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Characterization of Eluted Proteins from Hair Fiber under Permanent Waving or Bleaching
Abstract
Protein is the most abundant component (65-95%) of hair, and has been targeted as an important subject for hair science research. Chemical treatments, such as permanent waving or bleaching, are widely known to be a major cause of hair damage. However, the constituent proteins in the effluent from these treatments have not been characterized in detail. In this study, we performed Tricine-SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for detailed analyses of the proteins eluted under various chemical treatment conditions. Effluents from permanent waving or bleaching showed similar electrophoretic profiles, and both types contained a major protein band of approximately 7kDa. Through immunoblot analyses, this protein band was identified as ubiquitin, a ubiquitously distributed protein that mediates non-lysosomal protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. Comparative analyses of the ubiquitin-signal-intensities revealed that natural hair extracts derived from distal parts contained a lower ubiquitin content than those from proximal parts. These results suggested that ubiquitin was released during the course of natural occurring hair damage. Therefore, we speculated that the major components lost from hair were likely to be soluble proteins that were neither keratin intermediate filament proteins nor keratin associated proteins.
... The number of customers who subject their hair to repeated chemical treatments such as permanent waving and bleaching has been increasing over the years. Denaturation of the cuticle layer and hair interior protein can damage hair structure [1][2][3][4]. A variety of new hair treatment products have been introduced into the market and increasing attention is being paid to the »health (wellness) management« of hair. ...
... This result is similar to the report by Inoue et al. where proteins such as ubiquitin were eluted by permanent wave processing [1,2] and suggests that protein is eluted due to the collapsing structure of the hair interior protein in the interior damage model. Therefore, it was verified that the models were appropriate as the interior damage models. ...
This paper reports a non-destructive method for evaluating hair interior and surface damage based on near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopy. It is important to know the extent of chemical damage in the interior and surface proteins of the hair in order to choose an appropriate restoration agent or chemical treatment. Unfortunately, though there are many simple and non-destructive methods for evaluating the hair surface, the existing evaluation methods for monitoring chemical changes in the interior proteins are very complicated and destructive. Therefore, we have attempted to develop a new non-destructive method to evaluate the damage of the hair interior and surface simultaneously by using NIR-DR spectroscopy. The key to this study was the combined application of NIR-DR spectroscopy and principal component analysis to development of a method for the evaluation of hair damage and finding the most suitable wavenumber region (5060—4500 cm-1) for this evaluation. In this study, we developed a new evaluation method that can indicate hair interior and surface damage conditions induced by chemical treatments in a simple, rapid, non-destructive manner based on NIR-DR using a fibre probe on hair
Paper presented at the IFSCC International Conference 2005, Florence, Italy.
Bleaching of human hair with three types of commercial bleaching agents was studied. The bleaching effects on human hair differed depending on which component, an oxidizing agent, an alkali, or sodium percarbonate, was used. The effects of pH on color difference, tensile strength and surface morphology of the hair were then studied by adding sodium hydroxide into the hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution. It was revealed that bleaching effects increased when the pH level was more than 9; however, the tensile strength decreased and the surface morphology deteriorated with increasing pH levels. Furthermore, it was suggested that bleaching with sodium percarbonate caused greater color differences and less damage than hydrogen peroxide bleaching with alkali.
Recently, the awareness of hair damage has been increasing, but the ultrastructual damage mechanism has not been thoroughly analyzed. We determined that we could assess the degree of hair damage through analyzing the parts of the ultrastructure which were subject to damage by visualizing water distribution in a damaged hair. The damaged hair which was swelled with water was frozen and fixed with liquid nitrogen, then a fine cross section of the hair obtained with a microtome, was observed with a cryo scanning electron microscope (cryo-SEM). Due to sublimation of water in cryo-SEM, the region containing much water tends to be observed as a cavity. As a result, many cavities, which were thought to be the cortex CMC (cell membrane complex), intermacrofibrillar matrix and melanin granules, were observed only in the damaged hair, not in the undamaged hair. Therefore, such ultarastructures were thought to be more susceptible to damage, resulting in water-localization to these structures. In addition, the extent of cavities in the cryo-SEM image was correlated with the physical properties of water swelling and rupture strength due to tension. The degree of hair damage can be analyzed by observing cavities in the hair with cryo-SEM.
Hair texture, appearance, and pigment play an important role in social and professional communication and maintaining an overall appearance. Current study was especially designed for morphological assessment of hair damage caused to Karachi's population due to natural factors and cosmetic treatments using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique.
Hair samples under the study of synthetic factor's effect were given several cosmetic treatments (hot straightened, bleached, synthetic dyed and Henna dyed) whereas samples under natural factor's effect (variation in gender, age and pigmentation) were left untreated. Morphological assessment was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. Results obtained were statistically analyzed using Minitab-16 and SPSS-18 softwares.
SEM images revealed less number of cuticular scales in males than females of same age while size of cuticular scales was found to be larger in males than in females. Mean hair index of white hair were greater than black hair of same head as they are comparatively newly originated. Tukey's method revealed that among cosmetic treatments, bleaching and synthetic Henna caused most of the damage to the hair.
Statistical evaluation of results obtained from SEM analysis revealed that human scalp hair index show morphological variation with respect to age, gender, hair pigmentation, chemical and physical treatments. Individuals opting for cosmetic treatments could clearly visualize the extent of hair damage these may cause in long run. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
We previously found that certain hair proteins were soluble by means of a partial extraction method. In this study, we demonstrate that the amount of soluble proteins internally formed in permed and bleached hair, labile proteins, is a useful index for hair damage assessment. Compared to tensile property changes, this index rose in widely dynamic ranges as the time of either permanent waving or bleaching treatments increased. The amount of labile proteins was much larger than that of proteins eluted into perming and bleaching lotions. However, the labile proteins showed electrophoretic profiles similar to those of the eluted proteins. These results suggest that a portion of the stable proteins in normal hair was transformed into labile proteins upon permanent waving and bleaching treatments. Consequently, permed and bleached hair tends to release the resultant labile proteins.
The objective of the present study is to develop a novel nondestructive, simple, and quick method to evaluate the friction, twist, and gloss of human hair based on near-infrared diffuse reflectance (NIR-DR) spectroscopy and chemometrics. NIR-DR spectra were measured for human hair, which was collected from eleven Japanese women (age 5-44 years), by use of an optical fiber probe. Partial least squares (PLS) regression has been applied to the NIR-DR spectra of human hair after mean centering (MC), standard normal variate (SNV), and first derivative (1d) or second derivative (2d) analysis to develop calibration models that predict the friction, twist, and gloss of human hair. We identified the most suitable wavenumber region for the evaluation of each physical property. Correlation coefficients and standard errors of calibration of the PLS calibration models for the friction, twist, and gloss of hair were calculated to be 0.96 and 0.023, 0.81 and 3.27, and 0.90 and 0.36, respectively. Thus, the calibration models have high accuracy.
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