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Children of alcoholics: A critical appraisal of theory and research.
Abstract
Review of book, Kenneth J. Sher (Au.) Children of Alcoholics: A Critical Appraisal of Theory and Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991, 256 pp., ISBN 0-87630-604-0. Reviewed by Ken C. Winters.
... In addition to describing these trajectories, we asked whether they could be prospectively predicted from well-established risk factors for adolescent substance use. Following Sher's (1991) heuristic models of parent alcoholism effects on offspring alcohol problems, we considered three categories of variables that differed in how distal or proximal to adolescent drinking they are thought to be. Parental psychopathology (alcoholism, antisocial personality, depression, anxiety disorder) was thought to be the most distal risk factor. ...
... Parental psychopathology (alcoholism, antisocial personality, depression, anxiety disorder) was thought to be the most distal risk factor. Given previous data, we expected parent alcoholism to prospectively predict trajectories (Chassin et al., 1996;Sher, 1991). However, we also tested whether this effect was specific to parent alcoholism (i.e., occurring above and beyond other diag-noses) or whether parental impairment in general predicted bingedrinking trajectories. ...
... COAs are more likely to be in single-parent families, families with high levels of conflict, and families with less consistent parental support and discipline . Such family environments have been shown to raise risk for adolescent substance use and other problem behaviors (Hawkins et al., 1992;Sher, 1991). Accordingly, we tested family structure and family environment risk (a composite of family conflict, discipline, and parental support of the adolescent) as prospective predictors of trajectory group membership. ...
This study describes binge drinking trajectories from adolescence to emerging adulthood in 238 children of alcoholics and 208 controls. Mixture modeling identified three trajectory groups: early–heavy (early onset, high frequency), late–moderate (later onset, moderate frequency), and infrequent (early onset, low frequency). Nonbingers were defined a priori. The early–heavy group was characterized by parental alcoholism and antisociality, peer drinking, drug use, and (for boys) high levels of externalizing behavior, but low depression. The infrequent group was elevated in parent alcoholism and (for girls) adolescent depression, whereas the nonbinger and late–moderate groups showed the most favorable adolescent psychosocial variables. All 3 drinking trajectory groups raised risk for later substance abuse or dependence compared with the nonbingers, with the early–heavy group at highest risk.
... Although children from problem drinking families are at increased risk for adjustment difficulties, there is great variability in child outcomes (Sher, 1991;Windle & Searles, 1990). This heterogeneity in adjustment indicates that there are probably numerous variables influencing the associations between parental alcoholism and child functioning, including multiple environmental and biological pathways (Windle & Searles, 1990). ...
... This heterogeneity in adjustment indicates that there are probably numerous variables influencing the associations between parental alcoholism and child functioning, including multiple environmental and biological pathways (Windle & Searles, 1990). Subsequently, examination of processes, risk factors, and protective variables is needed so that intricate associations among parental alcoholism and child vulnerability and resilience may be more fully elucidated (Sher, 1991). Further developments and applications of theoretical models incorporating multiple domains of biopsychosocial functioning are also needed for a better understanding of the associations between parental alcoholism and children's functioning (e.g., Fitzgerald, Zucker, & Yang, 1995;Sadava, 1995;Sher, 1991). ...
... Subsequently, examination of processes, risk factors, and protective variables is needed so that intricate associations among parental alcoholism and child vulnerability and resilience may be more fully elucidated (Sher, 1991). Further developments and applications of theoretical models incorporating multiple domains of biopsychosocial functioning are also needed for a better understanding of the associations between parental alcoholism and children's functioning (e.g., Fitzgerald, Zucker, & Yang, 1995;Sadava, 1995;Sher, 1991). ...
Children's emotional regulation (as indexed by vagal suppression) and children's emotional reactivity during an argument were examined as moderators and mediators of parental problem drinking and children's adjustment in a sample of 6- to 12-year-olds. Cardiac vagal tone was assessed during both a baseline condition and exposure to an audiotaped argument. Vagal suppression was calculated by subtracting vagal tone during the baseline from that recorded during the argument, with a higher number representing increased suppression of vagal tone during the argument. Emotional reactivity was based on both observations of overt behaviors of children and their reported feelings during the argument. A higher level of vagal suppression was a protective factor against children's externalizing, internalizing, and social problems associated with exposure to parental problem drinking. Emotional reactivity was a vulnerability factor, and children's increased anger and fear, and to a lesser degree sadness, each moderated and exacerbated the effects of parental problem drinking on child outcomes.
... Der elterliche Alkoholkonsum ist im Zusammenhang mit dem Problem der Alkoholintoxikation bei Jugendlichen aus zweierlei Gründen relevant: (1) prägen die elterlichen Alkoholkonsummuster die Alkoholkonsummuster ihrer Kinder (Frank et al., 1999) und (2) sind Kinder von alkoholabhängigen Eltern die Hochrisikogruppe für die Entwicklung einer eigenen Alkoholerkrankung (Sher, 1991). In diesem Zusammenhang ist zu erwähnen, dass bei vielen Jugendlichen (Farke, 2008, gibt 30%-40% an) (Klein, 2008, Puhm et al., 2008, Sher, 1991, Zobel, 2006 (Sayette, 1999, Sher, 1991. ...
... Der elterliche Alkoholkonsum ist im Zusammenhang mit dem Problem der Alkoholintoxikation bei Jugendlichen aus zweierlei Gründen relevant: (1) prägen die elterlichen Alkoholkonsummuster die Alkoholkonsummuster ihrer Kinder (Frank et al., 1999) und (2) sind Kinder von alkoholabhängigen Eltern die Hochrisikogruppe für die Entwicklung einer eigenen Alkoholerkrankung (Sher, 1991). In diesem Zusammenhang ist zu erwähnen, dass bei vielen Jugendlichen (Farke, 2008, gibt 30%-40% an) (Klein, 2008, Puhm et al., 2008, Sher, 1991, Zobel, 2006 (Sayette, 1999, Sher, 1991. ...
... Der elterliche Alkoholkonsum ist im Zusammenhang mit dem Problem der Alkoholintoxikation bei Jugendlichen aus zweierlei Gründen relevant: (1) prägen die elterlichen Alkoholkonsummuster die Alkoholkonsummuster ihrer Kinder (Frank et al., 1999) und (2) sind Kinder von alkoholabhängigen Eltern die Hochrisikogruppe für die Entwicklung einer eigenen Alkoholerkrankung (Sher, 1991). In diesem Zusammenhang ist zu erwähnen, dass bei vielen Jugendlichen (Farke, 2008, gibt 30%-40% an) (Klein, 2008, Puhm et al., 2008, Sher, 1991, Zobel, 2006 (Sayette, 1999, Sher, 1991. ...
Alkoholintoxikationen bei Jugendlichen werden in der öffentlichen Diskussion, und auch unter ExpertInnen sowohl hinsichtlich ihrer Häufigkeit, als auch Problematik sehr unterschiedlich bewertet. Die vorliegende Studie lieferte dazu erstmals fundierte Daten für das Bundesland Oberösterreich. Die Studie war qualitativ ausgelegt und umfasste sowohl Interviews mit 50 wegen Alkoholisierung stationär in Krankenhäuser aufgenommenen Jugendlichen, als auch 26 ExpertInneninterviews mit ProfessionistInnen aus den Bereichen Krankenhaus, Rettungsdienst, Exekutive, Gastronomie, Sozialversicherung, sowie JugendbetreuerInnen.
Im Hauptteil der Studie wurden 50 Jugendliche zwischen 14 und 17 Jahren, die zwischen Juli 2008 und Dezember 2008 aufgrund einer Alkoholintoxikation in einem der teilnehmenden Krankenhäuser (Klinikum der Kreuzschwestern Wels, Landes- Frauen- und Kinderklinik Linz, Landesnervenklinik Wagner-Jauregg Linz, LKH Steyr, LKH Vöcklabruck) stationär behandelt wurden, interviewt. Diese wurden vor der Entlassung aus der Spitalspflege von einem Projektmitarbeiter ausführlich befragt. Im Rahmen eines weiteren Teils der Studie wurden 30 ÄrztInnen und 30 MitarbeiterInnen aus dem Pflegebereich von 15 Krankenhäusern in Oberösterreich interviewt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie machen deutlich, dass das in jüngerer Vergangenheit oftmals gezeichnete Bild über jugendliche Alkoholintoxikationen nicht mit der Realität übereinstimmt. Zum einen war der Anteil jener in Spitälern behandelter Jugendlicher, auf die der Ausdruck „KomatrinkerInnen“ zutrifft und bei denen erheblich Lebensgefahr bestand, in der Studie verschwindend gering (1 von 50), und zum anderen handelt es sich in der Mehrzahl der Fälle um „Unfälle“ in dem Sinn, dass die Kinder und Jugendlichen infolge geringer Erfahrung mit Alkohol und geringer Alkoholtoleranz, ungewollt in einen Zustand stärkerer Intoxikation gekommen sind.
Dass Alkohol, der in unserem Kulturkreis ja eine zentrale Rolle im sozialen und kulturellen Leben der meisten Erwachsenen spielt, auch bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, die beginnen ihr Sozialleben nach den Vorgaben der Erwachsenenwelt zu organisieren, Bedeutung hat, ist an und für sich nicht verwunderlich. Dass in der Anfangsphase, solange im Umgang mit Alkohol Erfahrungswissen fehlt, in diesem Lernprozess auch immer wieder ungewollte Räusche passieren können, ist zu erwarten. Handelt es sich nun um Jugendliche, deren übliches Alkoholkonsumverhalten keinen Anlass zur Sorge gibt, bei denen keine ernsten psycho-sozialen Grundprobleme im Hintergrund stehen und wo anzunehmen ist, dass sich derartige Vorfälle in Zukunft kaum wiederholen werden – was bei immerhin 60% der im Rahmen der Studie erfassten Jugendlichen der Fall war –, so besteht nach der akuten Behandlung der Alkoholintoxikation kein weiterer Behandlungsbedarf.
Anders stellt sich die Situation bei knapp 30% der Jugendlichen dar, die psychosoziale Auffälligkeiten aufwiesen und bei 8%, die zwar psycho-sozial eher unauffällig waren, aber wiederholt „aus Spaß“ schwere Räusche geplant hatten. Letztere Jugendliche sind hinsichtlich ihres Alkoholkonsums als problematisch zu sehen. Sind Auffälligkeiten im eben genannten Sinn erkennbar, ist die Einbeziehung von klinischen PsychologInnen und PsychiaterInnen zu empfehlen. Sind diese an einem Wochenende nicht erreichbar, so ist ev. eine Verlängerung des Aufenthaltes oder eine Zuweisung zu einer Einrichtung mit einer jugendpsychiatrischen Abteilung empfehlenswert. Auch über die verstärkte Einbeziehung von SozialarbeiterInnen oder der Jugendwohlfahrt könnte nachgedacht werden. Welche Interventionen zweckmäßig und möglich sind, sollte dabei unter Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen Einzelfälle und deren Behandlungsbedarf entschieden werden.
Auch wenn das kein unmittelbares Ergebnis der vorliegenden Studie ist – dazu haben MitarbeiterInnen des Forschungsteams bereits zuvor wiederholt referiert und publiziert –, sollte hier betont werden, dass die immer wieder veröffentlichten Zahlen über mit Alkoholintoxikation in Krankenanstalten behandelten Kinder und Jugendlichen, kein realistisches Bild der tatsächlichen Zahl zulassen, und dass es absolut unzulässig ist aus diesen Zahlenreihen Rückschlüsse auf das Auftreten von schweren Räuschen unter Kindern und Jugendlichen zu ziehen. Um nur einige Gründe dafür zu nennen: Sowohl die ICD-9 als auch die ICD-10 Kriterien sind bezüglich des uns hier interessierenden Kriteriums „Alkoholintoxikation“ viel zu unscharf und widersprüchlich. Die Motivation bei der Diagnoseerstellung zielt nicht auf wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisgewinn, sondern auf Abrechnung der Krankenhausleistungen ab. Bezüglich des Kodierungsverhaltens in den Krankenanstalten gibt es massive Modeströmungen, die einen systematischen Bias erzeugen. Dazu kommen noch eine Reihe anderer Faktoren, die die Interpretierbarkeit dieser Zahlen einschränken und auf die im Bericht genauer eingegangen wird.
Eine in Zusammenhang mit der Behandlung von Alkoholisierten in Krankenanstalten wichtige Frage ist auch, wer für die dadurch entstehenden Kosten aufkommt. Im Rahmen der gegenwärtigen Studie zeigte sich, dass anders als z.B. in Wien, wo die Betroffenen für hohe Krankentransport- und Behandlungskosten aufkommen müssen, die finanzielle Belastung der Betroffenen in Oberösterreich zum Zeitpunkt der Erhebung nur gering ist. Den PatientInnen werden zwar die Kosten für den Krankentransport, nicht aber die Behandlungskosten in der Krankenanstalt verrechnet. Da hier aber bloß der Kassentarif zur Anwendung kommt, liegt die finanzielle Belastung für die PatientInnen in Oberösterreich zwischen 27 Euro und 100 Euro. Eine oberösterreichische Spezialität ist, dass die Spitalskosten unter gewissen Umständen von Gastronomiebetrieben, denen von der Krankenkasse ein Mitverschulden angelastet wurde, am Regressweg eingetrieben werden.
Die Frage wie hier rechtskonform vorzugehen ist, ist angesichts der moderaten Kosten für die PatientInnen in Oberösterreich nicht so zentral wie in Wien, wo die Kosten durchwegs vierstellige Eurobeträge ausmachen. Seit einem OGH-Urteil, das recht eindeutig festlegt, dass alle Kosten von den Krankenkassen zu übernehmen sind, gewinnt die Frage aber auch für Oberösterreich an Bedeutung.
... Adolescence, broadly defined as the period spanning the initiation of puberty to the beginning of adult social roles and identity development (Sawyer et al., 2018), is a period of heightened risk taking and experimentation, particularly substance use . Theory suggests that having a parental history of substance disorder is associated with adolescent substance use indirectly through behavioral undercontrol (e.g., Iacono et al., 2008;Sher, 1991). However, no studies to date have investigated whether specific, multidimensional impulsive personality traits mediate the effect of parental substance disorder on adolescent substance use. ...
... Several theoretical models suggest this mediated pathway. For example, both the Deviance Proneness (Sher, 1991;Sher & Trull, 1994) and "externalizing pathway" (Iacono et al., 2008;Zucker et al., 2011) models suggest that distal factors such as parental substance disorder are linked to behavioral disinhibition/undercontrol, which predisposes individuals to substance use and externalizing behaviors, respectively. In support of these theories, genetically informed studies find that behavioral undercontrol accounts for a large amount of genetic risk conferred from parental substance disorder (Khemiri et al., 2016). ...
... Theoretical (Iacono et al., 2008;Sher, 1991) and empirical (Wasserman et al., 2020) studies of intergenerational transmission suggest that behavioral undercontrol is a mechanism through which parental substance disorder confers risk for offspring substance use. However, the current study is the first to test whether specific, multidimensional impulsive personality traits served as mechanisms explaining the link between parental substance disorder and adolescent substance use. ...
Theory suggests that behavioral undercontrol mediates the effect of parental substance disorder on offspring substance use, but no studies have tested multidimensional impulsive personality traits as mechanisms of risk. Adolescents (N = 392; 48% female) from a multigenerational study of familial alcohol disorder self-reported impulsive personality traits via the UPPS-P (Mage = 16.09; Range = 13–19) and alcohol/cannabis frequency one year later. The UPPS-P assesses negative and positive urgency (i.e., rash action in a negative or positive mood state), lack of premeditation (i.e., lack of planning/forethought), lack of perseverance (i.e., inability to finish tedious/boring tasks), and sensation seeking (i.e., thrill seeking/risk taking). Parent substance disorder was assessed via diagnostic interviews. Two-part hurdle models tested predictors of any substance use (i.e., binary part) and frequency of use (i.e., continuous part). Parent substance disorder was indirectly associated with any alcohol/cannabis use (binary part) and higher cannabis frequency (continuous part) through negative urgency. Parental substance disorder was associated with higher alcohol frequency through a lack of premeditation. Sensation seeking was associated with any alcohol/cannabis use but unrelated to parental substance disorder. Despite indirect effects, strong effects of parental substance disorder on substance use remained. The findings are discussed in terms of theory and public health implications.
... Researchers tried to study the lasting effects of the parental alcohol consumption on the development of the child as well as his lifespan. [5][6][7][8] COAs have suffered from a nonconductive environment which was characterized by: ...
... Although researchers could identify several variables to understand the nature and extent of the problems faced by the COAs, there were difficulties faced in making valid generalizations as alcohol consumers were not a homogenous group. [5] Furthermore, the alcohol consumers had other substance comorbidities as well as psychiatric disorders. [6] Most of the researches carried out had methodological difficulties which could not solely attribute the impact of only alcohol on children and family. ...
... Several researchers had noted a variety of emotional and behavioral problems in COAs. [5][6][7][8][9] However, due to the heterogeneity of alcohol dependence, it was very difficult for researchers to attribute a specific characteristic of parental alcoholism to COA. It was studied that the comorbid psychopathology in the parent with alcohol dependence was important to predict the psychopathological outcomes in relatives. ...
... A variety of biopsychosocial variables have been found to affect individual vulnerability for alcohol use and alcoholrelated problems. As models of alcohol use risk become increasingly multivariate, researchers have stressed the importance of integrating factors from different domains (Sher, 1991). Both biological and behavioral factors explain a significant amount of variance in alcohol behavior. ...
... In general, the magnitude of the correlations between negative expectancies and drinking is generally lower than those for positive expectancies (McCarthy & Smith, 1996). Finally, studies of children of parents with alcoholism (see Sher, 1991, for a review) and twin studies (Vernon, Lee, Harris, & Lang, 1996) provide evidence that genetic and physiological factors influence the development of alcohol expectancies. ...
Prior studies have shown that the ALDH2*2 genetic variant, most common in individuals of Asian descent, is related to heightened sensitivity to alcohol and can serve as a protective factor against alcohol problems. This study explored the effect of this factor on alcohol expectancies. It was hypothesized that (a) individuals with ALDH2*2 alleles would have lower positive expectancies and higher negative expectancies, (b) expectancies would mediate the ALDH2–drinking relation, and (c) ALDH2 status would moderate the expectancy–drinking relation. Data were collected from 171 Asian American university students. Positive expectancy and ALDH2 status were correlated with alcohol use. Mediation and moderation hypotheses were supported only in the female sample. Results were not significant for negative expectancies. These results indicate that ALDH2 status may protect against drinking by lowering positive expectancies and reducing the expectancy–drinking relationship.
... Bei Baltruschat, Geissner und Klein [2] wird anhand der T ö chterangaben in der Untersuchung ein Hinweis auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen elterlichem Alkoholismus und Depressionen deutlich: 20 T ö chter, die gem ä ß den Angaben im CAST einen Elternteil mit einer Alkoholerkrankung hatten, berichteten, dass sich ein Elternteil ü ber einen Zeitraum von 2 Jahren " die meiste Zeit niedergeschlagen und traurig " gef ü hlt habe. Der Schweregrad psychischer St ö rungen der COA kann durch elterliche Komorbidit ä t erh ö ht werden [38] . Eine weitere Erkl ä rung f ü r die sehr hohen Raten kann aber auch in der verwendeten Methodik liegen. ...
... (2) Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI, [38] ; deutsche Version von Thiel & Paul [41] ...
Eating disorders in daughters of alcoholic parents
... They might have experienced unreliability and neglect in adolescence (e.g. Sher, 1991) and might have encountered parental deception on a regular basis (Rogers & Bender, 2018). Consequently, these people might have developed specific traits and behaviors. ...
... However, other studies revealed no such patterns (for a review see Sher, 1997). These discrepancies could stem from the heterogeneity of this group caused by factors such as temperament, gender, the attitude of the nonaddicted parent and the child's social environment (Sher, 1991). ...
When one or both parents misuse alcohol, it can lead to the development of particular and varied traits in their children. The present study tested whether adult children of alcoholics (ACoAs) who participated in therapy had better veracity assessment skills and more reliable beliefs about cues to deception than the control group of non-ACoAs. The results revealed that individuals who grew up in a family with alcohol misuse problems detected truth – but not lies – significantly better than the control group. The groups did not differ in accuracy of their beliefs about cues to deception. It is possible that the ACoAs’ higher truth detection accuracy is to some extent attributable to their participation in therapy, which increased their level of trust in others.
... Family history of AUD is one of the best-known predictors of AUD. Extensive evidence indicates those with a positive family history of AUD (FHP) are at increased risk for AUD (Cotton, 1979;Grigsby et al., 2016;Mellentin et al., 2016;Sher, 1991;Stone et al., 2012). Epidemiological data suggest approximately 22% of U.S. adults are at increased risk for developing AUD because they have at least 1 parent with AUD (Yoon et al., 2013). ...
... Individuals with a family history of AUD often differ on phenotypic characteristics associated with AUD, including impulsivity. Several early studies indicate those with a positive family history of AUD tend to be more impulsive (e.g., Knop, Teasdale, Schulsinger, and Goodwin, 1985;Knowles and Schroeder, 1989;Mann, Chassin, and Sher, 1987;Saunders and Schuckit, 1981;Sher, 1991;Tarter et al., 1985;Windle, Windle, Scheidt, and Miller, 1995). Further, twin and family design studies consistently demonstrate a strong genetic overlap between substance use and impulsivity-related traits (e.g., Hicks et al., 2011;Krueger et al., 2002). ...
Background
Extensive research indicates that having a positive family history of alcohol use disorder (FHP) and impulsivity are 2 risk factors for problem drinking. To our knowledge, no study has investigated which facets of impulsivity interact with family history to increase risk for problem drinking. The goal of this study was to: (i) examine whether FHP individuals with higher levels of impulsivity are more likely to engage in problematic drinking, and (ii) identify which facets of impulsivity interact with FHP to increase risk for problems.
Methods
The data consisted of a combined sample of 757 participants (50% female, 73% White, mean age = 32.85, SD = 11.31) drawn from the Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center and the Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcohol. Analyses of covariance and cumulative logistic regression models investigated the association of family history and impulsivity‐related traits with drinking quantity, frequency, and alcohol‐related problems. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnic group, education level, and data source.
Results
Significant interactions between impulsivity and family history were found for measures of alcohol‐related problems. Specifically, there was a stronger positive association of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) poor self‐regulation with interpersonal, F(1, 504) = 6.27, p = 0.01, and impulse control alcohol‐related problems, F(1, 504) = 6.00, p = 0.01, among FHP compared to FHN individuals. Main effects of family history and impulsivity on alcohol quantity and frequency of use and problems were also found.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that having both a family history of AUD and high BIS poor self‐regulation is more strongly associated with alcohol‐related consequences in the interpersonal and impulse control domains. Given the heterogeneity of impulsivity, these findings highlight the need for additional research to examine which facets of impulsivity are associated with which alcohol outcomes to narrow phenotypic risk for alcohol misuse.
... Although most prior studies have assessed the association between mental health and drug use cross-sectionally and causal ordering cannot be illustrated statistically, many scholars and clinicians endorse the self-medication model of substance use. This model rests on the premise that people who experience uncomfortable or negative feelings, such as depression or anxiety, may use substances to cope with these feelings (Ferguson et al., 2021;Sher, 1991). The comparably fewer longitudinal studies assessing the association between mental health diagnoses and substance use support the self-medication model (e.g., Broman et al., 2019;Marmorstein et al., 2010;Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012). ...
Previous research indicates that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase the risk for illicit drug use. Yet, much of this research relies on retrospective ACE reports and does not consider the wide array of more proximal life experiences that may impact adults’ substance use. The present research used two waves of data from the longitudinal Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (TARS) to examine the impact of ACEs reported during adolescence on illicit drug use frequency in adulthood (average age 32) among 930 (403 men and 527 women) respondents. Findings indicated that ACEs had a cumulative effect on adults’ illicit drug use. Each additional ACE increased drug use frequency by 0.087 units (p < 0.05). Biological sex ( b = -0.446, p < 0.001), number of biological children ( b = -0.155, p < 0.01), anxiety symptoms, ( b = 0.071, p < 0.001), adolescent drug use ( b = 0.166, p < 0.001), and residing with other substance-using individuals ( b = 1.127, p < 0.001) were also significant correlates of illicit drug use in adulthood. Mediation analyses revealed that respondents’ anxiety symptoms and adolescent drug use mediated the total effect of ACEs on adults’ drug use frequency. Based on these results, it is argued that clinicians and others working with those who are at risk for or who are presently using illicit substances should consider how early life adversity influences drug use, both directly and indirectly via proximal risks.
... Although theories often place a parental history of AUD as both a genetic and environmental risk factor for heavier drinking (e.g., Iacono et al., 1999;Sher, 1991), theoretical models also suggest that some offspring of parents with AUD may drink less than their parents. Specifically, aversive transmission theory suggests that offspring of parents with AUD may perceive themselves to be at risk for developing an alcohol problem and consciously limit or abstain from drinking to avoid this outcome (Harburg et al., 1982(Harburg et al., , 1990. ...
Objective: The theory of aversive transmission posits that children of parents who have an alcohol use disorder (AUD) may abstain or limit their own alcohol use because they believe themselves to be at risk of developing problems with alcohol. The present study examined relationships among parental AUD, perceived parental AUD, perceived risk for AUD, addiction avoidance reasons for limiting alcohol use, and alcohol use using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Method: Participants (N = 805; 48% female; 28% Latinx) were from a longitudinal study investigating intergenerational transmission of AUD. Parental AUD, perceived parental AUD, perceived risk for AUD, addiction avoidance reasons for limiting alcohol use, and alcohol use (quantity, frequency, and frequency of heavy drinking) were measured every 5 years from late adolescence (Mage = 20) to adulthood (Mage = 32). Random intercept cross-lagged panel models tested whether there were stable between-person relations or time-varying within-person relations among these variables. Results: At the between-person level, perceived parental AUD predicted greater addiction avoidance reasons for limiting alcohol use and greater perceived risk. Those with greater addiction avoidance reasons for limiting alcohol use were less likely to use any alcohol and drank less frequently. Parental AUD was associated with higher levels of alcohol use as well as perceived risk. No consistent cross-lagged paths were found at the within-person level. Conclusions: Study findings were at the between-person level rather than the within-person level. Future work on aversive transmission is needed to better understand this subgroup of children of parents with AUD.
... Children aged 9 to 10 typically experience significant physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development [46]. Middle childhood is a crucial developmental stage in which children establish their identities and form social connections with peers, which can influence their attitudes and behaviors toward alcohol use [47,48]. The findings from this study indicate that, at the early stage of life, genetic factors play a relatively small role in determining whether a child will try alcohol for the first time at that age. ...
Introduction
Alcohol intent (the susceptibility to initiating alcohol use) and alcohol sips (the initiation of alcohol) in youth are a multifactorial puzzle with many components. This research aims to examine the connection between genetic and environmental factors across sex, race and ethnicity.
Methods
Data was obtained from the twin hub of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study at baseline (2016–2018). Variance component models were conducted to dissect the additive genetic (A), common (C) and unique environmental (E) effects on alcohol traits. The proportion of the total alcohol phenotypic variation attributable to additive genetic factors is reported as heritability (h²).
Results
The sample (n = 1,772) included an approximately equal male-female distribution. The 886 same-sex twin pairs were 60.4% dizygotic (DZ), 39.6% monozygotic (MZ), 65.4% non-Hispanic Whites, 13.9% non-Hispanic Blacks, 10.8% of Hispanics with a mean age of 121.2 months. Overall, genetic predisposition was moderate for alcohol intent (h² = 28%, p = .006) and low for alcohol initiation (h² = 4%, p = 0.83). Hispanics (h² = 53%, p < .0001) and Blacks (h² = 48%, p < .0001) demonstrated higher alcohol intent due to additive genetic factors than Whites (h² = 34%, p < .0001). Common environmental factors explained more variation in alcohol sips in females (c² = 63%, p = .001) than in males (c² = 55%, p = .003). Unique environmental factors largely attributed to alcohol intent, while common environmental factors explained the substantial variation in alcohol initiation.
Conclusion
Sex and racial/ethnic disparities in genetic and environmental risk factors for susceptibility to alcohol initiation can lead to significant health disparities. Certain populations may be at greater risk for alcohol use due to their genetic and ecological factors at an early age.
... Expectancies measured in young adolescents significantly predict drinking patterns up to 9 years later, after controlling for earlier alcohol and drug use (Stacy, Newcomb, & Bentler, 1991). Given this predictive power, several authors have argued that expectancies are an important cognitive mediator in the etiology of alcohol use disorders, mediating more distal biological and cultural influences (Goldman et al., 1999;Sher, 1991;Wiers, Gunning, & Sergeant, 1998). Current issues in expectancy research include the relationship between expectancies and other cognitive-motivational constructs, their structure, and their assessment using implicit and explicit measures. ...
Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions were measured in 2 dimensions: positive-negative (valence) and arousal-sedation, with 2 versions of the Implicit Association Test (IAT; A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. Schwartz) and related explicit measures. Heavy drinkers (n = 24) strongly associated alcohol with arousal on the arousal IAT (especially men) and scored higher on explicit arousal expectancies than light drinkers (n = 24). On the valence IAT, both light and heavy drinkers showed strong negative implicit associations with alcohol that contrasted with their positive explicit judgments (heavy drinkers were more positive). Implicit and explicit cognitions uniquely contributed to the prediction of 1-month prospective drinking. Heavy drinkers' implicit arousal associations could reflect the sensitized psychomotor-activating response to drug cues, a motivational mechanism hypothesized to underlie the etiology of addictive behaviors.
... First, this association might be under genetic control. For example, it has been suggested that children of alcoholic parents might inherit temperamental characteristics that predispose them to experience negative affective states and to be behaviorally undercontrolled (Sher, 1991). Given these heritable temperamental characteristics, children of alcoholic parents might drink to cope with negative mood states and might be embedded in a social context with other undercontrolled peers, and these factors might then lead to the development of alcohol problems. ...
This study tested whether adolescent internalizing problems, externalizing problems, heavy alcohol use, fathers' parenting, and family conflict varied over time with fluctuations in fathers' alcohol impairment and also whether children of recovered alcoholic fathers differed from children of nonalcoholic fathers. Fathers and adolescent children (N = 267 families) were interviewed in 3 annual assessments. Results showed that adolescent symptomatology and the family environment did not vary over time as a function of different trajectories of paternal alcohol impairment. However, children of recovered alcoholic fathers exhibited more symptomatology than did children of nonalcoholic fathers. Even though paternal alcoholism has remitted in these families, children of recovered alcoholic fathers might remain on a general higher risk trajectory relative to children of nonalcoholic fathers.
... The self-regulation model focuses on variables at one conceptual level, but substance use is related to variables from several different conceptual levels (Petraitis, Flay, & Miller, 1995;Wills et al., 2000) and moderation effects have been suggested for other types of variables (Newcomb, 1992). For example, it has been suggested that family variables, such as parental substance use, may be involved in substance use problems (Sher, 1991;Sher & Trull, 1994). There is also reason to believe that involvement in conventional institutions, such as school, would act as a protective moderator because greater attachment to school or mainstream peers could make individuals in temptation situations less likely to respond in ways that would jeopardize their academic standing or relationships with friends and parents (Jessor & Jessor, 1977;Stacy & Newcomb, 1999). ...
The authors tested predictions, derived from a self-regulation model, about variables moderating the relationship between level of substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana) and problems associated with use. Data were from two independent studies of adolescents, with mean ages of 15.4 and 15.5 years (Ns = 1,699 and 1,225). Factor analysis indicated correlated dimensions of control problems and conduct problems. Protective moderation was found for variables indexing good self-control; risk-enhancing moderation was found for variables indexing poor self-control. These effects were generally independent of deviance-prone attitudes and externalizing symptomatology. Multiple-group structural modeling indicated moderation occurred for paths from life stress and coping motives and for paths from level to control and conduct problems. Moderation effects were also found for parental variables, peer variables, and academic competence.
... Empirically derived markers observed prior to the onset of alcoholism may reflect underlying etiologic mechanisms. However, it is widely accepted that the causes of alcoholism are multidetermined and that alcoholics and their vulnerable family members form a heterogeneous population (Pihl, Peterson, & Finn, 1990;Sher, 1991). The specific effect of any single marker will probably not be as important to etiology as the total number of operative risk factors (Tarter, 1988). ...
Boys (average age = 12.1 years) from families with an extensive history of paternal alcoholism differed from controls of similar age and IQ on measures of cognitive function, cardiovascular reactivity, and parent-rated conduct problems. High-risk boys performed most poorly on neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe function. According to tests of temporal organization and conditional-associate learning, control over working memory was the frontal subfunction primarily affected. A mental arithmetic task also elicited greater heart rate increases and peripheral vasoconstriction among high-risk boys than among controls. After controlling for group status, significant correlations remained between frontal lobe test scores and disruptive behavior and between cardiovascular hyperreactivity and anxiety levels. The possible contribution of these findings to alcohol abuse was discussed.
... A first-degree family history of alcohol problems is a strong and well-established predictor of developing alcohol problems (Cotton, 1979;Merikangas, 1990;Sher, 1991). The underlying mechanisms for family transmission and how these mechanisms are modified by gender and culture, however, remain unclear. ...
... It is also important to note that there are a separate class of theories (many of which draw on the same body of theory described above) that describe how associations between affect (especially symptoms of negative affect-driven disorders such as anxiety and depression) and alcohol use and problems might arise at less proximal time scales (Hussong et al., 2011(Hussong et al., , 2017Sher, 1991). One theory, for example, hypothesizes that adolescents who are high on internalizing symptoms gravitate toward substance using peers who provide access and exposure to alcohol use (Hussong et al., 2011;Kaplan et al., 1984). ...
Influential psychological theories hypothesize that people consume alcohol in response to the experience of both negative and positive emotions. Despite two decades of daily diary and ecological momentary assessment research, it remains unclear whether people consume more alcohol on days they experience higher negative and positive affect in everyday life. In this preregistered meta-analysis, we synthesized the evidence for these daily associations between affect and alcohol use. We included individual participant data from 69 studies (N = 12,394), which used daily and momentary surveys to assess affect and the number of alcoholic drinks consumed. Results indicate that people are not more likely to drink on days they experience high negative affect, but are more likely to drink and drink heavily on days high in positive affect. People self-reporting a motivational tendency to drink-to-cope and drink-to-enhance consumed more alcohol, but not on days they experienced higher negative and positive affect. Results were robust across different operationalizations of affect, study designs, study populations, and individual characteristics. These findings challenge the long-held belief that people drink more alcohol following increases in negative affect. Integrating these findings under different theoretical models and limitations of this field of research, we collectively propose an agenda for future research to explore open questions surrounding affect and alcohol use.
... KULCSSZAVAK: reziliencia, gyermekkor, szülői szenvedélybetegség z alkohol-és egyéb szenvedélybetegek gyermekei jelentősen megnövekedett kockázatnak vannak kitéve felnőttkorban a szerhasználat (Goodwin, 1979;Russell, 1990), valamint egyéb viselkedési és a kognitív problémák tekintetében (Fitzgerald et al., 1993;Sher, 1991;West-Prinz, 1987). Azonban a szülők szerfüggősége nem feltétlenül jelzi előre a gyermek későbbi szerhasználatát. ...
A kutatások alapján az alkoholbeteg szülők gyermekeinek jelentős része nem válik maga is alkoholbeteggé, sőt összességében képes a nehézségek ellenére is jól funkcionálni. Ezt az „elég jó működést” nevezi a pszichológia lélektani rugalmasságnak, rezilienciának, amelynek eredményeként pozitív életminőséget, funkcionálást tapasztalhatunk a kedvezőtlen élettapasztalatok és az alkalmazkodást vagy fejlődést fenyegető súlyos veszélyek ellenére. Az „elég jó működést” támogató védőfaktorok a rezilienciát elősegítő tényezőket jelentik. Jelen tanulmányban összefoglaljuk azokat a fontos tényezőket, amelyek kora gyermekkortól támogatva vagy fejlesztve segíthetik a szenvedélybeteg családok gyermekeinek jóllétét.
... A parental history of AUD was associated with higher trait-level sensation seeking, positive expectancies, and binge drinking but not with a lack of conscientiousness. These trait-level associations are in line with theoretical and empirical studies suggesting that impulsive traits and positive expectancies mediate the relations among parental AUD and drinking behavior (e.g., Sher, 1991). However, more recent research has suggested that parental AUD is most associated with personality traits indicative of lack of conscientiousness (i.e., lack of premeditation and lack of perseverance) compared with sensation seeking (e.g., Waddell et al., 2022), which the current study did not find. ...
Background
The Acquired Preparedness Model (APM) posits that highly impulsive individuals develop stronger positive alcohol expectancies, which in turn predicts heavier drinking. However, most acquired preparedness studies have focused solely on between‐person relations, despite the theory suggesting that there are potential developmental‐specific within‐person relations. Thus, the current study tested the APM from late adolescence into adulthood, while disaggregating within‐ from between‐person relations.
Methods
Data come from a multigenerational study of familial alcohol use disorder (N=653) spanning three waves 5 years apart. Participants reported their lack of conscientiousness, sensation seeking, positive alcohol expectancies, and binge drinking at each wave. First, missing data techniques were used to create a “ghost timepoint,” allowing the specification of four developmental‐specific timepoints representing late adolescence (age 18 to 20), emerging adulthood (age 21 to 25), young adulthood (age 26 to 29), and adulthood (age 30 to 39). Second, a Random‐Intercept Cross‐Lagged Panel Model tested between‐person and within‐person relations among variables.
Results
At the between‐person level, lower conscientiousness and sensation seeking were correlated with higher positive expectancies, and positive expectancies were correlated with more binge drinking. There were no within‐person prospective relations among conscientiousness, sensation seeking, and positive expectancies. However, within‐person increases in lack of conscientiousness during late adolescence predicted within‐person increases in emerging adult binge drinking, and within‐person increases in late adolescent and emerging adult binge drinking predicted within‐person increases in lack of conscientiousness during emerging and young adulthood, respectively. Similarly, within‐person increases in late adolescent and young adult sensation seeking predicted within‐person increases in binge drinking during emerging adulthood and adulthood, respectively. Binge drinking did not reciprocally predict sensation seeking.
Conclusions
Findings suggest that acquired preparedness effects may be between persons rather than within persons. However, several within‐person developmental‐specific relations among conscientiousness, sensation seeking, and binge drinking were observed, outside of expectancies. Findings are discussed in terms of theory and prevention.
... A first-degree family history of alcohol problems is a strong and well-established predictor of developing alcohol problems (Cotton, 1979;Merikangas, 1990;Sher, 1991). The underlying mechanisms for family transmission and how these mechanisms are modified by gender and culture, however, remain unclear. ...
... Subjective effects, defined as the combination of pharmacological and expectancy effects of substance use on mood and behavior, are strong predictors of heavier alcohol/cannabis consumption and related problems (e.g., King et al., 2011King et al., , 2016Metrik et al., 2011;Morean & Corbin, 2010;Treloar Padovano & Miranda, 2018;Waddell, Corbin, Chassin, et al., 2020). Theoretical models of addictive behavior suggest that an individual's subjective experience/subjective effects represent a unique mechanism through which in-the-moment reward and/or relief reinforces problem substance use across time (Sher, 1991). However, little is known about subjective effects experienced from simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use, particularly (a) whether certain subjective effects from alcohol or cannabis are enhanced by simultaneous use or (b) whether there are unique effects of simultaneous use relative to single-substance alcohol/cannabis use subjective effects. ...
Objective: Theoretical models of addictive behavior suggest that subjective effects serve as a mechanism through which substance use disorders develop. However, little is known about the subjective effects of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use, particularly whether simultaneous use (a) heightens specific subjective effects or (b) is related to unique subjective effects relative to single-substance effects. The present study used formative, qualitative data analysis to examine patterns of responses within open-answer text response data on subjective effects of simultaneous use. Method: College students who simultaneously use alcohol and cannabis (N = 443; 68.2% female) were asked to describe how alcohol effects differ on simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use versus alcohol-only use days. Results: Conventional content analysis revealed nine concepts related to simultaneous (vs. alcohol-only) use subjective effects including as follows: (a) increased/decreased impairment, (b) low arousal/relaxation, (c) balancing/replacement effects, (d) “cross-faded” effects, (e) little-to-no differences, (f) altered sensation and perception, (g) increased negative affective states, (h) increased appetite, and (i) increased/decreased negative consequences. Increased impairment (N = 191) and increased relaxation (N = 110) were the most often endorsed subjective effects, followed by decreased impairment (N = 55), balancing/replacement effects (N = 50) and cross-faded/enhancement effects (N = 44). Conclusions: Subjective effects from simultaneous use largely map onto domains of single-substance alcohol and cannabis effects (e.g., relaxation, sociability, cognitive/behavioral impairment), but also include distinct domains related to simultaneous use (e.g., balancing/replacement effects, altered sensation and perception). Future quantitative research is needed to validate measures of subjective effects from simultaneous use and their relations with use behavior.
... It is also important to note that there are a separate class of theories (many of which draw on the same body of theory described above) that describe how associations between affect (especially symptoms of negative affect-driven disorders such as anxiety and depression) and alcohol use and problems might arise at less proximal time scales (Hussong et al., 2011(Hussong et al., , 2017Sher, 1991). One theory, for example, hypothesizes that adolescents who are high on internalizing symptoms gravitate towards substance using peers who provide access and exposure to alcohol use (Hussong et al., 2011;Kaplan et al., 1984). ...
Influential psychological theories hypothesize that people consume alcohol in response to the experience of both negative and positive emotions. Despite two decades of daily diary and ecological momentary assessment research, it remains unclear whether people consume more alcohol on days they experience higher negative and positive affect in everyday life. In this preregistered meta-analysis, we synthesized the evidence for these daily associations between affect and alcohol use. We included individual participant data from 69 studies (N = 12,394), which used daily and momentary surveys to assess affect and the number of alcoholic drinks consumed. Results indicate that people do not drink more often on days they experience high negative affect, but are more likely to drink and drink heavily on days high in positive affect. People self-reporting a motivational tendency to drink-to-cope and drink-to-enhance were estimated to consume more alcohol, but not to consume more alcohol on days they experience higher negative and positive affect. Results were robust across different operationalizations of affect, study designs, study populations, and individual characteristics. Based on our findings, we collectively propose an agenda for future research to explore open questions surrounding affect and alcohol use.
... More research is required, however, to confirm the role of these individual difference variables in affecting cue-induced craving and the circumstances under which they matter (e.g., in continuing drinkers, following a quit attempt). In particular, models are needed to integrate these different factors to offer a more comprehensive and coherent analysis of which factors are most critical in moderating craving responding and why they do so (see Sher, 1991). ...
Interest in alcohol and other drug craving has flourished over the past two decades, and evidence has accumulated showing that craving can be meaningfully linked to both drug use and relapse. Considerable human experimental alcohol craving research since 2000 has focused on craving as a clinical phenomenon. Self‐reported craving to drink typically has served as a catch‐all for the craving construct in these studies, whereas few studies have considered craving as a process (or hypothetical construct) that interacts with other phenomena to affect use. In contrast to alcohol, we believe that recently there has been more mechanistic work targeting cigarette craving–related processes. Here, we briefly present a narrative review of studies of acute alcohol craving in humans that have been conducted during the past two decades. We then specify important ways in which alcohol and tobacco differ (e.g., the role of withdrawal), and we note the unique challenges in inducing robust alcohol craving states in the laboratory. Finally, we offer recommendations for how the alcohol field might advance its conceptual understanding of craving by adopting ideas and methods drawn from the smoking research literature. Specifically, we suggest that researchers extend their studies to not only examine the link between alcohol craving and relapse but also to focus on why and, in some instances, how alcohol cravings matter clinically, and the circumstances under which craving especially matters. We propose research to investigate the shifts in alcohol‐related cognitive and affective processing that occur during alcohol craving states. Furthermore, we highlight the value of research examining the level of insight that individuals with varying levels of alcohol involvement possess about their own craving‐related processing shifts. We believe that laboratory studies can provide rich opportunities to examine conceptual questions about alcohol craving that are central to addiction.
... Growing up in an alcoholic family can have long-lasting psychological costs resulting in multiple emotional, interpersonal, and social problems in the adulthood of such persons, known as ACOAs (for a review, see Harter, 2000). There is considerable empirical evidence that ACOAs are at much higher risk, compared to the general population, of depression (Klostermann et al., 2011;Sher, 1991), anxiety (Mathew et al., 1993;Omkarappa & Rentala, 2019), and generalized distress and maladjustment patterns, displayed especially in low self-esteem, problems establishing intimate relationships, and substance abuse in their own adulthood (Chassin et al., 1993;Haverfield & Theiss, 2016). Moreover, many ACOAs may suffer from PTSD, resulting from direct or indirect experiences of long-term domestic violence and multiple forms of physical, emotional, and sometimes sexual abuse (Hall & Webster, 2002, 2007. ...
Objective: The main aim of this study was to examine the heterogeneity of a sample of adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) within the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as well as DSM–5 PTSD diagnoses regarding the participants’ subjective well-being (SWB). In addition, the construct validity of the ICD-11 CPTSD was assessed, and the ICD-11 and DSM–5 PTSD diagnoses among participants were compared. Method: The sample consisted of 609 ACOAs. Participants filled out the PTSD Checklist for the DSM–5 (PCL-5), International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-X), and the Children of Alcoholics Screening test (CAST-6). Results: We observed many fewer PTSD cases when we followed the ICD-11 criteria compared to cases of PTSD diagnosed based on DSM–5 criteria among participants. In addition, latent profile analysis (LPA) did not provide evidence of the construct validity of CPTSD. Finally, we found heterogeneity of ACOAs sample in terms of PTSD/CPTSD profiles, which were differently related to their SWB. Conclusions: Further research is needed to establish to what extent CPTSD and PTSD are separate and discrete disorders and why such discrepancy in PTSD level is observed when we follow either DSM–5 or ICD-11. In addition, the person-centered approach may provide more insight than variable-centered methods and thus, undermine the “uniformity myths” about ACOAs.
... Impulsivity and sensation-seeking are associated with increased alcohol use in university students (Beck et al., 1995;Jackson & Matthews, 1988;Johnson & Cropsey, 2000;Ratliff & Burkhart, 1984;Schall, Weede, & Maltzman, 1991). Among people with this predisposition, there may be increased motivation to obtain stimulation from alcohol use, greater responsivity to the effects of alcohol, and a greater likelihood of acting on this motivation without consideration of potential consequences (Sher, 1991). ...
This study explored the motivational basis for alcohol use among Nigerian youth, focusing on five universities from southern Nigeria and employing 770 undergraduate students as a sample. The design was an ex post facto quantitative field survey utilizing a multistage cluster sampling strategy. The participants consisted of youth aged 18-30 years, who were from diverse socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. A self-administered questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection (Cronbach alpha .77 & .79). The results showed among other things that conformity and coping with stress (30%), impulsivity and sensation-seeking (15%), parental/guardian influence (30%), and peer pressure (25%) were reported by the participants to be at the basis of their motivation to become alcohol users. The findings have implications for policy in terms of existing knowledge and nuanced policy with the potential to comprehensively both clinically and socially address the issue of alcohol use and abuse among students in Nigerian universities generally and in southern Nigerian universities in particular.
... We further identified a risk phenotype (#3) consistent with a "deviance proneness" (Ohannessian and Hesselbrock, 2008;Sher, 1991) or externalizing pathway (Edwards et al., 2016;Hussong et al., 1998) of substance use/AUD, that was independent of the impulsivity phenotype, despite known relationships between impulsive and externalizing behaviors (Martel et al., 2017). Rather, the externalizing phenotype moderately correlated with somatic and internalizing symptoms, suggesting a common brain mechanism underlies these closelyintertwined behavioral syndromes as they relate to AUD. ...
A family history of alcoholism (FH) increases risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD), yet many at-risk individuals never develop alcohol use problems. FH is associated with intermediate levels of risk phenotypes, whereas distinct, compensatory brain changes likely promote resilience. Although several cognitive, behavioral, and personality factors have been associated with AUD, the relative contributions of these processes and their neural underpinnings to risk or resilience processes remains less clear. We examined whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity (FC) and behavioral metrics from 841 young adults from the Human Connectome Project, including healthy controls, individuals with AUD, and their unaffected siblings. First, we identified functional connections in which unaffected siblings were intermediate between controls and AUD, indicating AUD risk, and those in which siblings diverged, indicating resilience. Canonical correlations relating brain risk and resilience FC to behavioral patterns revealed AUD risk and resilience phenotypes. Risk phenotypes primarily implicated frontal-parietal networks corresponding with executive function, impulsivity, externalizing behaviors, and social-emotional intelligence. Conversely, resilience-related phenotypes were underpinned by networks of medial prefrontal, striatal, temporal, brainstem and cerebellar connectivity, which associated with high trait attention and low antisocial behavior. Additionally, we calculated “polyphenotypic” risk and resilience scores, to investigate how the relative load of risk and resilience phenotypes influenced the probability of an AUD diagnosis. Polyphenotypic scores predicted AUD in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, resilience phenotypes interacted with risk phenotypes, reducing their effects. The hypothesis-generating results revealed interpretable AUD-related phenotypes and offer brain-informed targets for developing more effective interventions
... With regard to multifinality, a given risk factor (school difficulties) does not necessarily contribute to substance use, and indeed, certain risk factors can also serve as protective factors for some individuals in some circumstances (Rutter, 1996;Zucker, 2000). A prime example of this is parental alcoholism, which can serve as a risk factor for some and protective factor for others: children of alcoholics (COAs) are at heightened risk of experiencing alcohol abuse and dependence due to genetic and socialization mechanisms (e.g., Russell, 1990;Sher, 1991;Windle & Searles, 1990); nevertheless, COAs also have a higher-than-average chance of becoming abstainers. ...
https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137876/1/occ51.pdf
... Thus, it would be important to conduct research with father-reported parenting practices to see if the results are invariant across parents, though this recommendation must take into account the high rate of children who may not be raised by the same parents over time. Although sex was included as a covariate, other predictors of adolescent alcohol use (e.g., deviant peer affiliations , parental alcohol use (Sher, 1991) show whether parental monitoring, coercive parenting and impulsivity were still predictive of adolescent alcohol use when taking into account its more proximal predictors. However, because these variables were shown to predict alcohol use and externalizing problems in other studies (e.g., , we could expect the results to be robust to other predictors. ...
Les interactions personne-environnement dans la prédiction de la consommation de substances peuvent être interprétées selon plusieurs modèles théoriques. Le modèle de la diathèse-stress propose que certains individus (p.ex., individus impulsifs) aient une consommation de substances plus élevée que leurs pairs lorsqu’exposés à des environnements négatifs. Le modèle de la sensibilité différentielle propose que ces mêmes individus aient également une consommation de substances plus faible que leurs pairs lorsqu’exposés à des environnements positifs. L’objectif principal de la présente thèse est d’examiner les modèles de la diathèse-stress et de la sensibilité différentielle dans le contexte d’interactions entre le tempérament et l’environnement familial dans la prédiction de la consommation de substances à l’adolescence. Elle comporte quatre articles, soit une recension systématique des écrits, deux articles empiriques et une perspective.
Le premier article présente une revue systématique de la littérature sur les interactions entre le tempérament et l’environnement familial dans la prédiction de la consommation de substances et des comportements extériorisés à l’adolescence. Les résultats montrent que les interactions entre le tempérament et l’environnement familial mesurés à l’enfance appuient le modèle de la sensibilité différentielle alors que les interactions entre ces facteurs mesurés à l’adolescence appuient le modèle de la diathèse-stress. Les analyses a posteriori concernant l’appui des modèles étant limitées sur le plan méthodologique, les deux articles suivants examinent ces effets a priori.
Le deuxième article examine les interactions entre le tempérament (impulsivité et contrôle inhibiteur à 6 ans) et les pratiques parentales (pratiques maternelles coercitives à 6 ans et supervision parentale à 14 ans) dans la prédiction de la fréquence de consommation d’alcool à 15 ans. Les résultats montrent qu’une interaction entre l’impulsivité et les pratiques coercitives appuie le modèle de la sensibilité différentielle, ce qui appuie les conclusions de la revue de littérature.
Le troisième article examine les interactions entre la personnalité (impulsivité et recherche de sensations à 15 ans) et la supervision parentale à 15 ans dans la prédiction de la fréquence de consommation d’alcool et de drogues à 15 et 17 ans. Les résultats montrent que les interactions entre l’impulsivité et la supervision parentale appuient le modèle de la sensibilité différentielle alors que les interactions entre la recherche de sensations et la supervision parentale appuient la diathèse-stress. Ainsi, le changement développemental observé dans la revue de littérature est appuyé avec l’impulsivité, mais la recherche de sensations pourrait s’avérer un facteur capturant la sensibilité aux environnements positifs et négatifs plus tard dans le développement.
Le quatrième article va au-delà des comportements extériorisés et de la consommation de substances et propose comment le modèle de la sensibilité différentielle pourrait s’appliquer à l’étiologie du trouble de la personnalité limite. L’article présente comment plusieurs caractéristiques personnelles associées au trouble de la personnalité limite (p.ex., réactivité émotionnelle, impulsivité) pourraient refléter une sensibilité aux environnements positifs et négatifs.
Suite à ces quatre articles, la discussion de la thèse aborde des points clés tels : une révision de la notion de vulnérabilité, l’importance de la prévention ciblée et l’importance d’analyser de façon détaillée les effets d’interaction.
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Person-environment interactions predicting substance use can be interpreted according to several developmental theoretical models. The diathesis-stress model suggests that certain individuals (e.g., impulsive individuals) would have higher substance use levels compared to their peers when they are exposed to negative environments. The differential susceptibility model suggests that these same individuals would also have lower substance use levels than their peers when exposed to positive environments. The main objective of this thesis is to examine the diathesis-stress and differential susceptibility models in the context of interactions between temperament and the familial environment when predicting adolescent substance use. It includes four articles, i.e., one systematic literature review, two empirical studies and one perspective paper.
The first article presents a systematic literature review on the interaction between temperament and the familial environment in the prediction of adolescent substance use and externalizing behaviors. Results show that interactions between temperament and the familial environment measured in childhood support the differential susceptibility model while interactions between temperament and the familial environment measured in adolescence support the diathesis-stress model. Since the a posteriori analyses for the models were limited methodologically, the next two articles examined the patterns of interactions a priori.
The second article examines the interaction between temperament (impulsivity and inhibitory control at 6 years) and parenting practices (maternal coercive parenting at 6 years and parental knowledge at 14 years) in the prediction of alcohol use frequency at 15 years. Results show that an interaction between impulsivity and coercive parenting supports the differential susceptibility model. Thus, results support the findings of the literature review. The third article examines the interactions between personality (impulsivity and sensation seeking at 15 years) and parental knowledge at 15 years in the prediction of binge drinking frequency and drug use frequency at 15 and 17 years. Results show that the interactions between impulsivity and parental knowledge support the differential susceptibility model whereas the interactions between sensation seeking and parental knowledge support the diathesis-stress model. Thus, the developmental shift observed in the literature is supported for impulsivity, but sensation seeking could be a characteristic capturing sensitivity to positive and negative environments later in development.
The fourth article offers a perspective that goes beyond adolescent externalizing behavior and substance use and proposes how the differential susceptibility model could apply to borderline personality disorder. The article presents how several personal characteristics associated with borderline personality disorder (e.g., emotional reactivity, impulsivity) could be markers of a sensitivity to positive and negative environments.
Following these four articles, the discussion addresses key points such as: a revision of the notion of vulnerability, the importance of targeted prevention and the importance of thorough analyses of interaction effects.
... For some time it has been assumed that children with one or more problem-drinking parents are more likely themselves to develop problematic drinking patterns in their adulthood (Heller et al., 1982;Sher, 1991). Whilst such intergenerational continuities can occur (Pandina & Johnson, 1990;Parker & Harford, 1988;Schuckit & Sweeney, 1987), this assumption may have been exaggerated. ...
... In this model, adolescents' early-stage substance use problems are partially explained through interactions among conduct problems and alcohol expectancies, among other risk factors. 36 Behavioral undercontrol, conceived as a construct consisting of aggression and delinquency, may influence adolescents' alcohol involvement by increasing their positive alcohol expectancies. 56 Corroborating research argues that the deviance proneness model may be extended to explain repeated episodes of binge use in later adolescence and subsequent progression into alcohol use problems during later adolescence. ...
BACKGROUND: Alcohol expectancies and externalizing behaviors, that is, aggression and rule-breaking behaviors, are associated with underage alcohol use. The interactive influence of these risk factors on problem alcohol use among minority adolescents is investigated in the present study.
OBJECTIVES: This study examined the unique and interactive influences of alcohol expectancies and externalizing problems on specific measures of adolescents’ (a) past three-month binge drinking episodes and (b) negative consequences of alcohol use.
METHODS: Cross-sectional self-report data were collected in 2014 via tablet-based computerized assessments from a predominantly minority sample of 762 (404 females, Mage = 13.73 years, SDage =1.59) 6th, 8th, and 10th grade students recruited from public middle and high schools in Miami-Dade County, FL and Prince George’s County, MD. Students completed surveys on tablets in school settings regarding alcohol expectancies, expectancy valuations, externalizing problem behaviors, past 3-month binge drinking episodes, and experiences of alcohol-related negative consequences.
RESULTS: Zero-inflated negative binomial regressions indicated: (1) older adolescents were more likely to report binge drinking; and (2) a significant main effect for externalizing problem behaviors on binge use. Logistic regressions indicated (1) older adolescents were more likely to endorse an alcohol-related negative consequence and (2) the interaction between positive alcohol expectancies and externalizing behaviors was associated with endorsing an alcohol-related negative consequence.
CONCLUSIONS: Engaging adolescents who exhibit serious externalizing behaviors and report positive alcohol expectancies via developmentally appropriate, tailored interventions is one feasible strategy to address escalation of binge alcohol use and related negative consequences among minority youth.
... Overall, women drink less alcohol and experience fewer problems from their alcohol use than men (Kessler et al., 2005). Moreover, some important risk factors for excessive drinking (e.g., aggressiveness, impulsivity, and sensation seeking) are less prevalent in women, and certain protective factors (e.g., perception of social sanctions for drinking, nurturance) are more prevalent in women (e.g., Blume, 1991;Chassin, Tetzloff, & Hershey, 1985;Sher, 1991; for a review see Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). Despite this generally more benign risk profile, women tend to experience some consequences of heavy alcohol use more acutely than men, especially in the domains of assault risk and harms to reproductive health (Blume, 1991;Klassen & Wilsnack, 1986). ...
There are stable between-person differences in an internalizing "trait," or the propensity to experience symptoms of internalizing disorders, such as social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression. Trait internalizing may serve as a marker of heightened risk for problem alcohol outcomes (such as heavier drinking, binge drinking, or alcohol dependence). However, prior research on the association between internalizing symptoms and alcohol outcomes has been largely mixed in adolescence, with more consistent support for an association during adulthood. It may be that trait internalizing is only associated with problem alcohol outcomes in adulthood, after individuals have gained experience with alcohol. Some evidence suggested that these effects may be stronger for women than men. We used data from a community sample (n = 790) interviewed during adolescence (ages 14-16) and again at ages 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 39. Using generalized estimating equations, we tested the association between trait internalizing and alcohol outcomes during both adolescence and adulthood, and tested whether adult trait internalizing mediated the association between adolescent trait internalizing and adult alcohol outcomes. Trait internalizing in adulthood (but not adolescence) was associated with more frequent alcohol use, binge drinking and symptoms of alcohol use disorders, and mediated the effects of adolescent trait internalizing on alcohol outcomes. We observed no moderation by gender or change in these associations over time. Understanding the developmental pathways of trait internalizing may provide further insights into preventing the emergence of problem alcohol use behavior during adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
... Of psychiatric conditions, AUD's comorbidity with externalizing psychopathology is perhaps most robust (e.g., Kessler et al., 2003;Kessler, 2004). This comorbidity may be due, in part, to shared features among AUD and other forms of externalizing, such as common personality correlates (Trull and Sher, 1994), shared genetic etiology (e.g., Kendler et al., 2003;Krueger et al., 2002;Slutske et al., 2002), bidirectional associations of AUD and other psychopathology (e.g., Sher, 1991;White et al., 2011), and other alcohol-related processes, such as niche-picking (Park et al., 2009). ...
Background
Understanding the comorbidity of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and other psychiatric diagnoses has been a long‐standing interest of researchers and mental health professionals. Comorbidity is often examined via the diagnostic co‐occurrence of discrete, categorical diagnoses, which is incongruent with increasingly supported dimensional approaches of psychiatric classification and diagnosis, and for AUD more specifically. The present study examined associations between DSM‐5 AUD and psychiatric symptoms of other DSM‐IV and DSM‐5 disorders categorically, and dimensionally organized according to the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) spectra (e.g., Internalizing, Disinhibited Externalizing).
Methods
The comorbidity of AUD with other psychological disorders was examined in 2 independent nationally representative samples of past‐year drinkers via an initial examination in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Wave 2 and replicated in NESARC‐III.
Results
Analyses focusing on psychopathology symptom counts organized by spectra demonstrated that greater AUD severity was associated with a higher number of symptoms across HiTOP spectra. Traditional categorical analyses also demonstrated increasing prevalence as a monotonic function of DSM‐5 AUD severity gradients.
Conclusions
This study indicates that AUD and other psychiatric disorder comorbidity implies increased presence of multiple forms of psychopathology with a corresponding increased number of symptoms across hierarchical spectra. Greater AUD severity increases the likelihood of other psychopathology and, when present, “more severe” presentations. That is, on average, a given disorder (e.g., depression) is more severe when copresenting with an AUD, and increases in severity along with the AUD.
... Infantil, foi criado por Leopold Bellack e Sonya Bellack em 1949 (Bellak & Bellak, 1949/1991 (2001) CAT-A CAT-H PRANCHA 1 História contada: "Era a galinha com seus três filhos, aí a mamãe falou assim: filhos vou fazer uma sopa para vocês, filhos vem aqui a mamãe vai arrumar comidinha pra vocês, e um deles responde: _ não mamãe eu não quero; e a mãe diz: vai ter sopa e os filhos respondem: eba! eba! Eu sou o primeiro... Eu sou o segundo. E a mãe falou: não brigue isso é feio e eles não estavam nem aí pra ela. ...
O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar um protocolo de avaliação cognitivo- comportamentalutilizando o Children Apperception Test (versão Animal e versão Humana), o Baralho dosProblemas e o Baralho das Emoções, a fim de identificar problemas no controle dos impulsospresentes no Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH), e a natureza darelação de criança portadora de TDAH com as figuras parentais, quando uma delas é alcoolista.Para isso realizou-se um estudo de caso único exploratório, no qual na fase de avaliação foramaplicados o CAT-H, o CAT-A, o Baralho dos Problemas e o Baralho das Emoções em uma criança com 8 anos, cujo pai era alcoolista. A análise dos resultados foi feita com base emestatísticas descritivas do desempenho da criança no Baralho dos Problemas - predominânciade sinais e sintomas de hiperatividade (90%) e ansiedade (90%) - e no Baralho das Emoções- teimosia (30%); desgostar (20%) e tristeza (30%). Comparou-se, ainda, o desempenho dacriança no CAT-A com os temas apresentados pelo grupo normativo de sua faixa etária descritono manual do teste. Foi realizada uma prova de concordância para categorias de crenças centrais(Kappa=0,81) e elementos da tríade cognitiva (Kappa= 0,87) observadas nas narrativas obtidasno CAT-A e CAT-H. Este estudo de caso permitiu verificar que o CAT-A e CAT-H, embora produzam histórias diferentes da perspectiva de seu conteúdo narrativo, avaliaram igualmente crenças centrais ligadas ao desamor, desamparo e desvalor, além de viabilizarem a verificaçãode aspectos da tríade cognitiva: visão de si revelando uma autoestima rebaixada, e uma visãodo outro como alguém crítico. Esses instrumentos parecem auxiliar na conceitualização decaso numa perspectiva cognitivo-comportamental de crianças com sintomas externalizantesligados ao TDAH, especialmente em um contexto de conflito familiar relacionado ao abuso de álcool.
... Epi demiological studies show that the offspring of alcoholics are three to four times more likely to develop alcohol problems than are the offspring of nonalcoholics, regard less of the environment in which they are raised (Goodwin 1988). Consequently, the children of parents with alcohol disorders may be at increased risk for developing alcohol problems in adulthood through a genetic predisposition (Schuckit and Smith 1996;Sher 1991). ...
Young adults have a higher prevalence of alcohol consumption and binge drinking than any other age group. They also drink more heavily and experience more negative consequences of drinking. Rates of alcohol abuse and dependence are disproportionately higher among those between the ages of 18 and 29 compared with other age groups. Young adults are also overrepresented among alcohol-related traffic fatalities. Over time, distinct patterns of change in frequent binge drinking occur, and most heavy-drinking young adults appear to "mature out" of abusive drinking patterns as the responsibilities of later adulthood supervene. Drinking patterns are affected by demographic, psychological, behavioral, and social factors as well as minimum drinking age legislation and the cost of alcohol. Motivational programs designed to reduce risks and consequences associated with young-adult drinking may help in reducing alcohol consumption and its consequences.
... Many years ago, I highlighted the multiplicity of roles that personality likely plays in the etiology of alcoholism (Sher, 1991). One of the proposed mechanisms, pharmacological vulnerability to ethanol effects, has been an important concept for nearly 90 years (McDougall, 1929) and highlights that the potential complexities of understanding possible relations between traits and mechanisms. ...
Structural approaches to personality have brought about considerable progress in description and prediction of interindividual differences in thoughts, feelings, and behavior. However, in order to move towards personality psychology as an explanatory science, we argue that structural, process-oriented and developmental approaches to personality have to be integrated. We summarize the main propositions of a theoretical framework published in a target article in the European Journal of Personality (Baumert et al., 2017a), and highlight the resulting challenges for future personality research.
... 2001;Pearson i wsp. 2012;Sher 1991;Sher 1997;Windle i wsp. 1992;Windle i wsp. ...
Wysoka wrażliwość to cecha temperamentu, która charakteryzuje około 20% społeczeństwa (Aron i Aron 1997). Badania potwierdzają, że osoby wysoko wrażliwe (ang. highly sensitive) przetwarzają informacje i bodźce płynące z otoczenia silniej (intensywniej) i głębiej (w znaczeniu Lockhart i Craik 1990) niż inni (Aron i Aron 1997; Aron, Aron, Jagiellowicz 2012; Grimen i Diseth 2016; Jagiellowicz, Aron i Aron 2016). Osoby te są bardziej wrażliwe zarówno na pozytywne, jak i negatywne doświadczenia (Aron i Aron 1997). W związku z tym szybciej mogą stać się przytłoczone, zmęczone, rozdrażnione. Wysoko wrażliwe dzieci w sytuacjach doświadczania zbyt dużej ilości bodźców przyjmują zachowania mylone z nadpobudliwością, deficytami koncentracji uwagi, zaburzeniami przetwarzania sensorycznego (ang. Sensory Processing Disorder). Zachowania dzieci wysoko wrażliwych określane są także jako nieśmiałość, wycofanie, bojaźliwość (Aron 2002). Cechy dziecka mogą prowokować bądź kształtować różne oddziaływania rodziców (często zależne od oczekiwań rodzica). Jedną z właściwości dziecka istotnie związanych z reakcjami rodzica jest temperament (Kochanska i Kim 2012; Plopa 2005, 2008). Dziecko, w konsekwencji ciągłego kontaktu z rodzicami, wpływa na emocjonalny stosunek do niego. Subiektywnie odbierane trudności, jakie sprawia dziecko, mogą formować różne postawy wobec niego (Ziemska 1973). Rozumienie reakcji dziecka, świadomość własnych oczekiwań, a co za tym idzie, doświadczanie satysfakcji emocjonalnej z rodzicielstwa prowadzić mogą do silniejszej integracji życia rodzinnego, a w konsekwencji ukształtowania i utrwalenia pozytywnych postaw wobec dziecka (Plopa 1983, 2005, 2008).
Celem niniejszej pracy jest analiza relacji między poziomem emocjonalności charakteryzującym dzieci a postawami rodzicielskimi przyjmowanymi przez ich matki. Podstawą do zbadania relacji była charakterystyka matek dwóch grup dzieci: o wysokim i niskim poziomie emocjonalności. Opisane w pracy badania są próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy emocjonalność dziecka jest zmienną istotną dla preferowanych/podejmowanych przez matki postaw rodzicielskich, traktowanych jako odpowiedź na cechy temperamentu dziecka.
... The relationship between depression and smoking has been explained by self-medication to relieve depressed affect (Sher, 1991). Indeed, heavy smokers report that controlling negative moods is an important motivation for smoking (Audrain-McGovern, Leventhal, & Strong, 2015;Baker, Piper, McCarthy, Majeskie, & Fiore, 2004). ...
Objective:
This study examined the differential relationship of externalizing behavior, internalizing behavior, social context, and their interactions to three developmental indicators of smoking involvement: onset (age), amount of smoking, and dependence symptomatology.
Method:
Participants (n = 504, 73% male) from a high-risk community-based longitudinal study were followed from age 12-14 to young adulthood (18-20). Smoking involvement was conceptualized as a process involving differences in (a) age of onset of smoking, (b) amount of smoking at age 18-20, and (c) level of nicotine dependence symptomatology at age 18-20. Survival analysis was used to predict onset of smoking, regression for smoking level, and zero-inflated Poisson regression for nicotine dependence.
Results:
Externalizing (teacher report) and internalizing behavior (youth self-report), prior to the onset of smoking, predicted different components of smoking and nicotine dependence in young adulthood. Parental smoking predicted all levels of smoking involvement. Peer smoking was related to early onset of smoking, but not higher levels of smoking involvement. Externalizing and internalizing behavior interacted to predict nicotine dependence level, with higher levels of internalizing behavior predicting higher levels of dependence symptoms, even at low levels of externalizing behavior.
Conclusions:
Externalizing and internalizing behavior and social context are independent and interacting risk factors that come into play at different points in the developmental process occurring between smoking onset and dependence. This study provides important information for theoretical models of smoking progression and shows that different types of risk should be targeted for prevention at different points in smoking progression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Youth who are behaviorally aggressive and victimized by their peers comprise a significant population with specific risks and vulnerabilities relative to substance use. The goals of the current study were to examine the roles that youth aggression and peer victimization play in determining the timing of alcohol and marijuana use initiation and the frequency of use 5-years later in a sample of at-risk, aggressive youth. 360 youth (Mage= 10.17 years; 65% boys, 35% girls; 78.1% African American, 20.3% Caucasian, 1.4% Hispanic, and 0.3% other) recruited for a prevention program for at-risk youth were followed for 5 years (4th – 9th grade). Cox PH regressions were conducted to predict timing of alcohol and marijuana use initiation. Zero-inflated negative binomial regressions were used to predict frequency of alcohol and marijuana use 5 years later. Results showed that peer victimization inferred decreased risk of alcohol use initiation. However, this effect was only observed for youth with relatively moderate, and low levels of aggression. Findings suggest that differences in youth aggression and victimization interact to predict distinct outcomes, suggesting the need for a more comprehensive approach when working with aggressive youth who have experienced peer victimization.
Research suggests that parental substance use disorder is associated with adolescent drinking indirectly through negative urgency, a form of impulsivity that is particularly associated with high-risk drinking. Moreover, childhood mechanisms of risk may play a role in this developmental chain such that childhood temperament and parenting may be mechanisms through which parental substance use disorder is associated with adolescent negative urgency and drinking behavior. Therefore, the current study tested whether parental substance use disorder was indirectly associated with adolescent drinking frequency through childhood temperament (i.e., “dysregulated irritability”) and adolescent negative urgency, and whether relations differed by levels of maternal support and consistency of discipline. Data come from a multigenerational, longitudinal study of familial substance use disorder (N = 276, Mage in childhood = 6.28 (SD = 1.16), Mage in adolescence = 15.86 (SD = 1.56), 45.3% female). Findings indicated that parental substance use disorder indirectly predicted adolescent drinking through both childhood dysregulated irritability and adolescent negative urgency (mediated pathways). This indirect relation was stronger at higher vs. lower levels of maternal support but did not vary by maternal consistency of discipline. Parental substance use disorder also indirectly predicted adolescent drinking separately through childhood dysregulated irritability and negative urgency. Findings thus suggest that childhood dysregulated irritability may be an early marker of risk toward high-risk personality traits and behavior in adolescence that are associated with having a parental history of substance use disorder. Findings also suggest that increased maternal support may only be helpful in buffering risk for those with low levels of dysregulated irritability. Prevention efforts focused on childhood emotion regulation and emotion-based action may be useful in preventing adolescent risk behavior.
Objective: Alcohol craving is a predictor of continued drinking and a diagnostic criterion for alcohol use disorder. Rewarding subjective effects potentiate craving, but it remains unclear if relations are expectancy-driven vs. alcohol-induced. In addition, it remains unclear if relations operate solely at the person level, or if there is also within-person dynamic change.
Methods: Participants (N = 448) come from a placebo-controlled alcohol administration study. Participants in the alcohol condition reported subjective effects and alcohol craving on ascending (BAC = .068), peak (BAC = .079), and descending (BAC = .066) BAC limbs. Participants in the placebo condition were yoked to alcohol condition participants. Multilevel models tested whether (1) within-person deviations in subjective effects predicted within-person deviations in craving, (2) between-person levels of subjective effects predicted between-person levels of craving, and (3) effects were dependent upon experimental condition.
Results: At the within-person level, increases in high arousal positive/stimulant effects were associated with within-person increases in alcohol craving, regardless of experimental condition. At the between-person level, interactions were observed between high arousal positive/stimulant (and low arousal positive/relaxing) effects and condition. Probing suggested that the association between person-level high arousal positive/stimulant effects and craving was statistically significant in the alcohol but not the placebo condition. Conversely, the association between person-level low arousal positive/relaxing effects and craving was positive and statistically significant in the placebo but negative in the alcohol condition.
Conclusions: Findings suggest expectancy-like relations among high arousal positive/stimulant effects and craving within-person. However, alcohol-induced positive reinforcement (i.e., stimulation) facilitated heightened person-level craving, whereas expectancy-like negative reinforcement (i.e., relaxation) attenuated person-level craving.
Introduction
Parental alcohol use and problems are risk factors for alcohol use disorder (AUD), and these effects may be mediated by adolescent alcohol expectancies and consumption. In the present study, we tested the direct effects of mothers' and fathers' alcohol consumption on young adult AUD, as well as the indirect effects through adolescent maximum alcohol use, alcohol consumption, and alcohol expectancies.
Methods
Participants were 5160 individuals (49.1% female) and their biological parents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a cohort study of children born in southwestern England during 1991 and 1992. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test associations of mothers' and fathers' alcohol use (assessed when children were 12 years old) with age 24 AUD. Potential mediator variables included the maximum number of alcoholic drinks consumed within a 24‐h period by age 13.5 and alcohol expectancies and alcohol consumption at ages 17 and 20.
Results
Higher maternal and paternal alcohol use were associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption at age 17. Greater alcohol consumption, in turn, was related to a more severe presentation of AUD. The overall indirect effects of mothers' (b = 0.033, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.006, 0.059) and fathers' drinking (b = 0.041, 95% CI = 0.018, 0.064) on AUD were modest but significant, and were primarily comprised of adolescent alcohol consumption rather than alcohol expectancies.
Conclusions
Our findings underscore the importance of both mothers' and fathers' drinking for the development of alcohol use and problems across adolescence and young adulthood.
Is heavy drinking of parents a risk factor for eating disorders in girls
Young people, whose brains are still developing, might entail a greater vulnerability to the effects of alcohol consumption on brain function and development. A committee of experts of the Health Council of the Netherlands evaluated the state of scientific knowledge regarding the question whether alcohol negatively influences brain development in young people. A systematic literature search for prospective studies was performed in PubMed and PsychINFO, for longitudinal studies of adolescents or young adults ranging between 12 and 24 y of age at baseline, investigating the relation between alcohol use and outcome measures of brain structure and activity, cognitive functioning, educational achievement, or alcohol use disorder (AUD), with measures at baseline and follow-up of the outcome of interest. Data were extracted from original articles and study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A total of 77 studies were included, 31 of which were of sufficient quality in relation to the study objectives. There were indications that the gray matter of the brain develops abnormally in young people who drink alcohol. In addition, the more often young people drink or the younger they start, the higher the risk of developing AUD later in life. The evidence on white matter volume or quality, brain activity, cognitive function, and educational achievement is still limited or unclear. The committee found indications that alcohol consumption can have a negative effect on brain development in adolescents and young adults and entails a risk of later AUD. The committee therefore considers it a wise choice for adolescents and young adults not to drink alcohol.
This rich and well-researched volume comes in the wake of intense national interest in young children. Leading scholars from diverse disciplines use relevant data from the Commonwealth Survey of Parents with Young Children to present new information about the lives of families with very young children - how parents spend their time with their children, the economic and social challenges they face, and the supports they receive to improve their children's health and development. Such a broad portrait based on nationally representative date has not been attempted before. Drawing on their extensive expertise and research in the issues being addressed, the authors examine and elaborate on the survey findings. They synthesize the major themes emerging from the data and consider the family, community, and policy implications to frame and interpret the results. What emerges is a picture of the complex forces that influence families and child-rearing in the early years.
This systematic review aims to summarise current evidence on the association between early life mental health and alcohol use behaviours in adulthood. Peer-reviewed publications were located by searching EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO, and the ISI Web of Science up to 31 October 2018. Prospective longitudinal studies reporting associations between externalising problems (EXT), internalising problems (INT), depression, anxiety before age 18, and alcohol use behaviours (alcohol consumption, heavy/problematic drinking, alcohol use disorder) after age 18 were included. After screening 17259 articles, 36 articles met the inclusion criteria. Information extracted included strength of associations, age when mental health and alcohol use behaviours were measured, sex differences in the association, and other sample characteristics. 103 tests in 23 articles were identified on the externalising domain and 135 tests in 26 articles on the internalising domain. 37 out of 103 tests reported positive associations between EXT and alcohol use behaviours. The likelihood of observing positive associations was higher for more severe alcohol use outcomes, but this trend disappeared among high-quality studies. Findings on associations between internalising domain and alcohol use varied across their subtypes. INT tended to be negatively associated with alcohol consumption but positively associated with more severe outcomes (heavy/problematic drinking, alcohol use disorder). Depression tended to be positively associated with alcohol outcomes, while no clear association between anxiety and alcohol outcomes was evident. Variation of the association across developmental timing, sex, culture, historical period was explored where appropriate. Great heterogeneity in the current literature calls for greater attention to view the relationship developmentally.
Background and aims:
Little is known about how cannabis use over the life course relates to harms in adulthood. The present study aimed to identify trajectories of cannabis use from adolescence to adulthood and examine both the predictors of these trajectories and adverse adult outcomes associated with those trajectories.
Design:
A latent trajectory analysis of a longitudinal birth cohort (from birth to age 35 years).
Setting and participants:
General community sample (n=1,065) from New Zealand.
Measurement:
Annual frequency of cannabis use (ages 15-35); childhood family and individual characteristics (birth to age 16); measures of adult outcomes (substance use disorders ages 30-35; mental health disorders ages 30-35; socioeconomic outcomes at age 35; social/family outcomes at age 35).
Findings:
A six class solution was the best fit to the data. Individuals assigned to trajectories with higher levels of cannabis use were more likely to have experienced adverse childhood family and individual circumstances. Membership of trajectories with higher levels of use was associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes at ages 30-35. Adjustment of these associations for the childhood family and individual predictors largely did not reduce the magnitude of the associations.
Conclusions:
In New Zealand, long-term frequent cannabis use, or transition to such use, appears to be robustly associated with diverse harms in adulthood.
This study examined the psychosocial predictors of rebelliousness among school age adolescents in the Ibadan. Specifically, age, gender, family type, peer influence, socio economic status, and self-esteem formed the psychosocial predictors used in this study. Three research questions were raised and answered in the study; whereas the decisions on the questions were taken, at 0.05 level of significance. The research design used is descriptive survey of ex post-facto type. 421 in-school adolescents were randomly selected from five public secondary schools in Ibadan, Oyo State. The instruments used for this study were distributed to participants. Multiple regression statistics was employed to analyze the data collected from the participants. The results of the analysis indicated that all the independent variables jointly have 16% variance of rebelliousness of adolescents. Family type, socio-economic status, and self-esteem have significant contribution, whereas age and gender do not contribute significantly to rebelliousness of adolescents. In addition, only peer influence (r=.156) have significant relationship with adolescent rebelliousness at 0.05 level of significance. It was recommended that parents should be equipped with adequate parenting skills, whereas peer counselling should be organized for adolescents, as such will provide appropriate ways to respond to significant others that will devoid of rebelliousness.
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