Die Erfassung bizarrer Elemente im Traum

Abstract

Eine nominale Bizarrheitsskala mit 15 Kategorien wurde entwickelt, welche formale und inhaltliche Aspekte berücksichtigt. Mit der Skala (und zu Vergleichszwecken auch mit einem 1-5 Massstab der globalen Bizarrheitsschätzung) wurden 39 REM-Träume und 12 Wach phantasien untersucht. Die Interrater-Reliabilität (4 unabhängige Bewerter) gemessen paarweise für jede Kategorie, lag zwischen 0.70 und 1.00, das Kappa von Cohen zwischen 0.06 und 0.59. Die Häufigkeit, mit welcher in einem Traum Kategorien angekreuzt wurden, korrelierte 0.82-0.86 valide mit dem globalen Bizarrheitsurteil. Tagesphantasien waren in fast allen Kategorien signifikant weniger bizarr als REM-Träume. Anhand der Resultate wurde die Kontinuitätshypothese diskutiert und neu überdacht. Comprehension oj bizarre elements in dreams. A nominal scale measuring bizarreness with 15 categories of formal and semantic dimensions was developed. 39 REM-dreams and 12 presleep waking fantasies (triggered by a stimulus scene) were examined with the scale and also for comparison with a global 1-5 rating of bizarreness. Interrater reliability pairwise (4 independent judges) for each category was 0.7-1.0, Cohen's kappa was 0.06-0.56. Category frequencies correlated validly 0.82-0.86 with the global judgement (1-5). Waking fantasies were in most categories significantly less bizarre than REM-dreams. In the light of these results we discussed the continuity hypothesis and suggested some modifications.

Full text

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Die!Erfassung!bizarrer!Elemente!im!Traum!
Henriette Haas, Hayim Guitar-Amsterdamer, Inge Strauch
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I.#Formale#Bizarrheit##
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II.#Inhaltliche#Bizarrheit##
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II.A#Kulturelle#Abweichungen##
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II.B#Abweichungen#von#Naturgesetzen##
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III.#Auflösung#aller#Strukturen##
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II.#Inhaltlich?kulturell#determinierter#Bereich##
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II.B#Inhaltlich?naturgesetzmässig#determinierter#Bereich##
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+('!X2A!X('*!HACL%PA4(4'A!D'&'*-'*A!CA%CAI!I'*!GC-'42*('A!I'*!#EC3C!'(A4'+-H.-M!J33'!
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Tabelle&1:&Reliabilität&der&Kategorien&&
!
#
Kategorie#
Auftretens?#
Wahr.?keit#
Uebereinst.#
Wahr.?keit#
Kappa#
Werte#
U!
"M!S`*-'*!!
WMW9!
WM69!
WMWZ!
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WM"9!
WM95!
WM=8!
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WM8"!
WM9W!
WM>6!
UUJ!
8M!#'--(A4!!
WM8"!
WM9W!
WM>6!
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FM!0'*+2A'A!!
WM=F!
WM99!
WM8W!
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WM"Z!
WM69!
WMF>!
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9M![CAI3HA4'A!!
WM>6!
WM95!
WMFF!
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6M!#K*'$%CE-'!!
WMW6!
WM58!
WMF5!
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5M!SC%*A'%BHA4'A!
WM="!
WM99!
WM>W!
UUD!
"WM!O(-C3(-P-!!
WMW>!
WM59!
WMFZ!
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""M!JE-(X(-P-!!
WMW8!
WM5Z!
WMFW!
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"=M!G2A+(+-'A)!!
WMW=!
WM59!
WM"F!
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">M!T'BC*EC-(2A!!
WMWW!
WM55!
WMWW!
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"8M!UI'A-(-P-!!
WMWF!
WM5=!
WM=Z!
UUU!
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W!
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5!
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*'$%-!*'3(CL'3b!+('!'**'($%-'!GCKKC&'*-'!)&(+$%'A!WM=F!HAI!WMFZM!!
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UA-'*XC33+EC3C!X2A!"?F;M!!
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[PH.(4E'(-+HA-'*+$%('I'A!(A!I'A!GC-'42*('A!:RCLM!>7!/L'*AP$%+-'!#'(-';!.C33'A!'(A(4'!
A($%-!+2!+'3L+-X'*+-PAI3($%'!Q'+H3-C-'!CH.M!j#'3-+CB'!S`*-'*k!:GC-M!";!&H*I'A!L'(!I'A!
RC4'+K%CA-C+('A!L'(AC%'!43'($%!2.-!4'&'*-'-!&('!L'(!I'A!Q@N?R*PHB'AM!T('!GC-'42*('!
jJL+$%A(--'k!:>;!&H*I'!CH..C33'AI!%PH.(47!(A!'(A!_/A.-'3!I'*!RC4'+(BC4(AC-(2A'A!HAI!(A!
I'*![P3.-'!I'*!Q@N?R*PHB'!CA4'E*'H)-7!&2L'(!(%*'!%2%'A!_*'^H'A)'A!CH++$%3('++3($%!
CH.!)&'(!I'*!X('*!D'&'*-'*!)H*/$E4'%'A7!I('!4'A'*'33!B'%*!CAE*'H)-'A!C3+!I('!L'(I'A!
CAI'*AM!T('!JH+&'*-HA4!I'*!.2*BC3'A!GC-'42*('A7!I'*'A!G2A)'K-!CH.!I('!@*.C++HA4!X2A!
T'AE+-`*HA4'A!(A!I'*!K+1$%(C-*(+$%'A!T(C4A2+-(E!)H*/$E4'%-7!L3'(L-!+2B(-!'-&C+!
HAL'.*('I(4'AIM!!
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4'+K*2$%'A'*!Q'I'!(A!+$%*(.-3($%'!:HAI!+$%*(.-I'H-+$%';!R'\-'7!3('4-!I('!O'*BH-HA4!AC%'7!
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+2AI'*A!J*-'.CE-'!+(AIM!JAI'*+'(-+!E`AA-'A!CH$%!(A-'*(AI(X(IH'33'!dA-'*+$%('I'!
)&(+$%'A!I'A!D'&'*-'*A!'(A'!Q233'!4'+K('3-!%CL'A!:'(A![(A&'(+!IC./*!3('.'*-!'(A'!%('*!
A($%-!CA4'./%*-'!RCL'33'!I'*!JAE*'H).*'^H'A)'A!I'*!'(A)'3A'A!D'&'*-'*!(A!V'I'*!
GC-'42*('!u[CC+7!"56Zv;M!dB!IC+!JH.-*'-'A!+23$%'*!J*-'.CE-'!CH+)H+$%3('++'A7!B/++-'!
V'I2$%!'(A'!4*`++'*'!TC-'AB'A4'!C3+!&(*!)H*!O'*./4HA4!%C--'A7!%'*CA4')24'A!&'*I'AM!!
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'(A'!2LV'E-(X'!h*HAI3C4'!)H!3('.'*A7!+2!+$%'(A-!'+!I2$%7!IC++!(BB'*!A2$%!X('3'!+HLV'E-(X'!
_CE-2*'A!I('!D'I'H-HA4+)H+$%*'(LHA4!L''(A.3H++'AM!T('+!)'(4-'!+($%!(A!'(A'B!:%('*!A($%-!
CA4'./%*-'A;!#$%'BC!I'*!JA)C%3!CA4'E*'H)-'*!GC-'42*('A!I'*!'(A)'3A'A!D'&'*-'*!(A!
I'A!RC4?!*'+KM!cC$%--*PHB'A!:[CC+7!"56Z;M!@+!-*C-'A!+(4A(.(ECA-'!dA-'*+$%('I'!(A!I'*!
C334'B'(A'A!JAE*'H)&C%*+$%'(A3($%E'(-!CH.M!UBB'*%(A!&C*'A!I('!D'&'*-'*!CL'*!C33'!
I'B+'3L'A!R*'AI!HA-'*&2*.'A!:AC%')H!KC*C33'3'!h'*CI'A;M!UA!CAI'*'A!S2*-'A7!&'AA!
'(A'*!I('!Q@N?R*PHB'!%PH.(4'*!L()C**!'(A+-H.-'!C3+!I('!/L*(4'A!D'&'*-'*7!-C-!'*!I('+!
IH*$%4'%'AI!CH$%!L'(!I'A!RC4-*PHB'AM!c($%-!AH*!I('!R23'*CA)!(A!I'*!0*2IHE-(2A!X2A!
L()C**'B7!K*(BP*K*2)'++%C.-'B!NC-'*(C3!(B!RC4'+&C$%L'&H++-+'(A!HAI!(B!R*CHB!(+-!
C3+2!(A-'*(AI(X(IH'33!HA-'*+$%('I3($%!CH+4'K*P4-7!+2AI'*A!CH$%!I('!UA-'*K*'-C-(2A!
+23$%'*!@3'B'A-'!HA-'*3('4-!'(A'B!4'&(++'A!(A-'*(AI(X(IH'33'A!@(A.3H++M!!
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D'&'*-'*7!I('!B'%*!@*.C%*HA4!B(-!K+1$%(C-*(+$%'*!T(C4A2+-(E!HAI!R'*B(A2324('!%CL'A!
C3+!I('!%('*!'(A4'+'-)-'A!D'H*-'(3'*M!r'!B'%*!K+1$%(C-*(+$%'!G'AA-A(++'!V'I'*!D'&'*-'*!
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)H*!T(+EH++(2AM!JA!I'*!#1+-'BC-(E!I'*!JH.-'(3HA4!(A!I('!V'&'(3(4'A!D'*'($%'!HAI!
GC-'42*('A!E`AA-'!V'I2$%!ECHB!X('3!4'PAI'*-!&'*I'A7!2%A'!IC++!CAI'*'!-%'2*'-(+$%'!
G2A)'K-'!'(A4'./%*-!&/*I'AM!@(A!+23$%'+!O2*4'%'A!&P*'!%(A4'4'A!43'($%L'I'H-'AI!B(-!
I'*!G2A+-*HE-(2A!'(A'*!A'H'A!#EC3CM!!
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2K-(B('*'AM!cC$%!I'A!Q/$EB'3IHA4'A!I'*!D'&'*-'*!&H*I'A!APB3($%!A($%-!C33'!D'(+K('3'!
C3+!KC++'AI!'BK.HAI'A7!'(A(4'!+24C*!C3+!A($%-!L()C**M!T('+!E`AA-'!)MDM!CH.!'BK(*(+$%'!J*-!
HAI!S'(+'!4'+$%'%'A7!(AI'B!IH*$%!D'.*C4HA4!X2A!#-HI'A-'A!HA-'*!'(A'*!JH+&C%3!X2A!
D'(+K('3'A!)H!V'I'*!GC-'42*('!I('!_CX2*(-'A!L'+-(BB-!&/*I'AM!NCA!E`AA-'!+2B(-!I('!
D'(+K('3'!I'*!#EC3C!I'B!(A-H(-(X'A!@BK.(AI'A!X2A!D()C**%'(-!'(A'*!N'%*%'(-!CAKC++'A7!
+2!IC++!I('!#EC3C!+$%A'33'*!HAI!4*/AI3($%'*!X'*+-CAI'A!&/*I'M!!
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L'+-'%-!V'I2$%!IC*(A7!IC++!I('!D'*'($%'!HAI!GC-'42*('A!%('*C*$%(+$%!4'43('I'*-!&/*I'A!
:HAI!+2B(-!I('!JA2*IAHA4!I'*!GC-'42*('A!HB4'+-'33-!&'*I'A!B/++-';M!T('+!+K('3-!
(A+L'+2AI'*'!./*!I('!_*C4'!I'*!T2KK'3CAE*'H)HA4'A!'(A'!4*2++'!Q233'M!JB!D'(+K('3!I'+!
S2*-'+!j@3'K%CA-'AB'A+$%k!+233!I('+'!N2I(.(EC-(2A!%('*!IC*4'+-'33-!HAI!I(+EH-('*-!
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43'($%*CA4(4'!HAI!HACL%PA4(4'!D'*'($%'M!J3+!'*+-'+!B/++-'!'(A!D'&'*-'*!IC%'*!
'A-+$%'(I'A7!2L!I'*!R*CHB!)HB!D'*'($%!UUU!:JH.3`+HA4!C33'*!.2*BC3'*!HAI!(A%C3-3($%'*!
#-*HE-H*'A7!GC-M!"F;!4'%`*-M!#233-'!I('+!'(A-*'-'A7!&P*'!I('!JH+&'*-HA4!CL4'+$%32++'A7!
CAI'*A.C33+!E`AA-'!'*!)H*!D'&'*-HA4!I'+!R*CHB+!AC$%!I'A!.2*BC3'A!GC-'42*('A!"?>!I'+!
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)H!+'%*!CH.4'3`+-!+(AI7!C3+!IC++!+('!A2$%!(A!I'A!D'*'($%!UUJ!:EH3-H*'33'!JL&'($%HA4'A7!
GC-M!8?5;!4'%`*'AM!T('+'!R*CHB+-'U3'A!&/*I'A!ICAA!CH++$%3('++3($%!AC$%!I'A!GC-'42*('A!
I'+!D'*'($%+!UUD!:JL&'($%HA4'A!X2A!I'A!cC-H*4'+'-)'A7!GC-M!"W?"8;!L'H*-'(3-M!NCA!
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&'AA!I('!0%PA2B'A'!+2&2%3!CH.!I'B!D'*'($%!UUJ!C3+!CH$%!CH.!I'B!D'*'($%!UUD!L'&'*-'-!
&/*I'AM!T('+!&/*I'!CL'*!(A!'(A(4'A!_P33'A!)H!324(+$%'A!S(I'*+K*/$%'A!./%*'A7!IC!I'*!
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D'++'*!CA4'2*IA'-!&/*I'!I('!#EC3C!C3+27!(AI'B!:"M;!D'*'($%!UUU7!:=M;!D'*'($%!U7!:>M;!
D'*'($%!UUD!HAI!:8M;!D'*'($%!UUJ!CH.4'./%*-!&/*I'AM!UB!_3H++I(C4*CBB!&/*I'!IC+!
O2*4'%'A!./*!I('!D'&'*-HA4!V'I'*!'(A)'3A'A!L()C**'A!R'\-+-'U3'!ICAA!CH++'%'A!&('!(A!!
Tabelle&2&Flussdiagramm&
!
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Tabelle&3:&Häufigkeitsunterschiede&in&den&Kategorien&
!
#
Kategorie#
Tagesimag.#
REM#Träume#
Sig.#niveau#
U!
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9M9Wl!
A($%-!+(4M!
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89M88l!
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89M8>l!
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RC4?!HAI!cC$%--*PHB'A!AC$%4'&('+'A!&'*I'AM!,H+P-)3($%!BH++!4')'(4-!&'*I'A7!IC++!I('!
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CA)'(4'A7!&H*I'A!:B(-!'(A'*!'(A)(4'A!JH+AC%B';!A('!CA4'E*'H)-!L'(!

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GC-'42*('A!CH.M!!
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R*PHB'A!.'+-4'+-'33-7!HAI!CH$%!L'(!I'A!RC4'+K%CA-C+('A!'(A!4'*(A4'+!JH+BC++!CA!
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@L'A.C33+!CH+!h*/AI'A!'(A'*!B`43($%'A!dA)HX'*3P++(4E'(-!(A!I'*!D'&'*-HA4!:X43M!
T(+EH++(2A!I'*!Q'3(CL(3(-P-;!(+-!IC+!4'%PH.-'!JH.-*'-'A!I'*!GC-'42*('!>!(A!I'A!
RC4'+(BC4(AC-(2A'A!&'A(4!CH++C4'E*P.-(4M!!
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:GC-M!8;!L'(!I'A!RC4'+(BC4(AC-(2A'AM!TC+!#'--(A4!&C*!VC!IH*$%!I'A!@(A3'(-HA4++C-)!
:jAC$%-+!CB!_'A+-'*k!*'+KM!jCH.!I'B!D'*4k;!I'+!O'*+H$%+3'(-'*+!X2*4'4'L'A!HAI!&C*!
K*(BP*!A($%-!L()C**M!r'I2$%!%C--'A!I('!O'*+H$%+K'*+2A'A!A'H'7!L()C**'*'!@3'B'A-'!)HB!
X2*4'4'L'A'A!#'--(A4!%(A)HK%CA-C+('*-M!!
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jSC%*A'%BHA4'Ak!:GC-M!5;M!UB!O'*43'($%!)H!I'A!CAI'*A!GC-'42*('A!-*C-!I('+'!GC-'42*('!
L'(!I'A!RC4'+K%CA-C+('A!X('3!%PH.(4'*!CH.7!APB3($%!(BB'*%(A!%C3L!+2!2.-!&('!L'(!I'A!
Q@N?R*PHB'AM!#2!+$%'(A-!'+7!IC++!IC+!,H3C++'A!X2A!K*(BP*K*2)'++%C.-'A!@3'B'A-'A!CB!
RC4!HA-'*!I'*!O2*CH++'-)HA4!'(A'*!4'&(++'A!QC%B'A+'-)HA4!'%'*!B`43($%!(+-M!!
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O'*+H$%+K'*+2A!(A!I'*!JA)C%3!CA4'E*'H)-'*!GC-'42*('A!K*2!R*CHB<!!
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Abbildung&1:&Intraindividuelle&Unterschiede&
!

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"8!
TC+!T(C4*CBB!)'(4-!I('!(A-'*(AI(X(IH'33'A!dA-'*+$%('I'!)&(+$%'A!I'A!
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UA-*C(AI(X(IH'33!&C*'A!I('!dA-'*+$%('I'!)&(+$%'A!I'A!Q@N?R*PHB'A!HAI!I'A!
RC4'+K%CA-C+('A!+(4A(.(ECA-!:L'(!O0!"!AH*!CH.!I'B!Fl!c(X'CH7!L'(!C33'A!CAI'*A!CH.!I'B!
"l!c(X'CH;M!!
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L'(!4'ACH'*'*!D'-*C$%-HA4!&'+'A-3($%!L()C**'*!+(AI7!C3+!.*/%'*!CA4'A2BB'A!&H*I'M!T('!
@\(+-'A)!'(A'+!I(+E*'-'A!SC$%%'(-+)H+-CAI+7!(A!I'B!IC+!T'AE'A!*'(A!324(+$%!HAI!
+-*HE-H*('*-!CL3PH.-7!BH++!C3+2!CA4')&'(.'3-!&'*I'AM!@+!(+-!+2B(-!'%'*!HA&C%*+$%'(A3($%7!
IC++!I('!+K*C$%3($%!.2*BH3('*-'A!h'ICAE'A!I'+!N'A+$%'A!(B!&C$%'A!,H+-CAI!CH.!'(A'!
E2%P*'A-'!HAI!.2*BC3!'(AI'H-(4'!R('.'A+-*HE-H*!CL4'L(3I'-!&'*I'A!E`AA-'A7!&('!IC+!
X2A!_2H3E'+!:"596;!HAI!Y%2B+E1!:"5F9;!A2$%!X'*-*'-'A!&H*I'M!!
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CH.4'+-'33-!%C--'A7!IH*$%!HA+'*'!TC-'A!X233HB.PA43($%!L'+-P-(4-!HAI!BCA!E`AA-'!+2B(-!
I('!N2I'33'!X2A!B'%*'*'A7!'(ACAI'*!CL3`+'AI'A!D'&H++-+'(A+K*2)'++'A!'AI4/3-(4!
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&/*I'!I('!&($%-(4+-'!@(4'A+$%C.-!I'*!A'H'A!#EC3C7!APB3($%!(%*'!.2*BC3'!HAI!(A%C3-3($%'!
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+'-)-7!ECAA!+('!(%*'!,'A+H*!2..'ALC*!32$E'*A!HAI!+($%!(A!I'*!0%CA-C+('!.*'('*!L'&'4'AM!
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