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Biologische Invasionen. Neophyten und Neozoen in Mitteleuropa
... An increasing number of plant species are being introduced by humans into regions where they do not occur naturally (Seebens et al. 2017). Some of these plants can settle permanently within these new areas, often at ruderal sites but also in natural and semi-natural habitats (Kowarik and Rabitsch 2010). A few become invasive and cause severe problems for biodiversity, economy and human health (Vitousek et al. 1996;Andersen et al. 2004;Kowarik and Rabitsch 2010). ...
... Some of these plants can settle permanently within these new areas, often at ruderal sites but also in natural and semi-natural habitats (Kowarik and Rabitsch 2010). A few become invasive and cause severe problems for biodiversity, economy and human health (Vitousek et al. 1996;Andersen et al. 2004;Kowarik and Rabitsch 2010). Some of these species were introduced unintentionally, and others intentionally e.g. as crops. ...
... The example of the Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosum) shows that large-scale cultivation of plants without previous investigation of potential invasiveness can be fatal. This species is firmly established in many European countries and is partly responsible for soil erosion and suppression of native vegetation in the floodplains of rivers (Kowarik and Rabitsch 2010). Another introduced crop that has increasingly been cultivated in Germany in recent years is the cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum). ...
... As an invasive species on river banks, H. tuberosus can result in increased flood erosion, as it has fewer fine roots than native river bank vegetation and leaves the soil bare and unprotected after it dies back in autumn. In addition, its tubers are dug after by rodents resulting in further damage to river banks and flood protection dams (Hartmann et al., 1995;Kowarik, 2003). Regarding to those research in Rebublic of Srpska, with already conolized area by invasive Jerusalem artichoke, flooding waves recorded during 2010 and 2014 are aditional threath for further spreading. ...
Species Helianthus tuberosus L., as many belonging to the Helianthus genus, are caracterised by their successful vegetative propagation, allelopathy or shading, aggressive spreading, elimination of other species of the natural habitats, changing the structure of plant communities, and even behave as dangerous weeds. Considering species habitat requirements, Republic of Srpska is definitely one of the area for potential distribution of Jerusalem artichoke as invasive weed species. In this sense main goal of this study was to investigate the occurence and carry out distribution mapping of Jerusalem artichoke in north western part of Republic of Srpska (RS).
Distribution and abundance parameters were done for 40 Helianthus stands based on Blanque Braun (1964) method and GIS software. A wide-spread distribituion reveal a high spreading and renewal potential of the species which turns it into a real threat to native flora and wildlife habitats, watercourses etc.
By current research in the north western part of RS Jerusalem artichoke is in significant expansion, resulting in negative ecological, economic and social impact. Regarding to those research priorization process for mentonied area on local level is of a great importance.
... As a natural part of evolutionary processes species have regularly expanded their dispersal areas-in the marine context, for example, by rafting on floating items such as macroalgae or volcanic pumice (Thiel and Gutow 2005;BIOCON-SULT 2015;Lackschewitz et al. 2015). However, dispersal possibilities of species have grown due to human activities and increased supply of anthropogenic floating material, resulting in geographical barriers no longer hindering a spread to other remote regions, water bodies, and environments (Thiel and Gutow 2005;Kowarik and Rabitsch 2010). Increased globalization of markets and shipping traffic have notably accelerated the translocation of marine organisms in the last decades, even into the shallow Wadden Sea in the south-eastern North Sea, which represents the largest contiguous soft-bottom coastal ecosystem in the world. ...
As a result of globalization of markets and increasing marine traffic, more than 130 introduced species have so far been recorded in the Wadden Sea. This unique coastal area constitutes an ecosystem of global importance and is recognized by UNESCO as a Natural World Heritage site. Efforts are made to monitor introduced species and to study their ecological effects on native species and biodiversity, ecosystem processes, and functioning. Social aspects that relate introduced species specifically to people and human society, however, are less studied. To explore this rather new field of research, qualitative interviews were conducted with stakeholders of the Wadden Sea, asking (1) How do introduced species affect people’s lives and (2) How do people perceive introduced species? The interviews were evaluated with a qualitative content analysis. As one first result of this exploratory study it turned out that immaterial aspects of the Wadden Sea, such as recreational potential and cultural identity, appear to be largely affected by introduced species. Moreover, the mere fact of change was mostly regarded with skepticism or aversion, regardless of actual effects. Based on the stakeholder interviews, a conceptual framework with the factors identified as influencing perception was developed. It is suggested that a better understanding of the social component is essential for an integrated management and sustainable solutions.
The black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is the second-most abundant deciduous tree in forest plantations, and one of the most important invasive woody species worldwide. The species has a strong transformer capacity, especially expressed by its nitrogen enrichment effect caused by nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in its root-nodules. The aim of this study was to explore the mutually interacting factors of nitrogen-fixing root-nodules, site characteristics, and herb-layer composition of 28 North Hungarian black locust stands. In the herb-layers of the study sites, a total of 121 plant species were identified, representing a relatively low species richness. The studied black locust stands showed high variability both in their herb-layer compositions and root-nodule formation, but no clear relationship could be demonstrated between these characteristics. The PCA component with which the species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity index were strongly correlated was negatively associated with all root-nodule parameters (number, surface area, and weight), supporting the biodiversity-reducing effect of black locust by its nitrogen-fixing bacteria. All of the root-nodule parameters were negatively correlated with the PCA factor predominantly determined by stand age, confirming that the root-nodule biomass decreases as time progresses.
Grassland is one of the most important elements of the cultural landscapes in Central Europe. Especially extensively managed, moderately or non-fertilized grassland on dry, calcareous, acidic, or wet sites harbour a high species diversity. Land-use history, ecology, and vegetation diversity are briefly presented, the ecosystem services of grassland are outlined, and regional, national, and international initiatives for their protection and restoration are introduced. The various measures for restoring species-rich grasslands, encompassing interventions in the abiotic and biotic site factors, are discussed and critically reflected upon. A restoration project from the Rhön Biosphere Reserve is presented as a case study, which takes into account both, the ecological as well as the socio-economic aspects of grassland restoration.
The occurrence of and invasion by non-native plant and animal species (neobiota) is often considered a problem for nature conservation and ecosystem restoration. The general perception of and approaches to “alien” species is critically examined and examples of their control in the context of ecosystem restoration are given. In some cases, non-native plant species and their services can be profitably integrated into ecosystem restoration.
With the increasing proportion of the world’s population living in cities, urban ecosystems are of great importance as living spaces for humans. The ecological characteristics and services of urban ecosystems, the latter also with regard to the health and well-being of people in cities and urban landscapes are presented. The restoration of urban nature and its services is broadly defined here and the multifaceted initiatives are presented. In principle, for many ecosystem and habitat types, respectively (e.g., grassland, urban forests), the same measures are applied in urban areas as outside cities. The Schöneberger Südgelände Nature Park is documented as an example of passive and active restoration of urban ecosystems that are unique due to the particular historical development of Berlin, but can also be transferred to other urban environments in many respects.
The measures applied for the restoration of ecosystem range from the well-known measures applied in nature conservation management, agriculture, and forestry or established in the context of ecological engineering to procedures specifically developed for the restoration of ecosystems. The variety of these restoration measures, some of which are applied similarly in different ecosystems and land-use systems, respectively, is presented in an overview. These measures of ecosystem restoration range from doing nothing (passive restoration) to extensive technical measures.
Restoration ecology is an interdisciplinary field of research that builds on the concepts and foundations of ecology and makes use of other disciplines of the natural and social sciences in both theory and practice. After a brief historical overview of restoration ecology or ecosystem restoration, important basic ecological terms and key concepts, as well as the concepts of ecosystem services and ecosystem degradation, are explained. As a basis for this interdisciplinary textbook, ecosystem restoration is defined to embed the numerous approaches to restoration for Central European ecosystems and land-use systems, respectively, in a comprehensive framework.
The high significance of peatlands for species, habitat, landscape and climate protection is widely recognised throughout Europe today. In addition to a brief sketch on the history of peatland use, the vegetation and site diversity of peatlands in Central Europe, their ecosystem services, national and international peatland protection initiatives, and the various strategies of rewetting as one of the most important measures for the restoration of peatlands are outlined. In the long term, the phosphorus and methane dynamics of rewetted peatlands remain problematic. As a case study for peatland restoration, the Dosenmoor in Schleswig-Holstein (N Germany) is presented.
A. platanoides). .. 163 6
- Berg-Und Spitz-Ahorn
Berg-und Spitz-Ahorn (Acer
pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides)... 163
6.2
Landwirtschaftlich geprägte
Lebensräume................... 164
7E delkastanie (Castanea sativa)
- Hybrid-Pappeln
Hybrid-Pappeln (Populus ×
canadensis u. a.)................. 230
6.3. 7E delkastanie (Castanea sativa).... 232