bona fide oncoprotein involved in human malignancies. As a result, CagA causes aberrant mitogenic signal as well as elevated cell motility in gastric epithelial cells. Also, CagA specifically interacts with and inhibits PAR1b/MARK2 polarity-regulating kinase to disrupt tight junctions and cause loss of epithelial apical-basolateral cell polarity. These CagA activities have been suspected to play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. Indeed, recently generated cagA-transgenic mice expressing CagA systemically developed gastrointestinal carcinomas as well hematopoietic malignancies such as myeloid leukemia and B-cell lymphoma. The observations collectively indicate that H. pylori CagA is the first identified bacterial oncoprotein involved in gastric carcinogenesis.
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